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BIO 3350: Biological Basis of Health and Disease

Dr. SAPOZHNIKOV
TEST 2
Version A

1. Which hormone and structure act together to regulate and produce testosterone:
A. FSH and Cells of Leydig
B. LH and Cells of Leydig
C. FSH and LH
D. Androgen and the Prostate Gland

2. The immediate threat to the testes from testicular torsion is related to:
A. impaired sexual function
B. impaired testosterone production
C. infertility
D. impaired blood flow to the testes

3. In spermatogenesis, one spermatognium produces how many spermatozoa:
A. 2
B. 4
C. 8
D. 400 to 450 thousand

4. The cremaster muscles and the pampiniform plexus of the testes have the function of:
A. maintaining the temperature of the testes
B. closure of the inguinal canal
C. maintaining testicular torsion
D. protection of the testes

5. Erection involves shunting of blood into the sinusoids of the corpus cavernosum. Which of the following
mediators is responsible for relaxation of vascular smooth muscle that shunts blood into the sinusoids?
A. Norepinephrine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Nitric oxide
D. Histamine

6. Erection is under the control of the:
A. sympathetic nervous system
B. parasympathetic nervous system

7. A prolonged painful erection is known as:
A. Cryptorchidism
B. Priapism
C. Trichomoniasis
D. Endometriosis

8. The main actions of testosterone include all of the following EXCEPT:
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A. differentiation of the male genital tract in fetal development
B. induction of secondary male sex characteristics
C. initiation of spermatogenesis
D. promotion of musculoskeletal growth

9. The function of the scrotum is to:
A. produce sperm
B. produce testosterone
C. enclose and regulate the temperature of the testes
D. transport sperm

10. Which conditions may lead to infertility in males?
A. Cryptorchidism
B. Wearing tight jeans
C. Prolonged fever
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

11. In males with hypospadias, the termination of the urethra is on the:
A. ventral surface of the penis
B. dorsal surface of the penis
C. lateral surface of the penis

12. The function of the seminal vesicles is to:
A. secrete fluid for the semen
B. store spermatozoa
C. provides fluid that supplies energy for sperm motility
D. assist in ejaculation
E. A and C

13. Gonadotrophin-stimulated production of testosterone normally begins about age:
A. 2 to 4 years
B. 4 to 6 years
C. 10 to 12 years
D. 18 to 21 years

14. Mature sperm are normally stored in the:
A. epididymis
B. vas deferens
C. seminal vesicle
D. prostatic urethra

15. The location of the Skenes glands is:
A. between the hymenal opening and posterior labia minora
B. at the urethral opening
C. at the anterior labia minora
D. in the vagina between the hymenal opening and the cervix

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16. The cul-de-sac is formed by which one of the following uterine layers?
A. Perimetrium
B. Myometrium
C. Endometrium

17. What structure in the female genitourinary system is composed of a connective tissue matrix of glands
and muscle that softens and becomes more pliable during pregnancy?
A. Vagina
B. Endometrium
C. Cervix

18. Oogenesis or generation of the primordial ova by mitotic division occurs during:
A. fetal life
B. early childhood
C. menarche
D. each monthly cycle

19. The source of estrogens is:
A. ovaries and adipose tissue
B. ovaries and the anterior pituitary gland
C. the ovaries only

20. The secretion of FSH and LH is under the direct control of:
A. estrogen
B. thyroxin
C. oxytocin
D. gonadotrophin-releasing factor

21. Which hormone acts on skeletal growth to accelerate the growth of long bones and the closure of
epiphyses at puberty?
A. Luteinizing hormone
B. Estrogen
C. Progesterone
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone

22. Progesterone is produced by the:
A. granulosa cells of the ovary
B. corpus luteum of the ovary
C. anterior pituitary gland
D. adrenal gland

23. The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes:
A. Endometrial cancer in males
B. Cervical cancer in females
C. Penile cancer in males
D. Both A and C
E. Both B and C

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24. Spermatozoa are stored in the:
A. seminiferous tubules
B. rete testis
C. epididymis
D. ampulla of the vas deferens

25. The long-term consequences of cryptorchidism are:
A. sterility
B. erectile dysfunction
C. increased risk of testicular cancer
D. A and C
E. A, B, and C

26. In a hydrocele involves:
A. excess fluid in the tunica vaginalis
B. herniation of the tunica vaginalis
C. herniation of the bladder into the vagina
D. bulging of the uterus into the vagina

27. A cystocele involves:
A. excess fluid in the tunica vaginalis
B. herniation of the tunica vaginalis
C. herniation of the bladder into the vagina
D. bulging of the uterus into the vagina

28. Testicular torsion involves:
A. the development of fluid in the scrotal sac
B. twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testes
C. varicosities of the paminiform plexus

29. The leading cause of cancer deaths among males 15 to 35 years old is:
A. scrotal cancer
B. testicular cancer
C. prostate cancer
D. cancer of the penis

30. Most scrotal cancers are linked to:
A. chronic inflammation
B. exposure to tar, soot, and oils
C. poor hygiene
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

31. The disease that occurs most frequently in the age group of over 65 is:
A. Testicular cancer
B. Prostate cancer
C. Penile cancer
D. Leiomyomas
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32. The only period that the tunica vaginalis around the testes contains fluid is during a
hydrocele:
A. True
B. False

33. During the follicular stage of menstruation, increasing levels of what hormone exert a negative
feedback effect on FSH?
A. Estrogen
B. Luteinizing hormone
C. Progesterone
D. Follicle-stimulating hormone

34. Leiomyomas are:
A. benign neoplasms of smooth muscle in the uterus
B. malignant tumors of the uterine muscle

35. One of the greatest risks associated with estrogen deprivation during menopause is:
A. osteoporosis
B. endometrial cancer
C. breast cancer
D. pulmonary emboli

36. Milk is produced by the:
A. ductile tissue of the breast
B. alveolar tissue of the breast

37. The most common causes of vaginitis in the women of childbearing age are:
A. Candida albicans
B. Trichomonas vaginalis
C. bacterial vaginosis
D. A and C
E. A, B, and C

38. The Pap smear that examines cells from the surface of the cervix and endocervix is used to detect:
A. normal and cancerous cells
B. normal and precancerous cells
C. both precancerous and cancerous cells

39. Endometriosis can be described as a condition in which:
A. there is inflammation of the endometrium
B. functional endometrial tissue is found in ectopic sites outside the uterus
C. endometrial glands and stroma are found within the myometrium

40. A surge in which one of the gonadotrophic hormones is necessary for ovulation to occur:
A. FSH
B. LH
C. Prolactin
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41. Candidiasis is caused by what type of microorganism?
A. A virus
B. A yeast
C. A bacteria
D. A protozoan

42. The reason that antibiotic therapy predisposes to vulvovaginal candiasis is that it:
A. produces a decrease in immune function
B. suppresses the normal protective flora
C. decreases the pH of vaginal secretions
D. increases vaginal glycogen stores

43. A serious complication of chlamydial infections in women is:
A. cervicitis and increased risk of cervical cancer
B. pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility or ectopic pregnancy
C. urinary frequency
D. endometriosis

44. A vaginal infection that causes copious, frothy, malodorous, green or yellow discharge is:
A. bacterial vaginosis
B. chlamydia
C. trichomoniasis
D. candidiasis

45. Which infection may progress without treatment to damage the aorta, liver, and CNS?
A. Syphilis
B. Gonorrhea
C. Chlamydia
D. Trichomoniasis

46. Estrogen
A. Acne
B. Decreased testicular size and azoospermia
C. Premature closure of the epiphysis in prepuberal males
D. A and C
E. A, B and C

47. Testicular development and embryonic production of testosterone requires:
A. An X chromosome
B. A Y chromosome
C. Two Y chromosome
D. Two X chromosome

48. Menometrorrhagia describes a condition in which there is:
A. Bleeding between menustrual periods
B. Heavy bleeding during the menstrual period
C. Heavy bleeding both during and between menustral periods
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D. Irregular menustral periods

49. In the menstrual cycle, the corpus luteum is formed in which stage:
A. Corpal stage
B. Luteal stage
C. Follicular stage
D. A and B
E. All of the above

50. This structure secretes a fluid which serves as a buffer and prolongs the life of
spermatozoa once they reach the vagina. What is the name of this structure?
A. Seminal vesicles
B. Prostate gland
C. Testes
D. Vas deferens

51. A gradual cessation of ovarian function and diminished estrogen levels during perimenopause and
menopause may lead to :
A. Vasomotor instability
B. Increase in skin elasticity
C. Increase in breast tissue
D. Ovaries and vagina increases in size

52. Sperm motility requires energy which is provided by the presence of ___________ in
seminal fluid:
A. Prostate fluid
B. Citric acid
C. Enzymes
D. Fructose

53. Which hormone reduces testosterone secretion:
A. FSH
B. LH
C. Inhibin
D. Progesterone
E. Prolactin

54. The actions of progesterone include:
A. promotion of ovarian follicle growth
B. promotion of the cycle glandular development of the endometrium
C. proliferation and cornification of vaginal mucosa
D. contribute to the growth of axillary and pubic hair

55. Which two hormones are responsible for ejection of milk into the ductal system of the
breast:
A. prolactin and estrogen
B. prolactin and oxytocin
C. oxytocin and progesterone
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D. oxytocin and androgen

56. A major risk factor for endometrial cancer is:
A. genital herpes virus infection
B. human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
C. prolonged estrogen stimulation (individuals with obesity or diabetes mellitus)
D. increased progesterone levels

57. The cause of tubal pregnancy is delayed ovum transport. Factors that increase the risk of tubal
pregancy include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. pelvic inflammatory disease
B. low estrogen levels
C. tubal ligation or tubal ligation reversal
D. use of fertility drugs to induce ovulation
E. all of the above are true

58. The greatest danger associated with tubal pregnancy is:
A. abortion
B. fetal abnormalities
C. tubal rupture

59. Chocolate cysts often form in the ovaries in:
A. ovarian cancer
B. ductal disorders
C. endometriosis
D. rectocele

60. What is thought to be responsible for the fluid retention in PMS?
A. Cerebral irritability due to estrogen excess
B. Increased aldosterone secretion
C. Congestion of reproductive organs, which puts pressure on venous return from legs
D. Vascular instability related to decrease in estrogen