Exam 2 Review 02/22/2011 Exam 2 Review 1. Define hypospadias. Congenital defect in males in which there is malpositioning of the urethral opening. 2. What is the function of the seminal vesicles? Adds fluid to the ejaculate to move the sperm forward. 3. Explain the function cremaster muscles and the pampiniform plexus of the testes. The paminiform plexus absorbs heat from the arterial blood cooliting it as it enters the testes. The cremaster muscles, which respond to decreases in testicular temperature move the testes closer to the body 4. What role does nitric oxide play in erections? It involves increased inflow of blood into the corpora cavernosa due to relacation of the travuclar smooth muscle that surrounds the sinusoidal spaces and compression of the veins controlling outflow of blood from the venous plexus 5. What nervous system controls erection? Parasympathetic nervous system 6. What are the major sources of estrogen in premenopausal and menopausal women? Ovaries and adipose tissue 7. The secretion of FSH and LH are under the control of ____________. Gonadotrophin-releasing factor 8. What hormones would be used to treat exceptionally tall children by effecting early epiphyseal closure? Estrogen and testosterone 9. ________ is produced and secreted by the interstitial Leydig cells in the testes, while under the influence of luteinizing hormone (LH) Testosterone 10. Describe the functions of testosterone. Differentiation of the male genital tract in fetal development, induction of secondary male sex characteristics and promotion of musculoskeletal growth 11. The _____________ houses the testes and regulates their temperature. Scrotum 12. What describes herniation of the bladder into the vagina? Cystocele 13. What is testicular torsion and what is it a common consequence of? A twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis; consequence of cryptorchidism, infertility and malignancy 14. What is the most common cause of cancer in males between the ages of 15-35? Testicular cancer 15. Describe the causes of scrotal cancer. It has been linked to dirty occupation, poor hygiene and chronic inflammation 16. What cancer is the most common nonskin cancer in the US affecting men 65 years of age and Nida Paracha Bio Health & Disease 3350 Section 001 Exam 2 Review 02/22/2011 older? Prostate cancer 17. A hydrocele forms when excess fluid collects between the layers of the ____________. Tunica vaginalis 18. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome are conditions that alter estrogen metabolism and elevate estrogen levels. Increased estrogen levels are associated with ______________________. Endometrial cancer 19. Undesired or harmful effects of supraphysiologic doses of androgens including estrodial and estrone are_________, ___________ and _______________. Acne, decreased testicular size, and a change in libido 20. In order for embryonic gonads to become testes, what is required? Y chromosome 21. What condition is characterized by heavy bleeding during and between menstrual cycles. Menometrorrhagia 22. Describe the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle. After ovulation, the follicle collapses, and the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle begins. A rapid accumulation of blood and fluid forms a mass called the corpus luteum. During the luteal stage, progesterone is secreted from the corpus luteum 23. What are the local effects of progesterone on reproductive organs? The glandular development of the lobular and alveolar tissue of the breasts and the cyclic glandular development of the endometrium 24. What role does oxytocin and prolactin play in a womans body? Secretion of milk of alveolar cells, which are under the influenced of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. 25. __________________ is an abnormal, painful, sustained erection that can lead to ischemic damage of penile structures. Priapism 26. What hormone(s) are produced after ovulation when the follicle becomes lutinized as the corpus lutium? Estrogen and progesterone 27. What is a term for benign neoplasms of smooth muscle in the uterus? Leiomyomas 28. What is usually recognized as the leading cause of osteoporosis? Decreased estrogen levels 29. During lactation, milk is secreted by ____________________. Alveolar tissue 30. What forms when excess fluid collects between the layers of the tunica vaginalis? A hydrocele 31. What is oogenisis? Nida Paracha Bio Health & Disease 3350 Section 001 Exam 2 Review 02/22/2011 Generation of the primordial ova by mitotic division occurs during fetal life 32. A preponderance of evidence suggests a causal link between both cervical cancer, penile cancer and ____________________. HPV (human papilloma virus) 33. What is stored in the ampulla of the vas deferens? sperm 34. What are causes of male infertility? varicocele, ejaculatory dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, infection, immunologic problems (IE antisperm antibodies), obstruction (including wearing tight jeans), and congenital anomalies 35. Infertility, malignancy and testicular torsion are long term consequences of ___________________________. Cryptochidism 36. When does gonadotrophin-stimulated production of testosterone normally begin? Between 10-12 years old 37. ________________ serves as a storage reservoir for sperm. Vas deferens 38. The ________________is the site of the Skene glands, which have a lubricating function. Urethral opening 39. The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers (__________, ____________ and __________) one (__________) of which extends to form a cul-de-sac. The perimetrium, the myometrium, and the endometrium; the permetrium 40. High levels of what hormone exert a negative feedback loop on FSH? Estrogen 41. What are common causes of vaginitis in women of childbearing age? Candida albicans, trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis 42. What structure secretes fluid and serves as a buffer and prolongs the life of spermatozoa once they reach the vagina? Prostate gland 43. Gradual cessation of ovarian function and diminished estrogen levels during perimenopause and menopause may lead to ______________. Vasomotor instability 44. What is the role of the fructose in seminal fluid? Sperm motility 45. What is the function of inhibin in males? Inhibits FSH production leading to reduction in spermatogenesis 46. What microorganism causes candidiasis? A yeast 47. Why might antibiotic therapy cause vulvovaginal candiasis in females? Suppresses the normal protective flora Nida Paracha Bio Health & Disease 3350 Section 001 Exam 2 Review 02/22/2011 48. What is a complication associated with women having chlamydial infections? Pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility or ectopic pregnancy 49. What are the symptoms associated with trichomoniasis? Coious, frothy, malodorous, green or yellow discharge 50. Factors that increase the risk of tubal pregnancy include? Pelvic inflammatory disease, therapeutic abortion, tubal ligation or reversal and fertility drugs 51. Which structure in the female anatomy begins to dilate upon parturition (birth)? Cervix 52. Describe testicular torsion? What structures are affected? Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testes 53. How many spermatozoa are produced by one spermatognium in spermatogenesis? 4 54. What kind of cells does a Pap smear detect? Cancerous and precancerous cells 55. What is endometriosis? The condition in which functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus. 56. What hormone surge causes ovulation? LH 57. Factors that increase the risk of tubal pregnancy include? What is the greatest danger? Pelvic inflammatory disease, therapeutic abortion, tubal ligation or reversal, and fertility drugs. Tubal rupture is the greatest danger 58. What is a chocolate cyst and where does it form? In the ovary, the endometrial tissue may form cysts (IE endometriomas filled with old blood) 59. What hormone is responsible for fluid retention in females during PMS? Increased aldosterone secretion 60. Untreated syphilis might cause complications in what organs? Aorta, liver, and central nervous system