CHAPTER 6

HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATION,

MEASUREMENT
AND TESTING TECHNIQUE
by
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Muhridza Yaacob
Institute of High Voltage & High Current
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Dr. MMY 2005 1
Dr. MMY 2005 2
Introduction
Generation of high voltage and current are
required for testing of power equipment
Simulating the stresses on the insulation
to overvoltages to determine the
insulation strength
Voltage stresses such as the power
frequency and high frequency voltages,
lightning impulse, and switching impulse.
Introduction
In high voltage testing, the current under
failure conditions is limited to small value
(less than 1 A for d.c. or a.c. voltages and
few amperes for impulse or transient
voltages).
High currents are required when testing
surge arresters or short-circuit testing of
switchgear (several kA)
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Classification
1. High Voltage Direct Current
(HVDC)
2. High Voltage Alternating Current
(HVAC)
3. High Impulse Voltage Lightning
& Switching
4. High Current AC, DC & Impulse
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HVDC Generation
Required for insulation testing on
cables and capacitors
Used also as impulse generator
charging unit
Generation circuits are;
1. Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier
2. Voltage Multiplier Circuits
3. Voltage Doubler Circuits
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HVDC Generation
1. Electron Tube
rectifier up to 250
kV
Solid state or
semiconductor
rectifier up to 20
kV. For higher
voltage several
units are used in
series
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HVDC Generation
In modern high voltage lab
semiconductor (solid state) rectifier
stacks are used
Commonly prefered are silicon diodes
with PIV of 1 to 2 kV or selenium element
with PIV up to 500 V
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HVDC Generation
Half Wave Rectifier
+ve half-cycle: C is charged to
V
max
-ve half-cycle: C is discharged
to load
CR
L
= 10 times the ac supply
period
Rectifier valve have peak
rating of 2V
max
R is connected in series with
transformer output to limit
current
HVDC Generation
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Output Without
smoothing C
Output With
smoothing C
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HVDC Generation
Full Wave Rectifier
+ half-cycle: A conducts
and charged up C
(smoothing capacitor)
-ve half-cycle: B
conducts and charged
up C
Centre-tap source
transformer of 2V
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HVDC Generation
(a) Sine wave input
(b) Output of half-wave
(c) Output of full-wave
oV is the fluctuation
in output dc during
on-load (ripple)
oV is larger for half-wave
Ripple is kept low by
proper choice of
capacitor and
transformer reactance
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Transformer
Rectifier
HV Arm Resistive Divider
LV Arm
Ground
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HVDC Control Panel
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HVDC Generation
Voltage Doubler Circuit
- C
1
is charged through
R
1
to V
max
(-ve cycle)
- transformer voltage
rise to V
max
and C
1
potential rises to 2V
max
(+ve cycle)
- C
2
in turn charged to
2V
max
thro R
2
- Cascaded voltage
doubler for larger
output voltage
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HVDC Generation
Voltage Multiplier
Circuits (Cockcroft-
Walton)
1
st
stage same as
doubler circuit
(D
1
,D
2
,C
1
,C
2
)
For higher voltage the
circuit is repeated with
cascade or series
connection (4,6,..2n)
C
4
charged to 4V
max
and C
2n
to 2nV
max
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HVDC Generation
D
1
,D
3
,D
2n-1
conduct
during +ve half-cycles
D
2
,D
4
,D
2n
conduct
during -ve half-cycles
V
C2
= V
ac
+ V
C1
The voltage across other
capacitors (C
2
C
2n
) is
the difference between
voltage across the
previous capacitor and
charging voltage
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HVDC Measurement
Essential to measure voltage & current
accurately to ensure safety to personnel
and equipment
Method or technique;
1. Series resistance microammeter
2. Resistance potential divider
3. Generating voltmeter
4. Sphere and other spark gap
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HVDC Measurement
High Ohmic Series
Resistance with
Microammeter
- A very high resistance
(hundreds of MO)
connected in series with
microammeter
V
source
= IR
- Voltage drop in meter is
negligible since meter
impedance is small
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HVDC Measurement
- Protective device as
protection against high
voltage if R fails
- Resistor constructed
from wire wound
- Ohmic resistor value is
chosen such that 1 10
A is allowed for full
scale defelction
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HVDC Measurement
Limitations:
1. Power dissipation and source
loading
2. Temperature effect and long time
stability
3. Voltage dependence of resistive
elements
4. Sensitivity to mechanical stress
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HVDC Measurement
Resistance Potential
Divider
Resistance connected
to electrostatic or high
impedance voltmeter
High voltage
magnitude
= [(R
1
+ R
2
)/R
2
]V
2
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HVDC Measurement
Generating Voltmeters
A variable capacitor electrostatic
voltage generator which generates
current proportional to the applied
voltage
No direct connection to high voltage
electrode
eg. Van de Graaff Generator
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HVAC Generation
- Single transformer for
voltage < 300 kV
- Used for routine test
of service equipment
such as transformers,
switchgears and
cables
- Cascade & Resonant
Transformers
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HVAC Generation
Cascade Transformer
- 1
st
Tx. at ground potential
- 2
nd
Tx. kept on insulators
and maintained at V
2
- HV winding of 1
st
unit
connected to tank of 2
nd
unit
- LV winding of 2
nd
unit is
supplied from excitation
winding of 1
st
unit
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HVAC Generation
Cascade Transformer
- 3
nd
Tx. kept on
insulators above
ground at ground
potential of 2V
2
and is
supplied from the 2
nd
unit.
- Supply 230 400 V for
up to 100 kVA
- Supply 3.3 11 kV for
larger units
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HVAC Generation
Cascade Transformer
- 2
nd
scheme using
isolating transformer
(I
S1
, I
S2
, I
S3
) to excite 2
nd
& 3
rd
stage and are
insulated to tank
potentials
- Supply from same ac
input
- Expensive , spacing
but natural cooling,
light & compact
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HVAC Generation
Cascade Transformer
- Testing of hv apparatus involves
supplying of capacitive loads with low
power dissipation
- Transformer Rating, P = kV
2
eC (k>1.0)
k to account extra capacitance
V nominal output voltage of Tx
C test object capacitance
e - angular frequency
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HVAC Generation
Cascade Transformer
- Typical Capacitance values of test object;
Test Object Capacitance
P. Tx (< 1 MVA) 1000 pF
(> 1 MVA) 1000 10 000 pF
P. Cables (solid) 250 300 pF/m
(gas) 50 80 pF/m
GIS s/station 100 10 000 pF
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HVAC Generation
Resonant Transformer
- Eqv. Cct: windings leakage
reactance & resistance,
magnetizing reactance and
shunt capacitance across
the output terminal due to
bushing of hv terminal and
test object
- Utilised in testing at very
high voltage and on
occasion requiring large
current such as cable test,
dielectric loss and pd
measurement
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HVAC Generation
Series Resonant Transformer
To have series resonance at power
frequency, L
1
+ L
2
= 1/eC
V
c
= -jVX
c
/[R + j(X
L
-X
C
)]
= VX
C
/R = V/eCR
The factor X
C
/R is the Q factor
which gives the magnitude of the
voltage multiplication across the
test object under resonance
Test Condition; e(L
e
+ L) = 1/ eC
L
e
eqv. Leakage inductance
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HVAC Generation
Parallel Resonant
Hv reactor connected as
auto transformer
More stable output and
high rate of rise of test
voltage
Built for 500 kV single
unit
Cascaded unit for 3000
kV
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HVAC Generation
Principle of operation
- Voltage regulator (auto-transf or induction
reg.) is connected to main supply
- 2ndary winding at exciter transf. is connected
across hv reactor L & C
- Inductance of reactor is varied by varying air
gap
- C is the test object, divider, bushing
capacitances
- Q factor = 50
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HVAC Generation
Advantages;
1. Pure output sine wave
2. Less power requirement
3. No high-power arcing and high current surges
if test object fails as resonance ceases at failure
4. Possible for cascading
5. Simple & compact
6. No repeated flashover
Disadv. requirements of additional variable
chokes
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HVAC Measurement
1. Series Impedance Voltmeter
2. Series Capacitance Voltmeter
3. Capacitance Potential Divider
4. Voltage Transformer
5. Electrostatic Voltmeter
6. Peak Reading AC Voltmeter
7. Spark Gap
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HVAC Measurement
Series Impedance Voltmeter
- for power frequency by using pure resistance or
reactance
- capacitor often used as series reactance since
resistance involves power loss problem in
variation of resistance with temperature
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HVAC Measurement
Series Impedance Voltmeter
-residual inductance of the
resistance give rise to impedance
which is different from its ohmic
value
- Z = R + jeL
(1 - e
2
LC) + j eCR)
= R[1 + j(eL/R - eCR)]
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HVAC Measurement
Series Capacitance
Voltmeter
I
c
= jeCV
V = \(V
1
2
+ V
2
2
+ ..+V
n
2
)
- not recommended when
ac voltages are not
purely sinusoidal but
contains harmonics
- used with cascade
transf. For measuring
rms up to 1 MV
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HVAC Measurement
Series Capacitance Voltmeter
- series capacitance formed as a parallel
plate capacitor between hv terminal and
ground plate
- rectifier ammeter as indicating
instrument and directly calibrated in hv
rms value ( 0 100 A)
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HVAC Measurement
Capacitance Voltage Divider
- eliminate errors due to
harmonic voltages
- C
1
: Std compressed air or
gas capacitor as C1
- C
2
: large capacitor (mica @
paper)
- C
1
is connected to C
2
thro
shielded cable
- C
2
is completely shielded in a
box to avoid stray
capacitances
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HVAC Measurement
Capacitance Voltage Divider
V
1
= V
2
C
1
+ C
2
+ C
m
C
1
C
m
capacitor of the meter & connecting cable
V
2
meter reading
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HVAC Measurement
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HVAC Measurement
Capacitance Voltage
Transformer (CVT)
- Capacitance divider with
suitable matching or isolating
potential transformer tuned for
resonance condition
- C
1
made up of few units of hv
capacitors
- Transf. ratio : hv:10 to 30 kV,
lv:100 to 500 V
- Value of L (tuning choke) is
chosen to make eqv. cct. of CVT
purely resistive
e(L + L
T
) = 1/e(C
1
+ C
2
)
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HVAC Measurement
Capacitance Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Advantage;
- Simple design and easy installation
- Frequency independent
- Used as voltage measuring device for coupling
condenser
- Provides isolation between hv terminal dan lv meter
Disadvantage;
- Voltage ratio is susceptible to temperature variation
- Ferro-resonance
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HVAC Measurement
CT/PT
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HVAC Measurement
Electrostatic Voltmeter
- Made with parallel plate
configuration using guard
ring to avoid corona
- Force on the plate
measured by controlling it
by a spring or balancing
with counter weight
- Small displacement of
the electrode is sufficient
for voltage measurement
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HVAC Measurement
Peak Reading AC Voltmeter
- To obtain the maximum
dielectric strength of
insulating solids
- R
d
permit variation of
V
m
when V
2
is reduced
- C
s
charged to peak
value to be measured by
C
2
- C
s
R
d
is 1 to 10 s
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HVAC Measurement
Sphere Gap
48
HVAC Measurement
- Uniform field spark gap have a sparkover
voltage within a known tolerance
- Can measure peak value of voltage if gap
distance is known
- V
s
= 30 kV peak at 1 cm spacing in air at
20C and 760 torr
- Arrangement : vertically with lower gap
grounded or horizontally
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HVAC Measurement
- R
series
connected between source and gap to
limit I
b/d
and suppress unwanted oscillations
in the source voltage when b/d occurs
- Factors affecting sparkover voltage of gap:
1. Nearby earthed objects
2. Atmospheric conditions & humidity
3. Irradiation
4. Polarity & rise time of voltage waveforms
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HVAC Measurement
51
HVAC Measurement
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HVAC Measurement
High Voltage Probe
High Voltage Divider
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Impulse Voltage Generation &
Measurement
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Impulsevoltages arerequiredinhigh-voltagetests to simulate
thestressesduetoexternal andinternal overvoltages,
They are generated by discharging high voltage capacitors
through switching gaps onto a network of resistors and
capacitors
54
Generation of Impulse Voltage
Waveform to be generated
- Risetime of 0.5 to 10 s, Decay time 30 to
200 s
- Unidirectional & double exponential;
v(t) = V
0
[exp(-ot) exp(-|t)]
where, o & | time constant
- The equation represents a wave with rapid
rise to peak and slowly falls to zero
- During waveshape recording the initial
portion may not clearly defined or missing
due to disturbances
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Generation of Impulse Voltage
t
f
or t
1
= 1.25(t
90
t
10
) 30%
t
t
or t
2
= T
3
20%
Std. Waveshape = 1.2/50 s
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Generation of Impulse Voltage
Circuit to produce impulse wave
Series R-L-C under overdamped or R-C
combination. C is charged to a particular dc voltage
and discharged thro waveshaping network. R
d
and
R
e
control the front and tail time
57
Generation of Impulse Voltage
Circuit Anal ysis of Impulse Generator
Circuit (a); V
o
(t) = V
c
[exp(-ot) exp(-|t)]
R
1
C
2
(o - |)
Circuit (b); V
o
(t) = V
c
C
1
R
2
o | [exp(-ot) exp(-|t)]
(| - o)
where;
o = 1/(R
1
C
2
) and | = 1/(R
2
C
1
)
V
o
(t) - output voltage
V
c
- charging voltage
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Generation of Impulse Voltage
Calculation of front time and tail time;
t
1
= 3R
1
C
1
C
2
= 3R
1
C
e
C
1
+ C
2
t
2
= 0.7(R
1
+ R
2
)(C
1
+ C
2
)
Energy rating of generator = C
1
V
0
2
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Generation of Impulse Voltage
Multi-stage
Impulse
Generator is
used to
generate
higher
impulse
voltage
output
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Multi-stage Impulse Generator
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Multi-stage Impulse Generator
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62
Generation of Impulse Voltage
Components of Multistage IG
1. DC Charging Set
2. Charging Resistor
3. Charging Capacitors
4. Spark Gaps
5. Waveshaping Resistors
6. Voltage Dividers
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Corona Rings
Dividers
Chopping Gap
Impulse Generator
Impulse Generator Output
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Impulse Generator Output
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Generation of Impulse Voltage
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Measurement of Impulse Voltage
1. Potential Dividers
Either resistive,
capacitive or mixed
element type
Low voltage arm is
connected to fast
recording oscillograph or
peak reading intsrument
Z
1
& Z
2
series resistors
or capacitors
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Measurement of Impulse Voltage
Errors and distortion in output waveshape due
to:
1. Residual inductance in the elements
2. Stray capacitance between element, elements
terminal to ground, high voltage lead to
element
3. Impedance errors due to connecting leads
between dividers and test object and ground
return leads
4. Parasitic oscillations due to lead and cable
inductances and capacitance
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Measurement of Impulse Voltage
2. Sphere Gap
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Multiple Impulse Generator (MIGe)
Dr. MMY 2012
MIGe Achievements
1. 1. Silver Medal at INATEX 2008
2. 2. Silver Medal at Malaysia Technology Exposition
(MTE) 2008
3. 3. Gold Medal at Seoul Int. Invention Fair 2008
4. 4. Special Award at Seoul Int. Invention Fair 2008
5. 5. Patent Filing PI 2008 1272
6. 6. Nine Technical J ournal and Conference papers
7. 7. One monograph and one book chapter
8. 8. One PhD and nine Master tesis
9. 9. Nominated for Anugerah Harta Intelek Negara 2009
71 Dr. MMY 2012
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EXAMPLE 1
An impulse generator has been designed to generate an impulse
voltage of 1.2/200 s waveshape. Find the waveshaping resistors
R
1
and R
2
when C
1
= 0.125 F and C
2
= 1 nF.
Soln.
t
f
= 3R
1
[C
1
C
2
/(C
1
+ C
2
)]
1.2 x 10
-6
= 3R
1
[(0.125 x 10
-6
x 1 x 10
-9
)/ (0.125 x 10
-6
+ 1 x 10
-9
)]
R
1
= 400
t
t
= 0.7(R
1
+ R
2
)(C
1
+ C
2
)
200 x 10
-6
= 0.7(R
1
+ R
2
)(0.125 x 10
-6
+ 1 x 10
-9
)
R
2
= 1868
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EXAMPLE 2
An impulse generator having charging capacitor of
0.01 F. The wave front and wave tail resistances
connected are 800 and 5000 respectively. If
the load capacitor is 1000 pF, find the front and tail
times of the impulse wave produced. Comment on
the answer as compared to the standard
waveshape of 1.2/50 s.
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Soln.
t
f
= 3R
1
[C
1
C
2
/(C
1
+ C
2
)]
= 3 x 800[0.01 x 10
-6
x 0.001 x 10
-6
]
[0.01 x 10
-6
+ 0.001 x 10
-6
]
t
f
= 2.19 s
t
t
= 0.7(R
1
+ R
2
)(C
1
+ C
2
)
= 0.7(800 + 5000)(0.01 x 10
-6
+ 0.001 x 10
-6
)
t
t
= 46.7 s
Front time is outside the range of 1.2 s 30% (0.84 to
1.56 s)
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EXAMPLE 3
A ten stage impulse generator have C
1
= 0.2 F
per stage and an external load capacitor C
2
= 1
nF. Determine the values of waveshaping
resistors at each stage to generate standard
lightning impulse of 1.2/50 s waveshape. If the
DC charging voltage is 100 kV, determine also
the output voltage and generator energy rating.
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76
Soln.
n = 10, thus for 10 stage; nV
0
= 10 x 100 kV = 1000 kV,
C
1
/n = 0.02 F, C
2
= 1 nF, front resistor = 10R
1
, tail
resistor = 10R
2
t
f
= 3R
1
[C
1
C
2
/(C
1
+ C
2
)]
1.2 s = 3 x (10R
1
) [0.02 x 10
-6
x 1 x 10
-9
]
[0.02 x 10
-6
+ 1 x 10
-9
]
R
1
= 42
t
t
= 0.7(R
1
+ R
2
)(C
1
+ C
2
)
50 s = 0.7 x 10(42 + R2)(0.02 x 10
-6
+ 1 x 10
-9
)
R
2
= 300
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1. INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the testing: To ensure that the electrical
equipments are capable of withstanding the overvoltages
that are met with in service.
Covers basic requirements procedures for testing on several
electrical apparatus. Normally, high voltage (HV) testing is to
investigate the insulation performance.
International/national specifications for testing are outlined
(details of test, specific equipment, procedure and
acceptable limits) to meet the users and manufacturers
requirements
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2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HIGHVOLTAGE TESTS
DestructiveTest
Normally theequipment underwent destructivetest cannot be
usedintheservice.
Test voltageishigher thanitsnormal workingvoltage.
Breakdowntest.
Non-DestructiveTest
Mainly doneto assess theelectrical properties, eg. Resistivity,
dielectricconstant andlossfactor.
Theapparatus is not destroyedduringthetest andcanbeused
again
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2.2 TYPES OF TESTS
Routine Tests
Made by the manufacturer on every finished piece of
product.
To fulfills the specifications
Type Tests
Performed on each type of equipment before their supply
on a general commercial scale demonstrate
performance characteristics.
No need to repeat the test unless changes are made in
the design of the product.
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TYPES OF TESTS (Cont.)
Special Test other than routine or type
Maintenance Tests
Usually carried out after maintenance/repair of
the equipment.
Conductedaccording to schedule provided.
Purpose of the test : To ensure the equipment
lifetime is achieved.
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3. TEST VOLTAGES
Can be divided into three, eg. Direct voltages (DC),
power-frequency alternating voltages (AC) and
impulse voltages.
Test with Direct Voltage (DC).
Mainly to test equipment used in HVDC
transmission systems.Insulation testing,
fundamental investigations in discharge physics
and dielectric behaviour. Rate of voltage rise
above 75% of its estimated final value should be
about 2% per second.
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TEST VOLTAGES (Cont.)
Test withAlternatingVoltage (AC).
Frequency range : 40-60Hz, sinusoidal shape.
Dry withstand test : Most common routine test for all
types of electrical equipment especially insulators,
bushing, rod gaps etc.
Applied voltage between two to three times of the normal
working voltage.
Wet withstand test : To simulate the effect of natural rain
on external insulation. Recommended for tests on
apparatus which are designed for outdoor used.Use
artificial rain.Applied for 30-60 seconds.
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Test with Impulse Voltage.
Is designed to investigate
the insulation performance
due to the lightning stroke
or switching operation.
3 types of impulse voltages,
ie;
1) Full wave
2) Chopped wave
3) Switching wave
BS 923: Part 2: 1980
Full lightning impulse
Lightning impulse
chopped
on the front
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Lightning impulse chopped
on the tail
Full switching impulse
BS 923: Part 2: 1980
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Ratedimpulse withstand test
For test on non-self-restoring insulation, 3 impulses are
applied.
For withstand tests on self-restoring insulation, 2 procedures
are use:
1) 15 impulses (rated withstand voltage) with the specified
shape andpolarity are applied
2) Test procedure for determining 50%disruptive discharge
voltage is applied
The method used for determining the levels of applied
voltage is up-and-down methods.
86
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Atmospheric Correction Factors
By applying correction factors, a measured flashover voltage that
influenced by the atmospheric conditions can be determined.
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
T
p
k
k k
kV V
d
o
273
293
760
by, given , density air of function a is where
d
k
d
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.10 1.15
k
0.72 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.91 0.95 1.0 1.05 1.09 1.12
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4.0 DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF INSULATION
The purpose of diagnostic testing is to estimate the importance
of any deterioration.
Diagnostic testing can use measurements of;
Non-electrical properties
Breakdown strength
Conductivity/Resistivity
Loss tangent
Partial discharges
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Loss Tangent (tan o)
Figure 1.1
V
I
o
u
I
V
I
V R
p
C
p
I
R
I
C
I
C
I
o
u
I
R
V
Figure1.2 : Parallel model
tan =
I
I
R
C
o tan =
V / R
V C
p
p
o
e
tan =
1
C R
p p
o
e
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I
V
R
V
C
R
s
C
s
V
V
R
V
C
I
V
o
u
Figure 1.3: Series model
R =
R
1 + C R
s
p
2
p
2
p
2
e
C = C +
1
C R
s p
2
p p
2
e
tan =
V
V
=
I R
I
1
C
R
C
s
s
o
e
tan o =eC
s
R
s
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Measurement of tan o (dissipation factor), resistance and capacitance of
the sample are often made using a.c. bridges.
The commonbridge circuits used in power frequencyhigh voltages are:
Schering Bridge
Transformer ratio-arm
AC
A
B D
C
detector
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
Figure 2.1
At balanced condition
Z
1
Z
4
=Z
2
Z
3
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The Schering Bridge
AC
C
r
R
3
C
2
R
4
C
4
Figure 2.2: Schering Bridge
(r - j / C)
R
1
j C
R +
1
j C
=
R
j C
4
4
4
4
3
2
e
e
e
e
r = R
C
C
and C = C
R
R
3
4
2
2
4
3
tan o =eC
4
R
4
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The Transformer Ratio-arm Bridge
AC
A
B
C
D
N
1
N
2
I
1
I
2
detector
Z
1
Z
2
Figure 2.3: Transformer Ratio-ArmBridge
Z
Z
=
N
N
1
2
1
2
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5.0 HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
Impulse testing on transformer
According to BS 171: Part 3. Carried out at room temperature with the
transformer not energized.
Used standard impulse waveshapes. Full and chopped waves.
During the tests, impulse voltage and current are recorded.
Failure detection (Insulation failure)
A change in the waveshape of the voltage and current both before and
after the chopped waves have been applied.
The existing of acoustic noise.
Visual signs of flashover
Failure location : Voltage waveform propagation may provide clue to the
position of a breakdown.
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Testing on switchgear or circuit breaker
According to BS 5227: Part 2, IEC 56.
Conducted in two conditions:
Circuit breaker closed (ON position)
Circuit breaker opened (OFF position)
15 negative and positive standard lightning impulse are applied.
Test on one phase, the other two phases and structure of the panel is
connected to earth.
Routine and Type test on cables
According to BS 923: Part 2, IEC 60-2, IEC 55-1, IEC 230 and BS 6480.
PD, Power frequency, conductor resistance, direct current and impulse
voltage tests.
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TRANSFORMER STANDARD
TESTING PROCEDURE
Routine Tests
Tests required for each individual
transformer such as resistance
measurements, voltage ratio and loss
measurement.
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TRANSFORMER STANDARD
TESTING PROCEDURE
Type- or design tests :
Conducted on a transformer which is
representative of other transformers to
demonstrate that these transformers
comply with specified requirements not
covered by routine tests, eg.
temperature rise test and lightning
impulse test.
97
TRANSFORMER STANDARD TRANSFORMER STANDARD
TESTING PROCEDURE TESTING PROCEDURE
Special- or other tests :
Tests other than type- or routine
tests agreed to by the
manufacturer and the purchaser,
eg.measurement of zero-sequence
impedance and sound level
measurement.
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Lightning Impulse Test
Low Low--frequency tests alone are not frequency tests alone are not
adequate to demonstrate the dielectric adequate to demonstrate the dielectric
strength of transformers. strength of transformers.
The impulse voltage stress imposed on The impulse voltage stress imposed on
windings by lightning phenomena can be windings by lightning phenomena can be
very different from the low frequency very different from the low frequency
voltage distribution. voltage distribution.
The lightning impulse test is performed The lightning impulse test is performed
to prove the transformers ability to to prove the transformers ability to
withstand transient voltages withstand transient voltages
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Lightning Impulse Test
The basic waveshapes have been defined The basic waveshapes have been defined
and the impulse voltage levels, referred to and the impulse voltage levels, referred to
as the basic lightning impulse insulation as the basic lightning impulse insulation
level (BIL), have been established for level (BIL), have been established for
respective standardized voltage classes. respective standardized voltage classes.
By defining amplitudes and waveshapes, By defining amplitudes and waveshapes,
however, a minimum impulse dielectric however, a minimum impulse dielectric
strength is established which the strength is established which the
transformer should meet. transformer should meet.
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Lightning Impulse Test
-Test Waveshape
101
Lightning Impulse Test
- Test Connection
The voltage is applied to each The voltage is applied to each
line terminal in succession. line terminal in succession.
All other terminals shall All other terminals shall
nominally be earthed directly or nominally be earthed directly or
through low through low--ohmic current ohmic current
shunts. shunts.
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Lightning Impulse Test
- Test Connection
Dr. MMY 2012
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Lightning Impulse Test
- Test Sequence
The test sequence consists of one
reference impulse(RW) at 60% of full
amplitude (FW):
1RW 50 -70% amplitude
1 FW 100 amplitude
1RCW 50-70% amplitude
2 CW 100% amplitude
2 FW 100% amplitude
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Lightning Impulse Test
- Failure Indications
Detection of faults at impulse testing
is based on comparison of voltage
and current records obtained at
reduced and full amplitudes
The two traces should have a perfect
match to constitute evidence that the
insulation has passed the test
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TESTING ACTIVITIES AT IVAT TESTING ACTIVITIES AT IVAT
High voltage AC withstand test on 11
kV XLPE single core cable
(TOPLINK SDN BHD)
High voltage lightning impulse test on
cast resin transformer
(LKH POWER TRANSFORMER SDN BHD)
High voltage lightning impulse test on 11 kV switchgear
(MAHKOTA MANUFACTURING SDN BHD)
Dr. MMY 2005 107
TESTING ACTIVITIES AT IVAT TESTING ACTIVITIES AT IVAT
Impulse Withstand Test on 630 kVA,
11/0.433 kV (top) and
20 MVA, 33/11.5 kV (bottom) Three
Phase Power Transformer
(MALAYSIAN TRANSFORMER
MANUFACTURING SDN BHD)
Cable jointing works for preparation of
high voltage withstand test
(TOPLINK SDN BHD)