Fritjof Capra Quotes

Fritjof Capra quotes (showing 1-5 of 5)
Scientists, therefore, are responsible for their research, not only intellectually but also morally.
This responsibility has become an important issue in many of today's sciences, but especially so
in physics, in which the results of quantum mechanics and relativity theory have opened up two
very different paths for physicists to pursue. They may lead us - to put it in extreme terms - to the
Buddha or to the Bomb, and it is up to each of us to decide which path to tae. !
" #rit$of %apra, The Turning Point: Science, Society, And The Rising Culture
ta&s' science
() people lied it
lie
*uantum theory thus reveals a basic oneness of the universe. +t shows that we cannot
decompose the world into independently existin& smallest units. ,s we penetrate into matter,
nature does not show us any isolated -buildin& blocs,- but rather appears as a complicated web
of relations between the various parts of the whole. These relations always include the observer in
an essential way. The human observer constitute the final lin in the chain of observational
processes, and the properties of any atomic ob$ect can be understood only in terms of the ob$ect's
interaction with the observer.!
" #rit$of %apra, The Tao of Physics
. people lied it
lie
Subatomic particles do not exist but rather show 'tendencies to exist', and atomic events do not
occur with certainty at definite times and in definite ways, but rather show 'tendencies to occur'.!
" #rit$of %apra, The Tao of Physics
ta&s' /en-physics
0 people lied it
lie
The phenomenon of emer&ence taes place at critical points of instability that arise from
fluctuations in the environment, amplified by feedbac loops.!
" #rit$of %apra, The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living
ta&s' science
1 people lied it
lie
+f physics leads us today to a world view which is essentially mystical, it returns, in a way, to its
be&innin&, 2,344 years a&o. ... This time, however, it is not only based on intuition, but also on
experiments of &reat precision and sophistication, and on a ri&orous and consistent mathematical
formalism.!
" #rit$of %apra
Introduction to Fritjof Capra, Tao of Physics
Fritjof Capra, a fine Philosopher of Science, wrote the Tao of Physics in 1975, exploring the connection
between modern physics (quantum theory and !astern mysticism " philosophy# $f most significance, is the
understanding of the %ni&erse as a dynamic interconnected unity# 's (rit)of *apra writes+
,n ,ndian philosophy, the main terms used by -indus and .uddhists ha&e dynamic connotations# /he word
.rahman is deri&ed from the Sans0rit root brih 1 to grow2 and thus suggests a reality which is dynamic and
ali&e# /he %panishads refer to .rahman as 3this unformed, immortal, mo&ing4, thus associating it with
motion e&en though it transcends all forms#4 /he 5ig 6eda uses another term to express the dynamic
character of the uni&erse, the term 5ita# /his word comes from the root ri2 to mo&e# ,n its phenomenal
aspect, the cosmic $ne is thus intrinsically dynamic, and the apprehension of its dynamic nature is basic to
all schools of !astern mysticism#
/hey all emphasi7e that the uni&erse has to be grasped dynamically, as it mo&es, &ibrates and dances#
(Fritjof Capra, 1975
/he !astern mystics see the uni&erse as an inseparable web, whose interconnections are dynamic and not
static# /he cosmic web is ali&e+ it mo&es and grows and changes continually# 8odern physics, too, has come
to concei&e of the uni&erse as such a web of relations and, li0e !astern mysticism, has recognised that this
web is intrinsically dynamic# /he dynamic aspect of matter arises in quantum theory as a consequence of the
wa&e2nature of subatomic particles, and is e&en more essential in relati&ity theory, where the unification of
space and time implies that the being of matter cannot be separated from its acti&ity# /he properties of
subatomic particles can therefore only be understood in a dynamic context+ in terms of mo&ement,
interaction and transformation# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics
(rit)of *apra is correct that matter can not be separated from acti&ity, the error of modern physics has been
in the conception of 8otion as the motion of 8atter (9subatomic particles9 rather than the wa&e motion of
Space#
:estern Physics (with its 9particles9 and 9forces " fields9 in 9Space /ime9 has ne&er correctly understood the
!astern world &iew# ,t is also important to understand that the ancient ,ndian philosophers did not actually
0now how the uni&erse was a dynamic unity, what matter was, how the $ne /hing " .rahman caused and
connected the many things# /hus !astern philosophical 0nowledge is ultimately founded on mysticism and
intuition#
5ecent disco&eries on the properties of Space and the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:olff, -aselhurst confirm
that we can understand 5eality and the interconnection of all things from a logical " scientific foundation#
/he $ne /hing " .rahman, (Space has Properties (:a&e28edium that gi&e rise to the many things (8atter
as the Spherical :a&e 8otions of Space# /hus explaining the uni&erse as a dynamic, interconnected unity#
8y father actually ga&e me *apra9s Tao of Physics when , was about ;< years old (19=< so , ha&e fond
memories of his wor0 and ideas# , hope that you en)oy the following quotes 2 and ma0e sure that you read
them with the wa&e structure of matter in mind, then they ma0e perfect sense>
?eoff -aselhurst
+ntroduction #rit$of %apra - %apra *uotes 5 Tao of 6hysics - %apra on 7nity - 8ynamic 7niverse - 6hysics 9
*uantum Theory - #rit$of %apra :ins - Top of 6a&e
Fritjof Capra Quotes, The Tao of Physics, The Turning Point
@eep !cology is rooted in a perception of reality that goes beyond the scientific framewor0 to an intuiti&e
awareness of the oneness of all life, the interdependence of its multiple manifestations and its cycles of
change and transformation# :hen the concept of the human spirit is understood in this sense, its mode of
consciousness in which the indi&idual feels connected to the cosmos as a whole, it becomes clear that
ecological awareness is truly spiritual# ,ndeed the idea of the indi&idual being lin0ed to the cosmos is
expressed in the Aatin root of the word religion, religare (to bind strongly), as well as the Sans0rit yoga,
which means union# (Fritjof Capra, /urning Point, 19=;
/he purpose of this boo0 (the /ao of Physics is to explore the relationship between the concepts of modern
physics and the basic ideas in the philosophical and religious traditions of the (ar !ast# :e shall see how the
two foundations of twentieth2century physics 2 quantum theory and relati&ity 2 both force us to see the world
&ery much in the way a -indu, .uddhist or /aoist sees it ## (Fritjof Capra, /ao of Physics, 1975

Fritjof Capra on the Unity of All Things, One
/he most important characteristic of the !astern world &iew 2 one could almost say the essence of it2 is the
awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things and e&ents, the experience of all phenomena in
the world as manifestations of a basic oneness# 'll things are seen as interdependent and inseparable parts of
this cosmic whole+ as different manifestations of the same ultimate reality# (Capra, /he /ao of Physics,
1975
,n ordinary life, we are not aware of the unity of all things, but di&ide the world into separate ob)ects and
e&ents# /his di&ision is useful and necessary to cope with our e&eryday en&ironment, but it is not a
fundamental feature of reality# ,t is an abstraction de&ised by our discriminating and categorising intellect#
/o belie&e that our abstract concepts of separate 3things4 and 3e&ents4 are realities of nature is an illusion#
(Capra, /he /ao of Physics, 1975
/he central aim of !astern mysticism is to experience all the phenomena in the world as manifestations of
the same ultimate reality# /his reality is seen as the essence of the uni&erse, underlying and unifying the
multitude of things and e&ents we obser&e# /he -indus call it .rahman, /he .uddhists @harma0aya (/he
.ody of .eing or /athata (Suchness and the /aoists /ao+ each affirming that it transcends our intellectual
concepts and defies further explanation# /his ultimate essence, howe&er, cannot be separated from its
multiple manifestations# ,t is central to the &ery nature to manifest itself in myriad forms which come into
being and disintegrate, transforming themsel&es into one another without end# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of
Physics, p;1<
' careful analysis of the process of obser&ation in atomic physics has shown that the subatomic particles
ha&e no meaning as isolated entities, but can only be understood as interconnections between the
preparation of an experiment and the subsequent measurement# Buantum theory thus re&eals a basic oneness
of the uni&erse# ,t shows that we cannot decompose the world into independently existing smallest units# 's
we penetrate into matter, nature does not show us any isolated 3basic building bloc0s4, but rather appears as
a complicated web of relations between the &arious parts of the whole# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics,
p7=
/he 3this4 is also 3that4# /he 3that4 is also 3this4C /hat the that and the this cease to be opposites is the &ery
essence of the /ao# $nly this essence, an axis as it were, is the center of the circle responding to endless
changes# (Buoted in Fung u!"ing, ' Short -istory of *hinese Philosophy, 195= p#11; (Capra, /he /ao
of Physics, 1975
Problem of the One and the Many
.oth ,ndian and ?ree0 Philosophy originated from the correct reali7ation that there must be $ne thing that
is common to, and connects, the 8any things, and further that 8otion (acti&ity, change was also central to
existence#
'll things come out of the one, and the one out of all things# (#eraclitus, D5<<.*
/hough $ne, .rahman is the cause of the many#
.rahman is the unborn (a)a in whom all existing things abide#
/he $ne manifests as the many, the formless putting on forms# ($ig %eda D 1;<< .#*#
/he fundamental problem of the One and the &any (which is at the &ery heart of human conceptual
0nowledge of 5eality is the belief that $ne thing could ne&er be understood with human reason, language
and logic, as these require relationships between two or more things+
/he problem of the one and the many in metaphysics and theology is insolubleE :e ha&e the uni&erse of
indi&iduals which is not self2sufficient and in some sense rests on .rahman, but the exact nature of the
relation between them is a mystery# C 'll ordinary human experience is conceptual in nature, i#e# is
organi7ed under the categories in which we ordinarily thin0# -owe&er, .rahman is said to be predicateless
( no concepts apply to itE concepts presuppose di&ision, and .rahman is a unity# -ow, then, is any form of
awareness of .rahman possible for human beingsF (Collinson, ;<<<
/he solution to this problem is actually &ery simple# One Infinite, 'ternal (pace e)ists *ith the
properties of a +a,e &ediu-. Thus &otion, as the *a,e &otion of (pace, is the property of (pace,
and is necessarily connected to (pace as it is (pace *hich is -o,ing/ 'nd once we ha&e this connection
between the $ne thing Space, and the many things, i#e# matter as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space, then
we can in fact form concepts and logic (which require two necessarily connected things, i#e# the wa&e
8otion of Space#
Fritjof Capra, 0yna-ic Uni,erse 1uotes
,n its phenomenal aspect, the cosmic $ne is intrinsically dynamic, and the apprehension of its dynamic
nature is basic to all schools of !astern mysticism# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics, p;1<
ali&e# ,n the words of S# 5adha0rishnan, G/he word .rahman means growth and is suggesti&e of life,
motion, progress#H /he %panishads refer to .rahman as 3this uniformed, immortal, mo&ing4, thus
associating it with motion e&en though it transcends all forms#4
/he 5ig 6eda uses another term to express the dynamic character of the uni&erse, the term 5ita# /his word
comes from the root ri2 to mo&e+ its original meaning in the 5ig 6eda being 3the course of all things4, 3the
order of nature4# /he order of nature was concei&ed by the 6edic seers, not as a static di&ine law, but as a
dynamic principle which is inherent in the uni&erse# /his idea is not unli0e the *hinese conception of the
/ao 2 3the :ay42 as the way in which the %ni&erse wor0s, i#e# the order of Iature# Ai0e the 6edic seers, the
*hinese sages saw the world in terms of flow and change# .oth concepts, 5ita and /ao, were later brought
down from their original cosmic le&el to the human and interpreted in a moral sense+ 5ita as the uni&ersal
law which all gods and humans must obey and /ao as the right way of life# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of
Physics, p;1<
/he 6edic concept of 5ita anticipates the idea of 0arma which was de&eloped later to express the dynamic
interplay of all things and e&ents# /he word 0arma means 3action4 and denotes the 3acti&e4, or dynamic,
interrelation of all phenomena# ,n the words of the .haga&ad ?ita, G'll actions ta0e place in time by the
interwea&ing of the forces of nature#H (Fritjof Capra, 1975
,n -induism, Shi&a the *osmic @ancer, is perhaps the most perfect personification of the dynamic uni&erse#
/hrough his dance, Shi&a sustains the manifold phenomena in the world, unifying all things by immersing
them in his rhythm and ma0ing them participate in the dance2 a magnificent image of the dynamic unity of
the %ni&erse# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics, p;11
/he impermanence of all forms is the starting point of .uddhism# /he .uddha taught that 3all compounded
things are impermanent4, and that all suffering in the world arises from our trying to cling to fixed forms 2
ob)ects, people or ideas 2 instead of accepting the world as it mo&es and changes# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao
of Physics, p;11
interaction and transformation# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics
'ccording to quantum theory, matter is thus ne&er quiescent, but always in a state of motion# (Fritjof
Capra, /he /ao of Physics, p;15
8odern physics then, pictures matter not at all as passi&e and inert, but being in a continuous dancing and
&ibrating motion whose rhythmic patterns are determined by the molecular, atomic and nuclear structures#
/his is also the way in which the !astern mystics see the material world# /hey all emphasise that the
uni&erse has to be grasped dynamically, as it mo&es, &ibrates and dances+ that nature is not a static but
dynamic equilibrium# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics, P;1J
Fritjof Capra on Physics 2 1uantu- Theory
preparation of an experiment and the subsequent measurement# Buantum theory thus re&eals a basic
oneness of the uni,erse# /he mathematical framewor0 of quantum theory has passed countless successful
tests and is now uni&ersally accepted as a consistent and accurate description of all atomic phenomena# /he
&erbal interpretation, on the other hand, i#e# the -etaphysics of 3uantu- theory, is on far less solid
ground# ,n fact, in more than forty years physicists ha&e not been able to pro&ide a clear metaphysical
model# (Capra, 1975
/he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the :a&e Structure of 8atter now pro&ides this 3clear
metaphysical model4# ' significant problem has been the conception of the 3particle4 and thus the resulting
paradox of the 3particle " wa&e4 duality# /hese problems ha&e caused great confusion within modern physics
o&er the past se&enty years, as #eisenberg, 0a,ies and Capra explain+
.oth matter and radiation possess a remar0able duality of character, as they sometimes exhibit the
properties of wa&es, at other times those of particles# Iow it is ob&ious that a thing cannot be a form of
*a,e -otion and composed of particles at the same time 2 the two concepts are too different# (#eisenberg,
19K<
/he idea that something can be both a wa&e and a particle defies imagination, but the existence of this
wa&e2particle GdualityH is not in doubt# ## ,t is impossible to &isuali7e a wa&e2particle, so don4t try# ### /he
notion of a particle being Ge&erywhere at onceH is impossible to imagine# (0a,ies, 19=5
/he question which pu77led physicists so much in the early stages of atomic theory was how
electromagnetic radiation could simultaneously consist of particles (i#e# of entities confined to a &ery small
&olume and of wa&es, which are spread out o&er a large area of space# Ieither language nor imagination
could deal with this 0ind of reality &ery well# (Capra, /he /ao of Physics, p5J
/he solution to this apparent paradox is to simply explain how the discrete 3particle4 properties of matter
and light (quanta are in fact caused by Spherical Standing :a&es (Scalar Buantum :a&es not
!lectromagnetic 6ector :a&es which cause the Particle effect at their +a,e!Center# (or a more detailed
explanation please see Buantum /heoryE Particle :a&e @uality
Beyond Language
/he problems of language here are really serious# :e wish to spea0 in some way about the structure of the
atoms C .ut we cannot spea0 about atoms in ordinary language# (#eisenberg, /he /ao of Physics, p5K
/hat e&ery word or concept, clear as it may seem to be, has only a limited range of applicability#
(#eisenberg, /he /ao of Physics, pK5
/he most difficult problem C concerning the use of the language arises in quantum theory# -ere we ha&e at
first no simple guide for correlating the mathematical symbols with concepts of ordinary languageE and the
only thing we 0now from the start is the fact that our common concepts cannot be applied to the structure of
the atoms# (#eisenberg, /he /ao of Physics, p5L
/he opening line of the /ao /e *hingE 3/he /ao that can be expressed is not the eternal /ao#9 ("ao T4u, /he
/ao of Physics, pK7
:ell 0nown Men phraseE G/he instant you spea0 about a thing you miss the mar0#H (Capra, /he /ao of
Physics, pL;
The e! Physics
/he &iolent reaction on the recent de&elopment of modern physics can only be understood when one realises
that here the foundations of physics ha&e started mo&ing+ and that this motion has caused the feeling that the
ground would be cut from science# (#eisenberg, /he /ao of Physics, pJ1
,t seems probable to me that ?od in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable,
mo&able particles, of such si7es and figures, and with such other properties, and in such proportion to space,
as most conduced to the end for which he formed them+ and that these primiti&e particles being solids, are
incomparably harder than any porous bodies compounded of them+ e&en so &ery hard, as ne&er to wear or
brea0 in pieces+ no ordinary power being able to di&ide what ?od himself made one in the first creation#
(5e*ton, /he /ao of Physics, pJL
!&ery time the physicists as0ed nature a question in an atomic experiment, nature answered with a paradox,
and the more they tried to clarify the situation, the sharper the paradoxes became# ,t too0 them a long time to
accept the fact that these paradoxes belong to the intrinsic structure of atomic physics, and to realise that
they arise whene&er one attempts to describe atomic e&ents in the traditional terms of physics# (Fritjof
Capra, /he /ao of Physics, p7J
5utherford4s experiments had shown that atoms, instead of being hard and indestructible, consisted of &ast
regions of space in which extremely small particles mo&ed, and now quantum theory made it clear that e&en
these particles were nothing li0e the solid ob)ects of classical physics# /he subatomic units of matter are
&ery abstract entities which ha&e a dual aspect# @epending on how we loo0 at them, they appear sometimes
as particles, sometimes as wa&es+ and this dual nature is also exhibited by light which can ta0e the form of
electromagnetic wa&es or of particles#
/his property of matter and of light is &ery strange# ,t seems impossible to accept that something can be, at
the same time, a particle2 i#e# an entity confined to a &ery small &olume2 and a wa&e, which is spread out
o&er a large region of space# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics, p77
/he apparent contradiction between the particle and the wa&e picture was sol&ed in a completely
unexpected way which called in question the &ery foundation of the mechanistic world &iew 2 the concept of
the reality of matter#
't the sub2atomic le&el, matter does not exist with certainty at definite places, but rather shows 3tendencies
to exist4 and atomic e&ents do not occur with certainty at definite times and in definite ways, but rather show
3tendencies to occur4# ,n the formalism of quantum theory, these tendencies are expressed as probabilities
and are associated with mathematical quantities which ta0e the form of wa&es# /his is why particles can be
wa&es at the same time# /hey are not 3real4 three2dimensional wa&es li0e sound or water wa&es#
/hey are 3probability wa&es4, abstract mathematical quantities with all the characteristic properties of wa&es
which are related to the probabilities of finding the particles at particular points in space and at particular
times# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics, p7=
p7=
Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics, +ild*ood #ouse 6789
Philosophy
On Lo"e of #isdom from Truth $ %eality
## 8y purpose therefore is, to try if , can disco&er what those principles are, which ha&e introduced all that
doubtfulness and uncertainty, those absurdities and contradictions into the se&eral sects of philosophy+
insomuch that the wisest men ha&e thought our ignorance incurable, concei&ing it to arise from the natural
dullness and limitation of our faculties# (:eorge ;er<eley
,gnorance more frequently begets confidence than does 0nowledgeE it is those who 0now little,
not those who 0now much, who so positi&ely assert that this or that problem will ne&er be sol&ed by
science#
(Charles 0ar*in, ,ntroduction to /he @escent of 8an, 1=71
Introduction= The Proble-s of Philosophy
-i !&eryone (@ecember, ;<<9
/his is a general introduction to this philosophy page and how this relates to our current society and its
many problems# /he main philosophy essay follows#
/his philosophy page gets between 5<< and 5,<<< people &isiting each day and ran0s from 5 to ;5 in the
main search engines (?oogle, .ing for 9philosophy9# , mention this because our world really does need
some wisdom founded on physical reality, and history clearly shows that truth is the best and most powerful
force for changing " impro&ing our world# ('nd our world is in a lot more trouble than most of us realise ,
suspect#
,t is clear to me that there is a re&olution coming in the foundations of our 0nowledge because we ha&e
sol&ed the central problem of metaphysics, of what exists (space that causes and connects the many things
we experience (wa&es in space that form matter, the discrete and separate particle an illusion of our limited
senses# 8atter is large, a structure of space, and this truth about reality will change humanity, ma0ing us
more aware of the world around us, pro&iding us with cleaner machines and greater wisdom#
, ha&e re2written this philosophy essay a number of times, trying to ma0e it as short, simple and engaging as
possible, while also explaining some fundamental truths about physical reality# , hope it entertains you
while also ma0ing you more aware of this importance of philosophy# $f understanding the truth about our
existence in the uni&erse (physical reality as the necessary foundations for wisdom in our thoughts and
actions# , belie&e our future sur&i&al depends upon this#
's @a&id -ume wrote (so elegantly>+
'ccuracy is, in e&ery case, ad&antageous to beauty, and )ust reasoning to delicate sentiment# ,n &ain would
we exalt the one by depreciating the other# ###
'nd though the philosopher may li&e remote from business, the genius of philosophy, if carefully culti&ated
by se&eral, must gradually diffuse itself throughout the whole society, and bestow a similar correctness on
e&ery art and calling# /he politician will acquire greater foresight and subtlety, in the subdi&iding and
balancing of power+ the lawyer more method and finer principles in his reasoning+ and the general more
regularity in his discipline, and more caution in his plans and operations# (@a&id -ume, 17K7
/he .ertrand 5ussell &ideo on my Nou/ube Philosophy of Physics page relates to this 2 that we must be
careful in how we thin0 (meaning and use of language if we are not to decei&e oursel&es#
,f you find this essay interesting, please help promote it on the internet# Philosophy (wisdom from truth and
reality is important to our world, and current postmodern philosophy is in disarray and contributes nothing
but confusion (which largely explains why humanity now faces so many problems#
,f you can help get this page to O1 in philosophy, then the world will change to this 0nowledge 2 it is
ob&iously correct and there are enough sensible people out there who will realise this#
?eoff -aselhurst
PS 2 , ha&e recently written a letter to academic philosophers that anyone who en)oys philosophy will find
&ery interesting>
'nd we ha&e a great collection of philosophy quotes that , encourage e&eryone to read (and thin0 about>
P/he historian of science may be tempted to exclaim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes
with them#P (/# S# >uhn, /he Structure of Scientific 5e&olutions, 19J;
P/he tas0 is not so much to see what no one yet has seen, but to thin0 what no body yet has thought about
that which e&eryone sees# ### .ut life is short, and truth wor0s far and li&es longE let us spea0 the truth#P
(Arthur (chopenhauer, 1=1=
Philosophy& On Truth and %eality
(u--ary= /he central problem of philosophy is most clearly explained by @a&id -ume, the problem of
causation and necessary connection# ,f we don9t 0now how the many things we commonly experience are
connected together then we do not 0now the source of truth# 't a fundamental le&el (physics this problem
of causal connection applies to how discrete and separate matter particles interact with one another across
the uni&erse (space and time#
/he solution is ob&ious# @on9t describe an interconnected reality in terms of discrete and separate matter
particles>
/he ob&ious way to describe reality is the most simple way, that only one thing, space, exists, and matter is
formed from wa&es in space# i#e# :e simplify the metaphysical foundations of physics and philosophy from
the motion of matter particles in space and time, to the wa&e motion of space that causes matter and time#
i#e# (rom a metaphysics of space and time to a metaphysics of space and motion#
,t then becomes ob&ious that an electron is a
spherical standing wa&e in space# /he wa&e center
causes the particle effect, the spherical in and out
wa&es interact with all other matter in the
uni&erse 2 which then sol&es this most profound
problem of causation and necessary connexion#
/his really is simple and ob&ious 2 the essay
below explains this, and if you find it hard to
picture a spherical standing wa&e then ha&e a loo0
at the :a&e @iagrams page#

The 'mportance of Philosophy ( Truth as the )ource of #isdom
Since philosophy is the art which teaches us how to li&e, and since children need to learn it as much as we
do at other ages, why do we not instruct them in itF ### $ddly, things ha&e now reached such a state that e&en
among men of intelligence philosophy means something fantastical and &ain, without &alue or usefulness,
both in opinion and practice# (&ichel de &ontaigne
, realise that philosophy in our postmodern world is seen as something fanciful and &ain, )ust a lot of
9philosophical9 nonsense that is irrele&ant to daily life# 'nd as the 8ontaigne quote abo&e shows, this has
been the case for centuries#
Net philosophy is simply the study of truth as the necessary foundation for acting wisely# e#g# ,t is unwise to
di&e into a pool of water unless we 0now the truth about its depth# Ai0ewise when we dri&e at night we use
our headlights so that we 0now the truth about where the road leads#
/he point is ob&ious 2 that 0nowing the truth about things is central to acting wisely and pre&enting harm 2
and this applies to e&erything we do on a daily basis#
The Failure of Philosophy to *no! Truth and %eality
+The cure follo!s,-
?i&en this importance of 0nowing the truth you would expect that philosophy is the most important sub)ect
for humanity to understand 2 yet clearly this is not the case# :hyF .ecause o&er the past ;,5<< years since
philosophy was first formalised no one has been able to wor0 out the absolute truth about things 2 which
requires true 0nowledge of reality# :e )ust ha&e people9s opinions which in&ariable lead to conflict,
confusion and harm#
So how can we wor0 out what physical reality is, as the source of truth and wisdomF /o begin we need to
remo&e incorrect ideas that are leading us astray# /his then leads us to the correct foundations for describing
reality as the source of absolute truth# , will start with a nice experiment that you will hopefully relate to>
The .eath of the 'dealist Philosopher
!sse est percipi (/o be is to be percei&ed# ### 'll the choir of hea&en and furniture of earth 2 in
a word, all those bodies which compose the frame of the world 2 ha&e not any subsistence
without a mind# (?eorge .er0eley
,dealist philosophy belie&es that the mind exists, and that our sense of the external world
(physical reality is simply a construction of the mind# ?i&en that all our 0nowledge is in fact a creation of
the mind (imagination it has been difficult to refute this 2 to get from our ideas of things to the real thing in
itself (see Qant#
The e)peri-ent. ,magine an idealist philosopher in an airplane at K<,<<< feet# ' ten second timer is
acti&ated that will e)ect the 9philosopher9 from the plane# /hey are wearing a parachute, but it is not fastened#
/hey must decide if they wish to fasten themsel&es to the parachute or not#
/his eliminates idealist philosophers " philosophy2 they either fasten the parachute and thus ac0nowledge
the truth of physical reality 2 or they do not and fall to their death>
/his argument is a bit mischie&ous, but it does ma0e two important points 2 that the physical laws of Iature
apply equally to humans as they do to all other matter 2 and while it is easy to be an idealist when writing
essays, we should always apply these ideas to physical reality (the ultimate determiner of truth>#
/he absolute argument against idealism is @arwinian e&olution# ,t is necessary that the physical reality of
the earth and sun existed prior to our e&olution, thus prior to our mind9s e&olution# /here are many common
traits of the human mind which confirm that we e&ol&ed as animals on the surface of the earth# !#g# :e
sleep, get hungry, see0 pleasure, a&oid pain, lo&e others and lust for sexual reproduction# ,dealism does not
explain this 2 e&ol&ing as sexually reproducing animals on the surface of the earth does# /hus matter is a
priori to mind# Popper9s comments on idealism are pretty spot on+
@enying realism amounts to megalomania (the most widespread occupational disease of the professional
philosopher# (>arl Popper, 1975
The /nd of Postmodern Philosophy
+Logical Positi"ism, Cultural Constructs, %elati"ism-
Postmodern philosophy assumes that there is a physical reality but it is impossible for us to 0now it with our
limited minds# ,t is basically a position of s0eptical doubt and uncertainty# 's !rnst 8ach wrote+
' piece of 0nowledge is ne&er false or true 2 but only more or less biologically and
e&olutionary useful# 'll dogmatic creeds are approximationsE these approximations form a
humus from which better approximations grow# ('rnst &ach
:hile this all sounds reasonable on the surface, with closer examinations we see that it leads us
to the dogma of postmodernism that 9/he only absolute truth is that there are no absolute truths9# i#e# /rue
0nowledge of reality is impossible 2 we can only imagine things that do not exist, we cannot imagine things
that really do exist> (:hich is odd when you thin0 about it# /hus we see that the postmodern idea of no
absolute truths is actually a contradiction, as 'ristotle wrote ;,K5< years ago+
(inally, if nothing can be truly asserted, e&en the following claim would be false, the claim that there is no
true assertion# (Aristotle
, recently read a philosophy )o0e that summari7es this problem of postmodern philosophy &ery well>
The First "a* of Philosophy
(or e&ery philosopher, there exists an equal and opposite philosopher#
The (econd "a* of Philosophy
/hey9re both wrong#
:hile , admit this does ma0e me smile, the truth is that this confusion and contradiction in philosophy (that
all is opinion> does great damage to what is in fact a most beautiful and important sub)ect#
/his is not tri&ial as the problems of philosophy always manifest as problems for -umanity, and this largely
explains why our modern world suffers such profound problems (the destruction of Iature and resultant
change in the !arth9s climate and ability to produce clean air, water, and food 2 which are clearly necessary
for our future sur&i&al#
'gain it is worth quoting Qarl Popper#
,n my opinion, the greatest scandal of philosophy is that, while all around us the world of nature
perishes 2 and not the world of nature alone 2 philosophers continue to tal0, sometimes cle&erly
and sometimes not, about the question of whether this world exists# /hey get in&ol&ed in
scholasticism, in linguistic pu77les such as, for example, whether or not there are differences
between 9being9 and 9existing9# (Popper, 1975
/o summarise# /he central problem of postmodern Philosophy is to connect our incomplete senses of the
world with the real world of what exists (Qant9s thing in itself# /he problem is that we do not see the causal
connection between things, only the effects which are representations of the mind and thus decepti&e# 's
@a&id -ume elegantly explains+
,t must certainly be allowed, that nature has 0ept us at a great distance from all her
secrets, and has afforded us only the 0nowledge of a few superficial qualities of
ob)ects+ while she conceals from us those powers and principles on which the influence
of those ob)ects entirely depends# ###
:hen we loo0 about us towards external ob)ects, and consider the operation of causes,
we are ne&er able, in a single instance, to disco&er any power or necessary connexion+
any quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and renders the one an infallible
consequence of the other# ### experience only teaches us, how one e&ent constantly
follows another+ without instructing us in the secret connexion, which binds them
together, and renders them inseparable# (0a,id #u-e, 17K7
See -ume9s Problem of *ausation R Iecessary *onnection
So if we go bac0 to our poor idealist philosopher free falling through space 2 we see the effects of this causal
connection between the philosopher and the earth (the philosopher falls with an accelerating &elocity, but
we do not see the causal " necessary connection# :e )ust gi&e it a name, gra&ity, and then forget about it
(though , am sure the falling philosopher is starting to ta0e gra&ity more seriously 2 the necessary
connection between their body and the earth>
#hat is Truth0 On ecessary Connection and Causation
:e now need to ma0e one important clarification about truth 2 which will then lead us to our solution#
$ne billion years ago the earth orbited the sun 2 thus there was a necessary connection between the earth
and sun# Net at that time, before our human e&olution, there were no truths# Sust physical reality abiding by
its laws# /his is &ery important to realise, as libraries full of boo0s ha&e been written about truth 2 yet it is
really )ust a concept that we ma0e up (humans li0e to create things># ,n reality there is )ust necessary
connection 2 this is the source of truth#
So for any statement you can always analyse it in terms of necessary connection# -ere are two simple
examples of logical and empirical 9truths9 that found science#
"ogical Truth= :e can create necessary connections through definitions " principles, e#g# 1T1 U ; and
1T1T1U K thus 1T; U K is true because of the necessary connections we created# /his relates to the axiomatic
foundations of mathematics and principles in theoretical physics which are necessary foundations to deduce
things from#
Aogical truths are a priori (necessary, certain and uni&ersal 2 anyone would deduce the same results#
'-pirical Truth= P/he current time on my computer is 5#K<amP is true if there is a necessary connection
between my eyes and the light emitted from my computer showing this time#
!mpirical truths are a posteriori (uncertain, dependent on senses which can decei&e us#
SummaryE /o 0now the truth about things we need to 0now how they are necessarily connected# /hus to
0now the truth about physical reality we need to 0now how matter exists and mo&es about in space in a
necessarily connected way# ,f we 0new this then we would find that deductions from our theory of reality
(logical truths would match 0nowledge from our senses " experiments (empirical truths#
The Problem of 'nduction
'll arguments concerning existence are founded on the relation of cause and effect+ that
our 0nowledge of that relation is deri&ed entirely from experience+ and all our
experimental conclusions proceed upon the supposition that the future will be
conformable to the past# #### :ithout the influence of custom, we should be entirely
ignorant of e&ery matter of fact beyond what is immediately present to the memory and
senses# (0a,id #u-e, 17K7
Popper9s problem of induction is no different than -ume9s problem of causation and necessary connection 2
they are the same problem because 9necessary connection9 is the central problem of 0nowledge which
applies to all the sciences 2 physics, philosophy, metaphysics, theology #
Popper claims that we can ne&er pro&e something is true, we can only show that it is false# So we could drop
1<,<<< idealist philosophers out of the plane, one after another, yet we could ne&er be certain that the next
one would fall to their death# /o do so we ha&e to assume the future is li0e the past 2 and this is uncertain#
/his is the current state of science " physics, which is founded on induction from empirical facts (uncertain
rather than logical deduction from principles which correctly describe reality (certain#
:hat most people do not realise though, is that this uncertainty is only the case while you do not 0now the
necessary connection between cause and effect (postmodernism assumes this is a permanent limitation of
science, thus we can ne&er 0now reality " absolute truths# 's -ume and Popper wrote+
:ere the power or energy of any cause disco&erable by the mind, we could foresee the effect, e&en without
experience+ and might, at first, pronounce with certainty concerning it, by mere dint of thought and
reasoning# ### Iow it seems e&ident that, if this conclusion were formed by reason, it would be as perfect at
first, and upon one instance, as after e&er so long a course of experience# (0a,id #u-e, 17K7
-ume is saying that once we 0now the causal connection between things, we could deduce with certainty
the effects, and they would always match the effects we in fact see, i#e# logical truths U empirical truths#
'nd Popper ac0nowledged the truth of this# (,t seems though that postmodern philosophy has forgotten this
fact in their haste to say that we cannot 0now the absolute truth about physical reality#
/here could easily be a little quarrel about the question which is the deeper problem+ #u-e?s Proble- of
Causation, or what , ha&e called the Proble- of Induction# $ne could argue that if the problem of
causation were positi&ely sol&ed 2 if we could show the existence of a necessary lin0 between cause and
effect 2 the problem of induction would also be sol&ed, and positi&ely# /hus one might say, the proble- of
causation is the deeper proble-# (>arl Popper, 1975
(or example, we 0now that electrical charges repel one another, yet we ha&e no 9ultimate explanation9 of
how they do it, e&en if we accept 8axwell9s theory# :e do not ha&e any general theory of causality (at any
rate not since the brea0down of @escartes9 theory that all causality is push# (Popper, 1975
/his confusion is clearly e&ident in modern Physics, e#g# the particle " wa&e duality of both light and matter,
the big bang origin of the uni&erse from no space and time# -owe&er, we can now show that this confusion
is simply due to errors in the foundations of physics relating to the discrete and separate particle conception
of matter# i#e# ,f you try to explain reality in terms of many things (li0e many separate 9particles9 mo&ing
around in space and time then you still lac0 0nowledge of how they are necessarily interconnected (so they
add 9fields9 or more 9particles9 to connect them 2 but it is a nai&e way to sol&e the problem and it clearly
cannot wor0#
The )olution
True *no!ledge of %eality +ecessary Connection- as the )ource of Truth ( #isdom
/he solution is to describe reality in terms of only one thing existing, as this will then explain the causal "
necessary connection between the many things we experience# 's 'ristotle and Aeibni7 wrote+
('ristotle, KL<.* /he first philosophy (8etaphysics is uni&ersal and is exclusi&ely concerned
with primary substance# ### 'nd here we will ha&e the science to study that which is )ust as that
which is, both in its essence and in the properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it has# ### /hat
among entities there must be some cause which mo&es and combines things# ### /here must then
be a principle of such a 0ind that its substance is acti&ity#
(?ottfried Aeibni7, 1JLJ 2 171J 5eality cannot be found except in $ne single source, because
of the interconnection of all things with one another# ### , do not concei&e of any reality at all as
without genuine unity# ### , maintain also that substances, whether material or immaterial,
cannot be concei&ed in their bare essence without any acti&ity, acti&ity being of the essence of
substance in general#
/he solution is actually &ery simple and ob&ious once 0nown (which is why philosophy is also 0nown as the
disco&ery of the ob&ious 2 because humans are blind to the ob&ious, as history shows# :e simply had to
as0 one ob&ious question about science ($ccam9s ra7or
:hat is the most simple science theory of realityF
(,t is a significant fact that there is not another page on the internet that considers what the most simple
science theory of reality is 2 which is strange gi&en $ccam9s 5a7or " principle of simplicity is fundamental to
science#
:ith a little thought you will realise this is the
same as as0ing what is the necessary connection
between things 2 as there must be one thing that
causes and connects the many things 2 and this is
necessarily the most simple solution#
$f profound importance is the fact that there is
only one solution (which is deduced# /he :a&e
Structure of 8atter in Space 2 where Space exists
with the properties of a wa&e medium and matter
is formed from spherical standing wa&es in space#
IoteE :e ha&e a page of wa&e diagrams that will help you &isualise the spherical standing wa&e structure of
matter (:S8 in space# .asically, we only see the high wa&e amplitude wa&e2center and ha&e been deluded
into thin0ing matter was made of tiny little 9particles9# ' &ery nai&e conception in hindsight 2 and quantum
physics was telling us all along that wa&es were central to light and matter interactions>
(rom this foundation you can then show without any opinions that the theory wor0s, i#e# it correctly deduces
fundamentals of modern physics#
SeeE Buantum Physics, 'lbert !instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity, *osmology#
'nd as Popper also wrote+
,f a theory corresponds to the facts but does not cohere with some earlier 0nowledge, then this earlier
0nowledge should be discarded# (Popper, 1975
The )olution to 'mmanuel *ant1s )ynthetic a priori *no!ledge
,mmanuel Qant is the most famous metaphysicist of western philosophy, and there is no doubt that his
9*ritique of Pure 5eason9 is the most comprehensi&e analysis of 8etaphysics since 'ristotle9s pioneering
wor0 which founded this sub)ect# /hus no essay on philosophy would be complete without an explanation
of Qant9 synthetic a priori 0nowledge# /he solution is simple and ob&ious once 0nown#
Qant made one small and yet fundamental mista0e# 'nd this error led to the belief that we could ne&er 0now
reality (the thing in itself, only our ideas of reality which were necessarily incomplete#
Qant is correct that Space is a priori, or first necessary for us to ha&e senses (which are a posteriori#
Iatural science (physics contains in itself synthetical )udgments a priori, as principles# ... (pace then is a
necessary representation a priori, which ser&es for the foundation of all external intuitions# (I--anuel
>ant, Criti3ue of Pure $eason, 17=1
-is error is to assume that /ime is also a priori or necessary for us to sense the motion of matter 9particles9
in Space# -e writes+
/here are two pure forms of sensible intuition, as principles of 0nowledge a priori, namely space and time#
(>ant, 17=1
'nd from this he concludes that because Space and /ime cannot be united, they must both be merely ideas#
-is error can be found in the following quote where he writes+
### e&en that of motion, which unites in itself both elements (Space and /ime, presuppose something
empirical# 8otion, for example, presupposes the perception of something mo&able# .ut space considered
in itself contains nothing -o,able+ consequently motion must be something which is found in space only
through experience 2 in other words, is an empirical datum# (>ant, 17=1
Please read this quote se&eral times, for it contains an error that has had profound repercussions for
humanity# /he errorF /hat ?space considered in itself contains nothing -o,able?# 'nd this error then
leads Qant to conclude that+
##in respect to the form of appearances, much may be said a priori, whilst of the thing in itself, which may
lie at the foundation of these appearances, it is impossible to say anything# (>ant, 17=1
/he solution to Qant9s error is to realise that the exact opposite is true, that (pace considered in itself
contains *a,e -otions, i#e# Space physically exists as a substance with the properties of a wa&e medium
and contains wa&e motions that form matter and cause the effect of time#
Qant9s error is understandable in hindsight, because he followed Iewton, and was conditioned into thin0ing
that motion applied to matter 9particles9 in space and time# /hus 9empty space9 had no 9particles9 2 so motion
could not exist in 9empty space9#
$nce we replace the particle conception of -atter in space and ti-e with the *a,e structure of -atter
in space then we can easily see the error and how it is sol&ed# /hus the two pure forms of sensible intuition,
as principles of 0nowledge a priori, are namely (pace and (*a,e) &otion# :e must place in this a priori
concept of Space the correct meaning 2 that Space is a wa&e2medium and contains within it a second thing,
wa&e motions of space that form matter (i#e# synthetic a priori 0nowledge 2 we must correctly define the
properties of space which is a creati&e act, a synthesis of space and its wa&e motions that form matter#
Conclusion
,n ending, we now 0now why our ,dealist philosophers fell to their death# .ecause matter is a structure of
the uni&erse, necessarily interconnected to all other matter around us by the spherical wa&e motions of
Space that cause the 9particle9 effect of matter at the wa&e center#
(urther study of physics then shows us that one property of space is that the wa&es tra&el more slowly
where there is more matter wa&es (equi&alent to higher energy density of space in !instein9s general
relati&ity# /his causes the philosopher9s wa&e center 9particles9 to re2position towards the earth (and this
same causal connection of wa&es causes light to cur&e past the sun#
So now you 0now what gra&ity really is 2 because you 0now what physical reality is and thus how material
things are necessarily connected in Space by their spherical in and out wa&es#
Please see lin0s on the side of this page for the main articles which explain and sol&e the central problems of
postmodern 8etaphysics, Physics and Philosophy from the new foundation of the :a&e Structure of 8atter
(:S8 in Space#
'nd the Philosophy Site 8ap lists all philosophy pages#
, hope that you en)oy browsing around> 'nd , really hope you will thin0 about this 2 it seems self e&idently
true to me, thus the most important 0nowledge that we shall e&er disco&er# /o finally understand what we
really are as humans (ama7ingly large wa&e structures of the uni&erse as the true foundation for thin0ing
and acting wisely in a world that is now in great need of wisdom from truth and reality#
Sincerely,
?eoff -aselhurst, !mail ((eb# ;<<=
PS 2 , should finish re2writing these main philosophy pages by late ;<<9 (, ha&e been reading philosophy,
physics and metaphysics for 15 years now, so for me it is the end of a long )ourney to finally write them all
up>
:e are now listed as one of the /op Philosophy :ebsites on the ,nternet# :e would lo&e to get these pages
in the top ten in ?oogle search results so that people can see for themsel&es that there is actually a simple
sensible solution to most problems of 0nowledge (which is &ery important to humanity# So if you find this
interesting please add it to the social networ0ing sites#
/han0s#
?eoff

' human being is part of the whole called by us uni&erse, a part limited in time and
space# :e experience oursel&es, our thoughts and feelings as something separate from
the rest# ' 0ind of optical delusion of consciousness# /his delusion is a 0ind of prison for
us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us#
$ur tas0 must be to free oursel&es from the prison by widening our circle of compassion
to embrace all li&ing creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty# ### /he true &alue of a
human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which they ha&e
obtained liberation from the self# ###
:e shall require a substantially new manner of thin0ing if humanity is to sur&i&e# (Albert 'instein

/he notion that all these fragments is separately existent is e&idently an illusion, and this
illusion cannot do other than lead to endless conflict and confusion# ,ndeed, the attempt to
li&e according to the notion that the fragments are really separate is, in essence, what has
led to the growing series of extremely urgent crises that is confronting us today# /hus, as
is now well 0nown, this way of life has brought about pollution, destruction of the
balance of nature, o&er2population, world2wide economic and political disorder and the
creation of an o&erall en&ironment that is neither physically nor mentally healthy for
most of the people who li&e in it# ,ndi&idually there has de&eloped a widespread feeling of helplessness and
despair, in the face of what seems to be an o&erwhelming mass of disparate social forces, going beyond the
control and e&en the comprehension of the human beings who are caught up in it# (0a,id ;oh-, :holeness
and the ,mplicate $rder, 19=<
Marcus 2urelius
%oman /mperor $ )toic Philosopher Marcus 2urelius +3435367 28.8-
Metaphysics ( Philosophy of Marcus 2urelius $ )toicism
2ll is One +ature, 9ni"erse, :od- and 'nterconnected
;umans are Citi<ens of the 9ni"erse
'll things are wo&en together and the common bond is sacred, and scarcely one thing is foreign to another,
for they ha&e been arranged together in their places and together ma0e the same ordered %ni&erse# (or there
is one %ni&erse out of all, one ?od through all, one substance and one law, one common 5eason of all
intelligent creatures and one /ruth#
(requently consider the connection of all things in the uni&erse#
:e should not say 3, am an 'thenian4 or 3, am a 5oman4 but 3, am a citi7en of the %ni&erse#
(&arcus Aurelius, 8editations
+ntroduction - ;arcus ,urelius ';editations' *uotes - Summary Stoicism 6hilosophy - ;arcus ,urelius 5
Stoic :ins - Top of 6a&e
Introduction to &arcus Aurelius
(toic Philosophy
&arcus Aurelius, the 5oman !mperor was also a true 9philosopher 0ing9# -is 8editations express a
profound understanding that 'll is $ne, ,nterconnected and go&erned by absolute laws, as he writes+
(or there is one %ni&erse out of all, one ?od through all, one substance and one law, one common 5eason
of all intelligent creatures and one /ruth#
(rom these absolute laws humans deri&e their reason and morality of which we are to li&e by# /he practical
ethics of the Stoics emphasises self control, contentment and li&ing simply in harmony with nature#
!&erything harmonises with me which is harmonious to thee, $ %ni&erse ## (requently consider the
connection of all things in the uni&erse# ('urelius, 8editations
:hile 8arcus 'urelius was a profound and beautiful philosopher, he did not understand how all things
were interconnected in the %ni&erse# /he Stoic9s mystical realisation that 'll is $ne and ,nterconnected
(which is the foundation of all philosophy and metaphysics can now be explained from a logical " scientific
foundation of Space and its properties as a :a&e 8edium# /he error has been the conception of matter as
discrete particles 2 which ob&iously does not explain matter9s acti&ity " flux nor its interconnection to all
other matter in the uni&erse# (See lin0s on the side of this page#
.elow you will find some &ery profound quotes from 8arcus 'urelius 2 we hope you en)oy the beauty and
wisdom of his 8editations#
?eoff -aselhurst, Qarene -owie
&arcus Aurelius, ?&editations? 1uotations
/he %ni&erse is change, life is an opinion# (&arcus Aurelius
!&erything harmonises with me which is harmonious to thee, $ %ni&erse# Iothing for me is too early or too
late, which is in due time for thee# !&erything is fruit to me which thy seasons bring, $ IatureE from thee
are all things, in thee are all things, to thee all things return#4 (&arcus Aurelius (;ertrand $ussell, /he
-istory of :estern Philosophy
3(requently consider the connection of all things in the uni&erse#4 (&arcus Aurelius (5ussell
3:e should not say 3, am an 'thenian4 or 3, am a 5oman4 but 3, am a citi7en of the %ni&erse#44 (&arcus
Aurelius (5ussell
*onstantly thin0 of the %ni&erse as one li&ing creature, embracing one being and one soul+ how all is
absorbed into the one consciousness of this li&ing creature+ how it compasses all things with a single
purpose, and how all things wor0 together to cause all that comes to pass, and their wonderful web and
texture# (&arcus Aurelius
8en loo0 for retreats for themsel&es, the country, the seashore, the hills+ and you yourself, too, are
peculiarly accustomed to feel the same want# Net all this is &ery unli0e a philosopher, when you may at any
hour you please retreat into yourself# (or nowhere does a man retreat into more quiet or more pri&acy than
into his own mind, especially one who has within such things that he has only to loo0 into, and become at
once in perfect ease+ and by ease , mean nothing else but good beha&iour# *ontinually therefore grant
yourself this retreat and repair yourself# .ut let them be brief and fundamental truths, which will suffice at
once by their presence to wash away all sorrow, and to send you bac0 without repugnance to the life to
which you return# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations, p1=
@eath is li0e birth, a mystery of Iature+ a coming together out of identical elements and a dissolution into
the same# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations, p19
;L# @emocritus has saidE 3@o few things, if you would en)oy tranquility#4 (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations,
p;;
L5# :hat follows is always organically related to what went before+ for it is not li0e a simple enumeration of
units separately determined by necessity, but a rational combination+ and as .eing is arranged in a mutual
co2ordination, so the phenomena of .ecoming display no bare succession but a wonderful organic
interrelation# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations, p;L
5eason and the method of reasoning are abilities, sufficient to themsel&es and their own operations# /hus
they start from their appropriate principle and proceed to their proposed end+ wherefore reasonable acts are
called right acts, to indicate the rightness of their path# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations, pK1
's are your repeated imaginations so will your mind be, for the soul is dyed by its imaginations# @ye it then
in a succession of imaginations li0e theseE for instance, where it is possible to li&e, there also it is possible to
li&e wellE but it is possible to li&e in a palace, ergo it is also possible to li&e well in a palace# $r once moreE a
creature is made for that in whose interest it was createdE and that for which it was made, to this it tendsE and
to what it tends, in this is its endE and where its end is, there is the ad&antage and the good ali0e of each
creatureE therefore fellowship is the good of a reasonable creature# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations, pK1
,s it not strange that ignorance and complaisance are stronger than wisdom# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations,
pK1
;K# 5epeatedly dwell on the swiftness of the passage and departure of things that are and of things that come
to be# (or substance is li0e a ri&er in perpetual flux, its acti&ities are in continuous changes, and its causes in
myriad &arieties, and there is scarce anything which stands still, e&en what is near at hand+ dwell, too, on the
infinite gulf of the past and the future, in which all things &anish away# /hen how is he not a fool who in all
this is puffed up or distracted or ta0es it hardly, as if he were in some lasting scene, which has troubled him
for so longF
;L# *all to mind the whole of Substance of which you ha&e a &ery small portion, and the whole of time
whereof a small hair4s breadth has been determined for you, and of the chain of causation whereof you are
how small a lin0#
J# /he noblest 0ind of retribution is not to become li0e your enemy# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations, pK5
5eflect upon the multitude of bodily and mental e&ents ta0ing place in the same brief time, simultaneously
in e&ery one of us and so you will not be surprised that many more e&ents, or rather all things that come to
pass, exist simultaneously in the one and entire unity, which we call the %ni&erse# (8arcus 'urelius,
8editations, pK=
K<# /a0e heed not to be transformed into a *aesar, not to be dipped in the purple dye+ for it does happen#
Qeep yourself therefore simple, good, pure, gra&e, unaffected, the friend of )ustice, religious, 0ind,
affectionate, strong for your proper wor0# :restle to continue to be the man Philosophy wished to ma0e
you# 5e&erence the gods, sa&e men# Aife is brief+ there is one har&est of earthly existence, a holy disposition
and neighbourly acts# ,n all things li0e a pupil of 'ntoninus+ his energy on behalf of what was done in
accord with reason, his equability e&erywhere, his serene expression, his sweetness, his disdain of glory, his
ambition to grasp affairs# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations, pK9
K=# 8editate often upon the bond of all in the %ni&erse and their mutual relationship# (or all things are in a
way wo&en together and all are because of this dear to one another+ for these follow in order one upon
another because of the stress mo&ement and common spirit and the unification of matter# (&arcus
Aurelius, 8editations, pL<
$ne thing here is of great price, to li&e out life with truth and righteousness ### (&arcus Aurelius,
8editations, PL;
L=# :hene&er you desire to cheer yourself, thin0 upon the merits of those who are still ali&e with you+ the
energy of one, the instance, the modesty of another, the generosity of a third, of another some other gift# (or
nothing is so cheering as the images of the &irtues shining in the character of contemporaries, and meeting
so far as possible in a group# /herefore you should 0eep them read to your hand# (&arcus Aurelius,
8editations, PL;
5<# !ndea&our to persuade them, but act e&en if they themsel&es are unwilling, when the rule of )ustice so
directs# (&arcus Aurelius, 8editations, pL;
(u--ary of (toicis- Philosophy
Introduction to &editations, by 0.A. $ees. 67@A
-is tutor (ronto, was a leader of the literary mo&ement of the day, and affected a highly precious style
studded with archaisms+ 8arcus felt considerable affection for him personally, but it was not long before he
began to react against an education which stressed form rather than content, and whose sole ideal was that
of literary excellence# -is reaction was towards philosophy, but towards philosophy seen not as a matter of
abstract theory but as a way of life, in the *ynic and Stoic tradition of the times, stressing moral self2
sufficiency and an ascetic disregard for external goods# (p# ii# 5ees# 19J<
:hat of the philosophical religion of (toicis-, which 8arcus himself professed, and of which his
8editations form the most widely 0nown document for the modern world, the 8anual of !pictetus
occupying the second placeF /he Stoic school has as its founder Meno of *itium in *yprus, who came to
'thens as a young man about K152K1K .#*#, studied philosophy there under &arious teachers and in
particular under *rates the *ynic and soon after K<< .#*# set up his own school in the Painted Porch or
'rcade (Stoa Poi0ile, from which his followers too0 their name# .ut to understand Stoicism we must go
bac0 a little earlier, and see what the philosophical tradition was into which Meno thus entered#
/he earliest phase of ?ree0 philosophy was that of the ,onian cosmologists, who, from the time of /hales
(c#5=5 .#*# onwards, set out to interpret the uni&erse in terms of some primary form of matter, water or air
(probably mist or 3the infinite4 (indefinite matter# (p#&# 5ees# 19J<
#eraclitus of !phesus (c# 5<<.#* , celebrated in antiquity as 3the dar04 by reason of his oracular and
cryptic mode of utterance# /his indeed exposed him only too easily to misrepresentation, sympathetic and
unsympathetic ali0e, and the Stoics saw in him the progenitor of their doctrines of cosmic reason, and of a
uni&erse in which a special significance attached to the element of fire, and which would e&entually return
to fire and be absorbed in it, through an endless series of periodical conflagrations# /his last doctrine, it is
now agreed, was not of -eraclitus himself#
/he early cosmological phase of ?ree0 philosophy drew gradually to a close (apart from later
manifestations, such as the atomism of 0e-ocritus in the second half of the fifth century# .ewildered by
the &ariety of conflicting speculations with which they were confronted, and influenced in some cases by a
radical scepticism of the possibility of 0nowing anything at all of the ultimate nature of the uni&erse, men
turned their attention to the human rather than to the cosmic scene, to the questions of ethics and politics, to
the most pressing question of allE 3:hat is the good life, and how should men 0now it and li&e itF4 (or there
were men li0e Protagoras, sophists as they were called, who claimed to teach precisely this, and there was
(ocrates too (LJ92K99 who questioned such pretensions among the sophists, but whose interest li0e theirs
was centered on problems of human conductE3:hat is &irtue, and how can it be acquiredF4 3:hat is )usticeF4
3:hat is pietyF4 and so on#
.ut Socrates was not a constructi&e philosopher2 which helps to explain why his followers held such a
bewildering &ariety of &iews 2 and what struc0 men abo&e all in him was his fearless and rugged
independence of character, con)oined with the assertion of the place of man4s reason in the proper
go&ernment of his life# (or he seems to ha&e held, in accord with what we may call the sophist tradition, that
0nowledge of the right course of action would suffice to ensure that a man carried it out, that &irtue was
0nowledge and &ice ignorance# (or him , as the Stoics later, the ideal of the wise man was all2sufficient#
'mong Socrates4 followers, Plato (L;72KL7, the greatest of all, went further than his master and
constructed a daring system of metaphysics, a system one of whose mainsprings lay in man4s moral
conceptions# /he Platonic ,dea or (orms, it was held, were the most fully real and fully 0nowable entities,
and at the apex of their hierarchy, at any rate in the 5epublic, stood the ,dea of the ?ood, in some sense the
principle of thought and of action ali0e# Plato4s ethical system, in this as in much else typically ?ree0, was
grounded in his cosmology, and ideal conduct was not ultimately separable from the 0nowledge of the
philosopher+ his 0nowledge was, indeed, itself the highest good# (p# &i# 5ees# 19J<
Ai0e both Plato and 'ristotle, Meno based his teaching about conduct on his theory of the nature of the
uni&erse in general, and the nature of man in particular# 'gain, though interpreting wisdom differently,
Meno, li0e Plato and 'ristotle, and (more closely, perhaps li0e Socrates before them, found his complete
ideal realised in his picture of the wise man# (p# &iii# 5ees# 19J<
,n the period stretching from Meno to 8arcus, (toicis- was the most important of the ?ree0 philosophical
schools# 's against the !picureans, it asserted the claims of &irtue as higher than pleasure, and, re)ecting the
domination of atoms and chance, proclaimed a uni&erse ordered by di&ine pro&idence+ as against the
Sceptics it upheld a dogmatic cosmology, and maintained the existence of truths which could be grasped
with certainty# (p# &iii# 5ees# 19J<
-ence both the rationalistic and the uni&ersalistic aspects of (toic ethics, which held that all shared a li0e in
a common nature and so were a0in to one another, and hence also its predestinarian stress on recognition of
the di&ine necessity in all things, and glad acceptance of the wise pro&idence present throughout# ,n such a
world the citadel of a man4s soul was all2important, for there and there only had he control ### (p# ix# 5ees#
19J<
(toicis- was forced to disregard in its doctrine of freedom those all2per&ading social pressures which
radically condition our beliefs and attitudes, of which 'ristotle had shown more awareness, and upon which
thin0ers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ha&e laid so much stress# (p# xi# 5ees# 19J<
"in<s B &arcus Aurelius, (toic Philosophy, (toicis-
PhilosophyE Stoicism Meno 2 (amous 5oman Stoic Philosopher Ceno realised the ,nterconnection of 'll
/hings in the %ni&erse#
*icero 2 :S8 explains (amous 5oman Philosopher Cicero, $n the Iature of the ?ods 9's a philosopher, ,
ha&e a right to as0 for a rational explanation of religious faith#9
Seneca 2 (amous 5oman Stoic Philosopher Seneca on /ruth, :isdom and 6irtue# 9Aanguage of /ruth
should be Simple and Plain9
PhilosophyE ?ree0 Philosophers 2 'll is $ne (Space and 'cti&e2(lux (:a&e 8otion# Thales,
Ana)i-ander, Ana)i-enes, #eraclitus, Par-enides, Ato-ists (0e-ocritus, "ucretius), (ocrates,
Plato, 'picurus#
PhilosophyE 8orality !thics 2 /he (undamental 8orality of :orld 5eligions ?0o Unto Others ...?is
Aogically /rue as the $ther is Part of Self#
8etaphysicsE Problem of $ne and the 8any 2 .rief -istory of 8etaphysics and Solutions to the
(undamental Problems of %niting the+ One and the &any, Infinite and the Finite, 'ternal and the
Te-poral, Absolute and $elati,e, Continuous and 0iscrete, (i-ple and Co-ple), &atter and
Uni,erse#
/esla, Ii0ola 2 /esla was influenced by 6edic Philosophy that all is one and dynamic# /he :a&e Structure
of 8atter confirms 5i<ola Tesla?s /heories on $esonance and /ransfer of !nergy by :a&es in Space# 9$ne
day man will connect his apparatus to the &ery wheel wor0 of the uni&erse ### and the &ery forces that
moti&ate the planets in their orbits and cause them to rotate will rotate his own machinery#9
.oes the Most )imple )cience
Theory of %eality #or=0
'ny intelligent fool can ma0e things bigger, more complex, and more &iolent#
,t ta0es a touch of genius 2 and a lot of courage 2 to mo&e in the opposite direction#
(Albert 'instein
Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication#
("eonardo da %inci
'ntroduction
/he following short article shows you how to deduce the most simple science theory of reality, the wa&e
structure of matter in Space, then deduce from this to show that it is correct# /here is no opinion in&ol&ed 2
it shows that science does wor0 2 we )ust needed the correct (most simple foundations# .efore we start ,
wish to emphasise two things+
1# :hile simplicity is nice 2 it is really the dynamic unity of reality that is important# i#e# /here must be one
substance that exists that causes and connects the many things we experience# 'nd describing reality in
terms of only one substance is ob&iously also the most simple solution# /hus we are uniting science with
metaphysics# , ha&e )ust re2written the main metaphysics page (Sanuary, ;<1< which explains this in more
detail#
;# ,t is a significant fact that there is not another page on the internet that considers what the most simple
science theory of reality is 2 which is strange gi&en $ccam9s 5a7or (principle of simplicity is fundamental
to science# /hus it is nai&e to claim science does not wor0 (the logical positi&ist " social construct &iew of
postmodern science without ha&ing considered this most simple solution# i#e# :hat we do 0now is that
science founded on discrete and separate 9particles9 does not wor0>
?eoff -aselhurst
((ebruary, ;<1<
38 .educe the Most )imple )cience Theory of %eality
(irst we deduce that the most simple theory that abides by rules of science (logic from principles U
0nowledge from senses must be founded on Space and its properties# /his then leads to the spherical
standing wa&e structure of matter in Space (where Space exists with the properties of a wa&e medium#
<easons
(.( The most simple theory must be founded on =ne thin& >substance? existin& with properties
/his is necessary to abide by two uni&ersally accepted principles of Science and 8etaphysics+
Science has a Principle of Simplicity " $ccam9s 5a7or 2 "Essentia non sunt multiplicanda praeter
necessitatem"# i#e# /he theory which deduces the most things from less assumptions is better, thus the best
theory must be founded on the most simple foundation of only one thing existing#
8etaphysics is founded on the @ynamic %nity of 5eality 2 that $ne /hing " Substance necessarily exists
and interconnects the many changing things we experience in the uni&erse#
(;radley, 1=LJ219;L :e may agree, perhaps, to understand by 8etaphysics an attempt to
0now reality as against mere appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or
again the effort to comprehend the uni&erse, not simply piecemeal or by fragments, but
somehow as a whole#
So our tas0 is now clearer as we are limited to a foundation of only one thing " substance existing from
which to explain the reality of this world that we experience#
'ristotle (who first formali7ed metaphysics and physics and Aeibni7 explain this well+
(Aristotle, KL<.* The first philosophy (&etaphysics) is uni,ersal and is e)clusi,ely
concerned *ith pri-ary substance. ### 'nd here we will ha&e the science to study that which
is )ust as that which is, both in its essence and in the properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it
has# ### /hat among entities there must be some cause which -o,es and co-bines things# ###
/here must then be a principle of such a 0ind that its substance is acti,ity#
(:ottfried "eibni4, 1JLJ 2 171J 5eality cannot be found except in $ne single source, because
of the interconnection of all things with one another# ### , do not concei&e of any reality at all as
without genuine unity# ### , maintain also that substances, whether material or immaterial,
cannot be concei&ed in their bare essence without any acti&ity, acti,ity being of the essence of substance
in general#
's we shall see, there is an important clue here relating to motion " acti&ity being a necessary property of
substance#
(.2 This =ne Thin& 5 Substance must be Space >that we all commonly experience?
/here are many different minds and material things but only $ne common Space# /his is true when we
consider the Space around us 2 we all experience many different humans (their bodies R minds li&ing on
!arth which orbits the Sun, which orbits our galaxy as one amongst many billions within the obser&able
uni&erse 2 yet all this occurs within one common Space#
(rom this most simple foundation of Space as the one substance that exists we can then deduce that it must
be infinite (not bounded by another substance, eternal (not created by another substance and continuous
(not made of parts# 's 'ristotle wrote+
/his shows us two thingsE you cannot ha&e parts of the infinite and the infinite is indi&isible#
(.1 ;atter is formed from the @ave ;otion of Space
,t is well 0nown that there is a particle2wa&e duality for light and matter# ?i&en this most simple science
theory is founded on $ne substance, Space, we must consider the Properties of Space, thus we cannot add
9parts " particles9 to Space# So we are left only with wa&es#
/hus there is only one solution 2 Space must exist with the Properties of a :a&e 8edium, and matter is
formed from wa&e motions of Space#
So 'ristotle and Aeibni7 were largely correct, they )ust did not reali7e that matter9s acti&ity " motion really
came from the wa&e motion of Space (&ibrating Space is a simple way to imagine it#
(.) ;atter's 6article Affect is %aused by the @ave %enter of the Spherical Standin& @ave
IoteE /his is a two dimensional cross section of a spherical standing wa&e (there is a mo&ing image below
but it is ob&iously hard to show a sphere " spherical wa&e on a flat computer screen so some imagination is
needed>
Fig.6 ! The 'lectron B Positron
/he image represents the most simple form of matter, the electron# /he positron (anti2
matter is simply the opposite phase standing wa&e which sensibly explains matter "
anti2matter annihilation due to destructi&e wa&e interference# (/he proton and neutron
are more complex wa&e structures which still need further study
,t is easy to see how the particle effect of matter is formed at the :a&e *enter#
Nou can also see why Pythagoras9 theorem is not )ust a mathematical (axiomatic truth,
but fundamental to physical reality# ,f you draw two lines at right angles to one another,
radiating from the wa&e center, one K wa&elengths, the other L wa&elengths, then complete the rectangle,
magically> you find the hypotenuse is exactly 5 wa&elengths long# /his is because this wa&e diagram truly
represents how matter interacts " forms its spatial dimensions#
(urther, three dimensional space and spherical space are equi&alent, as it ta0es three &ariables to describe a
sphere# ,n fact the cause of three dimensional space is simply that matter interacts spherically (see !instein
quote below#
/he fourth dimension of 9time9 is really )ust the motion of the wa&e (motion causes time#
,t is important to realise that this conception of matter founded on wa&es in Space has a different
metaphysical foundation# *urrently in physics we ha&e a 8etaphysics of Space and /ime to which we add
discrete 9particles9 and thus also continuous 9fields9 to connect them (thus we ha&e four different things 2
space, time, matter particles and fields#
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter is founded on one thing, Space, existing as a wa&e medium# i#e# '
8etaphysics of Space and (wa&e 8otion 2 where matter is formed from the spherical standing wa&e
motions of Space# This unites (pace, Ti-e, &otion and &atter# /hus 'ristotle was also correct when he
wrote+
8o&ement, then, is also continuous in the way in which time is 2 indeed ti-e is either identical to
-o,e-ent or is so-e affection of it. ### there being two causes of which we ha&e defined in the Physics,
that of -atter and that fro- *hich the -otion co-es# ('ristotle, 8etaphysics
/his is also consistent with the fact that atomic cloc0s use the natural resonance frequency of the cesium
atom (9,19;,JK1,77< -7 to measure time#
2lbert /instein1s Theory of )pecial %elati"ity
/he argument is really complete 2 but , )ust wanted to briefly mention !instein9s relati&ity as you will then
see how close he was to the truth with his re)ection of the 9particle9 and his attempt at a continuous field
theory of matter#
/he metrics of !instein9s special relati&ity are founded on Pythagoras9 theorem (see Aorent7 /ransformation
below where an electron changes from ha&ing a spherical shape to a squashed ellipsoidal shape when it is
in motion (which is why an electron contracts in length with motion# /he important point is that the
mathematics is founded on a sphere because matter interacts spherically with other matter in the Space
around it# 's !instein writes+
(rom the latest results of the theory of relati&ity it is probable that our three dimensional space is also
approximately spherical, that is, that the laws of disposition of rigid bodies in it are not gi&en by !uclidean
geometry, but approximately by spherical geometry# (Albert 'instein, 195L
Special relati&ity is still based directly on an empirical law, that of the constancy of the &elocity of light
where dx
;
T dy
;
T d7
;
U(cdt
;
and cdt is the distance tra&eled by light c in time dt#
/he defining equation of the metric is then nothing but the Pythagorean theorem applied to the differentials
of the co2ordinates# (IoteE ,n the abo&e diagram dxUK, dyUL, d7U<, cdtU5
,n the special theory of relati&ity those co2ordinate changes (by transformation are permitted for which also
in the new co2ordinate system the quantity (cdt
;
equals the sum of the squares of the co2ordinate
differentials# Such transformations are called Aorent7 transformations# (Albert 'instein, 19KL
Fig. D ! The "orent4 Transfor-ation
,n the Aorent7 /ransformations matter becomes a squashed ellipsoid with motion# -owe&er,
pythagoras9 theorem remains true e&en when the sphere is a squashed ellipsoid#
,t is this change in cur&ature of the sphere when an electron is accelerated that !instein then
related to matter9s gra&ity " energy fields which cur&e the L@ space2time continuum# .ut really
the L@ space time continuum of !instein9s general relati&ity is simply a mo&ing spherical wa&e
in Space# /hus the 9cur&ature of the L@ space2time continuum9 is )ust the cur&ature of the
spherical (ellipsoidal wa&e, which changes when the wa&e center 9particle9 is accelerated#

/hus the most simple science theory of reality requires that matter is not a tiny particle separate from Space,
instead it is a large spherical spatially extended wa&e structure of Space (the si7e of the obser&able uni&erse
within infinite Space#
!instein9s relati&ity agrees that matter is a structure of space (not a discrete particle in space# -is error was
to wor0 with continuous fields in space2time rather than discrete standing wa&es in continuous Space#
:hen forced to summari7e the general theory of relati&ity in one sentenceE
Ti-e and space and gra,itation ha&e no separate existence from -atter# ###
Physical ob)ects are not in space, but these ob)ects are spatially extended# ,n this way the
concept 9empty space9 loses its meaning# ### /he field thus becomes an irreducible element of
physical description, irreducible in the same sense as the concept of matter (particles in the
theory of Iewton# ### /he physical reality of space is represented by a field whose
components are continuous functions of four independent &ariables 2 the co2ordinates of
space and time# Since the theory of general relati&ity implies the representation of physical
reality by a continuous field, the concept of particles or material points cannot play a
fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion# /he particle can only appear as a limited region in space in
which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high# (Albert 'instein, 195<
-istory shows that !instein9s continuous field theory of matter in space2time does not explain the discrete
properties of light and matter found in quantum theory# 'nd !instein also came to suspect this was the case,
he writes+
'll these fifty years of conscious brooding ha&e brought me no nearer to the answer to the question, 9:hat
are light quantaF9 Iowadays e&ery /om, @ic0 and -arry thin0s he 0nows it, but he is mista0en# C ,
consider it quite possible that physics cannot be based on the field concept, i#e#, on continuous structures# ,n
that case, nothing remains of my entire castle in the air, gra&itation theory included, Vand ofW the rest of
modern physics# ('lbert !instein, 195L
:e now reali7e that his relati&ity theory can be simplified by wor0ing with real wa&e motions of a
continuously connected space, rather than 9continuous fields9 in 9space2time9 (a mathematical construction#
Summary
/he rules of science (simplicity and metaphysics (dynamic unity of reality force us to conclude that matter
is formed from spherical standing wa&e motions of Space (rather than Iewton9s particles, or !instein9s
continuous fields# /his is why matter can interact with other matter in the Space around it, because all
matter (in the obser&able uni&erse is interconnected in Space by its spherical in and out wa&es#
/he :a&e *enter causes the discrete 9particle9 effect of matter that we see and interact with#
/he spherical in and out wa&es cause the field effects, but in a slightly different way than !instein imagined
because they are discrete standing wa&e effects, rather than his continuous field effects# i#e# !instein9s
continuous field theory of matter does not explain discrete properties of light and matter as determined by
quantum theory 2 whereas standing wa&e interactions (resonant coupling only occur at discrete wa&elengths
" frequencies thus explaining the discrete properties of light quanta 9photons9#
/he abo&e arguments all seem true to me, none of it is my opinion, they simply state common scientific
0nowledge combined with our common experience of existing in Space#
'nd , should add that !rwin Schrodinger actually proposed a wa&e structure of matter =< years ago
(unfortunately his wa&e equations were used by 8ax .orn as probability wa&es to find the location of the
particle, rather than treating them as real wa&es in Space# 's Schrodinger explains+
:hat we obser&e as material bodies and forces are nothing but shapes and &ariations in
the structure of space# Particles are just schau-<o--en (appearances# ### /he world
is gi&en to me only once, not one existing and one percei&ed# (ubject and object are
only one# /he barrier between them cannot be said to ha&e bro0en down as a result of
recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist# ### Aet me say
at the outset, that in this discourse, , am opposing not a few special statements of
quantum physics held today (195<s, , am opposing as it were the whole of it, , am
opposing its basic &iews that ha&e been shaped ;5 years ago, when &a) ;orn put
forward his probability interpretation, which was accepted by almost e&erybody# ,
don9t li0e it, and ,9m sorry , e&er had anything to do with it# ('r*in (chrEdinger, /he
,nterpretation of Buantum Physics#
So now we must see if this Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter wor0s 2 does it correctly deduce the
fundamentals of modern physicsF
:ell than0s to the wor0 of retired Professor of 8aths Physics, @r 8ilo :olff, we can show with
mathematical " logical precision that it wor0s perfectly#
48 The #a"e )tructure of Matter .educes Fundamentals of
Quantum Theory, /instein1s %elati"ity $ Cosmology
IoteE /o 0eep things simple , will )ust explain the most important deduction here, the remainder of the
9Simple Science9 arguments are in separate (short pages which are listed below# /he mathematical physics
page has the full list of :a&e Structure of 8atter mathematical deductions (which is substantial, though
there is still ob&iously much to do#
/he most fundamental (and simple thing to chec0 is what we deduce for relati&e motion and see if it
matches 0nown results of the two fundamental theories of physics# i#e# 8atter9s relati&istic mass increase
(!instein9s special relati&ity and the de .roglie wa&elength (quantum theory and the wa&e properties of
matter which are both deduced from the relati&e motion of matter#
So we should find that the @oppler shifted wa&e equations for two spherical standing wa&es with relati&e
motion (of their wa&e center 9particles9 show terms in the resultant wa&e equations that exactly match
quantum theory9s de .roglie wa&elength and !instein9s relati&istic mass increase (where mass - equates to
frequency f as 'FhfF-c
D
#
+e find that it e)actly deduces these t*o ter-s. /his is absolutely remar0able 2 for the first time the two
central theories of modern physics (quantum theory and !instein9s special relati&ity are united by a single
theory, which was itself deduced as the most simple science theory of reality#
Nou can read the deduction by @r 8ilo :olff (5etired Prof# of 8aths Physics or you can &iew
his &ideo where he explains this (, filmed this bac0 in ;<<< at .er0eley uni&ersity 2 it is well
worth watching>#
8ilo :olff 6ideo ,nter&iew 2 See all 8ilo :olff 6ideos
(/he &ideo is also on my physics philosophy page at Nou/ube
)ummary ( Conclusion
, ha&e 0nown of the wa&e structure of matter for ten years now# 'nd o&er that time , ha&e slowly read the
history of physics, philosophy and metaphysics# ,t is now blindingly ob&ious to me that Science does
actually wor0 2 we )ust had to get rid of the wrong foundation of matter with particle properties, and
consider space and its wa&e properties#
/hus we can now easily recogni7e the error of Physics (since the time of Iewton, where reality is
described in terms of many things 2 the ,nterconnected 8otion of 8atter 9Particles9 in Space and /ime 2
which further requires continuous 9(orces"(ields9 to connect the discrete 9Particles9#
/he correct foundation is to describe matter in
terms of one thing 2 the +a,e &otion of (pace#
/hus motion applies to space, not matter, i#e# the
(wa&e motion of Space causes matter, time and
forces " fields (interconnection#
IoteE :e ha&e a page of wa&e diagrams that will
help you &isualise the spherical standing wa&e
structure of matter (:S8 in space# .asically, we
only see the high wa&e amplitude wa&e2center and
ha&e been deluded into thin0ing matter was made
of tiny little 9particles9# ' &ery nai&e conception in
hindsight 2 and quantum physics was telling us all along that wa&es were central to light and matter
interactions>
,n ending, it is important to emphasi7e " repeat 2 this is the most simple science foundation for describing
reality 2 and most importantly, it wor0s# 'nd this surprisingly simple solution was anticipated by some
physicists, as Sohn 'rchibald :heeler wrote+
Someday we9ll understand the whole thing as one single mar&elous &ision that will seem so o&erwhelmingly
simple and beautiful that we may say to each other+ 9$h, how could we ha&e been so stupid for so longF
-ow could it ha&e been otherwise>9 (S# '# :heeler
/his is wonderful news for scientists, and for humanity# /hey )ust need to be made (gently " urgently aware
of these facts gi&en the profound consequences for humanity#
's @a&id .ohm wrote+
/he notion that all these fragments is separately existent is e&idently an illusion, and this
illusion cannot do other than lead to endless conflict and confusion# ,ndeed, the attempt to
li&e according to the notion that the fragments are really separate is, in essence, what has
led to the growing series of extremely urgent crises that is confronting us today# /hus, as
is now well 0nown, this way of life has brought about pollution, destruction of the
balance of nature, o&er2population, world2wide economic and political disorder and the
creation of an o&erall en&ironment that is neither physically nor mentally healthy for
most of the people who li&e in it# ,ndi&idually there has de&eloped a widespread feeling of helplessness and
despair, in the face of what seems to be an o&erwhelming mass of disparate social forces, going beyond the
control and e&en the comprehension of the human beings who are caught up in it# (@a&id .ohm, :holeness
and the ,mplicate $rder, 19=<
?eoff -aselhurst
Personal 5ote= , am not being arrogant or egotistical at all in writing this (, am a quiet e&olutionary
philosopher of science who li&es in the country, li0es to read and thin0 about about truth and reality, to
understand how things wor0# , 0now this 0nowledge is &ery important to our world# /he absolute nature of
the writing is simply to emphasi7e the point that science does wor0 if we ta0e simplicity " dynamic unity of
reality (metaphysics " necessary connection " $ccam9s 5a7or seriously#
-owe&er, this ob&iously requires re)ecting the discrete particle conception of matter (which is clearly a
nai&e and primiti&e conception of matter that pre2dates quantum theory and relati&ity# 'nd all students of
history 0now that old habits die hard (those standard model particle physicists and big bang cosmologists
will not change how they thin0, instead their discrete and separate 9particle9 ideas will die with them#
5eality is clearly interconnected and changing, a dynamic unity 2 this has been 0nown for o&er three
thousand years, and is confirmed by modern physics# /he :a&e Structure of 8atter in Space (&ibrating
Space or wa&ing energy fields if you prefer explains how this interconnected change occurs#
,t is effecti&ely the source code for how the uni&erse functions, ob&iously with great power and potential for
humanity (for good and bad# 't least by 0nowing the truth it gi&es us greater potential to act wisely 2 but
this is up to us# 'nd the future of -umanity will be decided by this#
(:alileo :alilei, 1J<< , wish, my dear Qepler, that we could ha&e a good laugh together at the
extraordinary stupidity of the mob# :hat do you thin0 of the foremost philosophers of this
%ni&ersityF ,n spite of my oft2repeated efforts and in&itations, they ha&e refused, with the
obstinacy of a glutted adder, to loo0 at the planets or 8oon or my telescope# ### ,n questions of
science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single indi&idual#
(&a) Planc<, 19;< ' new scientific truth does not triumph by con&incing its opponents and
ma0ing them see the light, but rather because its opponents e&entually die, and a new
generation grows up that is familiar with it#

(i-ple (cience 1uotes
/he deepest sin against the human mind is to belie&e things without e&idence# Science is simply common
sense at its best 2 that is, rigidly accurate in obser&ation, and merciless to fallacy in logic#
(Tho-as #u)ley
,gnorance more frequently begets confidence than does 0nowledgeE it is those who 0now little, not those
who 0now much, who so positi&ely assert that this or that problem will ne&er be sol&ed by science#
(Charles 0ar*in, ,ntroduction to /he @escent of 8an, 1=71
:e are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their
appearances#
((ir Isaac 5e*ton, PrincipiaE /he system of the world
Metaphysics $ Physical %eality
, ha&e tried to write this metaphysics page with simplicity and clarity in mind at all times# ,t explains (for
the first time a simple, sensible, logical solution to the problems of metaphysics 2 by describing reality in
terms of one thing that we all commonly experience as one thing 2 space#
,t is written in fi&e parts+
1# ' summary of the central points#
;# :hat is 8etaphysicsF @educing the Solution#
K# /he !rrorE Iewton9s Particles, 8athematical 8etaphysics and Physics#
L# /he Solution to the S0epticism of Postmodern 8etaphysics and Philosophy#
5# ,mportant 8etaphysics Buotes from 'ristotle, Aeibni7, -ume, Qant and !instein#
?eoff -aselhurst
(Sanuary, ;<1<
&etaphysics= (u--ary
The &etaphysics of (pace and &otion
1# :hat is 8etaphysicsF ,t is the study of the one substance that necessarily exists and causes " connects the
many material things we obser&e# ,t is useful to quote 'ristotle since he first formalised the sub)ect of
metaphysics#
The first philosophy (&etaphysics) is uni,ersal and is e)clusi,ely concerned *ith pri-ary
substance. ### 'nd here we will ha&e the science to study that which is )ust as that which is, both in its
essence and in the properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it has#
/he entire preoccupation of the physicist is with things that contain within themsel&es a principle of
mo&ement and rest# 'nd to see0 for this is to see0 for the second 0ind of principle, that from which comes
the beginning of the change# (Aristotle, 8etaphysics, KL<.*
;# /he one substance is this space we all experience existing in# 's only one substance, space, exists it
cannot be bounded by, created from, or contain another substance 2 thus it is necessarily infinite, eternal and
continuous#
K# :hat are the Properties of SpaceF ,t is a continuously connected wa&e medium 2 it has wa&es flowing
through it# (,t may ha&e more properties 2 , do not 0now#
L# /he many material things that we see as discrete and separate 9particles9 mo&ing around in this space are
really formed from wa&e motions of this space (space is &ibrating#
5# .y describing matter with a spherical in out wa&e structure we can understand how the particle effect
forms at the wa&e center and also how this 9particle9 is in continual two way communication with other
matter wa&es in the space around it#
J# /his simplifies metaphysics from the motion of matter particles in space and time to the wa&e motion of
space that causes matter and time# i#e# (rom a metaphysics of space and time to a metaphysics of space and
(wa&e motion#
7# /his unites (cience (empiricalE we all experience existing in space+ $ccam9s ra7orE simplicity of only
space existing with &etaphysics (space is the unity of substance which explains causal connection#
=# .y correcting the errors of both these sub)ects we can then sol&e the central problems of 0nowledge in
physics and philosophy as a foundation for sol&ing the central problems confronting humanity and our
future sur&i&al on earth#
9# /his is not )ust an academic discussion on metaphysics, it is physical reality 2 how you exist as matter in
space and interact with the rest of the matter of our obser&able uni&erse#
1<# /his is the source of truth and wisdom 2 both necessary for our future sur&i&al#
+hat is &etaphysics= 0iscussion B 0eductions
8etaphysics now has a reputation for being fanciful and ultimately empty of meaning# /his is not due to the
sub)ect of metaphysics itself (as concei&ed by 'ristotle, but rather due to the failure of philosophers "
metaphysicists to sol&e the fundamental problem of metaphysics, i#e#
P:hat is the one substance that exists and causes and connects our world of many different thingsFP
/he following quotes from 'ristotle, Aeibni7 and .radley explain this well#
The first philosophy (Metaphysics) is universal and is eclusively concerned
with pri!ary su"stance# ... ,nd here we will have the science to study that which is
$ust as that which is, both in its essence and in the properties which, $ust as a thin& that
is, it has.
The entire preoccupation of the physicist is with thin&s that contain within themselves a
principle of movement and rest. ,nd to see for this is to see for the second ind of
principle, that from which comes the be&innin& of the chan&e. >$ristotle, ;etaphysics,
1)4B%?
<eality cannot be found except in =ne sin&le source, because of the interconnection of all
thin&s with one another. ... + maintain also that substances, whether material or immaterial,
cannot be conceived in their bare essence without any activity, activity "eing of the essence
of su"stance in &eneral. >%ottfried &ei"ni', (BC4?
@e may a&ree, perhaps, to understand by ;etaphysics an attempt to now reality as a&ainst
mere appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or a&ain the effort to
comprehend the universe, not simply piecemeal or by fra&ments, but somehow as a whole.
>(radley, (0)B-(.2)?

' simple way to explain metaphysics is to simply drop a ball# Iotice that you do not see any ob&ious
connection between the ball and the earth 2 yet they are ob&iously connected because we see the effect of
this connection, the ball mo&es (accelerates towards the earth# /he same argument applies to the !arth
orbiting the sun, an electron in an atom, how we can see stars across the uni&erse#
:e gi&e these connections names, e#g# light and gra&ity, but no one 0new what these hidden causal
connections were#
/his is 0nown to philosophers as -ume9s Problem of *ausation and Iecessary *onnection, but really it is
common 0nowledge that dates bac0 to the ancients 2 the Problem of the $ne and the 8any#
of those ob)ects entirely depends# (#u-e, 17K7
consequence of the other# (#u-e, 17K7
Since we do not see the causal connection between things in space, this means that
metaphysics must somehow be founded on something that we imagine# /he problem here is that our minds
are &ery good at imagining things that do not exist, e#g# dragons and particles#
/his has allowed much to be published in the name of 9metaphysics9 which is )ust imagination and has no
relation to physical reality (thus exacerbating the poor reputation of metaphysics# Aeibni7 states this well
also+
P### a distinction must be made between true and false ideas, and that too much rein must not be gi&en to a
man9s imagination under pretext of its being a clear and distinct intellection#P (Aeibni7, 1J7<
So you see the problem of metaphysics is simple and profound 2 we must imagine this hidden connection
between things# /o sol&e this requires true 0nowledge of physical reality, such that we can understand this
hidden causal connection that our senses tell us must exist, yet we do not see#
,n the remainder of this short essay , will show you how to sol&e this problem#
/he easiest way is to )ust go bac0 o&er the history and e&olution of metaphysics, explain where we went
astray, and then show you the correct path#
The )imple )olution to the Problem of Metaphysics
P?ree0 philosophy seems to begin with a preposterous fancy, with the proposition that
water is the origin and mother2womb of all things#
,s it really necessary to stop there and become seriousF
Nes, and for three reasonsE
firstly, because the preposition does enunciate something about the origin of things+
secondly, because it does so without figure and fable+
thirdly and lastly, because it contained, although only in the chrysalis state, the idea
Ee&erything is one#
##/hat which dro&e him (/hales to this generali7ation was a metaphysical dogma,
which had its origin in a mystic intuition and which together with the e&er renewed
endea&ors to express it better, we find in all philosophies 2 the propositionE e&erything
is one>P ((riedrich Iiet7sche
/his is an important quote, confirming this importance of one underlying substance to explain how matter is
inter2connected across the uni&erse#
Surprisingly, after such a long period of failure to sol&e this problem we find that we can actually deduce
the solution#
.educing %eality& 9niting )cience !ith Metaphysics
:e )ust had to as0+ :hat is the 8ost Simple Science /heory of 5ealityF
*learly the most simple solution must be founded on only one substance existing, thus we are uniting
science with metaphysics# /his is important to emphasise, as it is not the simplicity that is important (it is
nice, but the underlying unity of substance to explain causal connection#
?i&en that we all experience many minds and
many material ob)ects, but always in one common
space, thus to abide by science (empiricism "
simplicity we ha&e no choice but to describe
reality in terms of space#
(rom here it is easy to show that there is only one
solution, a wa&e structure of matter in Space# i#e#
Space is a substance with the properties of a
continuously connected wa&e medium and matter
is formed from spherical wa&e motions of this
space (thus explaining 'ristotle9s property of
acti&ity " motion as being caused by the wa&e motion of Space#
IoteE the diagram9s circles are a two dimensional representation of three dimensional spheres " four
dimensional spherical wa&es#
'nd , do realise that this may seem radical to people brought up with particle concepts of matter (as , was,
yet physics itself tells us that matter is a large structure of space, as required by !instein9s general relati&ity
and quantum physics#
(urther we see that this solution satisfies the rules of both metaphysics and science 2 while also correcting
their errors (gi&ing substance to science 2 empiricism to metaphysics#
(cience
i Simplicity " $ccam9s ra7orE :e apply this to science itself to deduce the most simple science theory of
reality# /his pre&ents us from describing reality in terms of many discrete and separate things (matter
9particles9#
ii !mpiricalE :e all experience existing in one common space#
iii AogicalE :a&es " interconnected wa&e patterns beha&e logically#
&etaphysics
i SubstanceE $nly one substance exists, this space we all commonly experience existing in#
ii *ausation and Iecessary *onnectionE .y describing reality in terms of only one substance, space, we can
easily understand how matter9s spherical in and out wa&es are necessarily interconnected with other matter
in the space around it# /his is why you can see distant stars 2 your body is a wa&e structure of the uni&erse
&ibrating with all this other matter#
'nd hopefully it is now more clear to you this profundity of metaphysics 2 being central toE simplicity,
unity, reality, necessary connection, causation, logic, 0nowledge, certainty, senses, science and truth#
The 'rror= 5e*ton?s Particles and &athe-atical Physics
$nce we ha&e the correct solution it is easy to see where we made the error# :e )ust ha&e to go bac0 to the
time of -uygens (1J;921J95, Iewton (1JL;217;7 and Aeibni7 (1JLJ2171J#
-istory shows that we too0 the path of Iewton and tried to describe an inter2connected reality with many
discrete and separate matter 9particles9# /his then required mathematical relationships to connect the matter
particles in space and time 2 where particles ha&e 9mass9 and are connected by 9forces9 as per Iewton9s
famous law of inertia (Um# a#
!ffecti&ely Iewton (and mathematical physics replaced a metaphysics of substance with a metaphysics of
mathematics, where causal connection came from mathematical logic and axioms# -owe&er, this ne&er
explained causal connection and when they finally loo0ed for the source of this they found that mathematics
itself is incomplete (see ?odel# 's @yson writes+
, am acutely aware of the fact that the marriage between mathematics and physics, which was so
enormously fruitful in past centuries, has recently ended in di&orce# ( (reeman Sohn @yson, 8issed
$pportunities
Iewton realised this lac0 of causal connection in his mechanics, he writes+
,t is inconcei&able that inanimate brute matter should, without mediation of something else
which is not matter, operate on and affect other matter without mutual contact# ### /hat gra&ity
should be innate, inherent and essential to matter, so that one body may act upon another at2a2
distance, through a &acuum, without the mediation of anything else by and through which their
action may be con&eyed from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity that , belie&e no
man, who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thin0ing, can e&er fall into it# So far , ha&e
explained the phenomena by the force of gra&ity, but , ha&e not yet ascertained the cause of gra&ity itself# ###
and , do not arbitrarily in&ent hypotheses# (Iewton# Aetter to 5ichard .entley ;5 (eb# 1J9K
!instein confirms this+
,n Iewtonian physics the elementary theoretical concept on which the theoretical
description of material bodies is based is the material point, or particle# /hus matter is
considered a priori to be discontinuous# /his ma0es it necessary to consider the action of
material points on one another as action2at2a2distance# Since the latter concept seems
quite contrary to e&eryday experience, it is only natural that the contemporaries of
Iewton 2 and indeed Iewton himself 2 found it difficult to accept# $wing to the almost
miraculous success of the Iewtonian system, howe&er, the succeeding generations of
physicists became used to the idea of action2at2a2distance# 'ny doubt was buried for a long time to come#
('lbert !instein, 195<
P:hen we attribute this strange attracti&e property to massi&e particles, aren9t we indulging in metaphysicsF
(or we are saying, indeed, that matter has a inner, acti&e principleE matter attracts matter# 't the time,
physicists (who called themsel&es Pnatural philosophersP accused Iewton of doing exactly that, indulging
in metaphysics, and the followers of @escartes (mostly in (rance couldn9t stomach the law of gra&itation#
:hat can we say in Iewton9s defenseF :ell, surely he was indulging in metaphysics, but with a differenceE
he wasn9t )ust saying, li0e others had been doing for centuries, that things ha&e an inner, acti&e principle and
lea&ing it at that+ he ga&e a mathematical law for that inner, acti&e principle# /hat made a lot of difference#
-e abstained from answering the metaphysical question, P:hat is this attracti&e forceFP 5ather, he )ust ga&e
a mathematical formula for it# Still, the main reason for the acceptance of Iewton9s gra&itation was its
tremendous success# 's the saying goes, nothing succeeds li0e success#P (Prof# 5icardo Iirenberg, 1997
/his is why mathematicians now seem so s0eptical of 8etaphysics as they use their mathematics to connect
things instead# -owe&er, this has led to the creation of many different 9particles9 to explain &arious matter
interactions, and ultimately to a &ery confusing and paradoxical description of physical reality# Net
8athematical physicists seem to ignore this, almost as if mathematics exists in some magical realm beyond
reality> ,t does not 2 it exists in physical reality and depends upon it for its necessary connection# (/he
mathematical physics page explains how it is in fact wa&es that are the metaphysical foundation of both
mathematics and matter#
/he correct path# :ell we )ust had to combine the ideas of -uygens (wa&es, Aeibni79s monadology (matter
and uni&erse are one interconnected thing and Iewton9s 8echanics (space# (rom this we can deduce the
correct substance (space and its properties (a wa&e medium as a partial solution to metaphysics (space may
ha&e more properties 2 , do not 0now#
/hus we simplify Iewton9s metaphysics from the motion of matter particles in space and time, to the wa&e
motion of space that causes matter and time# i#e# (rom a metaphysics of Space and /ime to a 8etaphysics of
Space and (wa&e 8otion# ,n this way we unite not only space and time but also matter and energy 2 as one
connected thing, the wa&e motion of space that causes matter and time#
's a side note, this quote from Iewton is interesting (if only he had applied it to his mechanics>
P/ruth is e&er to be found in simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things#P (,saac Iewton
8atter is a large structure of the uni&erse (not a tiny 9particle9# ' spherical wa&e structure where the wa&e
center 9particle9 is in continual two way communication with all other matter in the obser&able uni&erse due
to its spherical in and out wa&es# /hus we can now understand &ery simply and sensibly how one substance
space (and its wa&e motions is the ultimate foundation for causal connection of both physical reality and
mathematical physics#
,n ending, let us return to the start and consider why a ball falls to the
earth# :ell the wa&e equations tell us that the wa&es tra&el more slowly in
higher energy density space (where there is more matter# /hus the
spherical in wa&es that tra&el through the earth ha&e a slower &elocity than
the wa&es coming in from the space abo&e# /his causes the wa&e center to
re2position towards the center of the earth# :e call this gra&ity 2 but now
we can understand the true causal connection in physical reality (space
that causes this gra&itational attraction#

IoteE /his is a &ery approximate diagram, )ust to show the idea of how the spherical in wa&es determine the
future postion of the wa&e center (the motion of the particle# :e ha&e a page of wa&e diagrams that will
help you &isualise the spherical standing wa&e structure of matter (:S8 in space# .asically, we only see
the high wa&e amplitude wa&e2center and ha&e been deluded into thin0ing matter was made of tiny little
9particles9# ' &ery nai&e conception in hindsight 2 and quantum physics was telling us all along that wa&es
were central to light and matter interactions>
&etaphysics= (<epticis- and Post-odernis-
Some of the more significant reasons for this current s0epticism of metaphysics are+
1# :e must imagine how things are connected together 2 and this has led to a lot of fanciful nonsense being
written because 9metaphysics is beyond our senses9#
SolutionE /he spherical in out wa&es explain this hidden causal connection of matter that is the cause of our
senses# i#e# :e only see the high wa&e amplitude wa&e center, not the spherical in and out wa&es, and this
decei&ed us into thin0ing matter was a tiny 9particle9# /hus we were blind to how these discrete 9particles9
were interconnected in space and had to in&ent 9forces " fields9#
;# Iewton " mathematical physics replaced a metaphysics of substance with a metaphysics of mathematics,
then disco&ered that our mathematical theories did not quite wor0 (we could not unite quantum physics with
!instein9s relati&ity and that mathematics itself was without foundation#
SolutionE 'gain the logical beha&ior of interconnected repeating wa&e patterns explain the source of this
mathematical logic, why this is so useful in mathematical physics, while also simply uniting these two
famous physics theories#
K# /hese past failures of metaphysics ha&e resulted in our postmodern world where academics are con&inced
we cannot correctly imagine reality# /hus all truth is cultural 2 socially informed constructs which are
relati&e, e&ol&ing approximations of reality# /his has led to the extremely silly and dangerous &iew that all
truths are equal 2 )ust personal opinions really#
SolutionE :e all experience existing in one common space# /his is a uni&ersal absolute truth# :e can
deduce how a spherical wa&e structure of matter must beha&e in this space and then show that this exactly
matches how an electron beha&es# /his then explains and sol&es the central problems of physics# /here is no
opinion 2 this will be true for all people#
DDDDDDDDD
*onclusionE $nce we ha&e the correct metaphysical foundations for describing reality it is remar0ably easy
to sol&e the central problems of metaphysics and thus also physics and philosophy by understanding how
matter exists and mo&es about in Space in a necessarily interconnected way# Please see articles on the side
of this page#
'ny comments " questions please post them below on (aceboo0 *onnect or ?oogle (riends# /han0s#
?eoff -aselhurst
(Sanuary, ;<1<
&etaphysics 1uotes= On Truth, $eality 2 Principles in (cience
Aristotle &etaphysics
,t is clear, then, that wisdom is 0nowledge ha&ing to do with certain principles and
causes# .ut now, since it is this 0nowledge that we are see0ing, we must consider the
following pointE of what 0ind of principles and of what 0ind of causes is wisdom the
0nowledgeF (Aristotle, 8etaphysics, KL<.*
8etaphysics in&ol&es intuiti&e 0nowledge of unpro&able starting2points (concepts and
truth and demonstrati&e 0nowledge of what follows from them# (Aristotle,
8etaphysics, KL<.*
@emonstration is also something necessary, because a demonstration cannot go
otherwise than it does, ### 'nd the cause of this lies with the primary
premises"principles# (Aristotle, 8etaphysics
/he first philosophy (8etaphysics is uni&ersal and is exclusi&ely concerned with primary substance# ### 'nd
here we will ha&e the science to study that which is )ust as that which is, both in its essence and in the
properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it has# (Aristotle, 8etaphysics, KL<.*
/he entire preoccupation of the physicist is with things that contain within themsel&es a
principle of mo&ement and rest# 'nd to see0 for this is to see0 for the second 0ind of
principle, that from which comes the beginning of the change# (Aristotle, 8etaphysics,
KL<.*
/here must then be a principle of such a 0ind that its substance is acti&ity#
### it is impossible that the primary existent, being eternal, should be destroyed#
### that among entities there must be some cause which -o,es and co-bines things#
### about its coming into being and its doings and about all its alterations we thin0 that we ha&e 0nowledge
when we 0now the source of its mo&ement# (Aristotle, 8etaphysics, KL<.*
(or those who wish to ma0e good progress must start well+ for subsequent progress depends on the
resolution of the first pu77les, and one cannot sol&e these without 0nowing the difficulty and the confusion
of our minds# So we must first set out all the difficulties, both for these reasons and also because those who
inquire without first setting out the difficulties are li0e those who do not 0now in which direction they
should wal0, and in addition do not e&en 0now whether they would recogni7e that which they are loo0ing
for# (or the end is not clear to these, but it is for those who ha&e begun with the pu77les# 'nd also from the
point of &iew of )udging that man is better off who has heard, as it were, all the ri&al and opposed positions#
(Aristotle, 8etaphysics
:ottfried "eibni4 on &etaphysics (&onadology)
(:ottfried "eibni4, 1J7<
5eality cannot be found except in $ne single source, because of the interconnection of all
things with one another# ### , maintain also that substances, whether material or immaterial, cannot be
concei&ed in their bare essence without any acti&ity, acti,ity being of the essence of substance in general#
("eibni4, 1J7<
,t is a good thing to proceed in order and to establish propositions (principles# /his is the way to gain
ground and to progress with certainty# ### , hold that the mar0 of a genuine idea is that its possibility can be
pro&ed, either a priori by concei&ing its cause or reason, or a posteriori when experience teaches us that it is
a fact in nature#
,ndeed in general , hold that there is nothing truer than happiness, and nothing happier and sweeter than
truth# ("eibni4, 1J7<
, agree with you that it is important to examine our presuppositions, thoroughly and once for all, in order to
establish something solid# (or , hold that it is only when we can pro&e all that we bring forward that we
perfectly understand the thing under consideration# , 0now that the common herd ta0es little pleasure in
these researches, but , 0now also that the common herd ta0e little pains thoroughly to understand things#
("eibni4, 1J7<
### a distinction must be made between true and false ideas, and that too much rein must
not be gi&en to a man9s imagination under pretext of its being a clear and distinct
intellection# ("eibni4, 1J7<
.ut it is the 0nowledge of necessary and eternal truths which distinguishes us from
mere animals, and gi&es us reason and the sciences, raising us to 0nowledge of
oursel&es and ?od# ,t is this in us which we call the rational soul or mind# ("eibni4,
1J7<
:hen a truth is necessary, the reason for it can be found by analysis, that is, by
resol&ing it into simpler ideas and truths until the primary ones are reached# ,t is this
way that in mathematics speculati&e theorems and practical canons are reduced by analysis to definitions,
axioms and postulates# ("eibni4, 1J7<
0a,id #u-e &etaphysics 1uotes= On Causation B 5ecessary
Connection
of those ob)ects entirely depends# (#u-e, 17K7
consequence of the other# (#u-e, 17K7
### experience only teaches us, how one e&ent constantly follows another+ without
instructing us in the secret connexion, which binds them together, and renders them inseparable# (#u-e,
17K7
:e then call the one ob)ect, *ause+ the other, !ffect# :e suppose that there is some connexion between
them+ some power in the one, by which it infallibly produces the other, and operates with the greatest
certainty and strongest necessity# (#u-e, 17K7
I--anuel >ant 1uotes on &etaphysics
/ime was, when she (8etaphysics was the queen of all the sciences+ and, if we ta0e
the will for the deed, she certainly deser&es, so far as regards the high importance of
her ob)ect2matter, this title of honour# Iow, it is the fashion of the time to heap
contempt and scorn upon her+ and the matron mourns, forlorn and forsa0en, li0e
-ecuba ## her empire gradually bro0e up, and intestine wars introduced the reign of
anarchy+ while the sceptics, li0e nomadic tribes, who hate a permanent habitation and settled mode of li&ing,
attac0ed from time to time those who had organi7ed themsel&es into ci&il communities# .ut their number
was, &ery happily, small+ and thus they could not entirely put a stop to the exertions of those who persisted
in raising new edifices, although on no settled or uniform plan# (I--anuel >ant, Criti3ue of Pure
$eason, 17=1
/his can ne&er become popular, and, indeed, has no occasion to be so+ for fine2spun arguments in fa&our of
useful truths ma0e )ust as little impression on the public mind as the equally subtle ob)ections brought
against these truths# $n the other hand, since both ine&itably force themsel&es on e&ery man who rises to the
height of speculation, it becomes the manifest duty of the schools to enter upon a thorough in&estigation of
the rights of speculati&e reason, and thus to pre&ent the scandal which metaphysical contro&ersies are sure,
sooner or later, to cause e&en to the masses# (I--anuel >ant, Criti3ue of Pure $eason, 17=1
Albert 'instein on Principles in Physics
IoteE /his is a summary from the main Principles in Physics page (which is &ery good#
'll logic depends upon Principles which gi&es rise to necessary consequences that are absolute and certain
(rather than mere opinions# /he aim of Science is to demonstrate that these logical deductions from (a
priori Principles exactly correspond with our sense of the real world from (a posteriori obser&ation and
experiment# 'lbert !instein explains this Scientific method &ery clearly+
(Albert 'instein Physics constitutes a logical system of thought which is in a state of
e&olution, whose basis (principles cannot be distilled, as it were, from experience by an
inducti&e method, but can only be arri&ed at by free in&ention# /he )ustification (truth
content of the system rests in the &erification of the deri&ed propositions (a priori"logical
truths by sense experiences (a posteriori"empirical truths# ### !&olution is proceeding in
the direction of increasing simplicity of the logical basis (principles# ## :e must always be
ready to change these notions 2 that is to say, the axiomatic basis of physics 2 in order to do
)ustice to percei&ed facts in the most perfect way logically# ('lbert !instein, Physics and
5eality, 19KJ
/he de&elopment during the present century is characteri7ed by two theoretical systems
essentially independent of each otherE the theory of relati&ity and the quantum theory# /he
two systems do not directly contradict each other+ but they seem little adapted to fusion into
one unified theory# (or the time being we ha&e to admit that we do not possess any general
theoretical basis for physics which can be regarded as its logical foundation# ('lbert
!instein, 19L<
,f, then, it is true that the axiomatic basis of theoretical physics cannot be extracted from
experience but must be freely in&ented, can we e&er hope to find the right wayF , answer
without hesitation that there is, in my opinion, a right way, and that we are capable of finding it# , hold it
true that pure thought can grasp reality, as the ancients dreamed# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Albert 'instein 1uotes on &etaphysics
($e-ar<s on ;ertrand $ussell?s Theory of >no*ledge, 679G)
,n the e,olution of philosophical thought through the centuries the following question
has played a ma)or roleE what 0nowledge is pure thought able to supply independently of
sense perceptionF ,s there any such 0nowledgeF ,f not, what precisely is the relation
between our 0nowledge and the raw material furnished by sense impressionsF
/here has been an increasing s<epticis- concerning e&ery attempt by means of pure
thought to learn something about the 9ob)ecti&e world9, about the world of ?things? in
contrast to the world of 9concepts and ideas9# @uring philosophy9s childhood it was rather
generally belie&ed that it is possible to find e&erything which can be 0nown by means of mere reflection# ,t
was an illusion which anyone can easily understand if, for a moment, he dismisses what he has learned from
later philosophy and from natural science+ he will not be surprised to find that Plato ascribed a higher reality
to 9ideas9 than to empirically experienceable things# !&en in Spino7a and as late as in -egel this pre)udice
was the &italising force which seems still to ha&e played the ma)or role#
/he more aristocratic illusion concerning the unlimited penetrati&e power of thought has as its counterpart
the more plebeian illusion of nai,e realis-, according to which things 9are9 as they are percei&ed by us
through our senses# /his illusion dominates the daily life of men and of animals+ it is also the point of
departure in all of the sciences, especially of the natural sciences#
's 5ussell wrote+
9:e all start from nai,e realis-, i#e#, the doctrine that things are what they seem# :e thin0 that grass is
green, that stones are hard, and that snow is cold# .ut physics assures us that the greenness of grass, the
hardness of stones, and the coldness of snow are not the greenness, hardness, and coldness that we 0now in
our own experience, but something &ery different# /he obser&er, when he seems to himself to be obser&ing a
stone, is really, if physics is to be belie&ed, obser&ing the effects of the stone upon himself#9
?radually the con&iction gained recognition that all <no*ledge about things is exclusi&ely a wor0ing2o&er
of the raw material furnished by the senses# :alileo and #u-e first upheld this principle with full clarity
and decisi&eness# -ume saw that concepts which we must regard as essential, such as, for example, causal
connection, cannot be gained from material gi&en to us by the senses# /his insight led him to a s0eptical
attitude as concerns 0nowledge of any 0ind# 8an has an intense desire for assured 0nowledge# /hat is why
-ume9s clear message seemed crushingE the sensory raw material, the only source of our 0nowledge,through
habit may lead us to belief and expectation but not to the 0nowledge and still less to the understanding of
lawful relations#
/hen >ant too0 the stage with an idea which, though certainly untenable in the form in which he put it,
signified a step towards the solution of -ume9s dilemmaE whate&er in <no*ledge is of e-pirical origin is
ne&er certain# ,f, therefore, we ha&e definitely assured 0nowledge,it must be grounded in reason itself# /his
is held to be the case, for example, in the propositions of geometry and the principles of causality# /hese and
certain other types of 0nowledge are, so to spea0, a part of the implements of thin0ing and therefore do not
pre&iously ha&e to be gained from sense data (i#e# they are a priori 0nowledge#
/oday e&eryone 0nows, of course, that the mentioned concepts contain nothing of
the certainty, of the inherent necessity, which Qant had attributed to them# /he
following, howe&er, appears to me to be correct in Qant9s statement of the problemE
in thin0ing we use with a certain PrightP, concepts to which there is no access from
the materials of sensory experience, if the situation is &iewed from the logical point
of &iew# 's a matter of fact, , am con&inced that e&en much more is to be assertedE
the concepts which arise in our thought and in our linguistic expressions are all2
when &iewed logically2 the free creations of thought which cannot inducti,ely be
gained from sense e)periences# /his is not so easily noticed only because we ha&e
the habit of combining certain concepts and conceptual relations (propositions so
definitely with certain sense experiences that we do not become conscious of the
gulf2 logically unbridgeable2 which separates the world of sensory experiences from
the world of concepts and propositions# /hus, for example, the series of integers is
ob&iously an in&ention of the human mind, a self2created tool which simplifies the
ordering of certain sensory experiences# .ut there is no way in which this concept
could be made to grow, as it were, directly out of sense experiences#
's soon as one is at home in -ume9s critique one is easily led to belie&e that all those concepts and
propositions which cannot be deduced from the sensory raw material are, on account of their 9metaphysical9
character, to be remo&ed from thin0ing# (or all thought acquires material content only through its
relationship with that sensory material# /his latter proposition , ta0e to be entirely true+ but , hold the
prescription for thin0ing which is grounded on this proposition to be false# (or this claim2 if only carried
through consistently2 absolutely excludes thin0ing of any 0ind as 9metaphysical9#
,n order that thin0ing might not degenerate into 9metaphysics9, or into empty tal0, it is only necessary that
enough propositions of the conceptual system be firmly enough connected with sensory experiences and that
the conceptual system, in &iew of its tas0 of ordering and sur&eying sense experience, should show as much
unity and parsimony as possible# .eyond that, howe&er, the 9system9 is (as regards logic a free play with
symbols according to (logically arbitrarily gi&en rules of the game# 'll this applies as much (and in the
same manner to the thin0ing in daily life as to the more consciously and systematically constructed
thin0ing in the sciences#
.y his clear critique #u-e did not only ad&ance philosophy in a decisi&e way but also 2 though through no
fault of his 2 created a danger for philosophy in that, following his critique, a fateful 9fear of -etaphysics9
arose which has come to be a -alady of contemporary e-piricist philosophising+ this malady is the
counterpart to that earlier philosophising in the clouds, which thought it could neglect and dispense with
what was gi&en by the senses# ### ,t finally turns out that one can, after all, not get along *ithout
-etaphysics.
(Albert 'instein, 5emar0s on .ertrand 5ussell9s /heory of Qnowledge, ,deas and $pinions, 195L
&etaphysics= The Proble- of the One 2 the &any
/>plaining the One and the Many +'nfinite ( Finite, /ternal ( Temporal, 2bsolute ( %elati"e,
Continuous ( .iscrete, )imple ( Comple>, )pace ( Matter- !ith the Metaphysics of
)pace $ the #a"e )tructure of Matter
(Friedrich 5iet4sche, /he ?ree0s, 1==< ?ree0 philosophy seems to begin with a preposterous
fancy, with the proposition (of /hales that water is the origin and mother2womb of all things#
,s it really necessary to stop there and become seriousF Nes, and for three reasonsE firstly,
because the proposition does enunciate something about the origin of things+ secondly, because
it does so without figure and fable+ thirdly and lastly, because it contained, although only in the
chrysalis state, the idea Ee&erything is one# ### /hat which dro&e him (/hales to this generali7ation was a
metaphysical dogma, which had its origin in a mystic intuition and which together with the e&er renewed
endea&ours to express it better, we find in all philosophies 2 the propositionE e,erything is one/
>%ottfried &ei"ni', (BC4? <eality cannot be found except in =ne sin&le source, because of the
interconnection of all thin&s with one another. ... + maintain also that substances, whether
material or immaterial, cannot be conceived in their bare essence without any activity, activity
bein& of the essence of substance in &eneral. ... +n conclusion, nothin& should be taen as
certain without foundationsD it is therefore those who manufacture entities and substances
without &enuine unity to prove that there is more to reality than + have $ust saidD and + am waitin& for the
notion of a substance, or of an entity, which successfully comprehends all these thin&sD after which parts
and perhaps even dreams will be able one day to lay claim to reality.
>(radley, (0)B-(.2)? @e may a&ree, perhaps, to understand by ;etaphysics an attempt to
now reality as a&ainst mere appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or
a&ain the effort to comprehend the universe, not simply piecemeal or by fra&ments, but
somehow as a whole.
>%eorge (er)eley, (C(4? Eothin& seems of more importance, towards erectin& a firm
system of sound and real nowled&e, which may be proof a&ainst the assaults of scepticism,
than to lay the be&innin& in a distinct explication of what is meant by thin&, reality, existence'
for in vain shall we dispute concernin& the real existence of thin&s, or pretend to any
nowled&e thereof, so lon& as we have not fixed the meanin& of those words.
+ntroduction' 6roblems of ;etaphysics - 6roblems of =ne 9 ;any - +nfinite 9 #inite - Aternal 9 Temporal -
,bsolute 9 <elative - %ontinuous 9 8iscrete - Simple 9 %omplex - Space 9 ;atter 5 7niverse - Top of
6a&e
'ntroduction 5 On the Fundamental Problem of Metaphysics
/he Problem of the $ne and the 8any is at the &ery foundation of all human 0nowledge (as the quotes
abo&e clearly demonstrate# ,t is a problem that has been 0nown for many thousands of years without
solution, thus it is hardly surprising that it is now accepted by many that we can ne&er sol&e the Proble- of
the One and the &any, thus we can ne&er directly 0now what exists, what reality is (what we are and how
we are interconnected to e&erything around us>#
The problem of the one and the many in metaphysics and theolo&y is insoluble' The history of philosophy
in +ndia as well as in Aurope has been one lon& illustration of the inability of the human mind to solve the
mystery of the relation of Fod to the world. @e have the universe of individuals which is not self-sufficient
and in some sense rests on Brahman, but the exact nature of the relation between them is a mystery.
>*adha)rishnan?
,n fact there is only one solution 2 which is the most simple solution#
,t is now well accepted in modern physics that 8atter interacts (e#g# Aight and ?ra&ity with all other 8atter
in the %ni&erse, as Smolin writes,
+t can no lon&er be maintained that the properties of any one thin& in the universe are independent of the
existence or non-existence of everythin& else. +t is, at last, no lon&er sensible to spea of a universe with
only one thin& in it. >&ee +!olin, (..C?
/hus to understand the Structure of 8atter we must understand the Structure of the %ni&erse, and this
means we must 0now the $ne thing that is common to and connects the 8any things within the %ni&erse#
's Aeibni7 correctly and profoundly says+
<eality cannot be found except in =ne sin&le source, because of the interconnection of all thin&s with one
another. >&ei"ni', (BC4?
/he solution is found by describing the $ne
Substance which exists (Space and its Properties
(:a&e28edium such that we can then explain the
necessary connection between the many things
(i#e# 8atter as Spherical :a&e 8otions of Space
which exist in Space#
/his minor (though ob&iously fundamental
change in the 8etaphysical foundations for
describing 5eality (from 9particles9 and spherical
9force fields9 in Space and /ime to Spherical
:a&es in Space mo&es us from the current
paradigm of the metaphysics of Space and /ime to the &etaphysics of (pace and &otion and the +a,e
(tructure of &atter.
(rom this new metaphysical foundation we then find simple sensible solutions to not )ust the problem of the
One and the &any, but to the related problems of the Infinite and the Finite, 'ternal and the Te-poral,
Absolute and $elati,e, Continuous and 0iscrete, (i-ple and Co-ple), &atter and Uni,erse#
?eoff -aselhurst, !mail
6a&e
The Proble- of the One and the &any
+hat is the One thing that -ust ')ist to necessarily
interconnect the &any thingsH
The ;etaphysics of Space 9 ;otion explains the #oundations of ,ncient Free 9 +ndian 6hilosophy >,ll is
=ne, ,ctive-#lux?
,t is fitting to begin with 'ncient ?ree0 Philosophy, which originated from the correct realisation that there
must be $ne thing that is common to and connects the 8any things#
>,eraclitus G 344B%? ,ll thin&s come out of the one, and the one out of all thin&s.
>Friedrich -iet'sche, The Frees, (004? Free philosophy seems to be&in with a
preposterous fancy, with the proposition >of Thales? that water is the ori&in and
mother- womb of all thin&s. +s it really necessary to stop there and become seriousH Ies,
and for three reasons' firstly, because the proposition does enunciate somethin& about
the ori&in of thin&sD secondly, because it does so without fi&ure and fableD thirdly and lastly,
because it contained, althou&h only in the chrysalis state, the idea 'everythin& is one. ... That which drove
him >Thales? to this &enerali/ation was a metaphysical do&ma, which had its ori&in in a mystic intuition and
which to&ether with the ever renewed endeavours to express it better, we find in all philosophies - the
proposition' everythin& is oneJ
Ai0ewise ,ndian Philosophy (which pre2dates and li0ely founds ?ree0 Philosophy realised this $neness
which they called .rahman, and also appreciated the importance of 8otion (dynamic, acti&ity#
>Fritjof Capra, (.C2? +n +ndian philosophy, the main terms used by Kindus and Buddhists have
dynamic connotations. The word Brahman is derived from the Sansrit root brih . to &row - and
thus su&&ests a reality which is dynamic and alive. +n the words of S. <adharishnan, The
word Brahman means &rowth and is su&&estive of life, motion, pro&ress.
The 7panishads refer to Brahman as 'this uniformed, immortal, movin&', thus associatin& it
with motion even thou&h it transcends all forms. The <i& Leda uses another term to express the dynamic
character of the universe, the term <ita. This word comes from the root ri- to moveD its ori&inal meanin& in
the <i& Leda bein& 'the course of all thin&s', 'the order of nature'.
The central aim of Aastern mysticism is to experience all the phenomena in the world as manifestations of
the same ultimate reality. This reality is seen as the essence of the universe, underlyin& and unifyin& the
multitude of thin&s and events we observe. The Kindus call it Brahman, The Buddhists 8harmaaya >The
Body of Bein&? or Tathata >Suchness? and the Taoists TaoD each affirmin& that it transcends our intellectual
concepts and defies further explanation. This ultimate essence, however, cannot be separated from its
multiple manifestations. +t is central to the very nature to manifest itself in myriad forms which come into
bein& and disinte&rate, transformin& themselves into one another without end. +n its phenomenal aspect,
the cosmic =ne is thus intrinsically dynamic, and the apprehension of its dynamic nature is basic to all
schools of Aastern mysticism.
;odern physics then, pictures matter not at all as passive and inert, but bein& in a continuous dancin& and
vibratin& motion whose rhythmic patterns are determined by the molecular, atomic and nuclear structures.
This is also the way in which the Aastern mystics see the material world. They all emphasise that the
universe has to be &rasped dynamically, as it moves, vibrates and dancesD that nature is not a static but
dynamic equilibrium.
/heir error was to belie&e that $ne thing could ne&er be understood with human conceptual 0nowledge,
which requires relationships between two or more things+
The central difficulty is nown as the problem of the one and the many which, in the terms in which it
presented itself to Badarayana, is as followsD Brahman >the absolute? is eternal, immutable and perfect
>lacin& nothin&?' Kow can that which is eternal, immutable and perfect be related to what is temporal,
mutable and imperfect, i.e. the everyday world of human experience, the samsaraH >(adarayana?
>*adha)rishnan?
The next serious philosophical issue involved in ,dvaitism >Eon-dualism? arises in the area of
epistemolo&y or the theory of nowled&e. ,ll ordinary human experience is conceptual in nature, i.e. is
or&ani/ed under the cate&ories in which we ordinarily thin. Kowever, Brahman is said to be predicateless,
or, in other words, such that in principle no concepts apply to it' concepts presuppose division, and
Brahman is a unity. Kow, then, is any form of awareness of Brahman possible for human bein&sH
>Collinson, #ifty Aastern Thiners, 2444?
.ut once we 0now what exists, and its properties, then the solution to this problem becomes simple and
ob&ious (which explains why philosophy is 0nown as the disco&ery of the ob&ious>#
$ne thing, Space, exists, ,nfinite and !ternal, the second thing, 8otion, as the :a&e 8otion of Space, is the
property of Space, and is necessarily connected to Space as it is Space which is mo&ing " &ibrating# 'nd
once we ha&e this connection between the $ne thing Space, and the many things, i#e# 8atter as the Spherical
:a&e 8otion of Space, then we can in fact form concepts and logic (which require two necessarily
connected things, i#e# 8atter as the spherical wa&e &otion of (pace#
Aama ?o&inda had an exceptional understanding of ,ndian Philosophy and he was &ery close to the truth,
and thus the solution to this profound problem of the $ne and the 8any, when he wrote+
>&a!a %ovinda, (.CC? The fundamental element of the cosmos is Space. Space is the all-
embracin& principle of hi&her unity. Eothin& can exist without Space. Space is the precondition
of all that exists, be it material or immaterial form, because we can neither ima&ine an ob$ect
nor a bein& without space. ,ccordin& to ancient +ndian tradition the universe reveals itself in
two fundamental properties' as ;otion, and as that in which motion taes place, namely
Space. This Space is called aasa, and is that throu&h which thin&s step into visible appearance, i.e.,
throu&h which they possess extension or corporeality.
,asa is derived from the root as, 'to radiate, to shine', and has therefore the meanin& of 'ether', which is
conceived as the medium of movement. The principle of movement, however, is prana, the breath of life,
the all-powerful, all-pervadin& rhythm of the universe.
/his is a profound (yet &ery simple solution# /he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion not only unites and
sol&es the Problem of the $ne and the 8any, but also the ,nfinite and the (inite, !ternal and the /emporal,
'bsolute and 5elati&e, *ontinuous and @iscrete, Simple and *omplex, 8atter and %ni&erse#
6a&e
The Proble- of the Infinite and the Finite
#o* do Finite things for- *ithin One Infinite thing, (paceH
%learly there is a sense in which the infinite exists and another in which it does not. >,ristotle, 6hysics?
,t is necessary to read the article on *osmology to fully explain this, though the solution is simple once
0nown# 8atter, as Spherical ,n and $ut :a&es, determines the si7e of our finite spherical uni,erse within
an infinite (pace, i#e# matter is finite within an infinite Space#
-uygens9 Principle explains how other matter9s out wa&es combine to form our matter9s spherical ,n2:a&es,
which then deduces both 8ach9s Principle and the redshift with distance (without assuming @oppler shifts
due to an expanding uni&erse 2 thus there was no .ig .ang#
/his also explains how matter interacts with all other matter in the uni&erse (why we can see stars as matter
is the si7e of the uni&erse, though we only 9see9 the high wa&e amplitude wa&e2center 9particles9#
6a&e
The Proble- of the 'ternal and the Te-poral
One thing -ust be 'ternal yet the &any things (e.g. (tars,
Planets, People) are Te-poral and e)perience Ti-e
/ime 2 /he Spherical Standing +a,e &otion of (pace causes matter9s acti&ity and the phenomena of
Ti-e# /his confirms Aristotle and (pino4a?s connection of 8otion and /ime, and most significantly
connects these two things bac0 to one thing Space#
;ovement, then, is also continuous in the way in which time is - indeed ti!e is either identical to
!ove!ent or is some affection of it. >,ristotle?
's Ti-e is caused by (wa&e &otion , thus only 8atter (as Spherical :a&e 8otions of Space experiences
/ime# Space is !ternal (has always existed and does not experience /ime (thus there was no .ig .ang
creation of Space"%ni&erse#

6a&e
The Proble- of the Absolute and $elati,e
Uniting Absolute &otion, $elati,e &otion, Absolute Truth,
$elati,e Truth
But for me, truth is the soverei&n principle, which included numerous other principles. This truth is not only
truthfulness in word, but truthfulness in thou&ht also, and not only the relative truth of our conception, but
the ,bsolute Truth, the Aternal 6rinciple, that is Fod. There are innumerable definitions of Fod, because
Kis manifestations are innumerable. They overwhelm me with wonder and awe and for a moment stun me.
But + worship Fod as Truth only. + have not yet found Kim, but + am seein& after Kim. + am prepared to
sacrifice the thin&s dearest to me in pursuit of this quest. Aven if the sacrifice demanded be my very life, +
hope + may be prepared to &ive it. But as lon& as + have not realised this ,bsolute Truth, so lon& must +
hold by the relative truth as + have conceived it. (Mahat!a Mohandas %andhi)
'bsolute Space exists, but until recently we only obser&ed the relati&e motion of matter (relati&e to other
matter as explained by !instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity# /his has now changed with the obser&ation of the
*osmic 8icrowa&e .ac0ground 5adiation (*8.5 2 which is li0ely caused from low temperature
-ydrogen distributed throughout Space 2 not from 9.ig .ang9 and acts as a reference frame for our
'bsolute 8otion through an 'bsolute Space#
See articles+
PhysicsE 'lbert !instein9s /heory of Special R ?eneral 5elati&ity
PhysicsE *osmic 8icrowa&e .ac0ground 5adiation (*8.5
PhysicsE /he 8ichelson28orley !xperiment
Ai0ewise, our current (and deeply flawed postmodern philosophy is founded on relati&e truths (that the
meaning of any one word can only be defined relati&e to other words 2 there is no absolute meaning or
'bsolute /ruth, it is all tautology# /his is sol&ed by connecting our language to 'bsolute Space and its
properties as a :a&e 8edium#
See 'rticles+
PhilosophyE :ittgenstein
PhilosophyE Postmodernism
6a&e
The Proble- of the Continuous and 0iscrete
#o* can One thing, *hich -ust be Continuous, for- -any
things, *hich -ust be 0iscreteH
Space, as $ne ,nfinite thing, must be continuous (it has no parts, which require two things, whereas matter
is finite and thus discrete# /he :a&e Structure of 8atter explains the discrete obser&ations of reality as
follows+
i Spherical Standing :a&es are finite " discrete, as are their :a&e2*enters, which we see as discrete
9particles9#
ii/he :a&elength of the spherical wa&es (about 1<
21;
is also finite and discrete#
iii /he Standing :a&e interactions of matter are discrete as only certain standing wa&e patterns are stable#
/his explains the discrete energy states of atoms#
i& !lectrons mo&e from one standing wa&e pattern to another in atoms " molecules (as they interact with
other electrons which also change wa&e states and this explains the discrete energy states of light quanta "
photons#
6a&e
The Proble- of the (i-ple and Co-ple)
#o* can reality, being founded on One (i-ple thing, for-
&any Co-ple) thingsH
+t is the &rand ob$ect of all theory to mae these irreducible elements >principles? as simple and as few in
number as possible, without havin& to renounce the adequate representation of any empirical content
whatever. >$l"ert .instein?
There are also two inds of truths' truth of reasonin& and truths of fact. Truths of reasonin& are necessary
and their opposite is impossibleD those of fact are contin&ent and their opposite is possible. @hen a truth is
necessary, the reason for it can be found by analysis, that is, by resolvin& it into simpler ideas and truths
until the primary ones are reached. >%ottfried &ei"ni'?
The more you see how stran&ely Eature behaves, the harder it is to mae a model that explains how even
the simplest phenomena actually wor. So theoretical physics has &iven up on that. >*ichard Feyn!an?
Space, as $ne thing, must be Simple (there is nothing more simple than $ne thing, and thus 5eality must
ultimately be Simple 2 which it is>#
8atter, as many Spherical Standing :a&es, interacts with all other matter in our finite spherical uni&erse
and these many trillions upon trillions of wa&e interactions are &ery complex (and allow the e&olution of
complex interconnected ecology of life that we ha&e here on !arth# 'lso see+
!&olutionE Iature $ne ?aia *osmos 2 /he Simple foundations of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and
the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explains both the *omplex !cology of 8atter in the %ni&erse and the
*omplex !cology of Aife on !arth (?aia#
6a&e
The Proble- of (pace and &atter B Uni,erse
#o* is (pace connected to &atter ! #o* does &atter interact
*ith all the other &atter in the Uni,erseH Uniting &atter B
Uni,erse, (ubject B Object, (elf B Other
,t has been a common error to thin0 of matter as tiny particles separate from the %ni&erse when in fact
matter, as spherical wa&es the si7e of the uni&erse, determines our finite spherical uni&erse within an infinite
space# /hus it is a nai&e real (illusion to thin0 of matter as 9particles9 and is founded on the empirical a
posteriori truth that we only see the wa&e2center or 9particle9 effect of matter and not the spherical ,n and
$ut wa&es which cause the 9particle9 effect# /his explains why we can see stars across the uni&erse because
matter is the si7e of the uni&erse and interacts with all the other matter in the uni&erse> 'nd this tells us that
we humans are also as large as the uni&erse (a &ery profound and until now 9mystical9 realisation# 'lbert
!instein realised this, he writes+
Physical ob)ects are not in space, but these ob)ects are spatially extended (as fields# ,n this way
the concept 9empty space9 loses its meaning# ### /he field thus becomes an irreducible element of
theory of Iewton# ### /he physical reality of space is represented by a field whose components
are continuous functions of four independent &ariables 2 the co2ordinates of space and time#
Since the theory of general relati&ity implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the
concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion# /he
particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are
particularly high# (Albert 'instein, 8etaphysics of 5elati&ity, 195<
, human bein& is part of the whole called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. @e experience
ourselves, our thou&hts and feelin&s as somethin& separate from the rest. , ind of optical delusion of
consciousness. This delusion is a ind of prison for us, restrictin& us to our personal desires and to
affection for a few persons nearest to us. =ur tas must be to free ourselves from the prison by widenin&
our circle of compassion to embrace all livin& creatures and the whole of nature in its beautyM The true
value of a human bein& is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which they have obtained
liberation from the self. M @e shall require a substantially new manner of thinin& if humanity is to survive.
>$l"ert .instein, (.3)?
/he current state of our world confirms that -umanity does need a profound new way of thin0ing# :e now
0now the correct foundations for how to thin0 about our existence in the uni&erse# Please don9t ignore this 2
it is critically important for our future sur&i&al#
?eoff -aselhurst#
;etaphysics Solves
6roblems of Science
=ne and the ;any
8ynamic 7nity of
<eality
,ristotle ;etaphysics
Substance 9
6roperties
Benedictus de
Spino/a
;etaphysics of ;otion
Sir +saac Eewton
,bsolute Space 5
6articles
Fottfried :eibni/
;etaphysics 5
;onadolo&y
8avid Kume
;etaphysics
Eecessary %onnection
+mmanuel Nant
;etaphysics
Synthetic a priori
Nnowled&e
,lbert Ainstein
#ield Theory of ;atter
;etaphysics of
Septicism
Septical 5 Septics
*uotes
Continuous ( .iscrete, )imple ( Comple>, )pace ( Matter- !ith The Metaphysics of
)pace and the #a"e )tructure of Matter
Amail this 6a&e to a #riendJ - Send a very cool philosophy 5 wisdom postcard - <SS
#aceboo %onnect
%onnect in an +nter-%onnected 7niverseJ
*onnect with ?eoff -aselhurst at (aceboo0 2 'dd as (riend

"In a time of universal deceit - telling the truth is a revolutionary act."
(George Orwell)
"Hell is ruth !een oo "ate."
(homas Ho##es)
Kelp Kumanity
"$ou must #e the change you wish to see in the world."
(%ohandas Gandhi)
"&hen forced to summari'e the general theory of relativity in one sentence( ime and
space and gravitation have no separate e)istence from matter. ... Physical objects are
not in space, but these objects are spatially extended. In this way the concept *empty
space* loses its meaning. ... he particle can only appear as a limited region in space in
which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high. ...
he free, unhampered exchange of ideas and scientific conclusions is necessary for the
sound development of science, as it is in all spheres of cultural life. ... &e must not
conceal from ourselves that no improvement in the present depressing situation is possi#le without a severe
struggle+ for the handful of those who are really determined to do something is minute in comparison with
the mass of the lu,ewarm and the misguided. ...
Humanity is going to need a substantially new way of thinking if it is to survive!" (Albert instein)
$ur world is in great trouble due to human beha&iour founded on myths and customs that are
causing the destruction of Iature and climate change# :e can now deduce the most simple
science theory of reality 2 the wa&e structure of matter in space# .y understanding how we and
e&erything around us are interconnected in Space we can then deduce solutions to the
fundamental problems of human 0nowledge in physics, philosophy, metaphysics, theology, education,
health, e&olution and ecology, politics and society#
/his is the profound new way of thin0ing that !instein realised, that we exist as spatially extended structures
of the uni&erse 2 the discrete and separate body an illusion# /his simply confirms the intuitions of the
ancient philosophers and mystics#
?i&en the current censorship in physics " philosophy of science )ournals (based on the standard model of
particle physics " big bang cosmology the internet is the best hope for getting new 0nowledge 0nown to the
world# .ut that depends on you, the people who care about science and society, realise the importance of
truth and reality#
,t is easy to help 2 )ust clic0 on the social networ0 sites (below or grab a nice image " quote you li0e and
add it to your fa&ourite blog, wi0i or forum# :e are listed as one of the top philosophy sites on the ,nternet
(J<<,<<< page &iews " wee0 and ha&e a wonderful collection of 0nowledge from the greatest minds in
human history, so people will appreciate your contributions# /han0s> ?eoff -aselhurst 2 Qarene -owie 2
!mail
Metaphysics& .a"id ;ume
)olution to .a"id ;ume1s Problem of Causation and ecessary
Connection by e>plaining the interconnected Motion of Matter in )pace
,t appears that, in single instances of the operation of bodies, we ne&er can, by our
utmost scrutiny, disco&er any thing but one e&ent following another, without being able
to comprehend any force or power by which the cause operates, or any connexion
between it and its supposed effect# /he same difficulty occurs in contemplating the
operations of mind on body2 where we obser&e the motion of the latter to follow upon
the &olition of the former, but are not able to obser&e or concei&e the tie which binds
together the motion and &olition, or the energy by which the mind produces this effect#
/he authority of the will o&er its own faculties and ideas is not a whit more
comprehensibleE So that, upon the whole, there appears not, throughout all nature, any
one instance of connexion which is concei&able by us# 'll e&ents seem entirely loose
and separate# $ne e&ent follows another+ but we ne&er can obser&e any tie between
them# /hey seemed con)oined, but ne&er connected# 'nd as we can ha&e no idea of any thing which ne&er
appeared to our outward sense or inward sentiment, the necessary conclusion seems to be that we ha&e no
idea of connexion or force at all, and that these words are absolutely without meaning, when employed
either in philosophical reasonings or common life# (0a,id #u-e, 17K7
'ntroduction to .a"id ;ume
/he Philosopher @a&id -ume is famous for ma0ing us reali7e that until we 0now the Iecessary
*onnection"*ause of things then all human 0nowledge is uncertain, merely a habit of thin0ing based upon
repeated obser&ation (induction, and which depends upon the future being li0e the past#
:e should respect -ume9s open mind, which is necessary if we are to e&er consider new ideas and thus
ad&ance -uman 0nowledge#
, cannot find, , cannot imagine any such reasoning# .ut , 0eep my mind still open to instruction, if any one
will &ouchsafe to bestow it upon me# (0a,id #u-e, 17K7
, must confess that a man is guilty of unpardonable arrogance who concludes, because an argument has
escaped his own in&estigation, that therefore it does not really exist# , must also confess that, though all the
learned, for se&eral ages, should ha&e employed themsel&es in fruitless search upon any sub)ect, it may still,
perhaps, be rash to conclude positi&ely that the sub)ect must, therefore, pass all human comprehension#
(0a,id #u-e, 17K7
/he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 simply explains the
necessary connection of matter (cause and effect due to the interconnection (and changing &elocity of the
Spherical ,n and $ut2wa&es with all the other matter in the uni&erse#
.a"id ;ume1s Problem of Causation and ecessary Connection
+and thus 'nduction-
#u-e?s Proble- of Causation has remained unsol&ed for ;5< years (Ieither >ant nor Popper positi&ely
sol&ed it> and this lac0 of certainty, at the &ery heart of -uman Scientific Qnowledge, has greatly
pre)udiced our belief in the possibility of 8etaphysics and the certainty of Science, and has ultimately led to
the extreme s0epticism (Post-odernis- of our currently troubled and confused times# ,t is a delight to
read 0a,id #u-e, who writes brilliantly 2 beautifully blending clarity, content and style# 's his s0ills far
exceed my own, , shall gladly limit myself to ordering and presenting his words and ideas, such that , may
clearly demonstrate his Problem of *ausation (and as a consequence, ,nduction# 8ost importantly though,
by doing this it becomes possible to show how these profound problems can now, finally, be sensibly
sol&ed#
,t must certainly be allowed, that nature has 0ept us at a great distance from all her secrets, and has afforded
us only the 0nowledge of a few superficial qualities of ob)ects+ while she conceals from us those powers and
principles on which the influence of those ob)ects entirely depends# (#u-e, 17K7
:hen we loo0 about us towards external ob)ects, and consider the operation of causes, we are ne&er able, in
a single instance, to disco&er any power or necessary connexion+ any quality, which binds the effect to the
cause, and renders the one an infallible consequence of the other# (#u-e, 17K7
### experience only teaches us, how one e&ent constantly follows another+ without instructing us in the secret
connexion, which binds them together, and renders them inseparable# (#u-e, 17K7
:e then call the one ob)ect, *ause+ the other, !ffect# :e suppose that there is some connexion between
them+ some power in the one, by which it infallibly produces the other, and operates with the greatest
certainty and strongest necessity# (#u-e, 17K7
, say then, that, e&en after we ha&e experience of the operations of cause and effect, our conclusions from
that experience are not founded on (a priori reasoning, or any process of the understanding#(#u-e, 17K7
,t is allowed on all hands that there is no 0nown connexion between the sensible qualities and the secret
powers+ and consequently, that the mind is not led to form such a conclusion concerning their constant and
regular con)unction, by anything which it 0nows of their nature#(#u-e, 17K7
#u-e correctly explains that -umans do not 0now the 9Iecessary *onnexion9 between ob)ects and thus do
not 0now the relationship between *ause and !ffect# /his quite simply is the Proble- of Causation2 that
until we 0now 9what exists9 and the 9necessary connexions9 between these things that exist, then it is
impossible for -umanity to ha&e certainty of 0nowledge#
/his then leads to the further Proble- of Induction, for if we do not 0now the a priori cause of e&ents then
we ha&e no Principles from which to logically deduce our conclusions# :e are left simply obser&ing that
one e&ent follows another and seems connected, but we do not 0now how or why, thus we must depend
upon repeated obser&ation (,nduction to determine the laws of Iature (the current state of 8odern Physics
and hence tacitly assuming (without reason that the future is li0e the past# (,t is simply a habit of thin0ing to
connect two e&ents which seem to occur in con)unction and necessarily assumes that the future will be li0e
the past
##all arguments concerning existence are founded on the relation of cause and effect+ that our 0nowledge of
that relation is deri&ed entirely from experience+ and all our experimental conclusions proceed upon the
supposition that the future will be conformable to the past# #### :ithout the influence of custom, we should
be entirely ignorant of e&ery matter of fact beyond what is immediately present to the memory and senses#
(#u-e, 17K7
, shall &enture to affirm, as a general proposition, which admits of no exception, that the 0nowledge of this
relation is not, in any instance, attained by reasonings a priori+ but arises entirely from experience, when we
find that any particular ob)ects are constantly con)oined with each other# (#u-e, 17K7
,t is impossible, therefore, that any arguments from experience can pro&e this resemblance of the past to the
future+ since all these arguments are founded on the supposition of that resemblance# Aet the course of
things be allowed hitherto e&er so regular+ that alone, without some new argument or inference, pro&es not
that, for the future, it will continue so# (#u-e, 17K7
The Metaphysics of )pace $ Motion )ol"es ;ume1s Problem of Causation ( ecessary
Connection
Aet us now apply our 0nowledge of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the :a&e Structure of 8atter
(:S8 to this greatest of all -uman intellectual problems, #u-e?s Proble- of Causation and 5ecessary
Connection, which can only be sol&ed by understanding how &atter ')ists and is interconnected *ithin
this (pace of the Uni,erse#
(irst, #u-e agrees that there ob&iously is a 9necessary connexion9 between ob)ects (8atter in Space# /his
is ob&ious by the fact that Physics is able to describe many e&ents with mathematical precision# /hus if we
had 0nowledge of this 9secret connexion9 or (orce we could accurately predict (logically deduce the future
(from cause to effect without need of induction from repeated obser&ation and thus ha&ing to assume the
future is li0e the past#
,t is uni&ersally allowed that matter, in all its operations, is actuated by a necessary force, and that e&ery
natural effect is so precisely determined by the energy of its cause that no other effect, in such particular
circumstances, could possibly ha&e resulted from it# (#u-e, 17K7
/he generality of man0ind ne&er find any difficulty in accounting for the more common and familiar
operations of nature 2 such as the descent of hea&y bodies, the growth of plants, the generation of animals,
or the nourishment of bodies by foodE .ut suppose that, in all these cases, they percei&e the &ery force or
energy of the cause, by which it is connected with its effect, and is for e&er infallible in its operation#
(#u-e, 17K7
(rom the first appearance of an ob)ect, we ne&er can con)ecture what effect will result from it# .ut were the
power or energy of any cause disco&erable by the mind, we could foresee the effect, e&en without
experience+ and might, at first, pronounce with certainty concerning it, by mere dint of thought and
reasoning# (#u-e, 17K7
Iow it seems e&ident that, if this conclusion were formed by reason, it would be as perfect at first, and upon
one instance, as after e&er so long a course of experience# (#u-e, 17K7
/his question , propose as much for the sa0e of information, as with an intention of raising difficulties# ,
cannot find, , cannot imagine any such reasoning# .ut , 0eep my mind still open to instruction, if any one
will &ouchsafe to bestow it upon me# (#u-e, 17K7
/he solution to #u-e?s Proble- of Causation is realised by understanding how 8atter !xists in Space as
a Spherical Standing :a&e whose (ocal Point creates the 9Particle9 !ffect of 8atter# So now that we 0now
the /wo (undamental Principles of the :S8, we understand the *ause of the 9Particle9 !ffect, and thus we
can logically deduce the 8otion of the (ocal Point (9Particle9# .y simply considering how the 6elocity of
the Spherical ,n2:a&e changes as it flows in through other matter in the Space around it, we can thus
logically determine where those Spherical ,n2:a&es will meet at their (ocal Point thus we can determine
the future motion of the 9Particle9 !ffect# So let us re2&isit -ume9s simple problem of why a stone falls to the
earth+
:ould we, therefore, form a )ust and precise idea of necessity, we must consider whence that idea arises
when we apply it to the operation of bodies# ### ' stone or piece of metal raised into the air, and left without
any support, immediately fallsE but to consider the matter a priori, is there anything we disco&er in this
situation which can beget the idea of a downward, rather than an upward, or any other motion, in the stone
of metalF (#u-e, 17K7
(irstly, we must realise that the stone exists as many trillions of Spherical (!llipsoidal Standing :a&es
whose :a&e2*enters"(ocal Points are trapped together resonating together in the Space that we call the
8atter of the stone# /hus the reason why the stone falls to the !arth is simply because of Principle /wo# i#e#
/he Spherical (!llipsoidal ,n2:a&es tra&el more slowly through the higher mass2energy density of Space
that we call the matter of !arth than they do in the opposite direction from Space through the !arth9s
atmosphere# /his causes the (ocal Point (where the Spherical ,n2:a&es meet at their :a&e2*enters to
mo&e (accelerate towards the earth2 which we see as the stone falling# /hus as -ume demanded, we ha&e
replaced ,nducti&e Aogic from repeated obser&ation of !ffects with @educti&e Aogic from the /wo
Principles of the :S8, which demonstrate the *ause of the 9Particle9 !ffect#
The (olution to #u-e?s ?Proble- of Induction?
(or the most part, attempts to sol&e the problem of induction ha&e ta0en the form of trying to fit inducti&e
arguments into a deducti&e mould# (Ayer, 195J
(inally, why does Induction wor0, why is the future li0e the pastF ('nd it is ob&ious that it is else all our
science would be nonsense#
:ithout /rue Qnowledge of 5eality it is impossible to understand cause and effect 2 we are simply limited
to describing the effects of things upon us, without understanding the cause of these effects# 's we did not
0now how matter interacted with other matter in the Space around it (action2at2a2distance we consequently
did not understood how our human senses were connected to the world of ob)ects in Space around us and
thus what caused the percei&ed effects of our senses#
/his lac0 of 0nowledge then leads to (what Popper termed #u-e?s ?Proble- of Induction?# /his problem
can again be demonstrated using #u-e?s simple example of dropping a stone such that when , let go of the
stone it falls to earth# , can then repeat this experiment any number of times but despite this number of
repetitions does this logically (inducti&ely infer that the stone must fall the next time , let it go# #u-e
argued that it does not, that it is simply a habit of thin0ing and that it is quite possible that at some stage in
the future the stone will not fall# /his leads to the reali7ation that the logic of induction depends upon
repeated obser&ation and thus the assumption that the future is li0e the past# 's #u-e explains though+
/he supposition that the future resembles the past, is not founded on arguments of any 0ind, but is deri&ed
entirely from habit#(#u-e, 17K7
/hus #u-e?s s<epticis- is &alid and has subsequently plagued Philosophy and the sciences with a terribly
destructi&e doubt and a fertile en&ironment for all 0inds of absurdity and mysticism# %ltimately all science
depends upon obser&ation of the world for its 0nowledge, and thus -ume9s problem of induction must be
sol&ed if we are to ha&e certainty of 0nowledge# 's Ayer explains of the philosophical s0eptic+
### his contention is that any inference from past to future is illegitimate ### that it is to be doubted whether
the exercise of sense2perception can in any circumstances whate&er afford proof of the existence of physical
ob)ects# (Ayer, 195J
/he solution to this profound problem is in two parts and is beautiful in its simplicity#
i $nce we understand reality, then we understand the necessary connection of cause of the effect# /hus we
no longer depend upon repeated obser&ation to inducti&ely deduce that the stone falls when we let it go, for
we can now use deducti&e logic from first principles to deduce that the stone falls to the earth because its ,n2
:a&es are tra&eling more slowly through the Space of the !arth#
ii :e can also explain why the future is li0e the past because the ,n2:a&es (our future after flowing
through the :a&e2*enter (our present become the $ut2:a&es (our past and thus the future causes the past
and must therefore be li0e the past# /his then explains why we can trust inducti&e reasoning, for its
assumption that the future is li0e the past is &alid, and this also then explains why science has been so
successful e&en though it was founded on an inducti&e logic whose &alidity until now could not be shown to
be true#
Iow the s0eptic can still argue that while , may ha&e replaced induction with deduction, nonetheless , still
depend upon induction, i#e# upon repeated obser&ation of e&ents, to confirm the truth of the deducti&e
theory#
/his is true, but , then can )ustify this use of induction to support deduction, by showing that this wa&e
theory of matter explains why the future is similar to the past, and therefore deduce that induction is &alid#
Poppers egati"e )olution to the ;ume1s Problem of 'nduction
Popper9s negati&e solution to the problem of induction (that all truth is e&ol&ing, we can ne&er 0now the
'bsolute /ruth, but only 0now what is false through scientific method is correct while we do not 0now the
necessary connection between things (e#g# cause and effect# *on&ersely, Popper9s problem of induction is
sol&ed once we sol&e -ume9s 8etaphysical problem of *ausation and hence understand the 9necessary
connexions9 between 9what exists9# 's Popper himself confirms+
(>arl Popper, 1975 /here could easily be a little quarrel about the question which is the deeper problem+
-ume9s Problem of *ausation, or what , ha&e called the Problem of ,nduction#
$ne could argue that if the proble- of causation *ere positi,ely sol,ed 2 if we could show the existence
of a necessary lin0 between cause and effect 2 the proble- of induction *ould also be sol,ed, and
positi&ely# /hus one might say, the problem of causation is the deeper problem#
, argue the other way roundE the problem of induction is negati&ely sol&ed+ we can ne&er )ustify the truth of
a belief in a regularity# .ut we constantly use regularities, as con)ectures, as hypotheses+ and we ha&e good
reasons sometimes for preferring certain con)ectures to some of their competitors#
,t is through the falsification of our suppositions that we actually get in touch with 9reality9# ,t is the
disco&ery and elimination of our errors which alone constitute that 9positi&e9 experience which we gain from
reality#
.ut should there exist something li0e the correspondence of a theory to the facts, then this would ob&iously
be more important than mere self2consistency, and certainly also more important than coherence with any
earlier 90nowledge9 (or 9belief9+ for if a theory corresponds to the facts but does not cohere with some earlier
0nowledge, then this earlier <no*ledge should be discarded.
,t is important to explain and sol&e -ume and thus Popper, because currently many scientists belie&e that
/ruth is always an approximation which is constantly e&ol&ing# ,n fact this is not the case, the solution to
the Problem of 8etaphysics is a final solution, an 'bsolute and !ternal /ruth # Space and its wa&e motions
will always exist, as will the truth of this reality#
Metaphysics& .a"id ;ume
)olution to .a"id ;ume1s Problem of Causation and ecessary
Connection by e>plaining the interconnected Motion of Matter in )pace
;etaphysics Solves =ne and the ;any ,ristotle ;etaphysics Benedictus de Sir +saac Eewton
6roblems of Science 8ynamic 7nity of
<eality
Substance 9
6roperties
Spino/a
,bsolute Space 5
6articles
Fottfried :eibni/
;etaphysics 5
;onadolo&y
8avid Kume
;etaphysics
+mmanuel Nant
;etaphysics
Synthetic a priori
Nnowled&e
,lbert Ainstein
;etaphysics of
Septicism
Septical 5 Septics
*uotes
#aceboo %onnect

(George Orwell)
(homas Ho##es)
Metaphysics& 'mmanuel *ant
)ummary of 'mmanuel *ant1s Metaphysics8 From *antian 'dealism to
%ealism of )pace $ the #a"e )tructure of Matter8 Metaphysics of )pace
and Motion +not Time- as )ynthetic a priori Foundations8
,f we ta0e away the sub)ect (-umans, or e&en only the sub)ecti&e constitution of our
senses in general, then not only the nature and relations of ob)ects in space and time,
but e&en space and time themsel&es disappear+ and that these, as appearances, cannot
exist in themsel&es, but only in us# :hat may be the nature of ob)ects considered as
things in the-sel,es and without reference to the recepti&ity of our sensibility is quite
un0nown to us# Iot only are the raindrops mere appearances, but e&en their circular
form, nay, the space itself through which they fall, is nothing in itself, but both are
mere modifications or fundamental dispositions of our sensible intuition, whilst the transcendental ob)ect
remains for us utterly un0nown# (I--anuel >ant, Criti3ue of Pure $eason, 17=1
P8etaphysics is a dar0 ocean without shores or lighthouse, strewn with many a philosophic wrec0#P
(,mmanuel Qant
'ntroduction to 'mmanuel *ant1s Metaphysics
I--anuel >ant is the most famous metaphysicist of western philosophy, and there is no doubt that his
9*ritique of Pure 5eason9 is the most comprehensi&e analysis of 8etaphysics since 'ristotle9s pioneering
wor0 which founded this sub)ect#
%nfortunately for humanity, Qant made one small and yet fundamental mista0e# 'nd this error led to the
belief that we could ne&er 0now reality (the thing in itself, only our ideas of reality which were necessarily
incomplete#
(irstly, Qant is correct that Space is a priori, or first necessary for us to ha&e senses (which are a
posteriori#
Iatural science (physics contains in itself synthetical )udgments a priori, as principles# ... (pace then is a
necessary representation a priori, which ser&es for the foundation of all external intuitions# (I--anuel
>ant, Criti3ue of Pure $eason, 17=1
-is error is to assume that /ime is also a priori or necessary for us to sense the motion of matter 9particles9
in Space# -e writes+
/here are two pure forms of sensible intuition, as principles of 0nowledge a priori, namely space and time#
(>ant, 17=1
'nd from this he concludes that because Space and /ime cannot be united, they must both be merely ideas#
-is error can be found in the following quote where he writes+
### e&en that of motion, which unites in itself both elements (Space and /ime, presuppose something
empirical# 8otion, for example, presupposes the perception of something mo&able# .ut space considered
in itself contains nothing -o,able+ consequently motion must be something which is found in space only
through experience 2in other words, is an empirical datum# (>ant, 17=1
Please read this quote se&eral times, for it contains an error that has had profound repercussions for
humanity# /he errorF /hat ?space considered in itself contains nothing -o,able?# 'nd this error then
leads Qant to conclude that+
##in respect to the form of appearances, much may be said a priori, whilst of the thing in itself, which may
lie at the foundation of these appearances, it is impossible to say anything# (>ant, 17=1
Metaphysics of )pace and Motion +not Time- as )ynthetic a priori
/he solution to Qant9s error is to realise that the exact opposite is true, that (pace considered in itself
contains *a,e -otions, i#e# Space physically exists as a substance with the properties of a wa&e medium
and contains wa&e motions#
Qant9s error is ob&ious in hindsight, because he followed Iewton, and thus was conditioned into thin0ing
that motion applied to matter 9particles9 in space and time# /hus 9empty space9 had no 9particles9 thus motion
could not exist#
/he solution is found by replacing the particle conception of -atter in space and ti-e *ith the *a,e
structure of -atter in space#
/hus the two pure forms of sensible intuition, as principles of 0nowledge a priori, are namely (pace and
(*a,e) &otion 2 that we must place in this a priori concept of Space the correct meaning 2 that Space is a
wa&e2medium and contains within it a second thing, wa&e motions of space that form matter (i#e# synthetic a
priori 0nowledge#
/hus we mo&e from the 8etaphysics of Space and /ime to the 8etaphysics of Space and (wa&e 8otion
and finally unite these two things that gi&e rise to all other things, as the wa&e structure of matter in Space
explains#
,t is also important to understand 'ristotle9s conception of metaphysics 2 he was &ery close to the truth as
the following quotes demonstrate (, thin0 'ristotle was the most brilliant of all philosophers#
/he first philosophy (8etaphysics is uni&ersal and is exclusi&ely concerned with primary substance# ### 'nd
here we will ha&e the science to study that which is )ust as that which is, both in its essence and in the
properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it has# ###
'bout its coming into being and its doings and about all its alterations we thin0 that we ha&e 0nowledge
when we 0now the source of its -o,e-ent# ...
-o,e-ent and rest# 'nd to see0 for this is to see0 for the second <ind of principle, that fro- *hich
co-es the beginning of the change# ###
/here must then be a principle of such a 0ind that its substance is acti,ity# (Aristotle, KL<.*
'ristotle is correct, the substance is space, and it has properties of a wa&e medium for spherical standing
wa&e motions that form matter#
$nce we sol&e Qant9s misunderstanding of /ime being a priori rather than 8otion, (that the Spherical :a&e
&otion of (pace causes not only /ime, but also 8atter and (orces " (ields then we can describe 5eality
correctly from this new (and most simple 8etaphysical foundation#
(ig# 1 2 /he correct foundation is to describe
matter in terms of one thing 2 the +a,e &otion
of (pace# /hus motion applies to space, not
matter, i#e# the (wa&e motion of Space causes
matter, time and forces " fields (interconnection#
IoteE :e ha&e a page of wa&e diagrams that will help you &isualise the spherical standing wa&e structure of
matter (:S8 in space# .asically, we only see the high wa&e amplitude wa&e2center and ha&e been deluded
into thin0ing matter was made of tiny little 9particles9# ' &ery nai&e conception in hindsight 2 and quantum
physics was telling us all along that wa&es were central to light and matter interactions>

:ith this new synthesis of a priori meaning added to the concept of Space, we then find that the pre&ious
errors and contradictions (paradoxes simply disappear#
Iow this is a profound solution, for this error of 8atter 9particles9 mo&ing about in Space and /ime has now
existed for ;,5<< years, and has detrimentally influence such great minds as Schopenhauer, Iiet7sche,
8ach, and !instein, and has ultimately led to our current Postmodern S0epticism and confusion#
/he articles listed on the side of the page explain this in more detail# /he wa&e structure of matter in space
is simple sensible and ob&ious once 0nown#
?eoff -aselhurst
PS 2 ' few nice quotes from Qant# 'nd the main ,mmanuel Qant philosophy page is good if you wish to
understand this argument in more detail (which is profoundly important#
/his can ne&er become popular, and, indeed, has no occasion to be so+ for fine2spun
arguments in fa&our of useful truths ma0e )ust as little impression on the public mind as
the equally subtle ob)ections brought against these truths# $n the other hand, since both
ine&itably force themsel&es on e&ery man who rises to the height of speculation, it
becomes the manifest duty of the schools to enter upon a thorough in&estigation of the
rights of speculati&e reason, and thus to pre&ent the scandal which metaphysical
contro&ersies are sure, sooner or later, to cause e&en to the masses# (I--anuel >ant,
Criti3ue of Pure $eason, 17=1
/ime was, when she (8etaphysics was the queen of all the sciences+ and, if we ta0e the will
for the deed, she certainly deser&es, so far as regards the high importance of her ob)ect2
matter, this title of honour# Iow, it is the fashion of the time to heap contempt and scorn
upon her+ and the matron mourns, forlorn and forsa0en, li0e -ecuba ## her empire gradually
bro0e up, and intestine wars introduced the reign of anarchy+ while the sceptics, li0e
nomadic tribes, who hate a permanent habitation and settled mode of li&ing, attac0ed from
time to time those who had organi7ed themsel&es into ci&il communities# .ut their number was, &ery
happily, small+ and thus they could not entirely put a stop to the exertions of those who persisted in raising
new edifices, although on no settled or uniform plan# (I--anuel >ant, Criti3ue of Pure $eason, 17=1
Metaphysics& 'mmanuel *ant
)ummary of 'mmanuel *ant1s Metaphysics8 From *antian 'dealism to
%ealism of )pace $ the #a"e )tructure of Matter8 Metaphysics of )pace
and Motion +not Time- as )ynthetic a priori Foundations8
;etaphysics Solves
6roblems of Science
=ne and the ;any
8ynamic 7nity of
<eality
,ristotle ;etaphysics
Substance 9
6roperties
Benedictus de
Spino/a
Sir +saac Eewton
,bsolute Space 5
6articles
Fottfried :eibni/
;etaphysics 5
;onadolo&y
8avid Kume
;etaphysics
+mmanuel Nant
;etaphysics
Synthetic a priori
Nnowled&e
,lbert Ainstein
;etaphysics of
Septicism
Septical 5 Septics
*uotes
#aceboo %onnect

(George Orwell)
(homas Ho##es)
Kelp Kumanity
"$ou must #e the change you wish to see in the world."
(%ohandas Gandhi)
"&hen forced to summari'e the general theory of relativity in one sentence( ime and
space and gravitation have no separate e)istence from matter. ... Physical objects are
not in space, but these objects are spatially extended. In this way the concept *empty
space* loses its meaning. ... he particle can only appear as a limited region in space in
which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high. ...
he free, unhampered exchange of ideas and scientific conclusions is necessary for the
sound development of science, as it is in all spheres of cultural life. ... &e must not
conceal from ourselves that no improvement in the present depressing situation is possi#le without a severe
struggle+ for the handful of those who are really determined to do something is minute in comparison with
the mass of the lu,ewarm and the misguided. ...
Humanity is going to need a substantially new way of thinking if it is to survive!" (Albert instein)
$ur world is in great trouble due to human beha&iour founded on myths and customs that are
causing the destruction of Iature and climate change# :e can now deduce the most simple
science theory of reality 2 the wa&e structure of matter in space# .y understanding how we and
e&erything around us are interconnected in Space we can then deduce solutions to the
fundamental problems of human 0nowledge in physics, philosophy, metaphysics, theology, education,
health, e&olution and ecology, politics and society#
/his is the profound new way of thin0ing that !instein realised, that we exist as spatially extended structures
of the uni&erse 2 the discrete and separate body an illusion# /his simply confirms the intuitions of the
ancient philosophers and mystics#
?i&en the current censorship in physics " philosophy of science )ournals (based on the standard model of
particle physics " big bang cosmology the internet is the best hope for getting new 0nowledge 0nown to the
world# .ut that depends on you, the people who care about science and society, realise the importance of
truth and reality#
,t is easy to help 2 )ust clic0 on the social networ0 sites (below or grab a nice image " quote you li0e and
add it to your fa&ourite blog, wi0i or forum# :e are listed as one of the top philosophy sites on the ,nternet
(J<<,<<< page &iews " wee0 and ha&e a wonderful collection of 0nowledge from the greatest minds in
human history, so people will appreciate your contributions# /han0s> ?eoff -aselhurst 2 Qarene -owie 2
!mail
"-ll that is necessary for evil to succeed is for good people to do nothing."
(Edmund .ur,e)
Metaphysics& 2lbert /instein
)implifying the Metaphysical foundations of 2lbert /instein1s Theory of
%elati"ity8 From /instein1s 9nified Field Theory of Matter +Continuous
)pherical Fields in )pace5Time- to the #a"e )tructure of Matter
+)pherical #a"es in Continuous space-8
'ntroduction
-i e&eryone# .elow you will find a short summary of 'lbert !instein9s comments on .ertrand 5ussell9s
/heory of Qnowledge# /his is important because it explains why a good understanding of metaphysics is
central for understanding physical reality#
/his is followed by two &ery good quotes on the importance of understanding the history of philosophy to
help us o&ercome the pre)udices of our time# 's he writesE
' 0nowledge of the historic and philosophical bac0ground gi&es that 0ind of independence from pre)udices
of his generation from which most scientists are suffering# ('lbert !instein
(inally there is a brief summary of the metaphysical foundation of 5elati&ity and lin0s to the main
5elati&ity articles#
?eoff -aselhurst
2lbert /instein 'ntroductory Quotes on Metaphysics +/instein %emar=s on Bertrand
%ussell1s Theory of *no!ledge-
,n the e,olution of philosophical thought through the centuries the following
question has played a ma)or roleE what 0nowledge is pure thought able to supply
independently of sense perceptionF ,s there any such 0nowledgeF ,f not, what
precisely is the relation between our 0nowledge and the raw material furnished by
sense impressionsF
/here has been an increasing s<epticis- concerning e&ery attempt by means of pure
thought to learn something about the 9ob)ecti&e world9, about the world of ?things? in
contrast to the world of 9concepts and ideas9# @uring philosophy9s childhood it was
rather generally belie&ed that it is possible to find e&erything which can be 0nown by
means of mere reflection# ,t was an illusion which anyone can easily understand if,
for a moment, he dismisses what he has learned from later philosophy and from
natural science+ he will not be surprised to find that Plato ascribed a higher reality to
9ideas9 than to empirically experienceable things# !&en in Spino7a and as late as in
-egel this pre)udice was the &italising force which seems still to ha&e played the
ma)or role#
/he more aristocratic illusion concerning the unlimited penetrati&e power of thought
has as its counterpart the more plebeian illusion of nai,e realis-, according to
which things 9are9 as they are percei&ed by us through our senses# /his illusion dominates the daily life of
men and of animals+ it is also the point of departure in all of the sciences, especially of the natural sciences#
's 5ussell wrote+
9:e all start from nai,e realis-, i#e#, the doctrine that things are what they seem# :e thin0 that grass is
green, that stones are hard, and that snow is cold# .ut physics assures us that the greenness of grass, the
hardness of stones, and the coldness of snow are not the greenness, hardness, and coldness that we 0now in
our own experience, but something &ery different# /he obser&er, when he seems to himself to be obser&ing a
stone, is really, if physics is to be belie&ed, obser&ing the effects of the stone upon himself#9
?radually the con&iction gained recognition that all <no*ledge about things
is exclusi&ely a wor0ing2o&er of the raw material furnished by the senses#
:alileo and #u-e first upheld this principle with full clarity and
decisi&eness# -ume saw that concepts which we must regard as essential,
such as, for example, causal connection, cannot be gained from material
gi&en to us by the senses# /his insight led him to a s0eptical attitude as
concerns 0nowledge of any 0ind# 8an has an intense desire for assured
0nowledge# /hat is why -ume9s clear message seemed crushingE the sensory
raw material, the only source of our 0nowledge,through habit may lead us to belief and expectation but not
to the 0nowledge and still less to the understanding of lawful relations#
/hen >ant too0 the stage with an idea which, though certainly untenable in the form in which he put it,
signified a step towards the solution of -ume9s dilemmaE whate&er in <no*ledge is of e-pirical origin is
ne&er certain# ,f, therefore, we ha&e definitely assured 0nowledge,it must be grounded in reason itself# /his
is held to be the case, for example, in the propositions of geometry and the principles of causality# /hese and
certain other types of 0nowledge are, so to spea0, a part of the implements of thin0ing and therefore do not
pre&iously ha&e to be gained from sense data (i#e# they are a priori 0nowledge#
/oday e&eryone 0nows, of course, that the mentioned concepts contain nothing of the
certainty, of the inherent necessity, which Qant had attributed to them# /he following,
howe&er, appears to me to be correct in Qant9s statement of the problemE in thin0ing we
use with a certain PrightP, concepts to which there is no access from the materials of
sensory experience, if the situation is &iewed from the logical point of &iew# 's a matter
of fact, , am con&inced that e&en much more is to be assertedE the concepts which arise in
our thought and in our linguistic expressions are all2 when &iewed logically2 the free
creations of thought which cannot inducti,ely be gained from sense e)periences# /his is not so easily
noticed only because we ha&e the habit of combining certain concepts and conceptual relations
(propositions so definitely with certain sense experiences that we do not become conscious of the gulf2
logically unbridgeable2 which separates the world of sensory experiences from the world of concepts and
propositions# /hus, for example, the series of integers is ob&iously an in&ention of the human mind, a self2
created tool which simplifies the ordering of certain sensory experiences# .ut there is no way in which this
concept could be made to grow, as it were, directly out of sense experiences#
's soon as one is at home in -ume9s critique one is easily led to belie&e that all those concepts and
propositions which cannot be deduced from the sensory raw material are, on account of their 9metaphysical9
character, to be remo&ed from thin0ing# (or all thought acquires material content only through its
relationship with that sensory material# /his latter proposition , ta0e to be entirely true+ but , hold the
prescription for thin0ing which is grounded on this proposition to be false# (or this claim2 if only carried
through consistently2 absolutely excludes thin0ing of any 0ind as 9metaphysical9#
,n order that thin0ing might not degenerate into 9metaphysics9, or into empty tal0, it is only necessary that
symbols according to (logically arbitrarily gi&en rules of the game# 'll this applies as much (and in the
same manner to the thin0ing in daily life as to the more consciously and systematically constructed
thin0ing in the sciences#
.y his clear critique #u-e did not only ad&ance philosophy in a decisi&e way but also 2
though through no fault of his 2 created a danger for philosophy in that, following his
critique, a fateful 9fear of -etaphysics9 arose which has come to be a -alady of
contemporary e-piricist philosophising+ this malady is the counterpart to that earlier
philosophising in the clouds, which thought it could neglect and dispense with what was
gi&en by the senses# ### ,t finally turns out that one can, after all, not get along *ithout
-etaphysics.
(Albert 'instein, 5emar0s on .ertrand 5ussell9s /heory of Qnowledge, ,deas and $pinions, 195L
, fully agree with you about the significance and educational &alue of methodology as well as
history and philosophy of science# So many people today 2 and e&en professional scientists 2
seem to me li0e somebody who has seen thousands of trees but has ne&er seen a forest# '
0nowledge of the historic and philosophical bac0ground gi&es that 0ind of independence from
pre)udices of his generation from which most scientists are suffering# /his independence
created by philosophical insight is 2 in my opinion 2 the mar0 of distinction between a mere artisan or
specialist and a real see0er after truth#
(Albert 'instein to 5obert '# /hornton, 7 @ecember 19LL, !' J1257L
-ow does it happen that a properly endowed natural scientist comes to concern himself with
epistemologyF ,s there no more &aluable wor0 in his specialtyF , hear many of my colleagues
saying, and , sense it from many more, that they feel this way# , cannot share this sentiment# ###
*oncepts that ha&e pro&en useful in ordering things easily achie&e such an authority o&er us
that we forget their earthly origins and accept them as unalterable gi&ens# /hus they come to be
stamped as 9necessities of thought,9 9a priori gi&ens,9 etc# /he path of scientific ad&ance is often made
impassable for a long time through such errors# (or that reason, it is by no means an idle game if we become
practiced in analy7ing the long common place concepts and exhibiting those circumstances upon which their
)ustification and usefulness depend, how they ha&e grown up, indi&idually, out of the gi&ens of experience#
.y this means, their all2too2great authority will be bro0en#
(Albert 'instein# 9!rnst 8ach#9 Physi0alische Meitschrift 17 (191JE 1<1, 1<; 2 ' memorial notice for the
philosopher, !rnst 8ach#
Metaphysical Foundations of 2lbert /instein1s Theory of %elati"ity
!instein (from (araday, 8axwell, Aorent7 represented matter as a continuous field in spacetime# !instein is
correct that there is no 9particle9 and matter is spherically spatially extended# -owe&er, the spherical 9force
field9 can be sensibly explained with the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter# :e reali7e that
forces are caused by a change in the &elocity of the spherical ,n2wa&e (from one direction as this changes
where these ,n2wa&es meet at the wa&e2center, which we obser&e as a 9force accelerating a particle9# /he
change in ellipsoidal shape of the ,n2wa&es is the cause of !instein9s 8etrics and the 5iemannian geometry
of ?eneral 5elati&ity#
/ime and space and gra&itation ha&e no separate existence from matter#
(Albert 'instein
Physical ob)ects are not in space, but these ob)ects are spatially extended (as
fields# ,n this way the concept 9empty space9 loses its meaning# ### /he field thus becomes an
irreducible element of physical description, irreducible in the same sense as the concept of
matter (particles in the theory of Iewton# ### /he physical reality of space is represented
by a field whose components are continuous functions of four independent &ariables 2 the co2
ordinates of space and time# Since the theory of general relati&ity implies the representation of physical
reality by a continuous field, the concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor
can the concept of motion# /he particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which the field
strength or the energy density are particularly high# (Albert 'instein, 8etaphysics of 5elati&ity, 195<
(George Orwell)
(homas Ho##es)
Physics= Albert 'instein?s Theory of $elati,ity
(i-plifying the &etaphysics of 'instein?s (pecial and :eneral
$elati,ity
/ime and space and gra&itation ha&e no separate existence from matter#
(Albert 'instein
Physical ob)ects are not in space, but these ob)ects are spatially extended (as
fields# ,n this way the concept 9empty space9 loses its meaning# ### /he field thus becomes an
irreducible element of physical description, irreducible in the same sense as the concept of
matter (particles in the theory of Iewton# ### /he physical reality of space is represented
by a field whose components are continuous functions of four independent &ariables 2 the co2
ordinates of space and time# Since the theory of general relati&ity implies the representation of physical
reality by a continuous field, the concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor
can the concept of motion# /he particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which the field
strength or the energy density are particularly high# (Albert 'instein, 8etaphysics of 5elati&ity, 195<
Physics constitutes a logical system of thought which is in a state of e&olution, whose basis
(principles cannot be distilled, as it were, from experience by an inducti&e method, but can
only be arri&ed at by free in&ention# /he )ustification (truth content of the system rests in the
&erification of the deri&ed propositions (a priori"logical truths by sense experiences (a
posteriori"empirical truths# ### !&olution is proceeding in the direction of increasing simplicity
of the logical basis (principles# ## :e must always be ready to change these notions 2 that is to say, the
axiomatic basis of physics 2 in order to do )ustice to percei&ed facts in the most perfect way logically#
(Albert 'instein, Physics and 5eality, 19KJ
+ntroduction to ,lbert Ainstein's Theory of <elativity - Eewton's ;echanics - Eewton 5 Time 6articles #orces
- Eewton 5 :i&ht - Eewton's :aw of +nertia - #araday A; #orce #ield - ;axwell's Aquations - :orent/ 5
Alectron - :orent/ Transformations - ,lbert Ainstein's Theory of <elativity - Special <elativity - Feneral
<elativity - Summary of Ainstein's <elativity - Top of 6a&e
Introduction
, am currently re2writing all the main pages on this website to simplify them " ma0e them a bit more human
friendly# , realise this page is quite long 2 but it contains a &ery good summary of the e&olution of Physics
and how this led to !instein9s theory of relati&ity# 8ost importantly it shows how we can simplify his
foundations of representing -atter as continuous fields in space!ti-e, to *a,es in continuous space# ,t is
actually a &ery simple ob&ious solution once realised 2 but li0e all things it ta0es a while to ad)ust to new
0nowledge# ,t does lead to a &ery simple sensible foundation for understanding physical reality, and thus
how you exist in the uni&erse# So , thin0 it is worth the effort>
?eoff -aselhurst
/he de&elopment during the present century is characteri7ed by two theoretical systems essentially
independent of each otherE the theory of relati&ity and the quantum theory# /he two systems do not directly
contradict each other+ but they seem little adapted to fusion into one unified theory# (or the time being we
ha&e to admit that we do not possess any general theoretical basis for physics which can be regarded as its
logical foundation# (Albert 'instein, 19L<
's is well 0nown, there are two fundamental theories which are the pillars of modern Physics 2 'lbert
!instein9s Special and ?eneral 5elati&ity (19<5, 1915 and Buantum /heory (19<<219K<# (urther, 'lbert
!instein9s ?eneral 5elati&ity (on ?ra&itation and accelerated motion then laid the foundations for modern
*osmology (as gra&ity is a phenomena that extends across the uni&erse 2 though we now realise that charge
also plays a significant role in the e&olution of the uni&erse#
Iow it is also uni&ersally 0nown that 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity /heory is famous for being
incomprehensible# 'nd it e&en seems that some scientists en)oy this incomprehensibility of the uni&erse#
-owe&er, philosophy teaches us that things become absurd when we ha&e errors in our language and
metaphysical foundations# /hus the solution is not to ha&e endless arguments (and amusements o&er these
absurdities, but rather, to go bac0 to the foundations and ensure that you ha&e not made any errors#
-a&ing done this, it is clear that there is in fact a
more simple way of describing reality than
!instein9s assumption of *ontinuous (ields in
Space2/ime# :hile !instein was correct in
re)ecting the 9particle9 concept we now realise that
the 9continuous field9 concept (i#e# (araday,
8axwell, Aorent7, and which !instein used in his
/heory of 5elati&ity is also incorrect#
,nstead, it is simpler (and sol&es many problems
to describe reality from $ne thing existing, Space,
and its Properties as a :a&e 8edium for
Spherical :a&es that form 8atter# /his is
explained in the articles listed at the top of this page#
So you will find our pages a little different than most, because we are describing reality (and thus explaining
'lbert !instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity from a slightly different foundation than the current paradigm of
?particles? and ?fields? in ?(pace!Ti-e?, to a more simple foundation of (pherical (tanding +a,es in
(pace# 'nd we are describing a theory that can now be sensibly understood (so if you want absurdity and its
sensations that postmodern physics seems to en)oy, this is not a good website for you#
/hough , am primarily a philosopher " metaphysicist , ha&e read !instein a great deal, he is probably the
philosopher " scientist whom , ha&e most affection for (and , do ha&e great affection for many
philosophers# 'nd one thing that !instein understood well was the importance of understanding the history
and e&olution of 0nowledge# 's a philosopher strongly influenced by e&olution, , cannot agree more, that it
is critical (and now neglected to study the history and e&olution of 0nowledge if we are to correctly
understand it, and thus ha&e any hope of correcting the errors (and there are clearly many errors in modern
physics, as there are in philosophy and metaphysics#
*ertainly, by understanding the foundation of 0nowledge in physics at the time !instein de&eloped his
theory of relati&ity, we can now easily understand why he chose the path of representing matter as
*ontinuous Spherical 9(ields9 in Space2/ime# 'nd of most significance we can now also understand how
there is a more simple solution, by describing matter in terms of Spherical :a&es in *ontinuous Space, that
clearly explains and sol&es the problems caused by !instein9s failure to find a pure 9field theory of matter9#
/hus we must begin by considering the e&olution of the main ideas and concepts that lay at the metaphysical
foundations of 'lbert !instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity# i#e# Iewton9s 8echanics (1J=7, (araday9s
!lectromagnetic (ield /heory (1=K;, 8axwell9s !quations (1=7J and Aorent79s /heory of the !lectron
(19<<# So this page follows their 0nowledge, which ma0es for an interesting little )ourney to read about>
'nd most of the summary comes from 'lbert !instein himself 2 so it is a &ery good quality " astute history
of physics> , hope you en)oy the )ourney#
?eoff -aselhurst
The Particle()pace .uality of e!ton1s Mechanics +3?6@-
:e begin with a &ery good summary of 'tomism, as their ultimate conclusion, that the 9particle9 is a
conceptual tool for the logical positi&ist " mathematical physicist, but does not physically exist, is absolutely
correct# ('s the Principles state, the 9particle9 effect is *aused by the :a&e2*enter of the Spherical Standing
:a&e#
'tomism arose as an explanatory scheme with the ancient ?ree0s (around L<<.*, Aeucippus and
@emocritus, and !picurus, and the 5oman poet, Aucretius# 't the most fundamental le&el atomism is the
belief that all phenomena are explicable in terms of the properties and beha&iour of ultimate, elementary,
locali7ed entities (or 9fundamental particles9# /hus it prescribes a strategy for the construction of scientific
theories in which the beha&iour of complex bodies is to be explained in terms of their component parts# /hat
strategy has led to many of the successes of modern physical science, though these do not pro&e that there
actually are 9ultimate entities9 of the type postulated by atomism#
/heir (the atomists analysis goes 9behind9 the appearance of minute, unchangeable and indestructible 9atoms9
separated by the emptiness of 9the &oid9# ,t is the &oid which is said to ma0e change and mo&ement possible#
'll apparent change is simply the result of rearrangements of the atoms as a consequence of collisions
between them# /his seems to lead to mechanical determinism, though, in an attempt to lea&e room for
freewill, !picurus and Aucretius postulated that atoms might 9de&iate9 in their courses#
<ead the article on #ree @ill
-owe&er if 9what exists9 is 9atoms9, what of the 9&oid9F ,n different ways both 'ristotle and @escartes denied
that there could be such a thing as literally 9empty space9# Physically therefore they saw the world as a
plenum# 'tomism was also associated with atheism, since as Aucretius put it, 9Iothing can e&er be created
out of nothing, e&en by di&ine power#9 *on&ersely no thing can e&er become nothing 2 so the atomists
proposed a strict principle of conser&ation of matter#
/he attempt of the ancient atomists to sol&e a metaphysical problem about the nature of change resulted in a
brilliantly fruitful strategy for the construction of theories in the physical sciences# -owe&er there are
unanswered philosophical ob)ections to atomism and the &ery successes it has stimulated suggest that 9the
stuff of the world9 cannot ultimately be understood in terms of atomism# ' thoroughgoing positi&ism will
continue to hold that 9atomic theories9 are simply de&ices for tal0ing about obser&able phenomena# (/he
*oncise !ncyclopedia of :estern Philosophy and Philosophers, 1991
:ith this understanding of the 9particle9 in mind, and with 'lbert !instein as our guide, we shall now
explain and sol&e Iewton9s 8echanics, and thus also appreciate how this theory profoundly (though
incorrectly shaped the face of modern physics#
)ir 'saac e!ton Concepts of Time, Particles, and Forces
+'nstant 2ction5at5a5.istance-
Aet us now consider two &ery famous quotes from Iewton on absolute Space and /ime# Iewton9s
comments on 'bsolute Space being the foundations of the 5elati&e 8otions of 8atter in Space is absolutely
correct and &ery astute as Iewton effecti&ely predicts the e&olution of relati&ity 2 that it is easier to measure
the motion of matter relati&e to other matter, rather than to Space itself>
'bsolute Space, in its own nature, without regard to any thing external, remains always similar and
immo&able# 5elati&e Space is some mo&eable dimension or measure of the absolute spaces+ which our
senses determine, by its position to bodies+ and which is &ulgarly ta0en for immo&able space#
### 'nd so instead of absolute places and motions, we use relati&e ones+ and that without any incon&enience
in common affairs+ but in Philosophical disquisitions, we ought to abstract from our senses, and consider
things themsel&es, distinct from what are only sensible measures of them# (or it may be that there is no
body really at rest, to which the places and motions of others may be referred#
### 'bsolute, /rue, and 8athematical /ime, of itself, and from its own nature flows equably without regard
to any thing external, and by another name is called @urationE 5elati&e, 'pparent, and *ommon /ime is
some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable measure of @uration by the means of motion,
which is commonly used instead of /rue time+ such as an -our, a @ay, a 8onth, a Near#
### (or the natural days are truly unequable, though they are commonly consider9d as equal, and used for a
measure of timeE 'stronomers correct this inequality for their more accurate deducing of the celestial
motions# ,t may be, that there is no such thing as an equable motion, whereby time may be accurately
measured# 'll motions may be accelerated and retarded, but the /rue, or equable progress, of 'bsolute time
is liable to no change# /he duration or perse&erance of the existence of things remains the same, whether the
motions are swift or slow, or none at all# (5e*ton, 1J=7
Iewton is also largely correct that /ime is intimately connected to 8otion, for /ime is ultimately caused by
the :a&e28otions of Space# ,t is also correct to assume an absolute /ime (li0e B/ rather than 5elati&ity
such that we ha&e a constant reference to measure the changing &elocity of wa&e2motion# -owe&er, /ime
does not exist as a 9thing in itself9 as Iewton thought>
'lbert !instein explains Iewton9s 8echanics lucidly and logicaly (as reflects the greatness of 'lbert
!instein#
/he first attempt to lay a uniform theoretical foundation was the wor0 of Iewton# ,n his system e&erything
is reduced to the following conceptsE
i 8ass points with in&ariable mass
ii ,nstant action2at2a2distance between any pair of mass points
iii Aaw of motion for the mass point#
Physical e&ents, in Iewton9s &iew, are to be regarded as the motions, go&erned by fixed laws, of material
points in space# /his theoretical scheme is in essence an atomistic and mechanistic one# /here was not,
strictly spea0ing, any all2embracing foundation, because an explicit law was only formulated for the actions2
at2a2distance of gra&itation+ while for other actions2at2a2distance nothing was established a priori except the
law of equality of actio and reactio# 8oreo&er, Iewton himself fully reali7ed that time and space were
essential elements, as physically effecti&e factors, of his system# (Albert 'instein, 19L<
:e now realise his ob&ious error was to introduce discrete 9particles9 with 8otion, rather than the 8otion of
Space itself, i#e# Spherical Standing :a&e 8otion, which creates the 9particle effect9 at its :a&e2*enter#
Iewton9s endea&ours to represent his system as necessarily conditioned by experience and to introduce the
smallest possible number of concepts not directly referable to empirical ob)ects is e&erywhere e&ident+ in
spite of this he set up the concept of absolute space and absolute time# (or this he has often been critici7ed
in recent years#
/herefore, in addition to masses and temporally &ariable distances, there must be something else that
determines motion# /hat something he ta0es to be relation to absolute space# -e is aware that space must
possess a 0ind of physical reality if his laws of motion are to ha&e any meaning, a reality of the same sort as
material points and their distances# (Albert 'instein, 195L
's stated in the first chapter, 'lbert !instein considered matter to be spatially extended (and represented by
Spherical (orce (ields thus he did not belie&e in the existence of a fundamental Space or /ime that was
separate from 8atter# 's with Aeibni7 and 8ach, 'lbert !instein belie&ed that all motion of matter in Space
could instead be understood as motion of matter relati&e to other matter, thus the concept of an absolute
Space became unnecessary#
,n Iewtonian physics the elementary theoretical concept on which the theoretical description of material
bodies is based is the material point, or particle# /hus matter is considered a priori to be discontinuous# /his
ma0es it necessary to consider the action of material points on one another as action2at2a2distance# Since the
latter concept seems quite contrary to e&eryday experience, it is only natural that the contemporaries of
Iewton 2 and indeed Iewton himself 2 found it difficult to accept# $wing to the almost miraculous success
of the Iewtonian system, howe&er, the succeeding generations of physicists became used to the idea of
action2at2a2distance# 'ny doubt was buried for a long time to come# (Albert 'instein, 195<
/he solution though is ob&ious once 0nown 2 to discard the discrete particle in Space and replace it with the
Spherical Standing :a&e (SS: in Space# /hen instant action2at2a2distance between discrete particles
becomes action2at2a2distance between the ,n and $ut2:a&es of the :a&e2*enters 9particles9 in Space#
/his leads to a clear understanding of how matter interacts with other matter at2a2distance in Space, as it is
the interaction of the ,n2:a&es and $ut2:a&es with other SS:s (and particularly their :a&e2*enters that
explains all matter to matter interactions in Space# /hese interactions are limited by the &elocity of the ,n2
:a&es and $ut2:a&es which is the &elocity of light c# /hus actions2at2a2distance are not instantaneous as
Iewton had assumed, but are limited by the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es (&elocity of light c, as 'lbert !instein
realised#
$n the other hand, with respect to an absolute Space, it is one purpose of this article to show that in fact
Iewton was correct, there does exist a fundamental physical Space which acts as a wa&e medium and
necessarily connects all things# Iewton9s error was to further assume the existence of the motion of material
particles in this Space, rather than the (Spherical :a&e28otion of Space itself#
Iewton9s error, of assuming too many existents, leads to two insurmountable problems+
a? Kow does matter exist as a discrete particle in Space and move throu&h the
Space around itH
's .orn explains+
$ne ob&ious ob)ection to the hypothesis of an elastic 'ether (Space arises from the necessity of ascribing
to it the great rigidity it must ha&e to account for the high &elocity of :a&es# Such a substance would
necessarily offer resistance to the motion of hea&enly bodies, particularly to that of planets# 'stronomy has
ne&er detected departures from Iewton9s Aaws of 8otion that would point to such a resistance# (;orn,
19;L
:hile .orn is correct that Space is &ery rigid and this explains the high :a&e26elocity, he (along with most
physicists mista0enly assumes that separate 9particles9 exist in this Space, and thus it is inconcei&able that
Space itself can exist as it would resist the motion of these particles# /he ob&ious solution is to replace the
concept of matter existing as discrete particles with matter existing as Spherical Standing :a&es in this
Space, thus the motion of the particle becomes the apparent motion of successi&e :a&e2*enters#
b? Kow do these discrete particles &ravitationally act-at-a-distance with other
particles separate in SpaceH
Iewton simply assumed that discrete particles could act instantly on other particles at2a2distance in Space
(Iewton9s instantaneous action2at2a2distance though he was well aware of this problem as he explains in
his famous letter to .entley+
,t is inconcei&able that inanimate brute matter should, without mediation of something else which is not
matter, operate on and affect other matter without mutual contact# ### /hat gra&ity should be innate, inherent
and essential to matter, so that one body may act upon another at2a2distance, through a &acuum, without the
mediation of anything else by and through which their action may be con&eyed from one to another, is to me
so great an absurdity that , belie&e no man, who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of
thin0ing, can e&er fall into it#
So far , ha&e explained the phenomena by the force of gra&ity, but , ha&e not yet ascertained the cause of
gra&ity itself# ### and , do not arbitrarily in&ent hypotheses# (5e*ton# Aetter to 5ichard .entley ;5 (eb#
1J9K
'ction2at2a2distance has pu77led philosophers and physicists since Iewton first assumed instantaneous
action2at2a2distance for gra&itational 8ass# (or if matter is assumed to be a tiny particle, how could it
interact (instantly> with other matter at a distance in Space (across the entire uni&erseF
(or example, how do we, here on earth, sense the heat and light from the sun so distant in SpaceF :e now
reali7e that matter is not small, it is large# ,ndeed 'lbert !instein was &ery close to the truth 2 matter is
spherically spatially extended, thus as we ha&e said, Iewton9s instant action2at2a2distance from a particle
becomes action2at2a2distance from the :a&e2*enter of Spherical Standing :a&es in Space, due to the
interaction and change in &elocity of their ,n and $ut2:a&es#
(i#e# 's a consequence of Principle /wo, the ,n2:a&es of the Spherical Standing :a&e in Space interact
with other SS:s in Space (particularly their high :a&e2'mplitude"@ensity :a&e2*enters as they flow in
through them and change their &elocity accordingly# /his determines where each successi&e ,n2:a&e will
ultimately meet at their respecti&e :a&e2*enter (i#e# the future position of the :a&e2*enter " 9particle9
which causes the apparent motion (acceleration of the 9particle9# /his then explains action2at2a2distance
(from the :a&e2*enter and why it is not instantaneous, but rather, is limited by the &elocity of the ,n2
:a&es " 6elocity of light c#
(ir Isaac 5e*ton?s Concept of "ight as a Particle
,t is true that Iewton tried to reduced light to the motion of material points in his corpuscular theory of
light# Aater on, howe&er, as the phenomena of finite &elocity, polari7ation, diffraction, and interference of
light forced upon this theory more and more unnatural modifications, -uygens9 undulatory wa&e theory of
light pre&ailed# (Albert 'instein, 19KJ
'lbert !instein clearly reali7ed, as did physicists of the time, that the particle concept of light is unable to
explain experimental phenomena li0e polari7ation, diffraction, and interference, which are ob&iously
explained by wa&e phenomena# /his di&ide between Iewton9s particle conception of light and -uygens9
wa&e theory of light was decided by /homas Noung9s (1=<1 famous double slit experiment which showed
interference patterns that could only be explained by a wa&e theory# (or how could a single particle tra&el
through two slits and interfere with itselfF
(urther, as 'lbert !instein argues, it is impossible to explain how particles of matter emit and absorb
particles of light#
:hat in that case becomes of the material points of which light is composed when the light is absorbedF
(Albert 'instein, 19K1
So while Iewton9s particle theory for light and matter had substantial logical (mathematical success at
explaining certain phenomena, particularly the orbits of planets, it clearly produced many paradoxes due to
its fundamental error of assuming the existence of discrete particles#
Net no serious doubt of the mechanical (particle foundation of physics arose, in the first place because
nobody 0new where to find a foundation of another sort# $nly slowly, under the irresistible pressure of
facts, there de&eloped a new foundation of physics, 9(ield9 physics# (Albert 'instein, 195L
:e shall shortly consider the 9(ield9 physics, but before this we need to finally explain Iewton9 famous Aaw
of ,nertia+
'n ob)ect at rest will remain at rest and an ob)ect in motion will continue in motion with a constant &elocity
unless it experiences a net external force# ((er*ay, 199;
(ir Isaac 5e*ton?s "a* of Inertia F F -.a
8ass is caused by the 5elationship between *hange in 6elocity c of the ,n2:a&e and the resultant *hange
in Aocation of the :a&e2*enter " 'cceleration of the 9Particle9#
.y understanding the properties of space and how they effect the &elocity of wa&es we can now simply
explain 5e*ton?s "a* of Inertia FF-.a which is at the &ery heart of Physics#
i 'ny *hange in 6elocity of the Spherical ,n2:a&es from $ne @irection *hanges where these ,n2:a&es
meet at their respecti&e :a&e2*enter which we see as the 'ccelerated 8otion of the 9Particle9# (/his is the
cause of matter interactions " forces " field effects, i#e# Iewton9s Aaw of ,nertia (Um#a
ii /he Spherical ,n2:a&es are formed from the -uygens9 *ombination of $ut2:a&es from 'll other 8atter
in our (inite Spherical %ni&erse# (/his is the *ause of 8ach9s Principle 2 the 8ass (mass2energy density of
space of an ob)ect is determined by all the other matter in the %ni&erse#
/his explains how matter 9particles9 (:a&e2*enters are 9Iecessarily *onnected9 to other 8atter in the Space
around them, and thus leads to the explanation of 9(orce9 and Iewton9s famous Aaw of ,nertia (orce U 8ass
X 'cceleration ((Um#a
*onsider the Spherical ,n2:a&es of $ne !lectron " Spherical Standing :a&e (SS:#
,f there is no change in the &elocity of the Spherical ,n2:a&e then there can be no change in the apparent
motion of the :a&e2*enter " 9particle9#
i#e# ,f the Spherical ,n2:a&es comes in with the same &elocity in all directions then the :a&e2*enter "
9particle9 will remain stationary in the same place in Space#
*on&ersely, if there is a change in &elocity of the Spherical ,n2:a&es in one direction then this will also
cause a change in the location where the wa&e center 9particle9 forms in Space which we see as the motion
(acceleration of the :a&e2*enter " 9particle9#
So when we consider the future motion of a particle we must actually consider the &elocity of the Spherical
,n2:a&es only, for it is logical that this alone determines where these ,n2:a&es will meet at their future
:a&e2*enters#
/his is the underlying cause of the Aaw of ,nertia and the concepts of force, mass and acceleration# :e can
now translate the language of physics into the language of the :S8# :hen we apply a (orce to an ob)ect
we are in fact changing the &elocity of their ,n2:a&es, and this causes the wa&e center to re2position# ,t is
this relationship between the change in &elocity of ,n2:a&es and the change in location (apparent motion "
acceleration of the :a&e2*enter that causes the concept of 8ass and explains the necessary connection
between apparently discrete matter particles# (i#e# 'ction2at2a2distance#
/hough this is perhaps a little confusing upon first reading, with time it becomes more ob&ious that the
Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter simplifies and sol&es the problems of Iewton9s 8echanics by remo&ing
the concept of discrete 9particles9 and replacing this with Spherical :a&e 8otions of Space whose :a&e2
*enter9s *ause the 9Particle9 !ffect#
Aet us now consider the next ma)or e&olution in the theoretical foundation of Physics, (araday9s
!lectromagnetic (orce (ields#
Faraday?s 'lectro-agnetic Force Field, ParticleBField 0uality
(6IJD)
(araday9s *ontinuous !lectromagnetic (orce (ield is a 8athematical 'pproximation of 8any @iscrete
Standing :a&e ,nteractions#
/he greatest change in the axiomatic basis of physics 2 in other words, of our conception of the structure of
reality 2 since Iewton laid the foundation of theoretical physics was brought about by (araday9s and
8axwell9s wor0 on electromagnetic field phenomena# (Albert 'instein, 19K1
(araday (1=K; de&eloped the mathematical concept of the 9electro2magnetic force field9 as a way of
mathematically describing action2at2a2distance for charged particles (i#e# electrons and protons# /his is a
continuous mathematical 9plotting9 of the effects (forces and thus accelerated motions that matter has on
other matter in the Space around it, thus it is a description of effects rather than causes (,nducti&e " a
posteriori rather than deducti&e " a priori# 'nd this becomes important when you read -ume and Qant, for
they explain that the ultimate Principles of Physics must be a priori, not a posteriori>#
/his field concept replaced Iewton9s instant action2at2a2distance between discrete particles# ,mportantly, the
electromagnetic (e2m field is a ,ector (directional quantity that defines force and direction of acceleration
of many charged particles upon one another# ,t is continuous in the sense that the distance and force between
particles can &ary by infinitely small amounts#
(or example, electrons near one another in Space experience a mutual force of repulsion and this beha&iour
can be mathematically described using (araday9s e2m field which quantifies this force and describes how it
&aries with distance and direction# 's 'lbert !instein explains+
(araday must ha&e grasped with unerring instinct the artificial nature of all attempts to refer electromagnetic
phenomena to actions2at2a2distance between electric particles reacting on each other# -ow was each single
iron filing among a lot scattered on a piece of paper to 0now of the single electric particles running round in
a nearby conductorF
'll these electric particles together seemed to create in the surrounding space a condition which in turn
produced a certain order in the filings# /hese spatial states, today called fields, would, he was con&inced,
furnish the clue to the mysterious electromagnetic interactions# -e concei&ed these fields as states of
mechanical stress in an elastically distended body (ether"space# (or at that time this was the only way one
could concei&e of states that were apparently continuously distributed in space# /he peculiar type of
mechanical interpretation of these fields remained in the bac0ground 2 a sort of placation of the scientific
conscience in &iew of the mechanical (Iewtonian tradition of (araday9s time# (Albert 'instein, 19L<
,t seems that the 9electromagnetic force field9 is a poorly understood concept which causes considerable
confusion# ,t is quite basic though, as it is nothing more than a mathematical description of how matter
affects and mo&es other matter in the Space around it# /his mathematical 9force field9 is a &ery powerful tool
for mathematical physicists (as is the particle and as a consequence many physicists (including (araday,
8axwell, and Aorent7 imagined this 9field9 to be real and therefore assumed that an 9'ether9 (made up of
many smaller particles> must exist in Space as the medium for this 9field9# .orn describes the ether as
follows+
/he undulatory, or wa&e theory, on the other hand, sets up an analogy between the propagation of light and
the motion of wa&es on the surface of water or sound wa&es in air# (or this purpose it has to assume the
existence of an elastic medium that permeates all transparent bodies+ this is the luminiferous ether# /he
indi&idual particles of this substance merely oscillate about their positions of equilibrium# /hat which
mo&es on as the light wa&e is the state of motion of the particles and not the particles themsel&es# (;orn,
19;L
,n fact there is no 9ether9 simply because there are no 9force fields9# .oth are mathematical constructions
(rather clumsy and confusing ones at that to try to explain how matter 9particles9 interacted with other
9particles9 in the space around them# $nce we understand the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter in Space
though, then we no longer need these mathematical ideas, instead we realise that Space itself is a continuous
wa&e medium (which necessarily connects all things and there are no such things as discrete particles#
Ma>!ell1s /Auations $ the Finite Belocity of Light #a"es +36@?-
:hen 8axwell (1=7J used this field theory to assume that light was an !lectromagnetic :a&e, and then
correctly deduced the finite &elocity of light, it was a powerful logical argument for the existence of the
electromagnetic force field, and that light was a wa&e li0e change in the field (electromagnetic radiation
that propagated with the &elocity of light c through the ether#
,n fact 8axwell was simply confirming that all :a&e2*enter to :a&e2*enter (particle interactions are not
instantaneous as Iewton assumed, but are limited by the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es which is the 6elocity of
Aight c#
So while 8axwell misunderstood the true nature of the wa&es (which are physical wa&es in Space rather
than mathematical &ector e2m wa&es, he is largely correct# /his new 0nowledge was significant as it
established the importance of the finite &elocity of light c and further enhanced the field theory, thus
re)ecting Iewton9s theory of particles and instant action2at2a2distance#
/he precise formulation of the time space laws of those fields was the wor0 of 8axwell (1=7<s# ,magine
his feelings when the differential equations he had formulated pro&ed to him that the electromagnetic fields
spread in the form of polari7ed wa&es and with the speed of light> /o few men in the world has such an
experience been &ouchsafed#
$nly after -ert7 (1=== had demonstrated experimentally the existence of 8axwell9s electromagnetic wa&es
did resistance to the new theory brea0 down# 'nd what was true for electrical action could not be denied for
gra&itation# !&erywhere Iewton9s (instant actions2at2a2distance ga&e way to fields spreading with finite
&elocity#
't that thrilling moment he surely ne&er guessed that the riddling nature of light, apparently so
completely sol&ed, would continue to baffle succeeding generations# (Albert 'instein, 195L
'nd this is true# .ecause they were using a mathematical construction of a continuous e2m wa&e, rather than
the true Spherical Standing :a&e, they were in for a rather disturbing disco&ery not long thereafter# (or
standing wa&e interactions only occur at discrete frequencies, li0e notes on the string of a guitar, thus while
the true Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter predicts that wa&e interactions will be discrete, the
continuous e2m wa&e does not anticipate this#
/hus when 8ax Planc0 (19<< disco&ered that there are only certain allowed discrete energy states for
electrons in molecules and atoms, and that light is only e&er emitted and absorbed by electrons in discrete
amounts or 9quanta9, contrary to 8axwell9s formulation that light is a continuous electromagnetic wa&e, then
this caused a fundamental problem for the field theory that was ne&er resol&ed# ,t is only now, with
0nowledge of the true foundations of physics and reality, that we can understand, and thus anticipate and
correct, the errors of contemporary modern physics# (/his is explained in more detail in Buantum /heory
"orent4?s Theory of the 'lectron (67AA)
-endri0 Aorent7 in /he /heory of the !lectron describes the electron as a spherical spatially extended
electromagnetic field about a charged particle (electron in the ether# /hus inad&ertently he continued this
error of assuming the 9field9 to be real, and described the electron as a charged particle that somehow
9generated9 a spherical spatially extended 9field9 in the ether around it# /his was profound simply because
'lbert !instein used Aorent79s foundations to de&elop his 9field9 theory of matter which founds his theory of
5elati&ity# 's 'lbert !instein explains+
't the turn of the century the theoretical physicists of all nations considered -#'# Aorent7 as the leading
mind among them, and rightly so# /he physicists of our time are mostly not fully aware of the decisi&e part
which -#'# Aorent7 played in shaping the fundamental ideas in theoretical physics# /he reason for this
strange fact is that Aorent79s basic ideas ha&e become so much a part of them that they are hardly able to
reali7e quite how daring these ideas ha&e been and to what extent they ha&e simplified the foundations of
physics#
/hen came -#'# Aorent79s decisi&e simplification of the theory# -e based his in&estigations with unfaltering
consistency upon the following hypothesesE
/he seat of the electromagnetic field is the empty space# ,n it there are only one electric and one magnetic
field &ector# /his field is generated by atomistic electric charges upon which the field in turn exerts
ponderomoti&e forces# /he only connection between the electromagnetic field and ponderable matter arises
from the fact that elementary electric charges are rigidly attached to atomistic particles of matter# (or the
latter Iewton9s law of motion holds#
%pon this simplified foundation Aorent7 based a complete theory of all electromagnetic phenomena 0nown
at the time, including those of the electrodynamics of mo&ing bodies# ,t is a wor0 of such consistency,
lucidity, and beauty as has only rarely been attained in an empirical science# (Albert 'instein, 195L
Aorent7 imagined that the ether exists throughout Space and that matter"fields existed as a state of this ether#
,ndeed one of the most important of our fundamental assumptions must be that the ether not only occupies
all space between molecules, atoms, or electrons, but that it per&ades all these particles# :e shall add the
hypothesis that, though the particles may mo&e, the ether always remains at rest#
, cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and its
&ibrations, as endowed with a certain degree of substantiality, howe&er different it may be from all ordinary
matter# ("orent4, /he /heory of the !lectron, 19<J
,n fact Aorent7 was &ery close to the truth, if he had )ust discarded the old notions of 9particles9 and 9fields9
then his concept of &ibrations " wa&e motions of the ether, and the equi&alence of the ether with Space
would ha&e been correct and would then ha&e led to the correct conception of matter as the spherical wa&e
motion of Space#
's 8ax .orn writes+
Aorent7 proclaimed the &ery radical thesis which had ne&er before been asserted with such definitenessE /he
ether is at rest in absolute space# ,n principle this identifies the ether with absolute space# 'bsolute space is
no &acuum, but something with definite properties whose state is described with the help of two directed
quantities, the electrical field ! and the magnetic field -, and, as such is called the ether# (;orn, 19;L
/hus we now realise that Aorent79s fundamental problem was belie&ing that the e2m field physically existed#
/he solution is to reali7e that, yes, a fundamental Space does exist, as (araday, 8axwell, and Aorent7
sensibly imagined, but it is a wa&e medium for real wa&es in a physical medium, described by their :a&e
'mplitude only (Scalar wa&es# Space does not exist as an 9ether9 for mathematical e2m wa&es of force
(&ector wa&es that must include both force and direction of force for both !lectric and 8agnetic (ields#
/o aid this understanding, let us now ha&e 'lbert !instein summari7e this confusing state of affairs that had
arisen by the early 19<<s#
,t became clear that there existed in free space states which propagated themsel&es in *a,es as well as
locali7ed fields which were able to exert forces on electrical masses or magnetic poles brought to the spot#
Since it would ha&e seemed utterly absurd to the physicists of the nineteenth century to attribute physical
functions or states to space itself, they in&ented a medium per&ading the whole of space, on the model of
ponderable matter (i#e# tiny particles that mo&ed bac0wards and forwards as they propagated wa&es the
ether, which was supposed to act as a &ehicle for electromagnetic phenomena, and hence for those of light
as well# /he picture was, then, as followsE space is filled by the ether, in which the material corpuscles or
atoms of ponderable matter swim around+ the atomic structure of the latter had been securely established by
the turn of the century (19<<# /hus the introduction of the field as an elementary concept ga&e rise to an
inconsistency of the theory as a whole#
8axwell9s theory, although adequately describing the beha&iour of electrically charged particles in their
interaction with one another, does not explain the beha&iour of electrical densities, i#e#, it does not pro&ide a
theory of the particles themsel&es# /hey must therefore be treated as mass points on the basis of the old
Iewtonian theory# /he combination of the idea of a continuous field with that of material points
discontinuous in space appears inconsistent# -ence the material particle has no place as a fundamental
concept in a field theory# /hus e&en apart from the fact that gra&itation is not included, 8axwell9s
electrodynamics cannot be considered a complete theory# (Albert 'instein, 195<
's 'lbert !instein explains though, the particle was a necessary part of the e&olution of the field theory, for
9forces9 must ha&e 9particles9 to act upon>
/he participation of matter in electromagnetic phenomena has its origin only in the fact that the elementary
particles of matter carry unalterable masses and electric charges and on this account are sub)ect on the one
hand to the actions of ponderomoti&e (Iewtonian " 8ass forces and on the other hand possess the property
of generating a field (*harge# /he elementary particles obey Iewton9s law of motion for material points#
/his is the basis on which -# '# Aorent7 obtained his syntheses of Iewton9s mechanics and 8axwell9s field
theory#
/he wea0ness of this theory lies in the fact that it tried to determine the phenomena by a combination of
partial differential equations (8axwell9s field equations for empty space and total differential equations
(equations of motion of point particles, which procedure was ob&iously unnatural# /he inadequacy of this
point of &iew manifested itself in the necessity of assuming finite dimensions for the particles in order to
pre&ent the electromagnetic field existing at the surfaces from becoming infinitely large#
/he 8axwell equations in their original form do not, howe&er, allow such a description of particles, because
their corresponding solutions contain a singularity# /heoretical physicists ha&e tried for a long time (19KJ,
therefore, to reach the goal by a modification of 8axwell9s equations# /hese attempts ha&e, howe&er, not
been crowned with success#
/hus it happened that the goal of erecting a pure electromagnetic field theory of matter remained unattained
for the time being, although in principle no ob)ection could be raised against the possibility of reaching such
a goal# :hat appears certain to me, howe&er, is that, in the foundations of any consistent field theory the
particle concept -ust not appear in addition to the field concept. /he whole theory must by based solely
on partial differential equations and their singularity2free solutions# (Albert 'instein, 19KJ
>Eote' , sin&ularity is where the radius of the particle tends to /ero thus the field stren&th tends to infinity
and the mathematics to describe it fails. ,nd this led to #eynman's problems of 'renormalisation' as
explained in the ,rticle on *uantum Theory.?
/his explains why 'lbert !instein tried to de&elop a field theory of matter (without the use"need of
particles though he ne&er succeeded in this &enture, simply because matter, as a Spherical Standing :a&e
8otion of Space cannot be described by continuous force fields# (i#e# Standing :a&e interactions are
discrete, not continuous> /hus he writes+
concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion# /he
particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are
particularly high# (Albert 'instein, 195L
:e now realise his error of wor0ing with 9spherical force fields9 rather than Spherical :a&e 8otions, whose
changing &elocities of ,n2:a&es cause the apparent motions of the particles and thus the 9forces9 between
these particles> /hus he was correct to discard the concept of discrete particles, his error was to also discard
the concept of motion and wor0 with 9forces9 when a careful analysis leads to the realisation that 8otion is
more fundamental than (orce (i#e# /hat (orce requires the measurement of 8otion#
:e shall consider this in more detail shortly, but first let us proceed with the further disco&eries of Aorent7#
The Lorent< Transformations $ ;o! the /lectron Changes /llipsoidal )hape #ith Motion
$n -ow a *hange in 6elocity of the ,n2:a&e (6el# of Aight c *auses a *hange in !llipsoidal Shape of the
,n2:a&e, and also *auses a *hange in the (uture Position and /hus the 'pparent 8otion ('cceleration of
the :a&e2*enter#
/hus far we ha&e largely considered a SS: stationary in Space, so let us now consider a SS: where the
:a&e2*enter appears to be mo&ing through Space, as this then leads to the Aorent7 /ransformations and the
foundations of Special 5elati&ity#
's the particle does not exist, and instead we are considering the beha&iour of the :a&e2*enter of a SS:,
we reali7e that the motion of the particle through Space is actually the apparent motion of successi&e :a&e2
*enters which are determined by where each successi&e spherical (in reality ellipsoidal ,n2:a&e meets at
its respecti&e :a&e2*enter#
Fig=6.@.6 The 'llipsoidal (hape of a &o,ing +a,e!Center= ,f the ,n2:a&es on the right are slowed down
as they tra&el in through Space of higher mass2energy density of space (Principle ,, then they are stretched
bac0 into an ellipsoidal shape (rather than being exactly spherical and ha&e a shorter :a&elength# ,t is this
change in ellipsoidal shape and :a&elength of the ,n2:a&e which causes the apparent motion of the :a&e2
*enter and thus the Aorent7 /ransformations#
,f a :a&e2*enter is to mo&e through Space then it is clear that we must change the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es
from one side relati&e to the other such that they no longer meet in the same place# /hus by changing the
&elocity of the ,n2:a&es we cause the :a&e2*enter to change its position in Space# /his is the cause of
acceleration (and in fact of all forces, as per Iewton9s Aaw of ,nertia (Um#a#
/his also explains the foundation of the Aorent7 transformations and how this was used by 'lbert !instein
to de&elop his special and general relati&ity#
/o begin, if we slow down the ,n2:a&e on one side of the :a&e2*enter then these ,n2:a&es will meet
more in the direction of the slower ,n2:a&es# (urther, the spherical shape of the ,n2:a&es will become
ellipsoidal and this change in shape will directly relate to the apparent motion of the :a&e2*enter (particle#
' con&enient analogy is to imagine the point (particle where the ,n2:a&e meets at its :a&e2*enter as a
footstep, and the motion of the particle through Space can be imagined as a sequence of discrete steps
corresponding to where each successi&e ,n2:a&e meets at its :a&e2*enter#
/he Aorent7 /ransformations pro&ide formulas for the change of ellipsoidal shape of matter (as a spatially
extended e2m field with motion of the :a&e2*enter (particle and how this affects 8ass, /ime and
Aength"@imension# /he motion (and change in ellipsoidal shape is simply relati&e between the source and
obser&er, it ma0es no difference as to who is mo&ing# (/his formula for change of mass and dimension has
been amply &erified in particle accelerators and /6 tubes#
's .orn confirms+
Aorent7 assumed that e&ery mo&ing electron contracts in the direction of motion, so that from a sphere it
becomes a flattened spheroid of re&olution, the amount of flattening depending in a definite way on the
&elocity# /his hypothesis seems at first sight strange# ,t certainly gi&es a simpler formula for the way
electromagnetic mass depends on &elocity than does 'braham9s theory, but this in itself does not )ustify it#
(;orn, 19;L
's the dimension of matter as Spherical :a&e 8otions is determined by .$/- the wa&elength and shape
of the ellipsoidal standing wa&es about the :a&e2*entre of the electron (matter, which relates to the
motion of the centre, thus the mo&ing electron9s spatial dimensions must be distorted into an ellipsoidal
shape# /his explains the true foundations of the Aorent7 /ransformations and the 9null result9 of the
8ichelson28orley experiment# 'nd Aorent7 was &ery close to the truth in explaining this, he writes+
,n order to explain this absence of any effect of the !arth9s translation (in the 8ichelson"8orley
experiment, , ha&e &entured the hypothesis, that the dimensions of a solid body undergo slight change, of
the order of &
;
"c
;
, when it mo&es through the ether#
(rom this point of &iew it is natural to suppose that, )ust li0e the electromagnetic forces, the molecular
attractions and repulsions are somewhat modified by a translation imparted to the body, and this may &ery
well result in a change of dimensions# ### /he electrons themsel&es become flattened ellipsoids# ("orent4,
19<J
Fig= 6.@.D The &ichelson!&orley e)peri-ent *ith the center of an ellipsoidal *a,e syste- as the
obser,er. @ue to our dimension being determined by wa&elength, we shall always measure arm 1 of an
interferometer, to be the same length as that of arm ;, irrespecti&e of which direction we may rotate the
interferometer# /he arms are both 7 wa&elengths long# (rom this we can conclude that it will ta0e the same
time for the ellipsoidal ,n2:a&es to propagate in to the center along arm 1 as it does along arm ;# (/his must
be true, as the electron 9particle is caused by the :a&e2*enter of the ellipsoidal wa&e system, and this is
where the ellipsoidal wa&e meets, ob&iously at the same time# 's there is no time difference for the two
paths, no interference is obser&ed#
I$/!E /his diagram is not exactly accurate, but it gi&es you the general idea>
/he 8ichelson 8orley experiment confirms that this is true, and that the light ta0es the same time to tra&el
each path# /his is a general principle, and is the cause of 'lbert !instein9s principle of special relati&ity#
/his enables 'lbert !instein to postulate that the &elocity of light is always measured to be the same, as this
is true# 'lbert !instein writes+
/he so called special or restricted relati&ity theory is based on the fact that 8axwell9s equations (and thus
the law of propagation of light in empty space are con&erted into equations of the same form, when they
undergo a Aorent7 transformation# (Albert 'instein, 195L
So now let us briefly explain 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity, which has had such a profound, and yet ultimately
confusing, impact on modern physics#
2lbert /instein1s Theory of %elati"ity +3C7D,3C3D-
/he special theory, on which the general theory rests, applies to all physical phenomena with the exception
of gra&itation+ the general theory pro&ides the law of gra&itation and its relation to the other forces of nature#
('lbert !instein, 1919
/he theory of relati&ity may indeed be said to ha&e put a sort of finishing touch to the mighty intellectual
edifice of 8axwell and Aorent7, inasmuch as it see0s to extend field physics to all phenomena, gra&itation
included# ('lbert !instein, 19KL
'lbert !instein9s Special and ?eneral 5elati&ity relate to the !mpirical (a posteriori truth that the laws of
Iature, and thus the &elocity of light, are always measured to be the same for all obser&ers irrespecti&e of
their motion relati&e to one another# (Principle of 5elati&ity
So for example, as the earth is orbiting the sun, classically one would expect that we would measure
different &elocities for the light we see from stars when we are mo&ing towards them rather than away from
them, yet measurements always gi&e the same &alue for the &elocity of light from the stars, irrespecti&e of
our motion#
Albert 'instein? (pecial $elati,ity (67A9)
The Principle of 5e*tonian $elati,ity. The la*s of &echanics
are the sa-e in all inertial (non!accelerated) reference fra-es.
Iewton, amongst others, noticed that the laws of mechanics seemed to be the same irrespecti&e of the
obser&er9s (constant motion through Space# ,f you throw a ball &ertically in the air it comes bac0 down
&ertically# ,t does not matter whether you are standing still on the earth, or mo&ing with a constant &elocity
(Iewton used the example of a ship across the surface of the earth, it still goes straight up and down
relati&e to the person who throws it#
,f, relati&e to Q, Q9 is a uniformly mo&ing co2ordinate system de&oid of rotation, then natural phenomena
run their course with respect to Q9 according to exactly the same general laws as with respect to Q# /his
statement is called the principle of relati&ity# (Albert 'instein, 195L
/his was an obser&ational"empirical fact that has been 0nown since the se&enteenth century# ,t was 'lbert
!instein who used this fact, but applied it to Aorent79s !lectromagnetic /heory of the !lectron, rather than
simply to Iewton9s mechanics, to de&elop his theory of special and general relati&ity which ga&e rise to his
geometry of space2time, his 9cur&ature of space9 that explained the motion of bodies in a gra&itational field#
,t is the purpose of this chapter to follow his logic, but for the first time we can explain this from the true
foundation of what exists, from the foundation of the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter in a
/hree @imensional Space#
:hile this truth of the :a&e Structure of 8atter greatly simplifies 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity, , again
emphasi7e that some patience and effort to re2read sections will be required, but that the reward for this
effort will be a clear understanding of the most famous theory e&er constructed# ('nd a certain exhilaration
at understanding how gra&ity wor0s>
/>plaining the T!o Postulates of )pecial %elati"ity +2lbert /instein, 3C7D-
1# ### the same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be &alid for all frames of reference for which the
equations of mechanics hold good# ### ' co2ordinate system that is mo&ed uniformly and in a straight line
relati&e to an inertial system is li0ewise an inertial system# .y the 9special principle of relati&ity9 is meant the
generali7ation of this definition to include any natural e&ent whate&erE thus, e&ery uni&ersal law of nature
which is &alid in relation to a co2ordinate system * must also be &alid, as it stands, in relation to a co2
ordinate system *9 which is in uniform translatory motion relati&e to *# (Albert 'instein, 195L
'nd therefore the 6elocity of Aight (as one of the laws of electrodynamics has the same measured &alue in
all inertial (non2accelerated reference frames#
;# /he second principle, on which the special theory of relati&ity rests, is the 9principle of constant &elocity
of light in &acuo#9 /his principle asserts that light in &acuo always has a definite &elocity of propagation
(independent of the state of motion of the obser&er or of the source of the light# /he confidence which
physicists place in this principle springs from the successes achie&ed by the electrodynamics of 8axwell
and Aorent7# (Albert 'instein, 195L
'lbert !instein (19<5 cle&erly combined the wor0 of (araday, 8axwell and Aorent7 to propose the 9/heory
of Special 5elati&ity9 which described the effects of relati&e 8otion (inertial or non2accelerated on the
properties of matter# -is famous postulate being that the laws of Iature (mechanics and electrodynamics
are the same for all obser&ers irrespecti&e of their motion (non2accelerated, which leads to the further
postulate that the &elocity of light must always be measured to be the same irrespecti&e of motion#
:hat these two postulates logically say is that if you measure the &elocity of light c to ha&e a particular
&alue, then irrespecti&e of which inertial (non2accelerated reference frame you are mo&ing in, you will
always measure the &elocity of light c to ha&e the same &alue# /his same measurement for the &elocity of
light is an experimental fact# .ut this does not mean that the &elocity of light in Space is constant# /he
&elocity of light is not constant, but it is always measured to be the same, and this fact has caused enormous
confusion within 8odern Physics#
:hen a :a&e2*enter is mo&ing through Space (See (igE 1#7#1 then the cause of this is a difference in
&elocity of the ,n2:a&es from one side to the other, but there is also a compensating change in wa&elength
such that the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es is always measured to be the same# .ecause 'lbert !instein
incorrectly assumed that the &elocity of light was constant and thus the same in all directions, he had to
ad)ust his rate of time to compensate for this difference in the &elocity of light which is the cause of motion#
,t is true though that if the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es does not change, then the resultant :a&e2*enter does
not accelerate and must tra&el with a constant &elocity (i#e# non accelerated motion#
Fig= 6.8.6= Pythagoras? Theore- is Caused by the (pherical shape of &atter as a (pherical +a,e
&otion of (pace. (urther, three dimensional space and spherical space are equi&alent, as it ta0es three
&ariables to describe the surface of a sphere# ,n fact the cause of three dimensional space is simply that
matter interacts spherically
!instein correctly reali7ed that matter was spherically spatially extended, and thus interacted with other
matter spherically (this being the cause of Pythagoras9 /heorem#
geometry, but approximately by spherical geometry# ('instein, 195L
.ut !instein did not actually 0now how matter existed in Space+
/he theory of relati&ity leads to the same law of motion without requiring any special hypothesis
whatsoe&er as to the structure and beha&ior of the electron# ('instein, 195L
-is theory is empirically (a posteriori founded from obser&ation of how matter 9pushes9 other matter
around, thus his 9representation9 of matter as spherical force fields#
'lbert !instein9s 8etric equation is simply Pythagoras9 /heorem applied to the three spatial co2ordinates,
and equating them to the displacement of a ray of light#
Special relati&ity is still based directly on an empirical law, that of the constancy of the &elocity of light#
dx
;
T dy
;
T d7
;
U(cdt
;
where cdt is the distance tra&eled by light c in time dt#
/he fact that such a metric is called !uclidean is connected with the following# /he postulation of such a
metric in a three dimensional continuum is fully equi&alent to the postulation of the axioms of !uclidean
?eometry# /he defining equation of the metric is then nothing but the Pythagorean theorem applied to the
differentials of the co2ordinates# (Albert 'instein, 19KL
;
(fundamental in&ariant dS
;
equals the sum of the squares
of the co2ordinate differentials# Such transformations are called Aorent7 transformations# (Albert 'instein,
19KL
/he reason why Special 5elati&ity wor0s mathematically is twofoldE
i Special relati&ity assumes that the &elocity of light is constant, and thus if there is no change in the
&elocity of the ,n2:a&e then there can be no acceleration of the :a&e2*enter# /his explains why special
relati&ity is limited to relati&e motion between matter that is non2accelerated# (,nertial reference frames
ii ,n 'lbert !instein9s 8etric !quations the displacement of the light beam is determined by cdt, thus it
ma0es no difference, mathematically spea0ing, if the &elocity of light is assumed constant, and thus time is
changed to 0eep the metrical equation true (as 'lbert !instein did or con&ersely, to assume a constant
/ime, and that the &elocity of ,n2:a&es (Aight is changed# 's it turns out, it is this latter case which is true,
and this differing &elocity of the ,n2:a&es (from one side of the :a&e2*enter relati&e to the other is the
cause of the apparent motion of :a&e2*enters#
Significantly, 'lbert !instein confirms this &iew, that the &elocity of light is not always constant, when he
writes+
(Special relati&ity is founded on the basis of the law of the constancy of the &elocity of light# .ut the
general theory of relati&ity cannot retain this law# $n the contrary, we arri&ed at the result that according to
this latter theory the &elocity of light must always depend on the co2ordinates when a gra&itational field is
present# (Albert 'instein, 195L
8ost importantly though, despite these changes in the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es, their &elocity is always
measured to be the same#
/his curious phenomena occurs because for any relati&e difference in the &elocity of the ,n2:a&e from one
side of the :a&e2*enter to the other, there is a corresponding change in wa&elength (which determines
length, such that the same ,n2:a&e always meets at its :a&e2*enter at the same time# 's &elocity is
length"time then the &elocity of the ,n2:a&e (&elocity of light c is always measured to be the same, and the
difference in wa&e &elocity from one side to the other causes the apparent motion of the :a&e2*enter
through Space# ,t seems that many people mista0enly assume that the &elocity of light is constant, it is not,
but is always measured to be the same (irrespecti&e of motion 2 this fact has caused much confusion#
.ecause 'lbert !instein misunderstood time (as his geometry of relati&ity had no dynamic :a&e 8otion,
which is the true cause of time this then partly explains why he disli0ed Buantum /heory (though there are
many reasons to disli0e B/ due to its absurd interpretations>#
### the methods introduced by quantum mechanics are not li0ely to gi&e a useful basis for the whole of
physics# ,n the Schrodinger equation, absolute time, and also the potential energy, play a decisi&e role, while
these two concepts ha&e been recogni7ed by the theory of relati&ity as inadmissible in principle# (Albert
'instein, 195L
Iow it is this relationship about the change in wa&elength and ellipsoidal dimension with 8otion that is at
the heart of 5elati&ity so it is important to hear what Aorent7 has to say on the sub)ect+
###the simplest course is certainly to consider the electrons themsel&es as wholly immutable, as perfectly
rigid spheres, with a constant uniformly distributed surface charge# ## .ut, unfortunately, it is at &ariance
with our theorem# ### ,t is for this reason that , ha&e examined what becomes of the theory, if the electrons
themsel&es are considered as liable to the same changes of dimensions as the bodies in which they are
contained# ### the explanation of 8ichelson9s experimental result, ### admit, for mo&ing bodies, only a
contraction, determined by the coefficient in the direction of the line of motion# /he electrons themsel&es
become flattened ellipsoids#
/his would enable us to predict that no experiment made with a terrestrial source of light will e&er show us
an influence of the !arth9s motion#
,t is clear that, since the obser&er is unconscious of these changes, ( the contraction of a measuring rod in the
direction of motion, relying on his rod, he will not find the true shape of bodies# -e will ta0e for a sphere
what really is an ellipsoid,
'ttention must now be drawn to a remar0able reciprocity that has been pointed out by 'lbert !instein# ###
Aet us now imagine that each obser&er and (one is mo&ing with constant &elocity relati&e to the other is
able to see the system to which the other belongs, ### ,t will be clear by what has been said that the
impressions recei&ed by the two obser&ers and would be ali0e in all respects# ,t would be impossible to tell
which of them mo&es or stands still with respect to the ether# ### /his is a point which 'lbert !instein has
laid particular stress on, in a theory in which he starts from what he calls the principle of relati&ity#
, cannot spea0 here of the many highly interesting applications which 'lbert !instein has made of this
principle# -is results concerning electromagnetic and optical phenomena agree in the main with those which
we ha&e obtained in the preceding pages, the chief difference being that 'lbert !instein simply postulates
what we ha&e deduced, ### from the fundamental equations of the electromagnetic field# .y doing so, he may
certainly ta0e credit for ma0ing us see in the negati&e result of experiments li0e those of 8ichelson,
5ayleigh and .race, not a fortuitous compensation of opposing effects, but the manifestation of a general
and fundamental principle#
Net, , thin0, something may also be claimed in the fa&our of the form in which , ha&e presented the theory# ,
cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and its
matter# ("orent4, 19<J
/hus Aorent7 was correct+
,n order to explain this absence of any effect of the !arth9s translation, , ha&e &entured the hypothesis, that
the dimensions of a solid body undergo slight change when it mo&es through the ether# ("orent4, 19<J
8ost profoundly, Aorent7 first deduced the foundations of 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity from the assumption
of a rigid Space (ether, and that the cause of the electromagnetic field effect that he was using was in fact
&ibrations in this Space"!ther#
/hough 'lbert !instein related relati&e motions of matter only to other matter and not bac0 to an absolute
Space li0e Aorent7 did, (which is mathematically simpler , suppose the important point is that the Aogic of
5elati&ity is founded on, and completely consistent with, an 'bsolute Space# (*ontrary to current opinions
(rom Aorent79s purely mathematical foundation 'lbert !instein then de&eloped his /heory of 5elati&ity,
which assumed that matter existed as a spherical spatially extended field which changes ellipsoidal shape
with motion and thus also with acceleration (which leads to the ellipsoidal geometry which underpins
?eneral 5elati&ity and gra&itation#
'lbert !instein too0 one further step than Aorent7 though, and assumed (li0e Aeibni7 and 8ach that all
motion of matter was relati&e only to other matter, he writes+
,t has, of course, been 0nown since the days of the ancient ?ree0s that in order to describe the mo&ement of
a body, a second body is needed to which the mo&ement of the first is referred# (Albert 'instein, 1919
.y doing this 'lbert !instein effecti&ely renounced the concept of a fundamental Space separate from
matter (as a field, as he explains below+
Since the field exists e&en in a &acuum, should one concei&e of the field as state of a 9carrier9, or should it
rather be endowed with an independent existence not reducible to anything elseF ,n other words, is there an
9aether9 which carries the field+ the aether being considered in the undulatory state, for example, when it
carries light wa&esF /he question has a natural answerE .ecause one cannot dispense with the field concept,
it is preferable not to introduce in addition a carrier with hypothetical properties# (Albert 'instein, 195<
Physical ob)ects are not in space, but these ob)ects are spatially extended# ,n this way the concept 9empty
space9 loses its meaning#
/he field thus becomes an irreducible element of physical description, irreducible in the same sense as the
concept of matter (particles in the theory of Iewton# (Albert 'instein, 195L
.y using 'lbert !instein9s own words it is now possible to show that his ideas need only a slight
modification 2 from his foundation that matter is a spherical spatially extended 9field9, to a foundation based
upon Space rather than matter, and that matter is caused by Spherical Standing :a&es in Space#
'lbert !instein is correct in asserting that matter is spherically spatially extended, and thus to re)ect the
concept of the particle+
'ccording to general relati&ity, the concept of space detached from any physical content (matter, ob)ects
does not exist# /he physical reality of space is represented by a field whose components are continuous
functions of four independent &ariables 2 the co2ordinates of space and time# Since the theory of general
relati&ity implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the concept of particles or
material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion# /he particle can only appear
as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high# (Albert
'instein, 195<
'lbert !instein is nearly correct when he says that the particle can only appear as a limited region in Space
in which the field strength"energy density is particularly high, for this is simply the high :a&e2'mplitude R
@ensity of the :a&e2*enter of the Spherical Standing :a&e# /his ob&iously explains why 8atter can ne&er
exceed the 6elocity of Aight# 's the particle is in fact the :a&e2*enter of a Spherical Standing :a&e
(SS:, it is impossible for this :a&e2*enter to e&er mo&e faster than the &elocity of the incoming wa&es,
which is the &elocity of light#
%nfortunately 'lbert !instein incorrectly assumed that a mathematical description of effects, the spherical,
spatially extended continuous force field, was the best way of representing reality# ,n fact these force field
effects are caused by the changing &elocity of the ,n2:a&es which determine the future position of the
:a&e2*enter (and thus the apparent force and accelerated motion of the particle# ,n essence the field theory
is a continuous mathematical approximation of effects which are caused by many discrete (quantum
standing wa&e interactions# -ence the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explains the 9cause9 of both the
9field9 and the 9particle effects9#
/hough most of 'lbert !instein9s discussion of Space is in terms of matter interactions described by fields,
it is important to realise that 'lbert !instein actually 0new that Space must somehow exist and ha&e
properties that caused these force fields, he writes+
5ecapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relati&ity space is endowed with physical
qualities+ in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether# 'ccording to the general theory of relati&ity space
without ether is unthin0able+ for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no
possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring2rods and cloc0s, nor therefore any
space2time inter&als in the physical sense# (Albert 'instein, Aeiden Aecture, 19;<
,n ending this summary of Special 5elati&ity, it is important to ac0nowledge the great power of this
mathematical theory, as 'lbert !instein explains (for it leads directly to 'lbert !instein9s famous !Umc
;
#
.ut now we realise that this equi&alence of 8atter and !nergy is simply because they are both
manifestations of the same thing, :a&e28otion of Space#
/he heuristic method of the special theory of relati&ity is characteri7ed by the following principleE only
those equations are admissible as an expression of natural laws which do not change their form when the co2
ordinates are changed by means of the Aorent7 transformation (co&ariance of equations with respect to the
Aorent7 transformations# /his method led to the disco&ery of the necessary connection between momentum
and energy, between electric and magnetic field strength, electrostatic and electrodynamic forces, inert mass
and energy+ thus the number of independent concepts and fundamental equations was reduced# (Albert
'instein, 19KL
Albert 'instein?s :eneral $elati,ity
On Accelerated &otion and :ra,itation. 6769
/ime and space and gra&itation ha&e no separate existence from matter# ('lbert !instein
?eneral 5elati&ity extends special 5elati&ity to include accelerated 8otion, and the relationship between
(orce, 8ass and 'cceleration (and /ime and @imension, thus it is important to first as0 9:hy does
'cceleration of 8atter in Space !xist in our %ni&erseF9
$nly once we understand this can we possibly understand 'lbert !instein9s ?eneral 5elati&ity#
/he solution, as pre&iously explained, is quite simple# .y understanding the Spherical ,n and $ut :a&e
structure of 8atter (SS:s we deduce that any change in &elocity of the ,n2:a&es (Principle /wo causes a
change in where the ,n2:a&es meet at their :a&e2*enters which we obser&e as the accelerated 8otion of
the particle# /his is why acceleration exists and is defined as a change in &elocity 2 because it is caused by a
change in &elocity of the ,n2:a&es>
/his change in the &elocity of wa&es in Space is dependent upon the mass2energy density of space (for
?ra&itational 8ass, and is the true physical cause of ?eneral 5elati&ity and 'lbert !instein9s gra&itational
fields, thus explaining 'lbert !instein9s comment that+
present# ('lbert !instein
Aet us now consider the concept of 8ass more closely#
On 'nertial Mass and :ra"itational Mass
Iow for the principle of the conser&ation of mass# 8ass is defined by the resistance that a body opposes to
its acceleration (inert mass# ,t is also measured by the weight of the body (gra&ity mass# /hat these two
radically different definitions lead to the same &alue for the mass of a body is in itself an astonishing fact# ###
'ccording to the principle 2 namely, that masses remain unchanged under any physical or chemical changes
2 the mass appeared to be the essential (because un&arying quality of matter#
Physicists accepted this principle up to a few decades ago# .ut it pro&ed inadequate in the face of the special
theory of relati&ity# ,t was therefore merged with the energy principle# ### :e might say that the principle of
the conser&ation of energy, ha&ing preciously swallowed up that of the conser&ation of heat, now proceeded
to swallow that of the conser&ation of mass 2 and holds the field alone# (Albert 'instein, 19LJ
,t is an unsatisfactory feature of classical mechanics that in its fundamental laws the same mass constant
appears in two different roles, namely as 9inertial mass9 in the law of motion, and as 9gra&itational mass9 in
the law of gra&itation# (Albert 'instein, 19KJ
Aet us then explain these two related forms of 8ass, ,nertial and ?ra&itational, as then we can clearly
understand why they are equi&alent
a) Inertial Mass
,magine the :a&e2*enter (electron of a Spherical Standing :a&e (SS: in free Space away from massi&e
bodies# 's the mass2energy density of space is the same in all directions, therefore the &elocity of the ,n2
:a&es is the same from all directions and does not change, thus the ,n2:a&es will always meet at the same
point in Space (the :a&e2*enter# /his is the physical foundation of inertial mass 2 a body remains
stationary (it does not accelerate if there is no change in the &elocity of the ,n2:a&e# (Io forces act upon
it#
b) Gravitational Mass
*onsider the same stationary :a&e2*enter (electron of a SS: but now imagine a massi&e body, such as
the !arth, placed to one side of the electron# :hat effect will this ha&eF
:e can consider this massi&e body, the earth, as a place of Space of &ery high mass2energy density of
space# /herefore the &elocity of ,n2:a&es and $ut2:a&es (&elocity of light will be slower in this Space as
Principle ,, states# /his therefore causes a change in shape of the ,n2:a&es (and $ut2:a&es due to a
slowing of their &elocity in this high mass2energy density of Space resulting in a change in ellipsoidal shape
or the SS: and results in the :a&e2*enter (electron mo&ing towards the Space of higher mass2energy
density of space (the earth#
On the Equivalence of Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass
'nd so we see that it is Principle /wo which causes both gra&itational mass and inertial mass# 's it is the
same principle that causes both, this explains their equi&alence#
Aet us now consider a simple example of this equi&alence that will ma0e it easier to understand#
,magine standing in a room, the room existing in Space away from any stars or other massi&e bodies# :e
would be weightless in the Space as there would be no gra&itational effect#
Iow if we imagine the room being accelerated upwards, (relati&e to the floor, at 9#=m"s, as the occupant of
the room, we would not be able to tell if we are being accelerated or if we are in the !arth9s gra&itational
field#
(urther, if there is a rope attached to an ob)ect hanging from the ceiling of the room, the tension in the rope
could be due either to the inertia caused by accelerating the room, or to the ob)ect9s weight due to its mass in
a gra&itational field# /his is the empirical equi&alence of gra&itational and inertial mass#
/he establishment of this general principle of relati&ity is made easier by a fact of experience that has long
been 0nown, namely, that the weight and the inertia of a body are controlled by the same constant (equality
of inertial and gra&itational mass# /his hasty consideration suggests that a general theory of relati&ity must
supply the laws of gra&itation, and the consistent following up of the idea has )ustified our hopes# .ut the
path was thornier than one might suppose, because it demanded the abandonment of !uclidean geometry#
/his is what we mean when we tal0 of the 9cur&ature of space9# /he fundamental concepts of the 9straight
line9, the 9plane9, etc#, thereby lose their precise significance in physics#
,n the general theory of relati&ity the doctrine of space and time, or 0inematics, no longer figures as a
fundamental independent of the rest of physics# /he geometrical beha&iour of bodies and the motion of
cloc0s rather depend on gra&itational fields which in their turn are produced by matter# ('lbert !instein,
1919
/he principle of the equi&alence of inertial and gra&itational mass could now be formulated quite clearly as
followsE in a homogenous gra&itation field all motions ta0e place in the same way as in the absence of a
gra&itational field in relation to uniformly accelerated co2ordinate system# ('lbert !instein, 19KL
/here is no reason to exclude the possibility of interpreting this beha&iour as the effect of a 9true9
gra&itational field (principle of equi&alence of inertial"gra&itational mass# /his interpretation implies that '
is an 9inertial system9, e&en though it is accelerated with respect to another inertial system# ('lbert !instein,
195<
'nd so we see that 'lbert !instein based his mathematics for gra&itation, on the fact that 8atter in an
accelerated reference frame (,nertial 8ass beha&ed the same as 8atter in a gra&itational field
(?ra&itational 8ass# (Principle of !qui&alence#
/hus if we 0now the Aorent7 transformation for mo&ing with a constant &elocity, (which require linear
transformations of the co2ordinate system then we can calculate how the Aorent7 transformation would
change if the reference frame is now accelerated#
## the theory of gra&itation is based on the principle of equi&alence discussed abo&e and rests on the
following considerationE according to the theory of special relati&ity, light has a constant &elocity of
propagation# ,f a light ray in a &acuum starts from a point, designated by the co2ordinates Y1, Y;, and YK in
a three dimensional co2ordinate system, at the time YL+ it spreads as a spherical wa&e and reaches a
neighbouring point (Y1TdY1, Y;TdY;, YKTdYK at the time YLTdYL#
,ntroducing the &elocity of light, c, we write the expressionE
dY1
;
T dY;
;
T dYK
;
U (c#dYL
;
/his expression represents an ob)ecti&e relation between neighbouring space time points in four dimensions,
and it holds for all inertial systems, pro&ided the co2ordinate transformations are restricted to those of
special relati&ity# /he relation loses this form, howe&er, if arbitrary continuous transformations of the co2
ordinates are admitted in accordance with the principle of general relati&ity# (/he equations expressing the
laws of Iature must be co&ariant with respect to all continuous transformations of the co2ordinates# /his is
the principle of general relati&ity# (Albert 'instein, 195L
'lbert !instein is thus forced to use a cur&ed (non2linear co2ordinate system (rather than linear as per
Special 5elati&ity and the Aorent7 /ransformations, which he found from the wor0 of ?auss and 5iemann
(called symmetrical tensors#
,n order to account for the equality of inert and gra&itational mass within the theory it necessary to admit
non2linear transformations of the four co2ordinates# 8athematics suggests an answer which is based of the
fundamental in&estigations of ?auss and 5iemann# (Albert 'instein, 195L
/o introduce this non2linear transformation, it was necessary for 'lbert !instein to ad)ust the &elocity of
light dependent upon the energy density (gra&itational field of Space# /his is true, because it is this change
in &elocity of :a&e 8otion that is the cause of ?ra&ity#
's 'lbert !instein says+ (and we 0now that we ha&e repeated this quote 2 but it is important and
misunderstood>
present# (Albert 'instein, 195L
(u--ary of 'instein?s $elati,ity
')plaining and (ol,ing the Proble-s of 'instein?s $elati,ity
!instein (from (araday, 8axwell, Aorent7 represented matter as a continuous spherical electromagnetic
force field in spacetime# !instein is correct that there is no 9particle9 and matter is spherically spatially
extended# -owe&er, the spherical 9force field9 can be sensibly explained with the Spherical Standing :a&e
Structure of 8atter#
:e reali7e that forces are caused by a change in the &elocity of the spherical ,n2wa&e (from one direction
as this changes where these ,n2wa&es meet at the wa&e2center, which we obser&e as a 9force accelerating a
particle9#
/he change in ellipsoidal shape of the ,n2wa&es is the cause of !instein9s 8etrics and the 5iemannian
geometry of ?eneral 5elati&ity# :ith this new understanding let us then briefly summari7e the problems of
!instein9s 5elati&ity, as their solutions become ob&ious once we understand the Spherical Standing :a&e
Structure of 8atter#
i? Ainstein's <elativity is a Theory of a posteriori Affects not a priori %auses, and is
founded on ;any thin&s >;atter? rather than =ne thin& >Space?.
!instein did not 0now how matter existed in Space and his electromagnetic field theory of matter is
,nducti&e (empirical " a posteriori and describes effects (of relati&e motion#
-is theory is empirically (a posteriori founded from obser&ation of how matter 9pushes9 other matter around
(thus his 9representation9 of matter as spherical force fields#
's !rnst 8ach insistently pointed out, the Iewtonian theory is unsatisfactory in the following respectE if
one considers motion from the purely descripti&e, not from the causal, point of &iew, it only exists as
relati&e motion of things with respect to one another#
,t compelled Iewton to in&ent a physical space in relation to which acceleration was supposed to exist# /his
introduction ad hoc of the concept of absolute space, while logically unacceptionable, ne&ertheless seems
unsatisfactory#
*onsidered logically, concepts are free creations of the human intelligence, tools of thought, which are to
ser&e the purpose of bringing experiences into relation with each other, so that in this way they can be better
sur&eyed# /he attempt to become conscious of the empirical sources of these fundamental concepts should
show to what extent we are actually bound to these concepts# ,n this way we become aware of our freedom
to create new concepts#
@escartes argued somewhat on these linesE space is identical with extension, but extension is connected with
bodies+ thus there is no space without bodies and hence no empty space#
,t appears to me, therefore, that the formation of the concept of the material ob)ect must precede our
concepts of time and space# (Albert 'instein, 195L
8etaphysics, as a true description of 5eality, must be based on a priori causes 'I@ these must be united
bac0 to one common thing that causes and connects the many things (matter# /he 8etaphysics of Space
and 8otion is founded on the a priori existence of $ne thing, Space and its properties as a wa&e2medium,
that $ne thing, Space, must first exist for 8any things, matter to be able to exist and mo&e about in an
interconnected manner (as reality shows#
ii? %ontinuous #ields do Eot Axplain the 8iscrete Aner&y :evels of ;atter and :i&ht
as 8etermined by *uantum Theory.
/he !lectric and 8agnetic (orce (ields were first founded on repeated obser&ations (,nduction " a
posteriori of how many trillions of charged 9particles9 (electrons and protons beha&ed# /his explains why
the fields were continuous, as many trillions of discrete standing wa&e interactions blend together into a
continuous force# /hus the continuous field can ne&er describe the real standing wa&e interactions of matter,
as !instein came to reali7e#
/he great stumbling bloc0 for the field theory lies in the conception of the atomic structure of matter and
energy# (or the theory is fundamentally non2atomic in so far as it operates exclusi&ely with continuous
functions of space, in contrast to classical mechanics whose most important element, the material point, in
itself does )ustice to the atomic structure of matter# ('instein, 195L
iii? Ainstein's '#ields' require '6articles'.
's !instein used the empirical"theoretical foundations de&eloped by (araday, 8axwell and Aorent7 he
required the existence of a 9Particle9 to somehow generate the 9(ield9 which in turn acted on other 9Particles9#
/he special and general theories of relati&ity, which, though based entirely on ideas connected with the
field2theory, ha&e so far been unable to a&oid the independent introduction of material points, C the
continuous field thus appeared side by side with the material point as the representati&e of physical reality#
/his dualism remains e&en today disturbing as it must be to e&ery orderly mind# ('instein, 195L
iv? Ainstein's %ontinuous #ield Theory of ;atter &ives rise to Sin&ularities and
+nfinite #ields.
been crowned with success# :hat appears certain to me, howe&er, is that, in the foundations of any
consistent field theory the particle concept must not appear in addition to the field concept# /he whole
theory must by based solely on partial differential equations and their singularity2free solutions# ('instein,
195L
's :olff explains (see Buantum /heory, the equation for a scalar spherical wa&e gi&e rise to a finite wa&e2
amplitude at the wa&e2center (consistent with obser&ation whereas spherical &ector electromagnetic fields
tend to infinity as the radius tends to 7ero (and there are no &ector e2m solutions in spherical coordinates>#
v? Ainstein <e$ects both '6articles' and ;otion.
:hile !instein correctly re)ected the point 9particle9 concept of matter, he assumed that 8otion only applied
to 9particles9 (a common error> thus he also re)ected the concept of 8otion, and represented matter as
spherical force fields# /he error is twofold+ firstly, he did not consider the (wa&e 8otion of Space itself,
and secondly, he should ha&e reali7ed that to measure forces we must first measure the change in 8otion of
a particle, thus 8otion is a priori to forces (i#e# (orce U d!"dx#
concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion#
('instein, 195L
:e now reali7e that neither the 9Particle9 nor the continuous electromagnetic force 9(ield9 is a complete
description of 5eality thus we must re)ect both the ?Particle? and the ?Field?, and what remains is &otion#
-ence we can now clearly see both !instein9s error and the true path left to explore 2 the study of Space as a
wa&e medium for wa&e 8otion 2 and that the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space explains both the 9particle9
(wa&e2center and 9forces9 (change in &elocity of ,n2:a&es, which changes the location of the :a&e2
*enter#
vi? Ainstein ,ssumed ;atter %aused Space <ather than the @ave-;otion of Space
%ausin& ;atter.
!instein was profoundly influenced by 8ach+
8ach, in the nineteenth century, was the only one who thought seriously of the elimination of the concept of
space, in that he sought to replace it by the notion of the totality of the instantaneous distances between all
material points# (-e made this attempt in order to arri&e at a satisfactory understanding of inertia#
('instein, 195L
.ecause we only obser&e the motion of matter relati&e to all the other matter in the uni&erse, thus !instein
thought that matter, rather than Space, must be the central perspecti&e for representing 5eality# /hus
!instein9s 5elati&ity is empirically (a posteriori founded from obser&ing the motion of matter relati&e to
other matter#
/he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion is founded on the a priori fact that Space is first necessary for matter
to be able to exist and mo&e about# !instein is empirically correct, and at the same time this was his error
because 8etaphysics (and thus 5eality is not founded on empirical obser&ations#
,n reality there is no motion of matter, there is only the spherical wa&e2motion of Space, and the changing
location of the wa&e2center gi&es the 9illusion9 of the motion of matter 9particles9# (/hus !instein9s 5elati&ity
is founded on an illusion that matter mo&es, when it is Space which is mo&ing " &ibrating#
Iewton was ultimately correct+
'nd so instead of absolute places and motions, we use relati&e ones+ and that without any incon&enience in
common affairs+ but in Philosophical disquisitions, we ought to abstract from our senses, and consider
things themsel&es, distinct from what are only sensible measures of them# (5e*ton, 1J=7
(urther, Aorent79s assumption of an 'bsolute Space is the foundation for the Aorent7 transformations and
thus for !instein9s 5elati&ity#
!instein choose to ignore Space " 'ether and wor0 with relati&e motions of matter to other matter, with
matter being represented by spherical fields#
/he electromagnetic fields are not states of a medium, and are not bound down to any bearer, but they are
independent realities which are not reducible to anything else# ('lbert !instein, Aeiden Aecture, 19;<
,n other words, is there an ether which carries the field+ the ether being considered in the undulatory state,
for example, when it carries light wa&esF /he question has a natural answerE .ecause one cannot dispense
with the field concept, it is preferable not to introduce in addition a carrier with hypothetical properties#
$nce we realise that the particle and the continuous electromagnetic field it generates are both merely ideas,
human approximations to reality, then we sol&e these problems# :e return to Aorent79s foundation of $ne
thing Space, and its properties as a wa&e medium (&ibrations and replace the spherical particle R field with
the spherical wa&e 8otion of Space# /he idea of the field theory of matter misled !instein, and yet !instein
also realised that there must somehow be a Space that interconnects matter#
space2time inter&als in the physical sense# .ut this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality
characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of parts which may be trac0ed through time# /he idea of
motion may not be applied to it# ('lbert !instein, Aeiden Aecture, 19;<
vii? Ainstein Eever 7nited the Alectroma&netic 9 Fravitational #ields into a 7nified
#ield Theory for ;atter
!instein9s 5elati&ity requires both an !lectromagnetic (orce (ield to explain *harge, and a ?ra&itational
(ield to explain 8ass# -e tried and failed throughout his life to unite these two fields into one (and to
remo&e the 9particle9 concept from them#
.ut the idea that there exist two structures of space independent of each other, the metric2gra&itational and
the electromagnetic, was intolerable to the theoretical spirit# :e are prompted to the belief that both sorts of
field must correspond to a unified structure of space# (!instein, 195L
:e can now unite these two fields by demonstrating how they are both caused by the properties of Space,
i#e# that the wa&e &elocity &aries with both wa&e2amplitude (charge and mass2energy density of space
(mass#
viii? Ainstein's '%urvature of the #our 8imensional Space-Time %ontinuum'
/he concept of the 9cur&ature of space9 is a mathematical construction of !instein9s general relati&ity# ,n
reality Space is not 9cur&ed9, instead (for gra&itational forces the mass2energy density of space &aries
dependent upon the nearby proximity of matter (SS:s, and this causes a &ariation in the &elocity of
wa&es"light which changes the ellipsoidal shape of matter and causes the cur&ed path of matter and light in
Space# 'nd this caused !instein considerable problems (it too0 him ten years to wor0 out the ellipsoidal
geometry for gra&ity"general relati&ity>
.ut the path (of general relati&ity was thornier than one might suppose, because it demanded the
abandonment of !uclidean geometry# /his is what we mean when we tal0 of the 9cur&ature of space9# /he
fundamental concepts of the 9straight line9, the 9plane9, etc#, thereby lose their precise significance in physics#
(Albert 'instein, 195L
(urther, the four dimensional space2time continuum simply means that three spatial dimensions and a time
dimension are required to define the motion of bodies and the path of light in three dimensional Space#
/he non2mathematician is sei7ed by a mysterious shuddering when he hears of 9four2dimensional9 things, by
a feeling not unli0e that awa0ened by thoughts of the occult# 'nd yet there is no more common2place
statement than that the world in which we li&e is a four2dimensional space2time continuum# Space is a three2
dimensional continuum# ### Similarly, the world of physical phenomena is naturally four dimensional in the
space2time sense# (or it is composed of indi&idual e&ents, each of which is described by four numbers,
namely, three space co2ordinates x, y, 7, and the time co2ordinate t# (Albert 'instein, 195L
/he inseparability of time and space emerged in connection with electrodynamics, or the law of propagation
of light#
:ith the disco&ery of the relati&ity of simultaneity, space and time were merged in a single continuum in a
way similar to that in which the three dimensions of space had pre&iously merged into a single continuum#
Physical space was thus extended to a four dimensional space which also included the dimension of time#
/he four dimensional space of the special theory of relati&ity is )ust as rigid and absolute as Iewton9s space#
,n fact the spherical wa&e 8otion of Space requires three spatial dimensions and a (wa&e motion dimension
(rather than a time dimension, as motion causes time# Iow this is &ery important, for it is this 9cur&ature9
that largely led to !instein9s early fame# ,t was the prediction by !instein that light cur&ed as it gra7ed the
sun (subsequently confirmed by obser&ation during a solar eclipse on the ;9th 8ay 1919 that resulted in
his ?eneral /heory of 5elati&ity becoming widely accepted and &ery famous# -is general principle is
correct though, matter does determine the geometric properties of Space+
'ccording to the general theory of relati&ity, the geometrical properties of space are not independent, but
they are determined by matter# ('instein, 195L
Concluding $e-ar<s
/owards the end of his life !instein was acutely aware that he had failed to reali7e his dream of a unified
field theory for matter and that the continuous spherical spatially extended continuous field may not truly
represent the reality of matter# ,n 195L !instein wrote to his friend 8ichael .esso expressing his frustration+
modern physics#
'lbert !instein9s ?eneral /heory of 5elati&ity (?/5 has been summari7ed as, ?The -atter of the uni,erse
deter-ines the properties of (pace, and the properties of (pace deter-ine the beha,iour of -atter.?
/he ?/5 is an experimentally correct description of the uni&erse but how or why it occurs was mysterious#
:ith the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 we now see the existence of a uni&ersal symmetry and
interdependence of all matter in the uni&erse# /he :a&e Structure of 8atter is the cause of this profound
symmetry#
Principle /wo of the :S8 can be rephrased as, 'll wa&es from matter of the uni&erse determine the mass2
energy density of space which determines the &elocity of the wa&es c which then determines the beha&iour
of matter in Space#
:e can further shorten this to 8atter affects Space affects 8atter#
/hus the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explains the fundamental origins of 'lbert !instein9s ?eneral
/heory of 5elati&ity (?/5 and its application to the cosmic scale gra&itational motion of the matter of
planets, stars, galaxies, etc#
Significantly though, the :S8 also explains the Buantum realm, and how :a&e2*enters (particles interact
with other particles in the Space around them, thus explaining Buantum /heory and the cause of the discrete
9quanta9 (photon properties of light# -ence the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter explains both
the large scale (*osmic realm geometry of ?eneral 5elati&ity (gra&ity as well as the small scale (Buantum
realm particle interactions of Buantum /heory (light# ('s a true description of reality must#
'll that needs to be done now is for some cle&er and curious 8athematician to apply the /wo Principles of
the :S8 to 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity and show that the two are mathematically equi&alent# /his
mathematics will be simpler, contain no infinities"singularities, and will also be consistent with Buantum
/heory and *osmology# /hus there now exists the opportunity for mathematical physicists to explore a
profound new logical language which should pro&ide many solutions to their current problems and in time
lead to a re&olution of their sub)ect#
2lbert /instein Cosmology
/>plaining 2lbert /instein1s Cosmological Constant and ho! our Finite
)pherical 9ni"erse e>ists !ithin an 'nfinite )pace
/he supreme tas0 of the physicist is to arri&e at those uni&ersal elementary laws from which the cosmos can
be built up by pure deduction# ('lbert !instein, 195L
*an we &isuali7e a K@ uni&erse which is finite yet unboundedF ('lbert !instein, 195L
/he results of calculation indicate that if matter be distributed uniformly, the uni,erse would necessarily be
spherical#
, must not fail to mention that a theoretical argument can be adduced in fa&our of the hypothesis of a finite
uni,erse.
/he general theory of relati&ity teaches that the inertia of a gi&en body is greater as there are more
ponderable masses in proximity to it+ thus it seems &ery natural to reduce the total inertia of a body to
interactions between it and the other bodies in the uni&erse,
as indeed, e&er since Iewton4s time, gra&ity has been completely reduced to interaction between bodies#
('lbert !instein, 195L
' human being is part of the whole called by us uni&erse, a part limited in time and space# :e experience
oursel&es, our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest# ' 0ind of optical delusion of
consciousness# /his delusion is a 0ind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection
for a few persons nearest to us# $ur tas0 must be to free oursel&es from the prison by widening our circle of
compassion to embrace all li&ing creatures and the whole of nature in its beautyC /he true &alue of a
human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which they ha&e obtained liberation
from the self# C :e shall require a substantially new manner of thin0ing if humanity is to sur&i&e# ('lbert
!instein, 195L
+ntroduction - Eewton, ;ach, Ainstein +nfinite ;ass 6aradox - %osmolo&y' ;ach's 6rinciple - Ainstein's
'%urvature of )8 Space-Time %ontinuum' - Ainstein's #amous %osmolo&ical >,nti&ravity? %onstant - Top of
6a&e
'ntroduction to 2lbert /instein1s Cosmology $ #)M
!instein9s ?eneral 5elati&ity requires a finite spherical uni&erse (it cannot be infinite because of 8ach9s
Principle, with which !instein strongly agreed, that the mass of a body is finite, is determined by all other
matter in the uni&erse, thus all other matter in uni&erse must be finite#
/wo problems+
a :hat surrounds this finite spherical uni&erseF (!instein used his spherical ellipsoidal geometry of
?eneral 5elati&ity to propose cur&ed space 2 if you tra&el in any one direction you will cur&e around and
e&entually return to your starting point 2 subtle, cle&er, weird, wrong#
b :hat stops finite spherical uni&erse gra&itationally collapsing (thus !instein9s *osmological " 'ntigra&ity
*onstant#
;# /wo disco&eries, one theoretical, one empirical sent *osmology down the path of the .ig .ang /heory
for the creation of our uni&erse#
a (riedman used !instein9s equations to show that an expanding uni&erse was possible by the equations,
and sol&ed the problem of the collapsing uni&erse and thus remo&ed the need for !instein9s *osmological
constant# !instein was reluctant 2 belie&ing in a static (non2expanding uni&erse#
b /hen -ubble famously showed the relationship between distance and redshift# ,f @oppler shift caused
this redshift then it meant stars " galaxies were mo&ing apart#
!instein, swayed by this argument, changed his mind 2 thus his comment 98y biggest blunder9 referring to
the *osmological *onstant#
's we shall explain though, this is not the correct solution, in fact !instein9s 9cosmological constant is
largely correct, but it is not caused by anti2gra&ity within the uni&erse, but by the gra&itational forces of
matter outside our finite spherical uni&erse within an infinite space# (urtherE
1# 5edshift with distance is not @oppler effect, but caused by -uygens Principle (a wa&e can be treated as
an infinite number of spherical wa&e sources# ,t is necessary that all other matter9s out2wa&es must combine
in a -uygens wa&e front, to form our spherical ,n2:a&es# :e absolutely are a part of the uni&erse (not
separate " discrete bodies 2 our matter formed from all other matter in the uni&erse# /his explains 8ach9s
Principle and redshift with distance (in the article, particularly equation of the cosmos, it shows the
mathematical deductions from wa&e theory correctly deduce 8ach9s Principle (8ilo :olff and 5edshift
with distance#
;# /o understand *osmology you must understand the relationship between the finite and the infinite# /he
big bang does not explain this, it was not until 8ilo :olff applied 0nowledge of the :a&e Structure of
8atter to the study of the *osmos that this problem could be sol&ed#
a Space is ,nfinite (one thing existing must be infinite but our spherical uni&erse is finite# 8atter is finite#
:e unite these two finite things, matter and uni&erse, by realising that matter, as a spherical standing wa&e
formed by other matter9s out wa&es, determines the si7e of our finite spherical uni&erse# 8atter and %ni&erse
are the same thing " are united#
b @ue to this sharing of wa&es, only a finite number (about 1<Z=< of other Spherical Standing :a&es
combine with our matter# /he article shows two separate deductions for this, one by myself (simple and
one by 8aths Physicist 8ilo :olff (mathematical, logically equi&alent#
/hus there are an infinite number of finite spherical uni&erses within an infinite space#
, realise that some of this will not ma0e much sense to you at first# , am sure though, that after reading on
the :a&e Structure of 8atter, you will find it to be actually &ery simple and sensible in how it explains and
sol&es many of the problems of *osmology#
.efining 19ni"erse1
*urrent .ig .ang *osmology defines Uni,erse as both+
i 'll that exists (both Space and 8atter
ii (inite and Spherical#
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter *osmology (being founded on $ne thing Space requires that Space is
,nfinite, but that we only interact with a finite sphere of matter within that ,nfinite Space# /hus the current
9.ig .ang9 definition of %ni&erse is wrong according to :S8#
So you can either re2define %ni&erse by maintaining meaning one+
i %ni&erse is all that exists (both Space and 8atter which :S8 says is ,nfinite 2 thus %ni&erse is ,nfinite#
.ut then
ii (inite and Spherical %ni&erse is wrong# /he %ni&erse is no longer finite and spherical, and effecti&ely
has the same meaning as ,nfinite Space " all that exists# 'nd you then ha&e no word for the finite spherical
region of space that we interact with other matter (which causes our ,n2:a&es# ,t also becomes &ery
confusing when considering 8ach9s Principle and !instein9s ?eneral 5elati&ity (see below#
$ur other option is to re2define %ni&erse as the (inite sphere of Space (and other matter we see and interact
with (and that contributes to our ,n2:a&es, while Space itself is ,nfinite#
/his pro&ides a better definition as then the finite spherical uni&erse still ma0es sense with respect to 8ach9s
Principle and !instein ?eneral 5elati&ity#
/hus in this :a&e Structure of 8atter *osmology the Uni,erse is defined as follows+
/niverse' The #inite Spherical re&ion of ;atter and Space that we can see and interact with >within an
+nfinite Space?. =nly this other matter's =ut-@aves contribute to the formation of our ;atter's in-@aves. i.e.
Kuy&ens' 6rinciple - and this is the cause of ;ach's 6rinciple, that the mass of our matter is determined by
all the other matter in our finite spherical universe >because it is created by itJ?.
6a&e
5e*ton, &ach and 'instein?s Infinite &ass Parado)
:e begin this section with a fairly long quote from !ric Aerner, though it is important, as it pro&ides a
historical analysis of !instein4s 5elati&ity, the birth of the 9.ig .ang9 and its influence on Society+
($n Io&ember 9, 1919 the Iew Nor0 /imes, Page six E !*A,PS! S-$:!@ ?5'6,/N 6'5,'/,$I,
and below, @,6!5S,$I $( ' A,?-/ 5'N '**!P/!@ 'S '((!*/,I? I!:/$I9S P5,I*,PA!,
-',A!@ 'S !P$*- 8'Q,I?# .5,/,S- S*,!I/,S/ *'AAS /-! @,S*$6!5N $I! $( /-!
?5!'/!S/ $( -%8'I '*-,!6!8!I/S# 'n obser&ation of the 8ay ;9, 1919, solar eclipse had
confirmed !instein9s prediction of the bending of light from a distant star by the sun9s gra&ity# /his
&indication of his general theory of relati&ity was announced at a meeting of the 5oyal 'stronomical
Society#
:hy was !instein9s theory, not e&en briefly described in this first article, so outstandingF $ne scientist
noted that the effect on practical astronomy of the small differences from Iewton9s laws would not be &ery
great# .ut 9it was chiefly in the field of philosophical thought that the change would be felt#9 /he /imes
reported, 9space would no longer be loo0ed on as extending indefinitely in all directions# Straight lines
would not exist in !instein9s space# /hey would all be cur&ed and if they tra&eled far enough they would
return to their starting point#9
/hus the first public announcement of !instein9s theory suddenly proclaimed the falsity of a basic
cosmological tenet, that the uni&erse is infinite# 8ore surprises came the next day when a /imes headline
declared, A,?-/S 'AA 'SQ!: ,I /-! -!'6!IS, 8!I $( S*,!I*! 8$5! $5 A!SS '?$?# Iot
only was the new theory shoc0ing in its implication, but it was incomprehensible as wellE S# S# /hompson
stated that it was useless to detail the theory to the man in the street, for it could only be expressed in strictly
scientific terms, being 3purely mathematical#4 ,n fact, the /imes went on, !instein himself had warned his
publishers that there were not more than twel&e people in the whole world who could understand his theory#
!instein9s new theory appealed to scientists, reporters, and editors because it brought a &ision of the uni&erse
as a whole, a &ision that appeared as a solace to a tormented society# /he cosmology !instein de&eloped in
1917, two years after formulating his general theory, had, for many scientists, a terrific aesthetic and
philosophical attraction# ,n part, this was based on the appeal of general relati&ity itself# 's 'lf&en has
written, 3Io one can study ?eneral 5elati&ity without being impressed by its unquestionable mathematical
beauty#4
'nd, moreo&er, it was demonstrated not only in its prediction that light near the sun would be bent by
gra&ity, but by subtle &ariations in the orbit of 8ercury which Iewtonian gra&itation had not been able to
explain# Iewton and other scientists had always been bothered that gra&ity appeared to act 3at a distance4, a
magical influence in empty space# ?eneral relati&ity eliminates this problem, showing that mass cur&es the
space around it li0e a weight resting on a sheet pulled taut at the edges# ,t is this cur&ature of the space that
results in gra&ity, not the direct action of one ob)ect on another#
.ut beautiful as it was, this change in gra&itational theory was not what captured the imagination of
scientists and the press# ,t was instead !instein9s cosmological speculations of a closed, finite uni&erse#
?ra&ity, !instein argued, would cur&e the entire cosmos around into a four2dimensional sphere, finite, yet
without boundaries# !instein9s spherical uni&erse is static, eternally unchanging, ruled by his elegant
equations#
/o a society shattered by :orld :ar 1, this &ision of a calm, ordered uni&erse must ha&e been tremendously
reassuring# :hen man0ind is progressing, the dynamic changing infinite uni&erse, the 3restless uni&erse4, as
Sir Sames Sean called it, seems exciting and challenging# .ut when human affairs are in shambles, and
change no longer means progress but can mean uphea&al and death, a finite and static uni&erse li0e
!instein9s can appear a balm to tortured souls, )ust as 'ugustine9s hierarchical cosmos seemed to offer
refuge from the confusion and misery of the fourth century#
's one of !instein9s biographers, physicist 'braham Pais, wrote, 3!instein9s disco&ery appealed to deep
mythic themes# ' new man appears abruptly, the suddenly famous @r# !instein# -e carries a message of a
new order in the uni&erse ## -is mathematical language is sacred, ### the fourth dimension, light has weight,
space is warped# -e fulfils two profound needs in man, the need to 0now and the need not to 0now but to
belie&e#4 ,n a time of death and uncertainty, 3he represents order and power# -e became the di&ine man of
the twentieth century#4
:hate&er the complex moti&es that produced the myth of !instein and the general theory of relati&ity, it has
had a profound impact on twentieth2century science# Iineteen nineteen became a fault line in the history of
science, and in that year the main trends that were to lead to the acceptance of the .ig .ang began#
's 'lf&en points out, it is quite ironic that a triumph of science led to the resurgence of myth# /he most
unfortunate effect of the !instein myth is the enshrinement of the belief, re)ected for four hundred years,
that science is incomprehensible, that only an initiated priesthood can fathom its mysteries#
'lf&en wrote sixty years later, 3/he people were told that the true nature of the physical world could not be
understood except by !instein and a few other geniuses who were able to thin0 in four dimensions# Science
was something to belie&e in, not something which should be understood# Soon the best2sellers among the
popular science boo0s became those that presented scientific results as insults to common sense# $ne of the
consequences was that the limit between science and pseudo2science began to be erased# /o most people it
was increasingly difficult to find any difference between science and science fiction#4 :orse still, the
constant reiteration of science9s incomprehensibility could not fail to turn many against science and
encourage anti2intellectualism#
The Birth Of The Big Bang
!instein had first formulated his conception of a static, finite uni&erse in 1917, two years after de&eloping
the general theory of relati&ity# .ut he soon saw its flaws# ' static, closed uni&erse could not remain static,
because its own gra&itation would cause it to collapse#
*learly, !instein reasoned, something pre&ents the collapse of the uni&erse, something li0e the centrifugal
force of rotation, but not rotation itself# /his force must somehow increase with distanceE it had ne&er been
obser&ed on earth or in the solar system, but it must be strong enough at cosmological distances to
o&ercome gra&ity# -e introduced a new term into his equations of gra&ity, 3the cosmological constant,4 a
repulsi&e force whose strength increases proportionally to the distance between two ob)ects, )ust as the
centrifugal force of a rigidly rotating body increases proportionally to its radius# .ut this force, he thought,
acts in all directions equally, li0e gra&ity, so it does not disturb the symmetry of the uni&erse#
/o preser&e his conception of a static uni&erse, !instein set the cosmological constant to a le&el that would
balance gra&ity exactly, so that its repulsi&e force neutrali7ed the tendency of the uni&erse to collapse#
,n 19;L new obser&ations changed the picture radically# (or a decade, astronomers had been measuring the
spectra of stars in nearby galaxies# ,n nearly all cases, the spectra shifted slightly toward the red# Scientists
had long 0nown the simplest explanation of these redshifts is that the galaxies are mo&ing away, shifting the
frequency of light to the red (an analogous phenomenon ma0es the pitch of a train whistle rise as it
approaches and fall as it recedes# ,t seemed strange that, rather than mo&ing randomly, the galaxies all
seemed to be mo&ing away from each other and from us#
## Aemaitre de&eloped a new cosmological theory# Studying !instein9s equations, he found, as others had
before him, that the solution !instein proposed was unstable+ a slight expansion would cause the repulsi&e
force to increase and gra&ity to wea0en, leading to unlimited expansion, or a slight contradiction would,
&ice &ersa, lead to collapse# Aemaitre, independently reaching conclusions achie&ed fi&e years earlier by the
5ussian mathematician 'lexander (riedmann, showed that !instein9s uni&erse is only one special solution
among infinite possible cosmologies2 some expanding, some contracting, depending on the &alue of the
cosmological constant and the 3initial conditions4 of the uni&erse#
Aemaitre synthesised this purely mathematical result with :irt79s and -ubble9s tentati&e obser&ations, and
concluded that the uni&erse as a whole must be expanding, then any of the cosmological scenarios that led
to expansion could be a &alid description of the uni&erse# .ut cosmic repulsion and gra&ity are not delicately
balanced2 repulsion predominates in an expanding uni&erse#
Aemaitre put forward his hypothesis of an expanding uni&erse in a little20nown publication in 19;7, and
within two years his wor0 and (riedmann9s had become widely 0nown and accepted in the tiny cosmology
fraternity# .y this time, 19;9, -ubble had published the first results showing the redshift relation,
apparently confirming Aemaitre9s idea of an expanding uni&erse#
.ut if the uni&erse is finite in space, then it must be finite in time as well, Aemaitre argued# /hus the non2
singular solutions that Aemaitre found2 in which the uni&erse has no beginning2 were unacceptable# /he
only ones that corresponded to Aemaitre9s philosophical &iews were closed in space and limited in time#
!ddington ga&e him a further rationale for loo0ing at singular solutions2 the second law indicates that the
uni&erse must ha&e originated at a state of low entropy#
(rom these two philosophical premises, Aemaitre de&eloped his concept of the 3prime&al atom4, the first
&ersion of the .ig .ang# 't a 19K1 meeting of the .ritish 'ssociation on the !&olution of the %ni&erse, he
put his ideas forward for the first time# .eginning from the idea that entropy is e&erywhere increasing, he
reasoned, quantum mechanics (de&eloped in the twenties shows that as entropy increases, the number of
quanta 2 indi&idual particles in the uni&erse 2 increases# /hus, if we trace this bac0 in time, the entire
uni&erse must ha&e been a single particle, a &ast prime&al atom with 7ero radius# -e identified this instant
with the singularity of some relati&istic solutions# Sust as uranium and radium atoms decay into subatomic
particles, so this giant nucleus, as the uni&erse expanded, explosi&ely split up into smaller and smaller units,
atoms of the si7e of galaxies decaying into atoms the si7e of suns and so on down to our present2day atoms#
('ric K. "erner, /he .ig .ang Ie&er -appened, 1991
:ith this summary in mind let us now turn to the ideas of 'lbert !instein+
,f we ponder o&er the questions as to how the uni&erse (space, considered as a whole, is to be regarded, the
first answer that suggests itself to us is surely thisE 's regards space (and time the uni&erse is infinite# /here
are stars e&erywhere, so that the density of matter, although &ariable in detail, is ne&ertheless on the a&erage
e&erywhere the same# ,n other wordsE -owe&er far we might tra&el through space, we should find
e&erywhere an attenuated swarm of fixed stars of approximately the same 0ind and density# ('instein,
195L
!instein thought it sensible that space was infinite, as the concept of a finite sphere of Space with a center
and a boundary seemed unreasonable# 's we ha&e explained, !instein9s (and many other philosopher9s
belief in an infinite Space and time as being the most ob&ious and sensible uni&erse is correct, this being a
necessary consequence of the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure for 8atter#
%nfortunately for !instein, limited understanding of 8ach9s Principle and lac0 of 0nowledge of how 8atter
exists in Space and is interconnected with other 8atter in the Space around it (/he :a&e Structure of
8atter pre&ented this from being possible at the time, and led to the current confusion and paradox of
modern cosmology# So let us now explain (using the ideas of !instein how the :a&e Structure of 8atter,
and particularly the -uygens9 combination of ,n2:a&es and $ut2:a&es, sol&es these problems and
paradoxes#
!instein continues+
/his &iew of an infinite space is not in harmony with the theory of Iewton#
/he latter theory requires that the uni&erse should ha&e a 0ind of center in which the density of stars is a
maximum, and that as we proceed outwards from this center the group2density of the stars should diminish,
until finally, at great distances, it is succeeded by an infinite region of emptiness# /he stellar uni&erse ought
to be a finite island in an infinite ocean of space# ('instein, 195L
*learly !instein thin0s this 9island9 uni&erse unreasonable, nonetheless, it is a logical consequence of
Iewton9s force laws as he explains below+
'ccording to the theory of Iewton, the number of 9lines of force9 which come from infinity and terminate in
a mass m is proportional to the mass m# ,f, on the a&erage, the mass density Po is constant throughout the
uni&erse, then a sphere of &olume 6 will enclose the a&erage mass Po 6# /hus the number of lines of force
passing through the surface ( of the sphere into its interior is proportional to Po 6# (or unit area of the
surface of the sphere the number of lines of force which enters the sphere is thus proportional to Po 6"( or
to Po 5# -ence the intensity of the field at the surface would ultimately become infinite with increasing
radius 5 of the sphere, which is impossible# ('instein, 195L
!instein correctly argues that as the radius 5 of the spherical uni&erse tended to infinity then if this infinite
matter in distant Space contributed to the mass of our matter, our matter would necessarily ha&e an infinite
mass 2 which it clearly does not# /he solution is to reali7e that matter is a SS: that shares its wa&es with
other SS:s in Space, so once the radius increases past a certain radius (the si7e of our (inite Spherical
%ni&erse then we can no longer consider the contributions of $ut2:a&es from this farther distant matter 2
:e ha&e already counted and used their wa&e contributions which ma0e up the SS:s of closer matter#
($therwise we would be counting the same wa&es twice, three times etc# etc#
's we ha&e explained (sorry for the repetition but it is important>, it is this solution (of the sharing or
-uygens4 combination of wa&es that enables SS:s to exist with a finite mass2energy density, mass and
si7e (the si7e of our uni&erse within an infinite Space#
:ithout this 0nowledge though, the problem of matter ha&ing a finite mass and yet being part of ,nfinite
Space was impossible to explain# 's !instein writes+
Iewton included the infinity of space and time in his fundamental principles and speculated on the question
of whether or not the stars were finite in number and filled only a finite part of the infinite space# -e came
to the conclusion that the number of stars must be infinite and spread rather uniformly through space, for a
finite number would collapse in consequence of their mutual attraction# Aater it turned out that this
argument led to mathematical difficulties of so se&ere a 0ind that e&en modifications of the Iewtonian law
of gra&itation for large distances were contemplated# ('instein, 195L
,n order to escape this dilemma, Seeliger suggested a modification of Iewton9s law, in which he assumes
that for great distances the forces of attraction between two masses diminishes more rapidly than would
result with the in&erse square law# ,n this way it is possible for the mean density of matter to be constant
e&erywhere, e&en to infinity, without infinitely large gra&itational fields being produced# :e thus free
oursel&es from the distasteful conception that the material uni&erse ought to possess something of the nature
of a center# $f course we purchase our emancipation from the fundamental difficulties mentioned, at the
cost of a modification and complication of Iewton9s law which has neither empirical nor theoretical
foundation# ('instein, 195L
:hile Seeliger9s solution is in fact correct, without 0nowledge of the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter
and the -uygens9 combination and sharing of wa&es, he had no theoretical foundation for this solution# :e
can now clearly understand the solution to this problem of infinite mass by reali7ing that distant SS:s
contribute less and less to our ,n2:a&es with increasing distance (hence their contribution to our mass2
energy density and mass diminishes and their gra&itational effect upon us li0ewise diminishes#
/hus the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter in an infinite three dimensional Space now pro&ides
this new theoretical foundation which deduces exactly what !instein and Seeliger required> /here is no
9island9 of masses in an infinite empty Space# ,nstead, matter is distributed uniformly throughout an infinite
Space, but it contributes less and less to our ,n2:a&es, and thus our mass, with increasing distance thus
pre&enting our mass from becoming infinite, and also pre&enting our finite uni&erse from collapsing on
upon itself due to gra&itational forces#
6a&e
&ach?s Principle
#o* the 0istant (tars 0eter-ine Our Inertial &ass
!instein himself started with the con&iction that !rnst 8ach was correct# .ut at the end of the day he had to
sadly admit that his equations were not 8achian and that general relati&ity was a 9local9 theory# .ut we ha&e
seen that the equations were not wrong (after all they )ust represent conser&ation of mass2energy and
momentum# ,t was the fact that particles reali4ed their -ass by co--unication *ithin their creation
light sphere that -ade the physics &achian 2 and that had been omitted in the con&entional solution#
/his becomes terribly important from another aspect, namely quantum mechanics# ,n the small mass2energy
regime, discrete rather than continuous phenomena are encountered# !mpirically this is a well2&alidated
physics# .ut to the despair of generations of physicists, it appears impossible to unify general relati&ity and
quantum mechanics# Perhaps the outstanding aspect of quantum phenomena, howe&er, is that they in&ol&e
non2local physics# ,f we ma0e classical dynamics a non2local theory then we open the prospects of unifying
these two branches of physics# (Arp, 199=
-alton 'rp ma0es some &ery good obser&ations, and the solution to these problems can now be clearly
understood# 8atter is 9nonlocal9 and is in fact a Spherical Standing :a&e Structure that determines the si7e
of our finite spherical %ni&erse#
'nd as !instein confirms, general relati&ity requires that the uni&erse be finite and spherical+
, must not fail to mention that a theoretical argument can be adduced in fa&our of the hypothesis of a finite
uni&erse# /he general theory of relati&ity teaches that the inertial mass of a gi&en body is greater as there are
more ponderable masses in proximity to it+ thus it seems &ery natural to reduce the total inertia of a body to
interactions between it and the other bodies in the uni&erse, as indeed, e&er since Iewton4s time, gra&ity has
been completely reduced to interaction between bodies# ('instein, 195L
,t is true that the mass (inertia of a body is affected by other matter in the Space around it# /his is because
mass is related to mass2energy density of space of the ,n2:a&es (the greater the mass2energy density of
space, the greater the mass so the more matter around a body, then the more their $ut2:a&es are
contributing to that body9s ,n2:a&es and thus increasing its mass2energy density of space and inertial mass#
's the inertial mass of our matter is finite (not infinite, therefore, either matter and"or Space must be finite+
or the matter ($ut2:a&es which contribute to our ,n2:a&es must be finite within an infinite Space# 's
explained abo&e, it is this latter option which we now reali7e to be the correct solution#
' similar argument about inertial mass was made in 1==K by !rnst 8ach (who !instein greatly respected
and agreed with# 8ach boldly stated that, Iewton9s law of ,nertia FF-.a, was established by all the matter
of the uni&erse # 't that time the un0nown origin of Iewton9s inertia law attracted frequent attention# 8ach
(&ery cle&erly saw the connection between inertia and distant matter in the uni&erse from considerations on
the following experiment, which produces two fundamentally different ways of measuring a body9s rotation
in SpaceE
(irst, without loo0ing at the s0y, one can measure the centripetal (inertial force on a rotating mass m using
Iewton9s law in the form FF-aF-,
D
Br to find circumferential speed ,#
/he second way is to compare an ob)ect9s angular position and circumferential speed & relati&e to the distant
fixed stars#
5emar0ably, both methods gi&e exactly the same result and this was a great mystery at the time#
8ach reali7ed that the inertia law required a means to lin0 the inertial beha&iour of each body with all other
matter (the stars of our uni&erse# 8ach is reputed to ha&e said, 9:hen the subway )er0s, it is the distant
stars which throw us down#9 !instein agreed#
'lthough most scientists ha&e been intrigued by 8ach9s Principle, its truth was not recogni7ed by most
scientists because a paradox, termed instant 9'ction2at2a2@istance9 was seen in it by persons who declared
that it is impossible for all the distant matter of the uni&erse to instantaneously act upon a mo&ing body here
on earth# :e now understand that their error was to regard matter as discrete 9Particles9#
/his paradox is completely resol&ed by the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 which shows that all distant
matter establishes its presence throughout the uni&erse by their ,n2:a&es and $ut2:a&es which produce a
nearly uniform mass2energy density of space throughout Space# /hus the 9presence9 of distant matter from
our uni&erse already exists at each point in our Space# /here is no need for instant action2at2a2distance#
'ccelerated :a&e2*enters interact with the Space around them whose mass2energy density of space is
determined by all the matter in our uni&erse# Iothing is instantaneous# :a&es only tra&el at speed c, which
is determined by the mass2energy density of space#
(/he &elocity of wa&es in Space, c, is slower in Space of higher mass2energy density of space as per the
:S8 Principle#
,t should be noted here though, that 8ach was only partly correct# 8ach, li0e !instein, belie&ed that all
matter interactions could be considered relati&e to other matter, thus the concept of Space was largely
ignored#
,n fact it is the other way around (Iewton was correct and it is Space which exists and causes 8atter, and
the mass2energy density of space determines the beha&iour of matter (SS:s in this Space# /his then
explains how distant matter contributes to the mass2energy density of space of our ,n2:a&es and thus our
inertial mass#
%sing the hindsight of the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 it is now clear that not only was 8ach largely
correct for inertia but his concept applies to all the other natural laws as well# !ach of the laws and the
natural constants is determined by the inherent properties of Space, and in particular the mass2energy
density of space which is established by the other matter of our uni&erse# :e li&e in a uni&erse in which
each part depends on the whole# 'gain we emphasi7e that the modern paradoxes were largely produced by
the ancient concept of discrete 9Particles9 and these paradoxes are now resol&ed by abandoning the 9Particle9
concept and replacing it with the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter whereby the :a&e2*enter
causes the obser&ed 9Particle9 effect#
6a&e
/instein1s Cur"ature of Four .imensional )pace5Time Continuum
reality Space is not cur&ed, instead, the mass2energy density of space &aries dependent upon the nearby
proximity of matter (SS:s, and this causes a &ariation in the &elocity of wa&es"light (as the central
Principle of the :S8 states which is the cause of the cur&ed path of matter and light in Space# /his
slowing of wa&es in higher mass2energy density of Space is the cause of gra&ity and explains, for example,
why light cur&es past the sun, and why the earth orbits the sun#
Iow it seems that many people do not correctly understand the meaning of the four dimensional space2time
continuum, but it simply means that three spatial dimensions and a time dimension are required to define the
motion of bodies and the path of light in three dimensional Space#
dimensional continuum# ### Similarly, the world of physical phenomena which was briefly called 9world9 by
8in0ows0i is naturally four dimensional in the space2time sense# (or it is composed of indi&idual e&ents,
each of which is described by four numbers, namely, three space co2ordinates x, y, 7, and the time co2
ordinate t# ('instein, 195L
!instein is absolutely correct, if we wish to define the location of successi&e :a&e2*enters (motion of
3Particle4 of the ,n2:a&es of a Spherical Standing :a&e in Space then we require /hree @imensions for
the Spherical :a&e Structure in Space, and $ne @imension for the 8otion of the :a&es# /hus we could
number the Spherical ,n2:a&es 1,;,K,L ### counting out from the center, and thus plot successi&e :a&e2
*enters for each successi&e ,n2:a&e (e#g# (x1,y1,71,1 (x;,y;,7;,; and these four dimensional plots would
describe the apparent motion of the :a&e2*enters (3Particle4 through /hree @imensional Space# (/hus we
see how /ime is caused by :a&e 8otion#
,t is important to reali7e though, that 8atter9s *ur&ature of the 9(our @imensional Space2/ime *ontinuum9
is $nly 8athematically /rue# (or 8atter mo&ing past a massi&e body in /hree @imensional Space (e#g# an
asteroid mo&ing past the !arth then it is the relationship between the high mass2energy density of space of
the !arth, which slows the ,n2:a&e26elocity (and shortens the :a&elength and stretches the Spherical ,n2
:a&es into an !llipsoidal Shape that causes the 5esultant :a&e2*enter9s of the asteroid to 8o&e in a
*ur&ed ('ccelerated Path (which !instein 8athematically and correctly @escribes using (our @imensions
of Space and /ime, as is necessarily required to determine the 8otion of an ob)ect in /hree @imensional
Space>#
,n the general theory of relati&ity the doctrine of space and time, or 0inematics, no longer figures as a
fundamental independent of the rest of physics# /he geometrical beha&iour of bodies and the motion of
cloc0s rather depend on gra&itational fields which in their turn are produced by matter# ('instein, 1919
Iow this is &ery important, for it is this 9cur&ature9 that largely led to !instein9s early fame# 's we ha&e
explained, the measurable properties affected by the presence of spherically spatially extended 8atter in
Space is that the path of nearby light and matter is caused to be cur&ed# ,t was the prediction by !instein that
light cur&ed as it gra7ed the sun (subsequently confirmed by obser&ation during a solar eclipse on the ;9th
8ay 1919 that resulted in his ?eneral /heory of 5elati&ity becoming widely accepted and &ery famous>
Sust li0e an asteroid, the cur&ed path of light is simply caused by the higher mass2energy density of space
near 8atter and the resultant slower :a&e26elocity# !instein is largely correct when he writes+
/he particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which the field strength " energy density is
particularly high#
.ut we now understand his error of representing matter as spherical force fields and reali7e that it is actually
the :a&e2'mplitude and mass2energy density of space of Spherical Standing :a&es in Space which is
particularly high at the :a&e2*enter"4Particle4# -is general principle is correct though, matter does
determine the geometric properties of Space+
they are determined by matter# ('lbert !instein
/hus &ery tiny differences of :a&e28edium @ensity occur near &ery large masses such as the Sun due to
this cumulati&e effect of many trillions of high mass2energy density of space :a&e2*enters# /his increasing
mass2energy density of Space slows the &elocity of the wa&e fronts and causes them to cur&e slightly when
passing massi&e bodies li0e our sun#
(urther, an infinite Space that has matter distributed uniformly must be 9flat9 rather than 3cur&ed4 when
considered o&er large scales of distance#
's our finite spherical uni&erse is part of this infinite Space then this uniform distribution of matter (on the
large scale explains our 9flat9 uni&erse# ,n the deri&ation of Iewton9s Aaw of ,nertia, the finite range of
matter whose $ut2:a&es contribute directly to our ,n2:a&es, and thus contribute to our inertial mass,
required that the density of matter ha&e the &alue J#
D
B Ipi:, (See :olff references that is, of a 9flat9
uni&erse in general relati&ity#
6a&e
/>plaining /instein1s Famous Cosmological +2ntigra"ity- Constant
:e begin with a &ery nice (and important quote from -alton 'rp on !instein4s famous 3*osmological
*onstant (which is really )ust an assumed anti2gra&ity force+
Ai0e most people, , grew up with the recei&ed wisdom that !instein9s ?eneral 5elati&ity was so profound
and complicated that only a &ery few people in the world understood it# .ut e&entually it dawned on me that
the essential idea was &ery simple, and it was only the elaboration4s that were complicated# /he simplest
mathematical expression of ?eneral 5elati&ity is+ ? U /
/he / represents the energy and momentum of a system of particles# ,n order to describe their beha&iour in
great generality, they are considered to be in a space whose geometrical properties (e#g## cur&ature of space2
time are described by ?#
Iow the solution to this equation tells us how these particles beha&e with time# /he important feature of this
solution is &ery simple to &isuali7e, either the initial energy is large and the ensemble continues to expand or
the energy is small and the ensemble collapses under the force of gra&ity# /his is the unstable uni&erse
which distressed !instein and caused him to introduce the cosmological constant (a special energy term
which )ust balanced the uni&erse#
.ut in 19;; the 5ussian 8athematician, 'lexander (riedmann, put forth a solution in which the spatial
separations of the particles expanded with time# 't first reluctant, !instein later embraced the expanding
uni&erse solution so enthusiastically that he renounced his cosmological 3fudge factor4 as 3the greatest
blunder of my life4# /he Aundmar02-ubble relation was in the air at the time, and it seemed an ideal
synthesis to interpret the redshifts of the extragalactic nebulae as the recession &elocity of their expanding
space2time reference frame# .ut basically, the theory was that the galaxies at our time were expanding away
from each other, and therefore must ha&e all originated in a 3.ig .ang42 that is, the uni&erse was created
instantaneously out of nothing# (Arp, 199=
Aet us now consider !instein9s thoughts on the sub)ect of his famous *osmological ('nti2?ra&ity *onstant+
8y original considerations on the Structure of Space 'ccording to the ?eneral /heory of 5elati&ity were
based on two hypothesesE
1# /here exists an a&erage density of matter in the whole of space (the finite spherical uni&erse which is
e&erywhere the same and different from 7ero#
;# /he magnitude (radius of space (the finite spherical uni&erse is independent of time#
.oth these hypotheses pro&ed to be consistent, according to the general theory of relati&ity, but only after a
hypothetical term was added to the field equations, a term which was not required by the theory as such nor
did it seem natural from a theoretical point of &iew (9cosmological term of the field equations9# ('instein,
195;
!instein is largely correct with his two hypotheses 2 his problem was that he had to assume that the uni&erse
was finite and spherical (because of 8ach9s Principle and that matter4s mass is finite, and this necessarily
meant that gra&ity would cause it to collapse upon itself# /hus he required a 9cosmological constant9
(effecti&ely a repulsi&e or anti2gra&itational force to pre&ent the matter in a finite spherical uni&erse from
collapsing upon itself#
:ith the :S8 though, we reali7e that our finite spherical uni&erse is in fact only part of an infinite Space
that continues to be filled with an a&erage distribution of matter# /hus this matter external to our uni&erse
gra&itationally attracts our matter and thus pre&ents the matter in our uni&erse from collapsing#
/his explains !instein9s need for a cosmological constant 2 but it is not a gra&itationally repulsi&e force as
!instein imagined (and which we do not obser&e, rather, it is simply the normal gra&itational attraction of
matter outside our finite spherical uni&erse which pre&ents our uni&erse from collapsing#
.ut as chance would ha&e it !instein found another explanation and thus famously renounced his
cosmological constant as 3my greatest mista0e4# 's it turns out, this error has led to =< years of confusion,
and to the rather mystical belief that our uni&erse arose from nothing (no Space or /ime in a 9.ig .ang9
about fifteen billion years ago# ,n hindsight it is now clear to us that the 9.ig .ang9 theory is a human
construction which satisfies our natural human instincts for spiritual"mystical (creation explanations of
things we don9t yet understand#
So let us now further explain how the chance disco&eries of others led to this error, and in so doing finally
mo&e beyond creation theories and reali7e that the spatial world we see around us is what exists 2 and has
always existed#
!instein continues his argument+
-ypothesis ; (a static finite spherical uni&erse which requires a repulsi&e cosmological constant to pre&ent
it collapsing appeared una&oidable to me at the time, since , thought that one would get into bottomless
speculations if one departed from it#
-owe&er, already in the 9twenties, the 5ussian mathematician (riedman showed that a different hypothesis
was natural from a purely theoretical point of &iew# -e reali7ed that it was possible to preser&e hypothesis 1
(a&erage density of matter without introducing the less natural cosmological term into the field equations of
gra&itation, if one was ready to drop hypothesis ;# Iamely, the original field equations admit a solution in
which the 9world radius9 (radius of the finite spherical uni&erse depends on time [expanding space\# ,n that
sense one can say, according to (riedman, that the theory demands an expansion of space# ('instein, 195;
So !instein reali7ed that if the uni&erse was expanding (i#e# remo&e hypothesis ; then there was no longer
any need for his cosmological constant to pre&ent the uni&erse from collapsing# Iow initially !instein had
re)ected this idea, but then a remar0able coincidence occurred which caused him to change his mind, and led
to the current confusions of *osmology# !instein continues+
' few years later -ubble showed, by special in&estigation of the extra2galactic nebulae, that the spectral
lines emitted showed a red shift which increases regularly with distance of the nebulae# /his can be
interpreted in regard to our present 0nowledge only in the sense of @oppler9s principle, as an expansi&e
motion of the system of stars in the large 2 as required, according to (riedman, by the field equations of
gra&itation# -ubble9s disco&ery can, therefore, be considered to some extent as a confirmation of the theory#
('instein, 195;
$ne thing that is &ery interesting (and disturbing is how 0nowledge gets corrupted o&er time# /his
particularly applies to the idea that 9#ubble disco,ered that the uni,erse *as e)panding9# -e did no such
thing, #ubble disco,ered a relationship bet*een redshift and distance 2 one possible cause of this is the
@oppler shift due to matter mo&ing away from other matter (an expanding uni&erse# Iow this is a
profoundly different thing to say, and yet it is simply ama7ing as to the number of respected scientists who
say that -ubble disco&ered that the uni&erse was expanding (which is not science> 's !ric Aerner correctly
notices+
,n one of its se&eral &ariations the big bang cosmological theory is almost uni&ersally accepted as the most
reasonable theory for the origin and e&olution of the uni&erse# ,n fact, it is so well accepted that &irtually
e&ery media article, story or program that touches on the sub)ects of astronomy or cosmology presents the
big bang (.. as a &irtual pro&en fact# 's a result, the great ma)ority of the literate populace of the world,
including most of the scientists of the world, accepts big bang theory (../ as scientific fact# ("erner,
1991
,t should be pointed out that -ubble himself was not con&inced that red shift was exclusi&ely due to
@oppler effect# %p to the time of his death he maintained that &elocities inferred from red shift
-easure-ents should be referred to as apparent ,elocities#9 (&itchell, 1997
.elow we quote a few scientists who ha&e made this error, simply because we wish to strongly ma0e the
point about how we begin to assume things to be true, abo&e and beyond what the obser&ation tells us+
'bout 19;9 the 'merican astronomer -ubble demonstrated the existence of a strange correlation bet*een
distance and speed of the nebulae= they all -o,e out*ards, a*ay fro- us, and *ith a ,elocity *hich
increases proportional to the distance+ or, in other words, the system of the spiral nebulae is expanding 2
)ust as the primiti&e comparison of this system with a gas had suggested to earlier thin0ers# Iow if one
regards the expansion to ha&e been the same in the past as it is today, one is led to the idea that the whole
system must ha&e had a beginning when all matter was condensed in a small 9supernucleus,9 and one can
calculate the time inter&al since this 9beginning of the world9 and the present instant# /he result obtained
from -ubble9s data was ;<<< to K<<< millions of years#
8eanwhile the relati&istic cosmology initiated by !instein and @e Sitter began to ripen in the hands of
(riedmann, Aemaitre, /olman, 5obertson and others# ' series of new possible models of the world were
disco&ered between the extreme cases found by !instein and @e Sitter, and the question arose which of
them fitted the empirical facts best, in particular those facts established by -ubble# /oday there are many
ramifications and refinements of the theory and there has been so enormous an increase of obser&ational
material that it is difficult to )udge the actual situation# 'arlier ideas *hich see-ed to be -ost fertile ha,e
turned out to be too narro* or e,en *rong# (;orn, 19JL
,n the years following his proof of the existence of other galaxies, -ubble spent his time cataloguing their
distances and obser&ing their spectra# 't that time most people expected the galaxies to be mo&ing around
quite randomly, and so expected to find as many blue2shifted spectra as red2shifted ones# ,t was quite a
surprise, therefore, to find that -ost gala)ies appeared red!shifted= nearly all *ere -o,ing a*ay fro-
us/ 8ore surprisingly still was the finding that -ubble published in 19;9E e&en the si7e of a galaxy9s red
shift is not random, but is directly proportional to the galaxy9s distance from us# $r, in other words, the
farther a galaxy is, the faster it is mo&ing away> 'nd that meant that the uni&erse could not be static, as
e&eryone pre&iously thought, but is in fact expanding+ the distance between the different galaxies is growing
all the time#
In 67D7, 'd*in #ubble -ade the land-ar< obser,ation that *here,er you loo<, distant gala)ies are
-o,ing rapidly a*ay fro- us# ,n other words, the uni&erse is expanding# /his means at earlier times
ob)ects would ha&e been closer together# ## -ubble9s obser&ations suggested that there was a time, called the
big bang, when the uni&erse was infinitesimally small and infinitely dense# (#a*<ing, 19==
$nly after the astronomer !dwin -ubble had studied the motions of galaxies and independently disco&ered
that the uni&erse was expanding# (+erthei-, 1997
, am quite simply ama7ed that these good scientists can write such loose 9science9# -opefully this will be an
important lesson to -umanity 1 that we must always distinguish between empirical obser&ations 2 and
theories " interpretations founded on those obser&ations>
%nfortunately for !instein, and for science in general, they did not possess the correct 0nowledge of how
matter finitely exists within an ,nfinite Space# ,f they had then they would ha&e realised two profound
things+
i /hat !instein4s *osmological *onstant is largely correct, but is caused by the gra&itational forces of
matter outside our finite spherical uni&erse which pre&ent our uni&erse from gra&itationally collapsing#
ii /hus there is no need for an expanding uni&erse, and then they would ha&e realised, from the correct
:S8, that the redshift is caused by decreasing :a&e interactions with distance#
Quantum Physics& 2lbert /instein
The )pherical )tanding #a"e )tructure of Matter +#)M- e>plains
2lbert /instein1s Light Quanta 1Photon1 ( Photoelectric /ffect of
Quantum Theory
/he quanta really are a hopeless mess#
('lbert !instein, $n doing Buantum /heory calculations with :olfgang Pauli
, still do not belie&e that the statistical method of the Buantum /heory is the last word, but for the time
being , am alone in my opinion# ('lbert !instein, $n Buantum /heory, p1;5 19KJ
Nou belie&e in the ?od who plays dice, and , in complete law and order in a world which ob)ecti&ely exists,
and which ,, in a wildly speculati&e way, am trying to capture# , firmly belie&e, but , hope that someone will
disco&er a more realistic way, or rather a more tangible basis than it has been my lot to find# !&en the great
initial success of the Buantum /heory does not ma0e me belie&e in the fundamental dice2game, although ,
am well aware that our younger colleagues interpret this as a consequence of senility# Io doubt the day will
come when we will see whose instincti&e attitude was the correct one# ('lbert !instein to 8ax .orn, $n
Buantum /heory, 19LL
!instein thin0s he has a continuous field theory that a&oids 9spoo0y action at a distance9, but the calculation
difficulties are &ery great# -e is quite con&inced that some day a theory that does not depend on
probabilities will be found# (8ax .orn letters to 'lbert !instein, p15= 8ar 19L7
/he more success the quantum theory has, the sillier it loo0s#
('lbert !instein to -einrich Mangger on Buantum /heory, 8ay ;<, 191;
, thin0 that a 9particle9 must ha&e a separate reality independent of the measurements# /hat is an electron has
spin, location and so forth e&en when it is not being measured# , li0e to thin0 that the moon is there e&en if ,
am not loo0ing at it# ('lbert !instein
'll my attempts to adapt the theoretical foundation of physics to this new type of 0nowledge (Buantum
/heory failed completely# ,t was as if the ground had been pulled out from under one, with no firm
foundation to be seen anywhere, upon which one could ha&e built#
(P# ' Schlipp, 'lbert !insteinE Philosopher 1 Scientist, $n Buantum /heory, 19L9
+ntroduction - @S; #ounded on =ne 6rinciple' Space Axists as @ave ;edium - ;ax 6lan's *uantum
Aner&y States - :ouis de Bro&lie' ;atter @aves - %ompton @avelen&th of the Alectron - Schrodin&er @ave
Aquations - #orces of %har&e and :i&ht - <esonant %ouplin& as %ause of :i&ht - @erner Keisenber&'s
7ncertainty 6rinciple 9 ;ax Born's '6robability @aves' +nterpretation of *uantum Theory - <ichard
#eynman's *uantum Alectrodynamics >*A8? - 6roblem of '<enormalisation' - Solution to E= Lector @ave
Solutions of ;axwell's Aquations in Spherical %o-ordinates - @olff's Axplanation of A6< >,lbert Ainstein,
6odolsy, <osen? - *uantum Theory Summary - Top
'ntroduction to Quantum Theory& 2lbert /instein
independent of each otherE the theory of relati,ity and the 3uantu- theory# /he two systems do not
directly contradict each other+ but they seem little adapted to fusion into one unified theory#
!xperiments on interference made with particle rays ha&e gi&en brilliant proof that the *a,e character of
the pheno-ena of -otion as assumed by the theory do, really, correspond to the facts#
de .roglie concei&ed an electron re&ol&ing about the atomic nucleus as being connected with a hypothetical
wa&e train, and made intelligible to some extent the discrete character of .ohr9s 9permitted9 paths by the
stationary (standing) character of the corresponding *a,es# (Albert 'instein, 19L<
,t is ob&ious that :a&es are central to Buantum /heory and thus to understanding the structure of 8atter#
/he problem has been the further introduction of the 9particle9 concept, and thus the resulting paradox of the
9Particle":a&e9 duality#
,n this article we begin, as is necessary, by briefly describing the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the
Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter# :e then demonstrate (from $ne Principle that the solution to
this apparent paradox is to simply explain how the discrete 9particle9 properties of 8atter and Aight (quanta
are in fact caused by Standing :a&e interactions#
.asically !instein is correct, 8atter is a Spherically Spatially extended structure of Space (there is no
9particle9 though most importantly we ha&e simplified !instein9s ideas from 8atter as *ontinuous Spherical
(ields in Space2/ime to 8atter as Spherical :a&es in *ontinuous Space#
One Principle of the +a,e (tructure of &atter
On +hat ')ists and its Properties
=ne Thin& Space Axists with the 6roperties of a @ave-;edium
The Formation of Matter from #a"es in )pace
8atter !xists as Spherical Standing :a&es in Space#
/he 3Particle4 !ffect of 8atter is *aused by the :a&e2*enter of the Spherical Standing :a&es# (See (ig# 1
T U
(ig 1# /his (&ery rough diagram shows how the Spherical ,n and $ut :a&es form a Standing :a&e around
the :a&e2*enter 9particle9#
The Properties of )pace
i Space, as $ne things existing, is necessarily ,nfinite, !ternal and *ontinuous (there are no 9particles9#
ii /he &elocity of :a&es in Space is the 6elocity of Aight c#
/his :a&e 6elocity is not constant and is determined by both the :a&e 'mplitude and mass2energy density
of Space# i# e#
-igh :a&e 'mplitude :a&es Propagate with a (aster :a&e 6elocity# (e#g# wa&es on water# /his is the
cause of *harge#
-igh mass2energy density Space causes a Slower :a&e 6elocity# (e#g# cur&ature of light near Sun# /his is
the cause of ?ra&itational 8ass#
The Properties of Matter +Forces and )i<e of Matter-
i 'ny *hange in 6elocity of the Spherical ,n2:a&es from $ne @irection changes where these ,n2:a&es
meet at their respecti&e :a&e2*enter which we see as a 9(orce 'ccelerating a Particle9#
/his is the *ause of 5e*ton?s "a* of Inertia= (orce U 8ass X 'cceleration# (See (ig# ;
in our (inite Spherical %ni&erse# (See (ig# K
/his is the *ause of &achLs Principle= 8atter9s 8ass (mass2energy density is @etermined by all other
8atter in the %ni&erse#
Fig. D :ra,ity is Caused by the (lo*ing of the In!+a,es. ,n fact 'AA forces are caused by a change in
&elocity of the ,n2:a&es which changes the location of the :a&e2*enter, and which we obser&e as the
accelerated motion of the 9particle9
Fig. J #uygensL Principle e)plains ho* our In!+a,es are created by other &atterLs Out!+a,es
/he remainder of this article is deduced from this $ne Principle (thus it is necessary and certain, not our
opinion and we are assuming that the reader understands these metaphysical principles and their
importance to the Scientific 8ethod (Physics, Philosophy, 8etaphysics# :e should also add that this
central Principle of the :a&e Structure of 8atter not only explains and sol&es the problems of Buantum
/heory, but also !instein9s 5elati&ity and *osmology, and thus unites these three famous sub)ects for the
first time# (, 0now this is a big claim, but you can determine this for yoursel&es#
So let us now explain and sol&e the many problems and paradoxes of Buantum /heory using the /wo
Principles of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter#
@uring the years 19<<219K<, many experiments were done on the interactions of light beams, particle
beams, and metal targets# 'nalysis of these experiments showed that Aight and 8atter had both Particle and
:a&e properties# 's we ha&e said, the solution to this apparent paradox of the Particle":a&e duality is to
simply explain how the discrete 9particle9 properties (quanta are in fact caused by standing :a&e
interactions#
/o do this we must begin by explaining the experimental foundations of Buantum /heory
1# 8ax Planc09s @isco&ery of the Particle (Buantum Properties of Aight, !Uhf# (19<<
;# de .roglie9s @isco&ery of the :a&e Properties of !lectron ,nteractions, yUh"m&# (19;7
K# /he !qui&alence of !nergy, 8ass and (requency and the *ompton :a&elength N of the !lectron
NUh"mc U ;#LKX1<
21;
m#
383 Ma> Planc=1s .isco"ery of the Particle +Quantum- Properties of Light +3C77-
,n 19<< 8ax Planc0 made a profound disco&ery# -e showed (from purely formal"mathematical foundations
that light must be emitted and absorbed in discrete amounts if it was to correctly describe obser&ed
phenomena (i#e# .lac0body radiation#
Prior to then light had been considered as a continuous electromagnetic wa&e, thus the discrete nature of
light was completely unexpected, as 'lbert !instein explains+
'bout fifteen years ago V1=99W nobody had yet doubted that a correct account of the electrical, optical, and
thermal properties of matter was possible on the basis of ?alileo2Iewtonian mechanics applied to molecular
motion and of 8axwell9s theory of the electromagnetic field# (Albert 'instein, 1915
/hen Planc0 showed that in order to establish a law of heat radiation (,nfra red light wa&es consonant with
experience, it was necessary to employ a method of calculation whose incompatibility with the principles of
classical physics became clearer and clearer# (or with this method of calculation, Planc0 introduced into
physics the quantum hypothesis, which has since recei&ed brilliant confirmation# (Albert 'instein, 191L
,n the year nineteen hundred, in the course of purely theoretical (mathematical in&estigation, 8ax Planc0
made a &ery remar0able disco&eryE the law of radiation of bodies as a function of temperature could not be
deri&ed solely from the Aaws of 8axwellian electrodynamics# /o arri&e at results consistent with the
rele&ant experiments, radiation of a gi&en frequency f had to be treated as though it consisted of energy
atoms (photons of the indi&idual energy hf, where h is Planc09s uni&ersal constant# @uring the years
following, it was shown that light was e&erywhere produced and absorbed in such energy quanta# ,n
particular, Iiels .ohr was able to largely understand the structure of the atom, on the assumption that the
atoms can only ha&e discrete energy &alues, and that the discontinuous transitions between them are
connected with the emission or absorption of energy quantum# /his threw some light on the fact that in their
gaseous state elements and their compounds radiate and absorb only light of certain sharply defined
frequencies# (Albert 'instein, 19L<
!&en the ?ree0s had already concei&ed the atomistic nature of matter and the concept was raised to a high
degree of probability by the scientists of the nineteenth century# .ut it was Planc09s law of radiation that
yielded the first exact determination 2 independent of other assumptions 2 of the absolute magnitudes of
atoms# 8ore than that, he showed con&incingly that in addition to the atomistic structure of matter there is a
0ind of atomistic structure to energy, go&erned by the uni&ersal constant h, which was introduced by Planc0#
/his disco&ery became the basis of all twentieth2century research in physics and has almost entirely
conditioned its de&elopment e&er since# :ithout this disco&ery it would not ha&e been possible to establish
a wor0able theory of molecules and atoms and the energy processes that go&ern their transformations#
8oreo&er, it has shattered the whole framewor0 of classical mechanics and electrodynamics and set science
a fresh tas<= that of finding a ne* conceptual basis for all physics# @espite remar0able partial gains, the
problem is still far from a satisfactory solution# (Albert 'instein, 195<
'lbert !instein (19<5 used Planc09s relationship to explain the results of the photoelectric effect which
showed that the energy ! of e)ected electrons was wholly dependent upon the frequency f of incident light
as described in the equation !Uhf# ,t is ironic that in 19;1 'lbert !instein was awarded the Iobel Pri7e for
this disco&ery, though he ne&er belie&ed in particles and ac0nowledged that he did not 0now the cause of
the discrete energy transfers (photons which were contradictory to his continuous field theory of matter>
,n 195L 'lbert !instein wrote to his friend 8ichael .esso expressing his frustration+
are light quantaF9 Iowadays e&ery /om, @ic0 and -arry thin0s he 0nows it, but he is mista0en# (Albert
'instein, 195L
8ost importantly, 'lbert !instein also suspected that 8atter could not be described by a continuous
spherical force field+
, consider it quite possible that physics cannot be based on the field concept, i#e#, on continuous structures#
,n that case, nothing remains of my entire castle in the air, gra&itation theory included, Vand ofW the rest of
modern physics# (Albert 'instein, 195L
'lbert !instein9s suspicions were well )ustified, for he had spent a lifetime trying (and failing to create a
unified field theory of matter that explained both Buantum /heory " Aight and 5elati&ity " ?ra&ity#
,n fact 8atter, as a Spherical Standing :a&e which causes the 9(ield9 effect, interacts with other matter in
discrete standing wa&e patterns, not with continuous force fields as he had imagined, thus his tas0 was
ultimately impossible, as he sadly came to realise towards the end of his life#
-owe&er, his wor0 on the photoelectric effect confirmed that light energy was only emitted and absorbed by
electrons in discrete amounts or quanta# /his quanta of light energy soon became 0nown as the 9photon9 (i#e#
discrete li0e a particle and led to the paradox that light beha&ed both as a continuous e2m wa&e (8axwell,
'lbert !instein as well as a discrete particle"photon (Planc0, 'lbert !instein# So we see that 'lbert
!instein was partly responsible for the disco&ery of the particle"photon concept of light, though he
completely re)ected the notion of discrete particles# -e writes+
Since the theory of general relati&ity implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous field,
the concept of particles or -aterial points cannot play a funda-ental part, nor can the concept of
motion# (Albert 'instein
'lbert !instein is correct that there are no discrete particles, and that /he particle can only appear as a
limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high# .ut it is the
high :a&e2'mplitude of the :a&e2*enter of a Spherical Standing :a&e in Space (not of a continuous
spherical force field that causes the particle effect# /hus of three concepts, particles, force fields, and
-otion, it finally turns out that 8otion, as the spherical wa&e motion of space, is the correct concept, as it
then explains both particles and fields# ((or further explanation see 'rticle on 5elati&ity
,t is most important to realise though that 'lbert !instein was correct in imagining matter as being spatially
extended, as he explains+
, wished to show that space time is not necessarily something to which one can ascribe to a separate
existence, independently of the actual ob)ects of physical reality# Physical objects are not in space, but
these objects are spatially e)tended# ,n this way the concept empty space loses its meaning# (Albert
'instein
,t is certainly true that the particle and its forces are &ery useful mathematical concepts, unfortunately, they
also cause many problems and paradoxes because they are approximations to reality and do not physically
exist# :e can now finally sol&e these problems by understanding the reason for these discrete energy states,
which are due to the fact that standing wa&es only exist at discrete frequencies, li0e notes on the string of a
guitar, thus while the correct Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter predicts that energy exchanges
will be discrete, as obser&ed, the continuous e2m wa&e does not anticipate this#
/hus the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter explains 8ax Planc09s (19<< disco&ery that there
are only certain allowed discrete energy states for electrons in molecules and atoms, and further, that light is
only e&er emitted and absorbed by electrons in discrete or 9quantum9 amounts, as the electrons mo&e from
one stable standing wa&e pattern to another# (/his is explained in more detail in section 1#L
384 de Broglie1s .isco"ery of the #a"e Properties of /lectron 'nteractions +3C4@-
/he next step was ta0en by de .roglie# -e as0ed himself how the discrete states could be understood by the
aid of current concepts, and hit on a parallel with stationary (standing) *a,es, as for instance in the case of
proper frequencies of organ pipes and strings in acoustics# (Albert 'instein, 195L
,t is with some frustration that , now read these quotes, as it is ob&ious in hindsight as to their errors, and
how simply they can now be sol&ed> de .roglie9s realisation that standing wa&es exist at discrete
frequencies and thus energies is ob&iously true and important, yet he continued with the error of the particle
concept and thus imagined particles mo&ing in a wa&eli0e manner> Ionetheless, as he was close to the truth
he had considerable success with his theory, and these predicted wa&e properties of matter were shortly
thereafter confirmed from experiments (@a&isson and ?ermer, 19;7 on the scattering of electrons through
crystals (which act as diffraction slits# 's 'lbert !instein confirms+
the phenomena of -otion as assumed by the theory does, really, correspond to the facts# (Albert 'instein,
195L
So by 19;7 the wa&e properties of matter had been predicted theoretically by de .roglie, and then
confirmed by experiment# .ut unfortunately these scientists continued to belie&e in the existence of discrete
particles, and thus they misinterpreted this most important disco&ery of the standing wa&e properties of
matter#
38483 de Broglie1s 'ncorrect 'nterpretation of the )tanding #a"es as the #a"e5Li=e Motion of
a Particle in Orbit +3C4@-
,n 191K, Iiels .ohr had de&eloped a simple (though only partly correct model for the hydrogen atom that
assumed+ ($ur further comments in brac0ets
i /hat the electron particle mo&es in circular orbits about the proton particle# (/his is nearly correct, they
are not 9orbits9 but complex Standing :a&e patterns
ii $nly certain orbits are stable# (/his is nearly correct, only certain Standing :a&e patterns are resonantly
stable
iii Aight is emitted and absorbed by the atom when the electron 9)umps9 from one allowed orbital state to a
another# (/his is nearly correct, the electrons mo&e from one stable Standing :a&e pattern to another# /his
is 0nown as 95esonant *oupling9 and is explained in Section 1#L#
/his early atomic model had some limited success because it was ob&iously created to explain the discrete
energy states of light emitted and absorbed by bound electrons in atoms or molecules, as disco&ered by
Planc0 in 19<<#
de .roglie was aware of .ohr9s model for the atom and he cle&erly found a way of explaining why only
certain orbits were 9allowed9 for the electron# 's 'lbert !instein explains+
stationary (standing character of the corresponding wa&es# (Albert 'instein, 19L<
(igE 1#;#1 /he allowed discrete orbits of the electron as imagined by de .roglie#
de .roglie assumed that because light had both particle and wa&e properties, that this may also be true for
matter# /hus he was not actually loo0ing for the wa&e structure of matter# ,nstead, as matter was already
assumed to be a particle, he was loo0ing for wa&e properties of matter to complement the 0nown particle
properties# 's a consequence of this particle"wa&e duality, de .roglie imagined the standing wa&es to be
related to discrete wa&elengths and standing wa&es for certain orbits of the electron particle about the
proton# (5ather than considering the actual standing wa&e structure of the electron itself#
(rom de .roglie9s perspecti&e, and from modern physics at that time, this solution had a certain charm# ,t
maintained the particle 2 wa&e duality for .$/- light and matter, and at the same time explained why only
certain orbits of the electron (which relate to whole numbers of standing wa&es were allowed, which fitted
beautifully with Iiels .ohr model of the atom# de .roglie further explains his reasoning for the
particle"wa&e duality of matter in his 19;9 Iobel Pri7e acceptance speech+
$n the one hand the quantum theory of light cannot be considered satisfactory since it defines the energy of
a light particle (photon by the equation !Uhf containing the frequency f# Iow a purely particle theory
contains nothing that enables us to define a frequency+ for this reason alone, therefore, we are compelled, in
the case of light, to introduce the idea of a particle and that of frequency simultaneously# $n the other hand,
determination of the stable motion of electrons in the atom introduces integers, and up to this point the only
phenomena in&ol&ing integers in physics were those of interference and of normal modes of &ibration# /his
fact suggested to me the idea that electrons too could not be considered simply as particles, but that
frequency (wa&e properties must be assigned to them also# (de ;roglie, 19;9
/he solution to their problems was first found by :olff (19=J# -e disco&ered two things+
(irstly, from reading (eynman9s Ph@ thesis (see reference, (eynman and :heeler, 19L5 he was aware of
(eynman9s conception of charged particles which 9somehow9 generated Spherical !lectromagnetic ,n and
$ut :a&es ((eynman called them ad&anced and retarded wa&es, but :olff realised that there are no
solutions for spherical &ector electromagnetic wa&es (which are mathematical wa&es which require both a
quantity of force and a direction of force, i#e# &ector# :olff had the foresight to try using real wa&es, which
are Scalar (defined by their :a&e2'mplitude only#
'nd this then led to a series of remar0able disco&eries#
-e realised that spherical ,n and $ut2:a&es remo&ed the need for a separate particle, as the :a&e2*enter of
the Spherical :a&es created the particle effect#
-e then disco&ered that when one spherical standing wa&e was mo&ing relati&e to another the @oppler shifts
ga&e rise to .$/- the de ;roglie +a,elength 'I@ the &ass increase of Albert 'instein?s $elati,ity#
(i#e# :olff demonstrated that when two charged particles (:a&e2*enters of two SS:s are mo&ing relati&e
to one another they gi&es rise to beats of interference (caused by the @oppler shifting of the ,n and $ut
:a&es due to relati&e 8otion which were identified in experiments as the de .roglie wa&elength yUh"m&,
and also ga&e rise to the frequency increases and thus energy"mass increases (as !Uhf Umc
;
of special
5elati&ity#
/hus in the one equation he had deduced, with mathematical certainty, the two obser&ed phenomena due to
relati&e motion, which respecti&ely found central parts of both Buantum /heory and 'lbert !instein9s
Special 5elati&ity# ((or the first time uniting these two theories from one common theoretical foundation>
/his then led to his further wor0 on resonant coupling which finally sol&ed the pu77le of the 9photon9 and
explained why light energy is only e&er emitted and absorbed in discrete amounts# (See Section 1#L
%nfortunately for modern physics, and ultimately for human 0nowledge, this ob&ious solution was ne&er
considered by de .roglie, 'lbert !instein, .ohr, Schrodinger, -eisenberg, @irac, .orn, (eynman, etc# etc#
/hus the now ob&ious solution of realising that matter was a Spherical Standing :a&e that causes the point
particle effect at the :a&e2*enter remained un0nown and ignored, and instead, the confusing and
paradoxical concept of the particle " wa&e duality was retained#
38E The Compton #a"elength +48FEG37
534
m- of the /lectron HIh(mc +3C4E-
's stated, in hindsight there were many clues as to the :a&e Structure of the !lectron# 'nother ob&ious
clue being that the electron itself has a 9*ompton9 wa&elength (named after 'merican experimental physicist
-olly *ompton who disco&ered this from experiments with electron beams# .ut unfortunately they had
come to accept the particle " wa&e duality of matter and simply continued to assume that somehow this
paradoxical conception of matter was true, and thus beyond human comprehension# (So they stopped
loo0ing for an ob&ious solution>
So let us briefly explain the *ompton :a&elength# !xperiments show that !nergy is directly related to both
(requency and 8ass (this is true since we now realise that they are 'AA caused by :a&e28otion# 's we
0now from experiment the energy ! and mass m of the electron, and the &elocity of light c, we can calculate
the *ompton :a&elength N of the !lectron as follows+ !UhfUmc; and fUc"N, thus hc"NU mc
;
resulting in
NUh"mc which for the !lectron U ;#LKX1<
21;
m#

Fig= D.J The Co-pton +a,elength () of the 'lectron 2 :hile this wa&elength is related to the
actual :a&elength of the Spherical Standing :a&e, it is more complex than this# 's the Spherical ,n2:a&e
flows in towards the :a&e2*enter, both its :a&e2'mplitude and mass2energy density of space increase,
thus the &elocity and wa&elength will also change# (/hus there is still a substantial amount of mathematical
analysis required on how the :a&elength of the !lectron changes with distance from the :a&e2*enter#

38F The )chrodinger #a"e /Auations are founded on )tanding #a"e 'nteractions +3C46-
Buantum theory was thus essentially founded on the experimental obser&ations of frequency and
wa&elength for both light and matter# /hese empirical facts are ob&iously consistent with the Spherical
Standing :a&e structure of matter#
1# Planc09s disco&ery that energy is related to frequency in the equation !Uhf
;# /he !qui&alence of !nergy, (requency and 8ass !UhfUmc
;
, which deduces the *ompton :a&elength
NUh"mc
K# /he de .roglie wa&elength yUh"m&
,t was !rwin Schrodinger who disco&ered that when frequency f and de .roglie wa&elength y were
substituted into general wa&e equations it becomes possible to express energy ' and momentum m& (from
the abo&e equations as wa&e functions 2 thus a confined particle (e#g# an electron in an atom"molecule with
0nown energy and momentum functions could be described with a certain wa&e function# (rom this it was
further found that only certain frequency wa&e functions, li0e frequencies on musical strings, were allowed
to exist# /hese allowed functions and their frequencies depended on the confining structure (atom or
molecule that the electron was bound to (analogous to how strings are bound to a &iolin, and only then can
they resonate at certain frequencies#
Significantly, these allowed frequencies corresponded to the obser&ed discrete frequencies of light emitted
and absorbed by electrons bound in atoms"molecules# /his further confirmed the standing wa&e properties
of matter, and thus that only certain standing wa&e frequencies could exist which corresponded to certain
energy states# /he agreement of obser&ed frequencies and Schrodinger9s :a&e !quations further established
the fundamental importance of Buantum /heory and thus the :a&e properties of both light and matter# 's
'lbert !instein explains+
-ow can one assign a discrete succession of energy &alues ! to a system specified in the sense of classical
mechanics (the energy function is a gi&en function of the co2ordinates x and the corresponding momenta
m&F Planc09s constant h relates the frequency f U!"h to the energy &alues !# ,t is therefore sufficient to
assign to the system a succession of discrete frequency f &alues# /his reminds us of the fact that in acoustics
a series of discrete frequency &alues is coordinated to a linear partial differential equation (for gi&en
boundary conditions namely the sinusoidal periodic solutions# ,n corresponding manner, Schrodinger set
himself the tas0 of coordinating a partial differential equation for a scalar *a,e function to the gi&en energy
function ! (x, m&, where the position x and time t are independent &ariables# (Albert 'instein, 19KJ
'nd here we ha&e a final piece of the pu77le in a sense, for it was Schrodinger who disco&ered that the
standing *a,es are scalar *a,es rather than &ector electromagnetic wa&es# /his is a most important
difference# !lectromagnetic wa&es are &ector wa&es 2 at each point in Space the wa&e equations yield a
&ector quantity which describes both a direction and an amplitude (si7e of force of the wa&e, and this
relates to the original construction of the e2m field by (araday which described both a force and a direction
of how this force acted on other matter#
Spherical :a&e 8otions of Space are Scalar wa&es 2 at each point in Space the wa&e equations yield a
single quantity which simply describes the wa&e amplitude (there is no directional component# (or
example, sound wa&es are scalar wa&es where the wa&e amplitude describes the 8otion (or compression of
the wa&e medium (air# Ai0ewise Space is a nearly rigid :a&e28edium which propagates :a&e28otions#
:ith de ;roglie?s introduction of the concept of standing *a,es to explain the discrete energy states of
atoms and molecules, and the introduction of scalar *a,es by (chrodinger, they had intuiti&ely grasped
important truths of nature as 'lbert !instein confirms+
!xperiments on interference made with particle rays ha&e gi&en brilliant proof that the wa&e character of the
phenomena of motion as assumed by the theory does, really, correspond to the facts#
/he de .roglie2Schrodinger method, which has in a certain sense the character of a field theory, does indeed
deduce the existence of only discrete states, in surprising agreement with empirical facts# ,t does so on the
basis of differential equations applying a 0ind of resonance argument# (Albert 'instein, 19;7
So let us now explain in more detail this phenomena of Aight energy being emitted and absorbed in discrete
amounts (photons due to 5esonant Standing :a&e interactions# (irstly, we must understand Principle /wo
and realise that the &elocity of wa&e 8otions in Space is not constant, and in fact depends upon both the
:a&e2'mplitude and the mass2energy density of space (square of :a&e2'mplitude# /hese are simply the
properties of Space as a :a&e2medium#
38F83 On the Forces of Charge and Light
,t is the nature of Principles that they are stated rather than deduced# /hus we must state the Properties of
Space, as Principles, and then demonstrate that logical deductions from these Principles do in fact
correspond to obser&ation# :hat we ha&e found is that if Space beha&es in the following way, then it gi&es
rise to deductions which correspond to obser&ation and experiment#
/he :a&e 6elocity (&elocity of light c &aries with both the :a&e2'mplitude and the mass2energy density
of space (the square of the :a&e2'mplitude#
i /he greater the :a&e2'mplitude the greater the :a&e26elocity#
ii /he greater the mass2energy density of space the slower the :a&e26elocity#
:e do not 0now why Space, as a :a&e28edium, beha&es this way, other than to say that these are simply
the properties of Space# :hat we do disco&er though, is that from these foundations we get a simple
explanation of both *harge"Aight and 8ass"?ra&ity#
's gra&ity is explained in the article on 5elati&ity, the general idea is only briefly summarised here# :hen
,n2:a&es tra&el in through other 8atter " :a&e28otions of Space, they slightly slow down due to the
increased mass2energy density of space, and this causes the :a&e2*enters to naturally mo&e together, which
we obser&e as ?ra&itational attraction# 's mass2energy density of space is always positi&e (squares are
always positi&e, this always causes a slowing of the ,n2:a&es, thus explaining why gra&ity is always
attracti&e#
$n the other hand, :a&e2'mplitude is both positi&e and negati&e, thus interacting :a&e2'mplitudes can
either increase or decrease (i#e# combine or cancel out, causing either an increase or decrease in the &elocity
of the ,n2:a&es, and a consequent mo&ing together, or mo&ing apart of the :a&e2*enters# ,t is this property
of Space that causes *harge " !lectromagnetic (ields and in a slightly more complex manner, Aight#
/herefore when we place two electrons near one another in Space, then the :a&e2'mplitude of Space
between them increases because the :a&es are in phase and the :a&e2'mplitudes combine and increase,
thus the :a&e26elocity increases (opposite to gra&ity9s slowing of ,n2:a&es and this causes the :a&e2
*enters to mo&e apart# /his explains the electrical repulsion of li0e charges#
*on&ersely, if we place an electron and a positron (anti2matter being the opposite phase :a&e28otion to
8atter, thus a positron is the opposite phase to an electron then the :a&e2'mplitude between the two
:a&e2*enters tends to cancel out and become smaller, thus the :a&e26elocity between the two :a&e2
*enters decreases (li0e gra&ity and thus causes the :a&e2*enters to mo&e together#
,n fact this also explains the electron " positron (matter " antimatter annihilation, as the :a&e2*enters will
e&entually o&erlap one2another and the :a&e2'mplitudes will completely cancel out (due to their equal and
opposite phase and thus disappear#
/his explains *harge, but does not explain Aight, which is slightly more complex, though it is still caused
by the same fundamental properties of Space#
38F84 On %esonant Coupling as the Cause of Light
:hat we must further realise is that Aight is only emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in atoms or
molecules, and these electrons ha&e some complex repeating Standing :a&e28otion about the nucleus#
/hus the electrons beha&e as 9oscillating resonators9 and it is common 0nowledge to electrical engineers and
physicists that two interconnected resonators can undergo resonant coupling, where one resonator decreases
in frequency and the other one increases a corresponding amount#
/hus two bound resonating electrons (oscillators exchange energy much li0e classical coupled oscillators,
such as electric circuits or )oined pendulums# /he coupling pro&ided by the non2linear centers of the
resonances (high :a&e2'mplitude :a&e2*enters where the :a&e26elocities change causes them to
change &elocity, frequency, and wa&elength, due to the interaction (modulation of each other9s wa&es#
Since significant coupling can only occur between two oscillators which possess the same resonant
elements, the frequency (energy changes are equal and opposite# /his we obser&e as the law of
conser&ation of energy#
:hen opposite changes of frequency (energy ta0es place between two resonances, energy seems to be
transported from the center of one resonance to another# :e obser&e a loss of energy where frequency
decreases and added energy where it increases# /he exchange appears to tra&el with the speed of the ,I
wa&es of the recei&ing resonance which is c, the &elocity of light#
:hen large numbers of changes occur together, so we can sample part of it, we see a beam of light# :hen
single exchanges occur we see photons as discrete energy exchanges# /he transitory modulated wa&es
tra&eling between two resonances (as the !lectrons":a&e2*enters mo&e from one standing wa&e pattern to
another create the illusion of the photon# 'n exchange may require 1<
=
to 1<
15
cycles to complete,
depending on the degree of coupling and species of resonance#
(or example, if one oscillator were an electron, its frequency mc
;
"h is about 1<
;K
hert7, and if the transition
time were 1<
2=
seconds, the frequency change requires about 1<
15
cycles to complete# Such a large number of
cycles implies, in engineering slang, a large B &alue, which indicates great precision of the equal and
opposite changes in oscillator frequency, and the conser&ation of energy#
(igE 1#L#; Aight is *aused by the 5esonant *oupling of two bound :a&e2*enters of Spherical Standing
:a&es (!lectrons with oscillating wa&e functions# /his diagram is only an approximation, but it gi&es you
some idea of the 9secondary9 wa&elength (the 9electromagnetic9 wa&elength of light caused by the
interactions of the ,n and $ut2:a&es of the two !lectrons":a&e2*enters#
/hus we realise that these different standing :a&e patterns cause a cyclical oscillation in the Shape of the ,n
and $ut2:a&es which describes a wa&e function that is ultimately the cause of the 9electromagnetic9
wa&elength and frequency of light# 's only certain discrete 9orbits9 (standing wa&e functions exist for the
:a&e2*enter of the Spherical Standing :a&e, then it can only exchange frequencies in discrete le&els
which correspond to discrete energy exchanges of light 9photons9# i#e# !Uhf where only discrete frequencies
(f area resonantly stable and thus 9allowed9# (/here are no separate light 9particles " photons9 or collapsing
wa&e functions, both being mathematical existents only>
8ost importantly, these standing wa&e interactions and resonant coupling are the reason for Schrodinger9s
Standing :a&e !quations and their ob&ious success at explaining the allowed energy states for electrons in
atoms, and thus the discrete photon effect of light as these electrons mo&e from one resonant standing wa&e
pattern (quantum state to another#
38D ;eisenberg1s 9ncertainty Principle $ Born1s 1Probability #a"es1 'nterpretation of QT
+3C46-
=n %hance and 6robability in a Eecessarily +nterconnected finite spherical 7niverse within a Eon-
8etermined +nfinite Space
't the same time that the wa&e properties of matter were disco&ered, two further disco&eries were made that
also profoundly influenced (and confused the future e&olution of modern physics#
(irstly, :erner -eisenberg de&eloped the uncertainty principle which tells us that we (the obser&er can
ne&er exactly 0now both the position and momentum of a particle# 's e&ery obser&ation requires an energy
exchange (photon to create the obser&ed 9data9, some energy (wa&e state of the obser&ed ob)ect has to be
altered# /hus the obser&ation has a discrete effect on what we measure# i#e# :e change the experiment by
obser&ing it> (' large part of their problem though was to continue to assume the existence of discrete
particles and thus to try to exactly locate both their position and motion, which is impossible as there is no
discrete particle>
(urther, because both the obser&ed position and momentum of the particle can ne&er be exactly 0nown,
theorists were left trying to determine the probability of where, for example, the 9particle9 would be
obser&ed#
.orn (19;= was the first to disco&er (by chance and with no theoretical foundation that the square of the
quantum wa&e equations (which is actually the mass2energy density of space could be used to predict the
probability of where the particle would be found# Since it was impossible for both the wa&es and the
particles to be real entities, it became customary to regard the wa&es as unreal probability wa&es and to
maintain the belief in the 9real9 particle# %nfortunately (profoundly this maintained the belief in the
particle"wa&e duality, in a new form where the 9quantum9 scalar standing wa&es had become 9probability
wa&es9 for the 9real9 particle#
'lbert !instein unfortunately agreed with this probability wa&e interpretation, as he belie&ed in continuous
force fields (not in wa&es or particles thus to him it was sensible that the wa&es were not real, and were
mere descriptions of probabilities# -e writes+
$n the basis of quantum theory there was obtained a surprisingly good representation of an immense &ariety
of facts which otherwise appeared entirely incomprehensible# .ut on one point, curiously enough, there was
failureE it pro&ed impossible to associate with these (chrodinger *a,es definite -otions of the mass points
2 and that, after all, had been the original purpose of the whole construction# /he difficulty appeared
insurmountable until it was o&ercome by .orn in a way as simple as it was unexpected# /he de .roglie2
Schrodinger wa&e fields were not to be interpreted as a mathematical description of how an e&ent actually
ta0es place in time and space, though, of course, they ha&e reference to such an e&ent# 5ather they are a
-athe-atical description of what we can actually 0now about the system# /hey ser&e only to ma0e
statistical statements and predictions of the results of all measurements which we can carry out upon the
system# (Albert 'instein, 19L<
,t seems to be clear, therefore, that .orn9s statistical interpretation of quantum theory is the only possible
one# /he wa&e function does not in any way describe a state which could be that of a single system+ it
relates rather to many systems, to an ?ense-ble of syste-s? in the sense of statistical -echanics# (Albert
'instein, 19KJ
'lbert !instein is correct in one sense, mista0en in another# ,t is true that matter is intimately interconnected
to all the other matter in the uni&erse by the Spherical ,n and $ut2:a&es, something quantum theory
disco&ered but ne&er correctly understood#
/his has become 0nown as quantum entanglement and relates to the famous experiment posed by 'lbert
!instein, Podols0y, and 5osen (!P5 (see Section 1#7 for an explanation of this experiment and when later
technology allowed its experimental testing, it confirmed quantum theory9s entanglement#
'lbert !instein assumed this interconnectedness was due to the spherical spatially extended field structure
of matter, instead, it is due to the interaction of the spherical spatially extended Standing :a&es of matter
with other matter9s :a&e2*enters distant in Space# !xplaining this Standing :a&e interaction of matter with
other matter in the Space around it (action2at2a2distance is largely the purpose of this 'rticle and is one of
the great powers of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter#
Ionetheless, 'lbert !instein was &ery close to the truth# -e realised that because matter is spherically
spatially extended we must gi&e up the idea of complete locali7ation and 0nowledge of the 9particle9 in a
theoretical model# (or the particle is nothing but the :a&e2*enter of a Spherical Standing :a&e, and thus
can ne&er be isolated as an entity in itself, but is dependent on its interactions with all the other 8atter in the
%ni&erse# 'nd it is this lac0 of 0nowledge of the system as a whole that is the ultimate cause of the
uncertainty and resultant probability inherent in Buantum /heory#
/hus the last and most successful creation of theoretical physics, namely quantum mechanics (B8, differs
fundamentally from both Iewton9s mechanics, and 8axwell9s e2m field# (or the quantities which figure in
B89s laws ma0e no claim to describe physical reality itself, but only probabilities of the occurrence of a
physical reality that we ha&e in &iew# ('lbert !instein, 19K1
, cannot but confess that , attach only a transitory importance to this interpretation# , still belie&e in the
possibility of a model of reality 2 that is to say, of a theory which represents things themsel&es and not
merely the probability of their occurrence# $n the other hand, it seems to me certain that we must gi&e up
the idea of complete locali7ation of the particle in a theoretical model# /his seems to me the permanent
upshot of -eisenberg9s principle of uncertainty# ('lbert !instein, 19KL
'lbert !instein belie&ed that 5eality could be represented by spherical force fields, that reality was not
founded on chance (as .ohr and -eisenberg argued but on necessary connections between things (thus his
comment 9?od does not play dice9># -e was largely correct, 8atter is necessarily connected due to the
Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter, but due to lac0 of 0nowledge of the system as a whole (the
%ni&erse, and the fact that it is impossible to determine an ,nfinite system (of which our finite spherical
uni&erse is a part 2 see 'rticle on *osmology, then this gi&es rise to the chance and uncertainty found in
Buantum /heory#
38? 2 Brief 2nalysis of Feynman1s Quantum /lectrodynamics +Q/., 3CFD-
B!@ is founded on the assumption that charged 9particles9 somehow generate spherical electromagnetic
(&ector ,n and $ut :a&es (a dynamic &ersion of Aorent79s /heory of the !lectron, as (eynman uses
spherical electromagnetic :a&es, rather than static force fields# ,t is important to realise though, that li0e
most post2modern physicists, 5ichard (eynman was a Aogical Positi&ist# /hus he did not belie&e in the
existence of either particles or wa&es, he simply used this conceptual language as a way of representing how
matter beha&es in a logical way# 's he says+
## some things that satisfy the rules of algebra can be interesting to mathematicians e&en though they don9t
always represent a real situation# (Feyn-an
/his explains why he had such success and such failure at the same time, as he had the correct spherical
wa&e structure of 8atter, but he continued with two further errors, the existence of the particle, and the use
of &ector 9electromagnetic9 wa&es (mathematical wa&es of force, rather than using the correct scalar
9quantum9 wa&es# ,t is this error of (eynman9s that ultimately led :olff to ma0e his remar0able disco&eries
of the :S8#
/he problem for B!@ is twofold+
(irstly, there is the Problem of 95enormalisation9 2 (eynman must assume finite dimensions for the particle,
else the spherical electromagnetic wa&es would reach infinite fields strengths when the radius of the
spherical electromagnetic wa&es tends to 7ero# /here must be some non27ero cut2off that is arbitrarily
introduced by ha&ing a 9particle9 of a certain finite si7e# !ffecti&ely, (eynman gets infinities in his equations,
and then he subtract infinity from infinity and puts in the correct empirical answer (which is not good
mathematics, but it does then wor0 extraordinarily well>
Secondly, it is a mathematical fact that there are no &ector wa&e solutions of the 8axwell !quations (which
found electromagnetic fields in spherical co2ordinates>
/hese are profound problems that ha&e caused contradiction and paradox within Buantum /heory to the
present day, and ha&e led to the self fulfilling belief that we can ne&er correctly describe and understand
5eality#
### the more you see how strangely Iature beha&es, the harder it is to ma0e a model that explains how e&en
the simplest phenomena actually wor0# So theoretical physics has gi&en up on that# (Feyn-an
,n fact Iature beha&es in a &ery sensible and logical way (which explains why mathematical physics exists
as a sub)ect and can describe so many phenomena, and also explains how we 9humans9 ha&e been able to
e&ol&e a logical aspect to our minds># /hat it is not Iature which is strange, but our incorrect conceptions
of Iature> 8ost importantly, the simple sensible solutions to these problems can be easily understood once
we 0now the correct :a&e Structure of 8atter#
38?83 The )olution to the Problem of 1%enormalisation18
5ichard (eynman9s Ph@ thesis (with S# '# :heeler, 19L5 used Spherical ,I ('d&anced and $%/
(5etarded e2m wa&es to in&estigate this spherical e2m field effect around the electron and how accelerated
electrons could emit light (e2m radiation to be absorbed by other electrons at2a2distant in space#
$ne &exing problem of this e2m field theory was that it led to infinitely high fields (singularities at the
center of the point particle electron# /his was a&oided with a mathematical process called renormalisation
whereby infinity was subtracted from infinity and the correct experimental result was substituted into the
equation# ,t was @irac who pointed out that this is not good mathematics 2 and (eynman was well aware of
this>
,n 19K7 Paul @irac wrote+
, must say that , am &ery dissatisfied with the situation, because this so called good theory does in&ol&e
neglecting infinities which appear in its equations, neglecting them in an arbitrary way# /his is )ust not
sensible mathematics# Sensible mathematics in&ol&es neglecting a quantity when it turns out to be small 2
not neglecting it )ust because it is infinitely great and you do not want it> (0irac, 19K7
5ichard (eynman was ob&iously also aware of this problem, and had this to say about renormalisation#
.ut no matter how cle&er the word, it is what , call a dippy process> -a&ing to resort to such hocus pocus
has pre&ented us from pro&ing that the theory of quantum electrodynamics is mathematically self consistent#
### , suspect that renormalisation is not mathematically legitimate# (Feyn-an, 19=5
'lbert !instein was also aware of this problem as he explains in his critique of Aorent79s electromagnetic
field theory for electrons (as it is still the same fundamental problem of the particle " electromagnetic field
duality#
/he inadequacy of this point of &iew manifested itself in the necessity of assuming finite dimensions for the
particles in order to pre&ent the electromagnetic field existing at their surfaces from becoming infinitely
large# (Albert 'instein, 19KJ
(eynman9s Spherical ,I $%/ wa&e theory is largely correct (and of course explains his success but his
error of using &ector e2m wa&es resulted in infinities at the point particle as the radius tended to 7ero, and
this led to the errors of renormalisation# ,n reality, 8atter, as a structure of scalar spherical quantum wa&es,
has a finite wa&e amplitude at the :a&e2*enter (as obser&ed and thus eliminates the infinities and the
problems of renormalisation found in (eynman9s Buantum !lectrodynamics (B!@#(See the :or0 of :olff
at Buantum8atter#com for a complete explanation#
38?84 The )olution to the Problem of there being O Bector #a"e )olutions of Ma>!ell1s
/Auations in )pherical Co5ordinates
Sames 8axwell (1=7J used the experimental (empirical results of (araday, *oulomb, etc# to de&elop four
equations, now famous, whose solutions described an electromagnetic (e2m wa&e which correctly deduced
the &elocity of light c# 8axwell was correct that light is a wa&e tra&eling with &elocity c 2 but it is a wa&e
de&eloped from the interaction of the ,I and $%/ wa&es of two spherical standing wa&es whose :a&e2
*enters are bound in resonant standing wa&e patterns# (/hus it is the interaction of four wa&es which
probably explains why there are four 8axwell !quations#
/he 8axwell9s !quations (8#!#, which describe the formation of electric fields ! by a charge distribution q
and changing magnetic fields -, as well as the formation of the - field by a changing ! and electric currents
i, cannot describe a spherical electromagnetic wa&e> ,t is a mathematical fact that there are no wa&e
solutions of the 8#!#s in spherical co2ordinates> $nly the scalar 9quantum9 wa&e equation has spherical wa&e
solutions# Similarly, there are no imaginable 8#!# solutions for a 9photon particle9# ,t is clear that the 8#!#s
are not fundamental and the photon is only a mathematical construction#
/he failure of the 8#!# in spherical co2ordinates can be imagined by saying, Nou cannot comb the hair on a
tennis ball# /his means that if you attempt to comb down an ! field (the hair representing the electric &ector
e&erywhere flat onto a tennis ball (a spherical surface, you must create a 9cowlic09 somewhere on the ball
which frustrates your attempt to comb it#
/he questions arise, :hy did theorists continue to fa&our the e2m field, the photon, and 8#!# for 7< years in
spite of the well20nown flagrant failure of the mathematical description to agree with obser&ationF :hy
were alternati&e descriptions of nature not soughtF :e suspect the answer is because it wor0ed once the
errors were remo&ed with a bit of 9hocus pocus9 mathematics and the aid of empirical data#
%nfortunately, this logical positi&ist &iew to retain the point particle and &ector force fields has been the root
cause of the many paradoxes and mysteries surrounding quantum theory# /he resulting confusion has been
increasingly exploited in the popular press# ,nstead of searching for the simple beha&iour of nature, the
physics community found that 9wa&e2particle duality9 was an exciting launching pad for more complex
proposals that found support from go&ernment funding agencies# /he search for truth was put into limbo
and wa&e2particle duality reigned#
$nce we understand though, that the particle theory of matter is a mathematical (logical positi&ist
description of nature, then it becomes less confusing# !ssentially the particle is a mathematical construction
to describe energy exchange# ,t says nothing about the energy exchange mechanism and thus ma0es no
comment about how the particle exists, how it mo&es through Space, what the Space around the particle is
made of, and how matter particles 9emit9 and 9absorb9 photon particles with other matter particles distant in
Space#
Aet us then consider one fundamentally important argument of (eynman9s that light must be a particle#
(or many years after Iewton, partial reflection by two surfaces was happily explained by a theory of
wa&es,X but when experiments were made with &ery wea0 light hitting photomultipliers, the wa&e theory
collapsedE as the light got dimmer and dimmer, the photomultipliers 0ept ma0ing full si7ed clic0s 2 there
were )ust fewer of them# "ight beha,es as particles#
X /his idea made use of the fact that wa&es can combine or cancel out, and the calculations based on this
model matched the results of Iewton9s experiments, as well as those done for hundreds of years afterwards#
.ut when experiments were de&eloped that were sensiti&e enough to detect a single photon, the wa&e theory
predicted that the clic0s of a photomultiplier would get softer and softer, whereas they stayed at full strength
2 they )ust occurred less and less often# Io reasonable model could explain this fact#
/his state of confusion was called the wa&e 2 particle duality of light# (Feyn-an, 19=5
(eynman though is incorrect in two ways+
(irstly, he is ma0ing un)ustified assumptions beyond what is obser&ed# ,t is true that light energy is emitted
and absorbed in discrete amounts between two electrons# .ut we @$ I$/ $.S!56! any 9Particles9 2 we
only obser&e discrete energy exchanges>
Secondly, the solution is to reali7e that the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter actually demands
that all energy exchanges for light be of discrete amounts because this is what occurs for 95esonant
*oupling9, and for standing :a&e interactions in general#
,t is also interesting to see how simply (eynman summari7es B!@+
So now, , present to you the three basic actions, from which all the phenomena of light and electrons arise#
2'ction O1E ' photon goes from place to place#
2'ction O;E 'n electron goes from place to place#
2'ction OKE 'n electron emits or absorbs a photon#
/his can now be simplified to two actions with the :S8+
'ction O1E 'n !lectron, as the :a&e2*enter of a Spherical Standing :a&e, goes from place to place in
Space (as determined by the spherical ,n2:a&es#
'ction O;E 'n !lectron resonantly couples with another !lectron (emits or absorbs a photon
$nce we realise that there are no separate electron or photon particles, thus we remo&e the problem as to
how an electron particle can interact with a separate photon particle> /hus this solution is actually more
consistent (and simpler than (eynman9s B!@, particularly when we consider (eynman9s further explanation
of a positron being an electron which goes bac0wards in /ime#
/he bac0wards2mo&ing electron when &iewed with time mo&ing forwards appears the same as an ordinary
electron, except that it is attracted to normal electrons 2 we say it has a positi&e charge# (or this reason it9s
called a positron# /he positron is a sister particle to the electron, and is an example of an anti2particle# ##/his
phenomena is general# !&ery particle in Iature has an amplitude to mo&e bac0wards in time, and therefore
has an anti2particle# (Feyn-an, 19=5
's :olff explains this is simply a mathematical truth caused by the fact that a negati&e time in the wa&e
equations changes the phase of the standing wa&es to be equal and opposite, which corresponds to
antimatter# ('ntimatter does no mo&e 9bac0wards in time9>
(urther, notice what (eynman says about photons, which are treated as particles in B!@, and thus by
(eynman9s logic there should also be anti2photons, whereas the :S8 is clear on this point 2 there are anti2
electrons (positrons which are opposite phase Spherical Standing :a&es, but there are no separate photon
particles, thus no anti2photons>
'nd what about photonsF Photons loo0 exactly the same in all respects when they tra&el bac0wards in time,
so they are their own anti2particles# Nou see how cle&er we are at ma0ing an exception part of the rule>
(Feyn-an, 19=5
:hile it may be cle&er, it is not good philosophy, and it has led to a &ery confused and absurd modern
physics# Surely it is time for physicists to start considering the fundamental theoretical problems of the
existing theories and to appreciate that the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e
Structure of 8atter is a simple, sensible, and ob&ious way to sol&e these problems>
(inally, let us explain how we can experimentally confirm the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter (which
would ob&iously be &ery con&incing to the s0eptics>
38@ #olff1s />planation of the Famous 2lbert /instein, Podols=y, %osen +/P%- and Further
Predictions
'The 7ltimate 6aradox - Bell's Theorem' by ;ilo @olff, Axplorin& the 6hysics of the 7nnown 7niverse,
(..)
,n l9K5, 'lbert !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen (!P5 put forward a gedan0en (thought experiment whose
outcome they thought was certain to show that there existed natural phenomena that quantum theory could
not account for# /he experiment was based on the concept that two e&ents cannot influence each other if the
distance between them is greater than the distance light could tra&el in the time a&ailable# ,n other words,
only local e&ents inside the light sphere can influence one another#
/heir experimental concept was later used by Sohn .ell (19JL to frame a theorem which showed that either
the statistical predictions of quantum theory or the Principle of Aocal !&ents is incorrect# ,t did not say
which one was false but only that both cannot be true, although it was clear that 'lbert !instein expected
/he Principle to be affirmed#
:hen later experiments (*lauser R (reedman 197;+ 'spect, @alibard, and 5oger, 19=;+ and others
confirmed that quantum theory was correct, the conclusion was startling# /he Principle of Aocal !&ents
failed, forcing us to recogni7e that the world is not the way it appears# :hat then is the real nature of our
worldF
/he important impact of .ell9s /heorem and the experiments is that they clearly thrust, a formerly only
philosophical dilemma of quantum theory, into the real world# /hey show that post2modern physics9 ideas
about the world are somehow profoundly deficient# Io one understood these results and only scant scientific
attention has been paid to them#
(igure 1#7#1 !xperiment to test .ell9s theorem# Polari7ed photons are emitted at the center, pass through the
ad)ustable polari7ation filters on the left and right, and enter detectors on each side# *oincidences
(simultaneous detection are recorded and plotted as a function of the angular difference between the two
settings of the polari7ation filters#
The /ssence of Bell1s Theorem
-is theorem relates to the results of an experiment li0e the one shown in (igure 1#7#1 (see abo&eE ' source
of two paired photons, obtained from the simultaneous decay of two excited atomic states, is at the center#
't opposite sides, are located two detectors of polari7ed photons# /he polari7ation filters of each detector
can be set parallel to each other, or at some other angle, freely chosen# ,t is 0nown that polari7ations of
paired photons are always parallel to each other, but random with respect to their surroundings# So, if the
detector filters are set parallel, both photons will be detected simultaneously# ,f the filters are at right angles,
the two photons will ne&er be detected together# /he detection pattern for settings at intermediate angles is
the sub)ect of the theorem#
.ell (and 'lbert !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen assumed that the photons arri&ing at each detector could
ha&e no 0nowledge of the setting of the other detector# /his is because they assumed that such information
would ha&e to tra&el faster than the speed of light 2 prohibited by 'lbert !instein9s Special 5elati&ity# /heir
assumption reflects the Principle of Aocal *auses, that is, only e&ents local to each detector can affect its
beha&iour#
.ased on this assumption, .ell deduced that the relationship between the angular difference between
detector settings and the detected coincidences of photon pairs was linear, li0e line A in (igure 1#7#;# -is
deduction comes from the symmetry and independence of the two detectors, as followsE ' setting difference
of Y, at one detector has the same effect as a difference Y, at the other detector# -ence if both are mo&ed Y,
the total angular difference is ;Y and the total effect is twice as much, which is a linear relationship#
(igure 1#7#; /he result of an experiment to test .ell9s theorem @ata points 5 of the experiments are shown
with blac0 dots# /hey agree with the line B8, predicted by the quantum mechanics, and do not agree with
the line A, predicted by 'lbert !instein9s concept of causality#
/his was a big surprise, because the failure of causality suggests that the communication is ta0ing place at
speeds greater than the &elocity of light#
/he cur&ed line is the calculation obtained from standard quantum theory# .ell, 'lbert !instein, Podols0y,
and 5osen, or anyone who does not belie&e in superluminal speeds, would expect to find line A#
,n fact, the experiments yielded points 5, which agreed with line B8# /he predictions of quantum theory
had destroyed the assumptions of 'lbert !instein, Podols0y and 5osen>
/he results of these experiments were so disbelie&ed that they were repeated by other persons, using
different photon sources, as well as particles with paired spins# /he most recent experiment by 'spect,
@alibard, and 5oger, used acousto2optical switches at a frequency of 5<8-7 which shifted the settings of
the polari7ers during the flight of the photons, to completely eliminate any possibility of local effects of one
detector on the other# Ie&ertheless, they reported that the !P5 assumption was &iolated by fi&e standard
de&iations, whereas quantum theory was &erified within experimental error (about ;]#
.o on5local 'nfluences />ist0
.ell9s /heorem and the experimental results imply that parts of the uni&erse are connected in an intimate
way (i#e# not ob&ious to us and these connections are fundamental (quantum theory is fundamental# -ow
can we understand themF /he problem has been analysed in depth (:heeler R Mure0 19=K, d9!spagnat
19=K, -erbert 19=5, Stapp 19=;, .ohm R -iley 19=L, Pagels 19=;, and others without resolution# /hose
authors tend to agree on the following description of the non2local connectionsE
1# /hey lin0 e&ents at separate locations without 0nown fields or matter#
;# /hey do not diminish with distance+ a million miles is the same as an inch#
K# /hey appear to act with speed greater than light#
*learly, within the framewor0 of science, this is a perplexing phenomenon# ,n some mysterious quantum
way, communication does appear to ta0e place faster than light between the two detectors of the apparatus#
/hese results showed that our understanding of the physical world is profoundly deficient#
/>plaining the /P%5Bell 1'nstant1 Communication
/he Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter, particularly the beha&iour of the ,n and $ut :a&es, is able to
resol&e this pu77le so that the appearance of instant communication is understood and yet neither 'lbert
!instein nor B8 need be wrong#
,n order to show this, it is necessary to carefully loo0 at the detailed process of exchanging energy between
two atoms, by the action of the ,I"$%/ wa&es of both atoms# 5emember that for resonant coupling it is
necessary for the ,n and $ut :a&es of both electrons to interact with one another# /he passage of both ,n2
:a&es through both :a&e2*enters precedes the actual frequency shifts of the source and detector# ' means
to detect this first passage e&ent is not a capability of the usual photo2detector apparatus and remains totally
unnoticed# .ut the ,n2:a&es are symmetrical counterparts of the $ut2:a&es and carry the information of
their polari7ation state between parts of the experimental apparatus before the $ut2:a&es cause a departing
photon e&ent# /he ,I2wa&es tra&el with the speed of light so there is no &iolation of relati&ity#
't this point you may be inclined to disbelie&e the reality of the ,n2:a&e# .ut there is other e&idence for it#
5emember, it explains the de .roglie wa&elength and thereby B8# ,t is necessary to explain the relati&istic
mass increase of a mo&ing ob)ect or the symmetry in its direction of motion# ,t is responsible for the finite
force of the S5 electron at its center# 're all of these merely coincidenceF !specially, it is the combination
of ,n and $ut :a&es which explains these laws, not )ust the ,n2:a&es# ,f you belie&e in one you are forced
to belie&e in the other#
(Iote added by -aselhurst 2 ,n fact without ,n2:a&es there can be no $ut2:a&es, as the $ut2:a&es are
simply the ,n2:a&es after they ha&e propagated ,n and $ut through the :a&e2*enter# /hus effecti&ely
:olff is saying that the electrons in the experiment are already interconnected with one another, and hence
are already 9aware9 of one another9s resonant state and polari7ation, before the paired photons are emitted# ,t
is this subtle interconnection of 8atter that explains the apparent conflict of the !P5 experiment#
Can Proof of the 'n5#a"es be Found0
For so-eone to really belie,e a ne* theory, an e)peri-ent to sho* the e)istence of ne* pheno-ena
not pre,iously <no*n is -ost persuasi,e# /o pro&e the existence of the ,n2:a&es (and thus the pre2
existing interconnection of the electrons with the rest of the apparatus would be )ust such a critical
experiment#
/his can li0ely be accomplished with an apparatus of the type used by 'spect, @alibard, and 5ogers (19=;
except that instead of ma0ing a random filter setting during a photon9s passage time, the filter setting
should occur during the ti-e period preceding photon departure# /he purpose is to frustrate
communication by the ,n2:a&es# 's the ,n2:a&es are necessary to the energy exchange process, then the
result of the experiment would be a linear relation between the angular difference of the two filters# /his
would be the result originally expected by 'lbert !instein for the !P5 experiment#
(!nd of Section from 8ilo :olff#
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter is a profound new way of loo0ing at how 8atter exists and interacts with
other matter in Space# :olff has explained a &ery simple change to a &ery famous experiment that currently
causes Buantum /heory, and -uman intellectual 0nowledge in general, profound problems and paradoxes#
/hus it seems to us absolutely essential that this experiment be re2done as suggested abo&e# :e sincerely
hope that this wor0 on the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter
will ultimately lead to this new 9Paradigm9 being ta0en seriously, and that this experiment will be performed
sooner rather than later>
1uantu- Theory (u--ary
Buantum /heory (19<<219K< disco&ered four main things+
a .oth matter and light sometimes beha&e as particles and sometimes beha&e as wa&es# (Planc0, de
.roglie
b Schrodinger9s Standing :a&e equations can be used to describe the allowed discrete energy states for
electrons (:a&e2*enters in atoms or molecules#
c ,t is impossible to 0now both the location and momentum of a particle and this inherent uncertainty can
be calculated using the square of the :a&e equation to determine the probability of where the particle will
be found# (-eisenberg, .orn
d 8atter seems to be subtly interconnected with other matter in the %ni&erse# (!P5 !xperiment
:ith the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the :a&e Structure of 8atter we can now sensibly explain
these phenomena+
a /he solution of the particle"wa&e duality of matter is ob&ious 2 8atter is a Spherical Standing :a&e
which creates a 9particle effect9 at the :a&e2*enter9# /he solution to the particle"wa&e duality of light is
more complex (though it is still ob&ious once 0nown and is a consequence of the standing wa&e structure of
matter and that only discrete standing wa&e interactions can occur during 95esonant *oupling9 of two bound
electrons#
b Schrodinger9s :a&e equations confirm this discrete standing wa&e interaction, that only certain discrete
standing wa&e frequencies between matter are resonantly stable which causes frequency (and thus energy
exchanges to be in discrete 9quanta9 which can be mathematically explained as 9particle"photon9 interactions#
c .ecause Spherical Standing :a&es are the si7e of the %ni&erse, their ,n2:a&es are interacting with all
the other matter in the %ni&erse# 's we exist as complex arrangements of :a&e2*enters here on earth, we
do not ha&e immediate 0nowledge of how these ,n2:a&es are interacting with this other matter in the
uni&erse, and must simply wait until the ,n2:a&es arri&e at the :a&e2*enter where we obser&e these
changes in motion and position of the :a&e2*enter# /his lac0 of 0nowledge causes the uncertainty as to
how a :a&e2*enter will mo&e about o&er time and thus qualitati&ely explains why probability based upon
wa&e equations can describe this uncertainty#
d /he 'lbert !instein, Podols0y, 5osen (!P5 experiment performed by 'spect in 197; famously and
contro&ersially confirmed the apparent instant interconnection of particles and contradicted 'lbert !instein9s
5elati&ity which requires that all matter to matter interactions be limited by the &elocity of light# 'lbert
!instein is in fact correct, the error of the experiment was to assume matter was a particle rather than the
:a&e2*enter of a Spherical Standing :a&e#
$nce this is understood then it explains how matter is subtly interconnected with other matter in the Space
around it (by the ,n and $ut2:a&es and leads to a minor change in the experiment which will confirm the
8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter as a sensible and ob&ious
solution to the problems and paradoxes of not only Buantum /heory, but also of 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity
and *osmology#
(u--ary 2 (i-ple (olution to &ain Proble-s of Albert 'instein?s
$elati,ity Theory
Fro- $epresenting &atter as Continuous Fields in (pace!Ti-e
(&athe-atical) to &atter as (pherical +a,es in Continuous
(pace (Physical)
Physical ob)ects are not in space, but these ob)ects are spatially extended (as fields# ,n this way the concept
9empty space9 loses its meaning# ### /he field thus becomes an irreducible element of physical description,
irreducible in the same sense as the concept of matter (particles in the theory of Iewton# ### /he physical
reality of space is represented by a field whose components are continuous functions of four independent
&ariables 2 the co2ordinates of space and time# Since the theory of general relati&ity implies the
representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the concept of particles or material points cannot
play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion# /he particle can only appear as a limited region in
space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high# (Albert 'instein, 195<
@hen forced to summari/e the &eneral theory of relativity in one sentence'
Ti!e and space and gravitation have no separate existence from !atter. >$l"ert .instein?
'ntroduction
-ello# /his page is in two parts# /o begin, a summary of the metaphysical foundations of !instein9s
5elati&ity, and how they can be simplified from !instein9s attempt of 5epresenting 8atter as Continuous
(pherical Fields in (pace!Ti-e (8athematical
to describing 8atter as (pherical +a,es in Continuous (pace (Physical#
/his is followed by a summary of = central problems of the /heory of 5elati&ity that !instein could not
sol&e, simply because he was wor0ing from a foundation of continuous spherical fields, rather than
spherical standing wa&es# /he solutions to these problems are &ery ob&ious once we ha&e the correct wa&e
foundations for matter interactions#
,t should be emphasised here, that though these changes may seem tri&ial, they are not# :hile they confirm
!instein9s &iew that 8atter and Space (and /ime, ?ra&ity are united, this :a&es in Space foundation sol&es
the central problems of 'lbert !instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity, while also pro&iding a sensible solution to
Buantum /heory (which is in great need of sensible foundations to remo&e all the nonsense " quantum
weirdness that currently flourishes due to the errors of the particle conception of matter# :e should not
forget the ob&ious 2 Buantum /heory is founded on wa&e equations# /his is because standing wa&es only
exist at discrete frequencies, as do their interactions#
$ur minds change slowly to new 0nowledge, which always seems strange at first# So , hope you will read
and thin0 about this# ,t is &ery simple and ob&ious once 0nown# 'nd , cannot help but thin0 it is important#
!n)oy,
?eoff -aselhurst
)hort )ummary of Physics and the #a"e )tructure of Matter in )pace
't a fundamental le&el 8odern Physics is founded on the concepts of particles and fields in space and time.
(urther difficulties arise because both light and matter exhibit a particle " wa&e duality, and there are two
main fields, charge (electromagnetic and mass (gra&itational " inertial# :hile this is still a little simplistic,
it ma0es the point that we ha&e a number of different concepts without any clear understanding of how they
are connected# /his causes numerous problems for -uman 0nowledge (and society, as we do not
understand the necessary connections between these many things we experience# 'nd as -ume made clear
(see @a&id -ume9s Problem of *ausation and Iecessary *onnection, without this 0nowledge of necessary
connection between things that exist we can ha&e no causal theory of 0nowledge, lea&ing the Sciences
founded on ,nduction from repeated obser&ation which is always uncertain (rather than deduction from
metaphysical principles which is certain+
!xperience only teaches us, how one e&ent constantly follows another+ without instructing us in the secret
connexion, which binds them together, and renders them inseparable# (0a,id #u-e
So how do we sol&e these problemsF , thin0 the simplest way to explain this is to list these central concepts
of physics, show which path 'lbert !instein too0 to try and unite them from a common foundation (which
he failed to do, and then demonstrate from the most simple foundation (founded on $ne thing Space
existing as a :a&e 8edium how we can finally unite these concepts in a meaningful way that describes
reality without paradox or contradiction# Iow , 0now that most of you will be &ery s0eptical of such a big
claim, but the solution is pretty simple and ob&ious once 0nown so , hope you will perse&ere (and it is
concise " short>#
Central Concepts of Modern Physics
Iewton9s 8echanics 2 Space, /ime, 8atter as Particles with 98ass9, (orce U 8ass by 'cceleration#
*ontinuous !lectromagnetic (ield /heory ((araday, 8axwell, Aorent7, !instein " 5elati&ity 2 8atter as
Particles with 9*harge9, *ontinuous Spherical !lectromagnetic (ields, Aight as 6ector !lectromagnetic
:a&es, ?ra&itational (ields (local theory 2 all matter interactions limited by &elocity of light c
@iscrete Buantum /heory (Planc0, !instein, de .roglie, Schrodinger, .orn 2 Aight as @iscrete Particles
(Photons, Scalar :a&es, Probability :a&es, Particle :a&e @uality (Aight R 8atter, Buantum
!ntanglement (apparently non local theory 2 appear to be instantaneous matter interactions#
:hile this is still a little simplistic, you can see how confusing Physics becomes when you ha&e so many
concepts, some of which clearly contradict others (e#g# light and matter beha&e as both particles and *a,es,
discrete particles and continuous fields, local and non local interactions# 'lbert !instein attempted to
simplify this mess with his 9field theory of matter9 where he discarded the 9particle9 concept and tried to
represent matter as spherical fields in space2time, as he writes+
Physical ob)ects are not in space, but these ob)ects are spatially extended (as fields# ,n this way the concept
9empty space9 loses its meaning# ### /he field thus becomes an irreducible element of physical description,
irreducible in the same sense as the concept of matter (particles in the theory of Iewton# ### /he physical
reality of space is represented by a field whose components are continuous functions of four independent
&ariables 2 the co2ordinates of space and time# Since the theory of general relati&ity implies the
representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the concept of particles or material points cannot
play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion# /he particle can only appear as a limited region in
space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high# (Albert 'instein, 195<
@hen forced to summari/e the &eneral theory of relativity in one sentence'
Ti!e and space and gravitation have no separate existence from !atter. >,lbert Ainstein?
Iow there are a number of Problems with 'lbert !instein9s (ield /heory of 8atter (see below, as he was
well aware, and which, late in his life, caused him to write to his friend 8ichael .esso expressing his
frustration+
,ll these fifty years of conscious broodin& have brou&ht me no nearer to the answer to the question, '@hat
are li&ht quantaH' Eowadays every Tom, 8ic and Karry thins he nows it, but he is mistaen. M +
consider it quite possible that physics cannot be based on the field concept, i.e., on continuous structures.
+n that case, nothin& remains of my entire castle in the air, &ravitation theory included, Oand ofP the rest of
modern physics. >,lbert Ainstein, (.3)?
,n hindsight it is easier to understand !instein9s error 2 the clue is that Buantum /heory9s disco&ery of the
wa&e properties of matter did not occur until 19;=, whereas !instein9s continuous electromagnetic field
foundations were de&eloped from 19<5 to 191J based largely on the ideas of Sames *ler0 8axwell
(8axwell9s !quations, 1=7<s and Aorent79s /heory of the !lectron (19<<# So basically his mista0e was to
wor0 with fields in space2time (mathematical rather than real wa&es in Space (physical, largely because he
did not ha&e 0nowledge of the :a&e properties of matter when he de&eloped his /heory of 5elati&ity#
,n terms of the 8etaphysical foundations of Physics, the central error has been to try and describe reality
from the &any material things we experience, matter 9particles9# (i#e# Science, which is empirically
founded# 'nd e&en though !instein re)ected the 9particle9, his field theory of matter is still founded on this
priority of matter (that matter9s field interactions cause the effect of space and time#
-owe&er, 8etaphysics has 0nown for se&eral thousand years that it is necessary to describe reality from
One thing existing to explain matter9s interconnection in Space and the %ni&erse# 's 'ristotle, Aeibni7 and
.radley write+
The first philosophy >;etaphysics? is universal and is exclusively concerned with primary substance. ... ,nd
here we will have the science to study that which is, both in its essence and in the properties which, $ust as
a thin& that is, it has. >$ristotle, 1)4B%?
another. ... + do not conceive of any reality at all as without &enuine unity.
>%ottfried &ei"ni', (BC4?
@e may a&ree, perhaps, to understand by ;etaphysics an attempt to now reality as a&ainst mere
appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or a&ain the effort to comprehend the
universe, not simply piecemeal or by fra&ments, but somehow as a whole. >(radley, (0)B-(.2)?
.y abiding by this central rule of 8etaphysics and describing 5eality in /erms of $ne thing existing,
(pace, and its Properties as a +a,e &ediu- for (pherical (tanding +a,es that form &atter, we find a
&ery simple solution to all of the abo&e problems of Physics (again this is a big claim, but this website does
explain many of these things# .asically !instein is correct, 8atter is a Spherically Spatially extended
structure of Space (there is no 9particle9 though most importantly we ha&e simplified !instein9s ideas from+
8atter as *ontinuous Spherical (ields in Space2/ime
to
8atter as Spherical :a&es in *ontinuous Space#
,t is then quite simple to show thatE
/he discrete ?particle? effect of -atter is caused by the +a,e!Center of the Spherical Standing :a&es (the
diagram shows that this is an ob&ious solution to the particle " wa&e duality of matter>#
/he discrete ?particle? effect of light is caused by discrete (tanding +a,e ,nteractions " 5esonant
*oupling#
/ime is caused by +a,e &otion (as spherical wa&e motions of Space which cause matter9s acti&ity and the
phenomena of time#
Forces B Fields are caused by wa&e interactions of the Spherical ,n and $ut :a&es with other matter in the
uni&erse which change the location of the :a&e2*enter (and which we 9see9 as a 9force accelerating a
particle9#
1uantu- 'ntangle-ent is li0ewise caused by the ,nteraction between the ,n and $ut2:a&es and all the
other matter in the uni&erse, thus matter is always subtly connected to other matter in the uni&erse (i#e#
matter is large not small, we only see the :a&e2*enter and ha&e been decei&ed by its 9particle9 effect#
-owe&er, !instein9s 9Aocality9 is correct, all matter to matter interactions are limited by the &elocity of
:a&es in Space#
$f most significance (the real beauty of this solution is that not only does it sol&e the problems of 'lbert
!instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity, but it also sol&es the basic problems of Buantum /heory " Buantum
8echanics (founded on :a&e !quations and *osmology (uniting finite matter R uni&erse with infinite
eternal space 2 the .ig .ang /heory being founded on a basic error#
A si-ple solution to the Proble-s of Albert 'instein?s Theory of
$elati,ity
The +a,e (tructure of &atter in (pace
!instein (from (araday, 8axwell, Aorent7 represented matter as a continuous spherical field in spacetime#
!instein is correct that there is no 9particle9 and matter is spherically spatially extended (8atter and Space
are $ne and the same thing># -owe&er, the spherical 9force field9 can be sensibly explained with the
Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter# :e reali7e that forces are caused by a change in the &elocity
of the spherical ,n2wa&e (from one direction as this changes where these ,n2wa&es meet at the wa&e2center,
which we obser&e as a 9force accelerating a particle9# /he change in ellipsoidal shape of the ,n2wa&es is the
cause of !instein9s 8etrics and the 5iemannian geometry of ?eneral 5elati&ity#
:ith this new understanding let us then briefly summari7e the problems of !instein9s 5elati&ity, as their
solutions become ob&ious once we understand the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter#
The theory of relativity leads to the same law of motion without requirin& any special hypothesis
whatsoever as to the structure and behavior of the electron. >.instein, (.3)?
,s Arnst ;ach insistently pointed out, the Eewtonian theory is unsatisfactory in the followin& respect' if one
considers motion from the purely descriptive, not from the causal, point of view, it only exists as relative
motion of thin&s with respect to one another.
+t compelled Eewton to invent a physical space in relation to which acceleration was supposed to exist.
This introduction ad hoc of the concept of absolute space, while lo&ically unacceptionable, nevertheless
seems unsatisfactory.
%onsidered lo&ically, concepts are free creations of the human intelli&ence, tools of thou&ht, which are to
serve the purpose of brin&in& experiences into relation with each other, so that in this way they can be
better surveyed. The attempt to become conscious of the empirical sources of these fundamental concepts
should show to what extent we are actually bound to these concepts. +n this way we become aware of our
freedom to create new concepts.
8escartes ar&ued somewhat on these lines' space is identical with extension, but extension is connected
with bodiesD thus there is no space without bodies and hence no empty space.
+t appears to me, therefore, that the formation of the concept of the material ob$ect must precede our
concepts of time and space. >$l"ert .instein, (.3)?
The &reat stumblin& bloc for the field theory lies in the conception of the atomic structure of matter and
ener&y. #or the theory is fundamentally non-atomic in so far as it operates exclusively with continuous
itself does $ustice to the atomic structure of matter. >.instein, (.3)?
iii) 'instein?s ?Fields? re3uire ?Particles?.
The special and &eneral theories of relativity, which, thou&h based entirely on ideas connected with the
field-theory, have so far been unable to avoid the independent introduction of material points, M the
continuous field thus appeared side by side with the material point as the representative of physical reality.
This dualism remains even today disturbin& as it must be to every orderly mind. >.instein, (.3)?
+nfinite #ields.
The ;axwell equations in their ori&inal form do not, however, allow such a description of particles, because
their correspondin& solutions contain a sin&ularity. Theoretical physicists have tried for a lon& time >(.1B?,
therefore, to reach the &oal by a modification of ;axwell's equations. These attempts have, however, not
been crowned with success. @hat appears certain to me, however, is that, in the foundations of any
consistent field theory the particle concept must not appear in addition to the field concept. The whole
theory must by based solely on partial differential equations and their sin&ularity-free solutions. >.instein,
(.3)?
Since the theory of &eneral relativity implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the
concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion.
>.instein, (.3)?
*enter#
%ausin& ;atter.
;ach, in the nineteenth century, was the only one who thou&ht seriously of the elimination of the concept
of space, in that he sou&ht to replace it by the notion of the totality of the instantaneous distances between
all material points. >Ke made this attempt in order to arrive at a satisfactory understandin& of inertia.?
>.instein, (.3)?
other matter#
/he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion is founded on the a priori fact that Space is first necessary for matter
to be able to exist and mo&e about# !instein is empirically correct, and at the same time this was his error
because 8etaphysics (and thus 5eality is not founded on empirical obser&ations# ,n reality there is no
motion of matter, there is only the spherical wa&e2motion of Space, and the changing location of the wa&e2
center gi&es the 9illusion9 of the motion of matter 9particles9# (/hus !instein9s 5elati&ity is founded on an
illusion that matter mo&es, when it is Space which is mo&ing " &ibrating#
/hus Iewton was ultimately correct+
,nd so instead of absolute places and motions, we use relative onesD and that without any inconvenience
in common affairsD but in 6hilosophical disquisitions, we ou&ht to abstract from our senses, and consider
thin&s themselves, distinct from what are only sensible measures of them. >-ewton, (B0C?
+ cannot but re&ard the ether, which can be the seat of an electroma&netic field with its ener&y and its
vibrations, as endowed with a certain de&ree of substantiality, however different it may be from all ordinary
matter. >&orent', The Theory of the Alectron, (.4B?
The electroma&netic fields are not states of a medium, and are not bound down to any bearer, but they are
independent realities which are not reducible to anythin& else. >,lbert Ainstein, :eiden :ecture, (.24?
+n other words, is there an ether which carries the fieldD the ether bein& considered in the undulatory state,
for example, when it carries li&ht wavesH The question has a natural answer' Because one cannot
dispense with the field concept, it is preferable not to introduce in addition a carrier with hypothetical
properties. >,lbert Ainstein, (.34?
$nce we realise that the particle and the continuous field it generates are both merely ideas, human
approximations to reality, then we sol&e these problems# :e return to Aorent79s foundation of $ne thing
Space, and its properties as a wa&e medium (&ibrations and replace the spherical particle R field with the
spherical wa&e 8otion of Space# /he idea of the field theory of matter misled !instein, and yet !instein also
realised that there must somehow be a Space that interconnects matter#
<ecapitulatin&, we may say that accordin& to the &eneral theory of relativity space is endowed with
physical qualitiesD in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. ,ccordin& to the &eneral theory of relativity
space without ether is unthinableD for in such space there not only would be no propa&ation of li&ht, but
also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time >measurin&-rods and clocs?, nor therefore
any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this ether may not be thou&ht of as endowed with the
quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consistin& of parts which may be traced throu&h time. The
idea of motion may not be applied to it. >,lbert Ainstein, :eiden :ecture, (.24?
But the idea that there exist two structures of space independent of each other, the metric-&ravitational and
the electroma&netic, was intolerable to the theoretical spirit. @e are prompted to the belief that both sorts
of field must correspond to a unified structure of space. >Ainstein, (.3)?
(mass#
But the path >of &eneral relativity? was thornier than one mi&ht suppose, because it demanded the
abandonment of Auclidean &eometry. This is what we mean when we tal of the 'curvature of space'. The
fundamental concepts of the 'strai&ht line', the 'plane', etc., thereby lose their precise si&nificance in
physics. >$l"ert .instein, (.3)?
The non-mathematician is sei/ed by a mysterious shudderin& when he hears of 'four-dimensional' thin&s,
by a feelin& not unlie that awaened by thou&hts of the occult. ,nd yet there is no more common-place
statement than that the world in which we live is a four-dimensional space-time continuum. Space is a
three-dimensional continuum. ... Similarly, the world of physical phenomena is naturally four dimensional in
the space-time sense. #or it is composed of individual events, each of which is described by four numbers,
namely, three space co-ordinates x, y, /, and the time co-ordinate t. >$l"ert .instein, (.3)?
The inseparability of time and space emer&ed in connection with electrodynamics, or the law of
propa&ation of li&ht.
@ith the discovery of the relativity of simultaneity, space and time were mer&ed in a sin&le continuum in a
way similar to that in which the three dimensions of space had previously mer&ed into a sin&le continuum.
6hysical space was thus extended to a four dimensional space which also included the dimension of time.
The four dimensional space of the special theory of relativity is $ust as ri&id and absolute as Eewton's
space. >$l"ert .instein, (.3)?
,ccordin& to the &eneral theory of relativity, the &eometrical properties of space are not independent, but
they are determined by matter. >.instein, (.3)?
Concluding $e-ar<s
field theory for matter and that the continuous spherical spatially extended force field may not truly
,ll these fifty years of conscious broodin& have brou&ht me no nearer to the answer to the question, '@hat
are li&ht quantaH' Eowadays every Tom, 8ic and Karry thins he nows it, but he is mistaen. M +
consider it quite possible that physics cannot be based on the field concept, i.e., on continuous structures.
+n that case, nothin& remains of my entire castle in the air, &ravitation theory included, Oand ofP the rest of
modern physics.
'lbert !instein9s ?eneral /heory of 5elati&ity (?/5 has been summari7ed as, ?The -atter of the uni,erse
deter-ines the properties of (pace, and the properties of (pace deter-ine the beha,iour of -atter.?
symmetry#
of matter in Space#
'll that needs to be done now (though this is no easy tas0 , imagine> is for some cle&er and curious
8athematician to apply the /wo Principles of the :S8 to 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity and show that the
two are mathematically equi&alent# /his mathematics will be simpler, contain no infinities"singularities, and
will also be consistent with Buantum /heory and *osmology# /hus there now exists the opportunity for
mathematical physicists to explore a profound new logical language which should pro&ide many solutions to
their current problems and in time lead to a re&olution of their sub)ect#
+o!e *eference quotes (for !y use)
/he theory of relati&ity may indeed be said to ha&e put a sort of finishing touch to the mighty intellectual
included# (Albert 'instein, 19KL
space2time inter&als in the physical sense# (Albert 'instein, Aeiden Aecture, 19;<
Metaphysics& )ir 'saac e!ton
The Metaphysics of )pace and the #a"e )tructure of Matter unites )ir
'saac e!ton1s 2bsolute )pace and his Particle conception of matter8
,t seems probable to me that ?od in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard,
impenetrable, mo&able particles, of such si7es and figures, and with such other properties,
and in such proportion to space, as most conduced to the end for which he formed them+
and that these primiti&e particles being solids, are incomparably harder than any porous
bodies compounded of them+ e&en so &ery hard, as ne&er to wear or brea0 in pieces+ no
ordinary power being able to di&ide what ?od himself made one in the first creation#
(5e*ton, (rom 9/he /ao of Physics9, *apra
6article 5 Space 8uality of Eewton's ;echanics - +saac Eewton on Time, 6articles, #orces - Eewton's
%oncept of :i&ht as 6article - Eewton's :aw of +nertia - Top of 6a&e
The Particle ( )pace .uality of e!ton1s Mechanics +3?6@-
conceptual tool for the logical positi&ist " mathematical physicist, but does not physically exist, is absolutely
correct# ('s the principles of the :a&e Structure of 8atter state, the 9particle9 effect of matter is caused by
the :a&e2*enter of the Spherical Standing :a&es#
freewill, !picurus and Aucretius postulated that atoms might 9de&iate9 in their courses# (See references on
*osmology for an explanation of (ree :ill
continue to hold that 9atomic theories9 are simply de&ices for tal0ing about obser&able phenomena# (/he
*oncise !ncyclopedia of :estern Philosophy and Philosophers, 1991
:ith this understanding of the 9particle9 in mind, and with 'lbert !instein as our guide, we shall now
explain and sol&e Iewton9s 8echanics, and thus also appreciate how Iewton9s theory profoundly (though
incorrectly shaped the face of modern physics#
)ir 'saac e!ton1s Concepts of Time, Particles, $ Forces
+On the Problem of 2ction5at5a5.istance-
Aet us now consider two &ery famous quotes from Iewton on absolute Space and /ime# Iewton9s
comments on 'bsolute Space being the foundations of the 5elati&e 8otions of 8atter in Space is absolutely
correct and &ery astute as Iewton effecti&ely predicts the e&olution of relati&ity 2 that it is easier to measure
the motion of matter relati&e to other matter, rather than to Space itself>
senses determine, by its position to bodies+ and which is &ulgarly ta0en for immo&able space# ###
body really at rest, to which the places and motions of others may be referred# ###
'bsolute, /rue, and 8athematical /ime, of itself, and from its own nature flows equably without regard to
any thing external, and by another name is called @urationE 5elati&e, 'pparent, and *ommon /ime is some
sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable measure of @uration by the means of motion, which
is commonly used instead of /rue time+ such as an -our, a @ay, a 8onth, a Near# ###
(or the natural days are truly unequable, though they are commonly consider9d as equal, and used for a
motions are swift or slow, or none at all# (Iewton, 1J=7
such that we ha&e a constant reference to measure the changing &elocity of wa&e2motion# -owe&er, /ime
does not exist as a 9thing in itself9 as Iewton thought>
'lbert !instein explains Iewton9s 8echanics lucidly and logicaly (as reflects the greatness of 'lbert
!instein#
essential elements, as physically effecti&e factors, of his system# ('lbert !instein, 19L<
:e now realise his error was to introduce discrete 9particles9 with 8otion, rather than the 8otion of Space
itself, i#e# Spherical Standing :a&e 8otion, which creates the 9particle effect9 at the :a&e2*enter#
in recent years# /herefore, in addition to masses and temporally &ariable distances, there must be something
else that determines motion# /hat something he ta0es to be relation to absolute space# -e is aware that space
must possess a 0ind of physical reality if his laws of motion are to ha&e any meaning, a reality of the same
sort as material points and their distances# ('lbert !instein, 195L
's explained in %niting 8etaphysics and Physics, 'lbert !instein considered matter to be spatially
extended (and represented by Spherical (orce (ields thus he did not belie&e in the existence of a
fundamental Space or /ime that was separate from 8atter (he imagined that matter caused Space and /ime,
whereas the :a&e Structure of 8atter states the opposite, that Space Vand it wa&e motionsW cause 8atter
and /ime# 's with Aeibni7 and 8ach, 'lbert !instein belie&ed that all motion of matter in Space could
instead be understood as motion of matter relati&e to other matter, thus the concept of an absolute Space
became unnecessary#
action2at2a2distance# 'ny doubt was buried for a long time to come# ('lbert !instein, 195<
/he solution though is ob&ious once 0nown 2 to discard the concept of the discrete particle in Space and
replace it with the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 in Space#
/hen instant action2at2a2distance between discrete particles becomes action2at2a2distance between the ,n and
$ut2:a&es of the :a&e2*enters 9particles9 in Space# /his leads to a clear understanding of how matter
interacts with other matter at2a2distance in Space, as it is the interaction of the ,n2:a&es and $ut2:a&es
with other SS:s (and particularly their :a&e2*enters that explains all matter to matter interactions in
Space# /hese interactions are limited by the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es and $ut2:a&es which is the &elocity
of light c# /hus actions2at2a2distance are not instantaneous as Iewton had assumed, but are limited by the
&elocity of the ,n2:a&es (&elocity of light c, as 'lbert !instein realised, and obser&ation confirms#
Iewton was correct, there does exist a fundamental physical Space which acts as a wa&e medium and
Iewton9s error, of assuming too many existents (a common error, leads to two insurmountable problems+
a) How does matter exist as a discrete particle in Space and move through the Space around it
's .orn explains+
ne&er detected departures from Iewton9s Aaws of 8otion that would point to such a resistance# (.orn,
19;L
b) How do these discrete particles gravitationall! act"at"a"distance with other particles separate in
Space
gra&ity itself# ### and , do not arbitrarily in&ent hypotheses# (Iewton# Aetter to 5ichard .entley ;5 (eb#
1J9K
interact (instantly> with other matter at a distance in Space (across the entire uni&erseF (or example, how
do we, here on earth, sense the heat and light from the sun so distant in Space#
:e now reali7e that matter is not small, it is large# ,ndeed 'lbert !instein was &ery close to the truth 2
matter is spherically spatially extended, thus as we ha&e said, Iewton9s instant action2at2a2distance from a
particle becomes action2at2a2distance from the :a&e2*enter of Spherical Standing :a&es in Space, due to
the interaction and change in &elocity of their ,n and $ut2:a&es#
i#e# ' consequence of Principle /wo, the ,n2:a&es of the Spherical Standing :a&e in Space interact with
other SS:s in Space (particularly their high :a&e2'mplitude"@ensity :a&e2*enters as they flow in
through them and change their &elocity accordingly# /his determines where each successi&e ,n2:a&e will
ultimately meet at their respecti&e :a&e2*enter (i#e# the future position of the :a&e2*enter " 9particle9
which causes the apparent motion (acceleration of the 9particle9# /his then explains action2at2a2distance
(from the :a&e2*enter and why it is not instantaneous, but rather, is limited by the &elocity of the ,n2
:a&es " 6elocity of light c#
)ir 'saac e!ton1s Concept of Light as a Particle
light pre&ailed# ('lbert !instein, 19KJ
particles of light#
('lbert !instein, 19K1
facts, there de&eloped a new foundation of physics, 9(ield9 physics# ('lbert !instein, 195L
:e shall shortly consider the 9(ield9 physics, but before this we need to finally explain Iewton9 famous Aaw
of ,nertia+
unless it experiences a net external force# (Serway, 199;
(ir Isaac 5e*ton?s "a* of Inertia F F -.a
*oncisely stated 2 8ass is caused by the 5elationship between the *hange in 6elocity c of the ,n2:a&es
(from one direction and the resultant *hange in Aocation of the :a&e2*enter which we see as the
9'cceleration of the Particle9#
,t is necessary to correctly understand Principle /wo for this explains 5e*ton?s "a* of Inertia FF-.a
which is at the &ery heart of Physics#
0rinciple Two - 1n the -ecessary Connections "etween 2hat .ists
*ause of 'll (orces, i#e# Iewton9s Aaw of ,nertia (Um#a
space of an ob)ect is determined by all the other matter in the %ni&erse#
Principle /wo explains how matter 9particles9 (as :a&e2*enters are 9Iecessarily *onnected9 to other 8atter
in the Space around them, and thus leads to the explanation of 9(orce9 and Iewton9s famous and most
important Aaw of ,nertia (orce U 8ass X 'cceleration ((Um#a
Aet us consider the Spherical ,n2:a&es of $ne !lectron " Spherical Standing :a&e (SS:# ,f there is no
change in the &elocity of the Spherical ,n2:a&e then there can be no change in the apparent motion of the
:a&e2*enter " 9particle9# i#e# ,f the Spherical ,n2:a&es comes in with the same &elocity in all directions then
the :a&e2*enter " 9particle9 will remain stationary in the same place in Space# *on&ersely, if there is a
change in &elocity of the Spherical ,n2:a&es in one direction then this will also cause a change in motion
(acceleration of the :a&e2*enter " 9particle9# So when we consider the future motion of a particle we must
actually consider the &elocity of the Spherical ,n2:a&es only, for it is logical that this alone determines
where these ,n2:a&es will meet at their future :a&e2*enters#
/his is the underlying cause of the Aaw of ,nertia and the concepts of force, mass and acceleration# :e can
now translate the language of physics into the language of the :S8# :hen we apply a (orce to an ob)ect
we are in fact changing the &elocity of their ,n2:a&es, and this causes an acceleration (change in apparent
motion of the particle effect at the :a&e2*enter# ,t is this relationship between the change in &elocity of ,n2
:a&es and the change in 8otion of the :a&e2*enter that causes the concept of 8ass and explains the
necessary connection between things that exist# (i#e# 'ction2at2a2distance#
/hough this is perhaps a little confusing upon first reading, with time it becomes more ob&ious that the
Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter simplifies and sol&es the problems of Iewton9s 8echanics by remo&ing
the concept of discrete 9particles9 and replacing this with Spherical :a&e 8otions of Space whose :a&e2
*enter9s *ause the 9Particle9 !ffect#
(inally, it is important to reali7e that 'insteinLs $elati,ity e&ol&ed largely from 5e*ton?s &echanics
(6@I8), Faraday?s 'lectro-agnetic Field Theory (6IJD), &a)*ellLs '3uations (6I8@) and "orent4?s
Theory of the 'lectron (67AA!67A@)# .y applying this new 8etaphysical foundation to these earlier
theories we can correct their errors, and this then leads to a simple solution to the problems of !instein4s
5elati&ity#
&etaphysics= ;enedictus (;aruch) de (pino4a
On One Infinite (ubstance (:od, 5ature, (pace)
and the Interconnected &otion of &atter
9@eus si&e Iatura9 (?od or Iature
#### we are a part of nature as a whole, whose order we follow# ((pino4a, !thics, 1J7K
+ntroduction - Spino/a ;etaphysics' =ne +nfinite Substance >Fod, Eature, Space? - Spino/a ;etaphysics
of ;otion - Top of 6a&e
'ntroduction to Benedict de )pino<a
.aruch Spino7a was born in 'msterdam in 1JK; into a Sewish family# -e had a Sewish education, resisted
orthodoxy and was later excommunicated of heresy and changed his name to .enedictus de Spino7a in 1J5J
(commonly spelt 9.enedict9# /he *hristians didn9t thin0 much of Spino7a either (though his whole
philosophy is based on ?od and the orthodox accused him of atheism#
@espite such ill treatment and unpopularity (his main philosophical wor0 9!thics9 was published
posthumously .enedictus de Spino7a li&ed a simple and noble life polishing lenses, displaying an
indifference to money, fame and power# 's .enedict Spino7a writes+
' free man, who li&es among ignorant people, tries as much as he can to refuse their benefits# ## -e who
li&es under the guidance of reason endea&ours as much as possible to repay his fellow4s hatred, rage,
contempt, etc# with lo&e and nobleness# ((pino4a, !thics
Spino7a9s !thics is written in fi&e parts, in a highly logical style of definitions, propositions and proofs# ,t
begins with his 8etaphysics, 9*oncerning ?od9, and then later addresses the Iature of 8ind, !motions,
,ntellect, 5eason and :ill#
(or Spino7a, ?od and Iature were $ne# ,n !thics he describes ?od as of $ne ,nfinite !ternal Substance
which exists#
!xcept ?od no substance can be granted or concei&ed# ## !&erything, , say, is in ?od, and all things which
are made, are made by the laws of the infinite nature of ?od, and necessarily follows from the necessity of
his essence# ((pino4a, !thics
So from Spino7a9s 8etaphysics, we can understand that humans (and our minds are necessarily united to
the whole, since there is only one substance+ reality is a unity which we call ?od or Iature#
Spino7a also realised the connection of 8otion and /ime, as he writes+
Io one doubts but that we imagine ti-e from the &ery fact that we imagine other bodies to be -o,ed
slower or faster or equally fast# :e are accustomed to determine duration by the aid of some measure of
-otion# ((pino4a, !thics)
(urther, Spino7a shows great insight into the ,nterconnected 8otions of 8atter+
:hen a number of bodies of the same or different si7e are dri&en so together that they remain united one
with the other, or if they are mo&ed with the same or different rapidity, so that they communicate their
motions one to another in a certain ratio, those bodies are called reciprocally united bodies (corpora in&icem
unita, and we say that they all form one body or indi&idual, which is distinguished from the rest by this
union of the bodies# ((pino4a, !thics
&etaphysics of (pino4a
One Infinite 'ternal (ubstance (:od, 5ature, (pace)
.ut if men would gi&e heed to the nature of substance they would doubt less concerning the Proposition
that ')istence appertains to the nature of substanceE rather they would rec0on it an axiom abo&e all
others, and hold it among common opinions# (or then by substance they would understand that which is in
itself, and through itself is concei&ed, or rather that whose 0nowledge does not depend on the 0nowledge of
any other thing# ((pino4a, 1J7K
(pino4a (with Aristotle understood the importance of 8otion, most significantly, (pino4a was particularly
aware of the importance of the relati&e and interconnected 8otions of 8atter+ (as becomes e&ident when we
later consider the -uman .ody and 8ind, and our unique -uman ,dentity#
union of the bodies# ((pino4a, 1J7K
)pace is 'nfinite
's only $ne thing, Space, exists, there can be no boundary to Space (as a boundary is between two things
thus Space is unbounded and therefore ,nfinite# 's ;la<e famously wrote+
,f the doors of perception were cleansed, e&erything would be seen as it is, infinite# (;la<e
(pino4a states the logic of One Infinite (ubstance+
Io two or more substances can ha&e the same attribute and it appertains to the nature of substance that it
should exist# ,t must therefore exist finitely or infinitely# .ut not finitely# (or it would then be limited by
some other substance of the same nature which also of necessity must existE and then two substances would
be granted ha&ing the same attribute, which is absurd# ,t will exist, therefore, infinitely# ((pino4a
)pace is Continuous
/here can be no 9Particles9 because 9Particles9 require two things 2 the 9Particle9 and the Space around the
9Particle9, thus Space is a continuous medium# $r as Aristotle says+
/his shows us two thingsE you cannot ha&e parts of the infinite and the infinite is indi&isible# (Aristotle
)pace is 2geless and /ternal
/here are two separate arguments for an ageless and eternal Space which logically support one another+
i 's only one thing, Space, exists, there can be no creation of Space as creation requires two things (Space,
and that which is not Space but created Space thus Space is 'geless and !ternal#
' substance cannot be produced from anything else E it will therefore be its own cause, that is, its essence
necessarily in&ol&es existence, or existence appertains to the nature of it# ((pino4a, 1J7K
ii /ime is a consequence of the (inite 6elocity of :a&es in Space, thus it ta0es time for a :a&e to flow
from place to place# /ime does not exist as a thing in itself, it is, li0e the 9Particle9, an effect of :a&es in
Space, not a cause> /hus /ime only applies to :a&es in Space (i#e# matter and not to Space itself#
/herefore Space was not created for this requires the concept of time (that the Space that now exists was
created at some time in the past thus Space is 'geless and !ternal# (Space simply exists#
,t need hardly be pointed out that with things that do not change there is no illusion with respect to time,
gi&en the assumption of their unchangeability# (Aristotle
&etaphysics of &otion
;enedict de (pino4a on the Interconnected &otions of &atter
Io one doubts but that we imagine ti-e from the &ery fact that we imagine other bodies to be -o,ed
slower or faster or equally fast# :e are accustomed to determine duration by the aid of some measure of
-otion# !"pino#a, thics$
union of the bodies# ((pino4a, !thics, p5<
/he Spherical Standing +a,e &otion of (pace causes matter9s acti&ity and the phenomena of Ti-e# /his
confirms Aristotle and (pino4a?s connection of 8otion and /ime, and most significantly connects these
two things bac0 to one thing Space#
8otion must always ha&e been in existence, and the same can be said for time itself, since it is not e&en
possible for there to be an earlier and a later if time does not exist# 8o&ement, then, is also continuous in the
way in which time is 2 indeed time is either identical to mo&ement or is some affection of it# (/here is,
howe&er, only one continuous mo&ement, namely spatial mo&ement, and of this only circular rotation#
(Aristotle, 8etaphysics
On Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Truth and %eality
I$/!E /hese pages deal with the Philosophy and 8etaphysics of 8athematics and the 8athematical
treatment of the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8# /he theoretical physic pages (Buantum /heory,
!instein9s 5elati&ity and *osmology are treated separately#
8athematics is, , belie&e, the chief source of the belief in eternal and exact truth,
as well as a sensible intelligible world# (.ertrand 5ussell
8athematics has the completely false reputation of yielding infallible conclusions# ,ts infallibility is nothing
but identity# /wo times two is not four, but it is )ust two times two, and that is what we call four for short#
.ut four is nothing new at all# 'nd thus it goes on and on in its conclusions, except that in the higher
formulas the identity fades out of sight# (Sohann :olfgang 6on ?oethe
Content
-ello !&eryone,
/his page has the following content+
:hat is 8athematics and how can it !xist in the %ni&erse#
Iewton replaced *ausal *onnection of 5eality with *ausal *onnection of 8athematics
8athematics @oes not @escribe 5eality, only its Buantities
8athematical ('xiomatic /ruths 6s# /ruths of Physical 5eality
!mpirical (acts 6s# /heoretical ,nterpretations
!ssays on Philosophy " 8etaphysics of 8athematics
8athematical /reatment of the :a&e Structure of 8atter
-ope you find it interesting>
?eoff -aselhurst
#hat is Mathematics and ho! can it />ist in the 9ni"erse0
$ne reason why mathematics en)oys special esteem, abo&e all other sciences, is that its propositions are
absolutely certain and indisputable, ### -ow can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human
thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the ob)ects of reality# ('lbert
!instein
?i&en the :a&e Structure of 8atter in Space it is now possible to explain what mathematics is, how it can
exist in the uni&erse, and thus why it is so well suited for describing physical quantities (mathematical
physics#
(or mathematics to exist physical reality must+
i *ontain discrete " finite quantities (that can thus be counted " numbered#
ii /hese discrete things must be necessarily connected to one another (so they interact in a logical manner#
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter confirms this#
Aogic comes from the necessary interconnection and beha&ior of the spherical in out wa&e motions of
Space, which is determined by the properties of Space (existing as a wa&e medium# ,n particular, wa&es
form into complex wa&e patterns that interact logically " necessarily, and which are represented by our
larger scale patterns that we call numbers#
Buantities include the wa&elength, &elocity, frequency and amplitude of the wa&es, their energy, and the
number of wa&e center 9particles9 that exist in Space#
'nd now, than0s to some great wa&e machine technology you can actually see how wa&es can form patterns
" numbers# /hus you can see for yoursel&es how mathematical logic can exist in the uni&erse due to the
logical interconnection of wa&e patterns#
<esearchers at ,ishima
:aboratories >;itsui Qosen?, worin&
in con$unction with professor Shi&eru
Eaito of =saa 7niversity, have
developed a device that uses waves
to draw text and pictures on the
surface of water.
/he de&ice, called '8$!.'
('d&anced 8ultiple $rgani7ed
!xperimental .asin, consists of 5<
water wa&e generators encircling a
cylindrical tan0 1#J meters in
diameter and K< cm deep# '8$!.'
is capable of spelling out the entire
roman alphabet# !ach letter or picture
remains on the water surface only for
a moment, but they can be produced
in succession on the surface e&ery K
seconds#

Mathematics and Music
/he relationship between mathematics and music (&ibrations " sound wa&es is also well 0nown, and in
hindsight it is ob&ious that mathematics, maths physics, music (sound wa&es and musical instruments exist
because matter is a wa&e structure of Space# /his is why all matter &ibrates and has a resonant frequency#
8athematics may be considered as a logical relationship language de&eloped upon the concept " definition
of one# (rom this one, we can logically define two, three, etc# which we call numbers# -ence a number is
some relationship to one#
$nce we ha&e whole numbers then we can define add, subtract, multiply and di&ide# (ractions, squares,
cubes, etc, all became possible, as more and more complexly defined relationships between numbers
e&ol&ed#
(rom this unity of one, a language with a set of logical rules has e&ol&ed which enables us to exactly
compare the quantitati&e relationship between different things# 's .ertrand 5ussell wrote+
8athematical 0nowledge is, in fact, merely &erbal 0nowledge# PKP means P;T1P, and PLP means PKT1P#
-ence it follows (though the proof is long that PLP means the same as P;T;P# /hus mathematical
0nowledge ceases to be mysterious# (.ertrand 5ussell, -istory of :estern Philosophy
/he next thing we must consider is how our mind can create and understand this precise mathematical logic,
as .rouwer states+
$ne cannot inquire into the foundations and nature of mathematics without del&ing into the question of the
operations by which the mathematical acti&ity of the mind is conducted# ,f one failed to ta0e that into
account, then one would be left studying only the language in which mathematics is represented rather than
the essence of mathematics# (Auit7en .rouwer
,f we consider life on earth one billion years ago, humans did not exist# /hus mathematics existence must be
found by considering the e&olution of the human brain and mind# :hy has the brain e&ol&ed such that it is
able to de&elop and understand mathematics, which then allows a mathematical 9description9 of IatureF
/he answer is found by considering our e&olution# /he mind can be considered as a relationship machine
which has e&ol&ed to understand the logical consistency of the world about us and hence relate things in a
systematic and logical manner#
e#g# $nce eating poison fruit was related with dying, then this relationship remained true and consistent# ,n
this way a logical mind is a natural e&olutionary consequence of the logical uni&erse (as it enhances our
sur&i&al#
/his is why we are able to thin0 in terms of mathematics# $ur brain is a logical relationship machine, and
mathematics is a logical relationship language# ('nd yes, we are also highly emotional creatures too 2 so our
mind has a complex mix of logical and illogical " emotional aspects#
e!ton replaced Causal Connection of %eality !ith Causal Connection of Mathematics
Since Iewton mathematics has replaced reality as the source of causal connection, where continuous forces
connect discrete matter particles in space and time# !&en Iewton realised this limitation, but since
mathematical physics wor0s so well it was forgotten# 's Iewton and !instein wrote+
thin0ing, can e&er fall into it# So far , ha&e explained the phenomena by the force of gra&ity, but , ha&e not
yet ascertained the cause of gra&ity itself# ### and , do not arbitrarily in&ent hypotheses# (Iewton# Aetter to
5ichard .entley ;5 (eb# 1J9K
P:hen we attribute this strange attracti&e property to massi&e particles, aren9t we indulging in metaphysicsF
(or we are saying, indeed, that matter has a inner, acti&e principleE matter attracts matter# 't the time,
physicists (who called themsel&es Pnatural philosophersP accused Iewton of doing exactly that, indulging
in metaphysics, and the followers of @escartes (mostly in (rance couldn9t stomach the law of gra&itation#
:hat can we say in Iewton9s defenseF :ell, surely he was indulging in metaphysics, but with a differenceE
he wasn9t )ust saying, li0e others had been doing for centuries, that things ha&e an inner, acti&e principle and
lea&ing it at that+ he ga&e a mathematical law for that inner, acti&e principle# /hat made a lot of difference#
-e abstained from answering the metaphysical question, P:hat is this attracti&e forceFP 5ather, he )ust ga&e
a mathematical formula for it# Still, the main reason for the acceptance of Iewton9s gra&itation was its
tremendous success# 's the saying goes, nothing succeeds li0e success#P (Prof# 5icardo Iirenberg, 1997
/his is why mathematicians now seem so s0eptical of 8etaphysics as they use their mathematics to connect
things instead# .ut mathematics does not exist in some magical realm 2 it exists in physical reality and
depends upon it for its necessary connection#
:e now 0now this causal connection 2 matter is a spherical wa&e structure where the wa&e center 9particle9
is in continual two way communication with all other matter in the obser&able uni&erse due to its spherical
in and out wa&es# So one substance space (and its wa&e motions is the ultimate foundation for the causal
connection of both physical reality and mathematical physics#
Mathematics .oes ot .escribe %eality, Only its Quantities
,t is commonly written by maths physicists that the correct language for describing reality is mathematics
(which is hardly surprising gi&en their de&otion to the sub)ect# /hus they tend to be dismissi&e of
philosophy " metaphysics and the belief of the ancients ('ristotle in particular that we could directly
describe reality with e&eryday language and concepts#
, ha&e added some of the most important physics quotes below relating to this 2 and in each case , as0 that
you consider two things+
i /o 0eep the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 in mind (thus matter is a spatially extended spherical
standing wa&e structure of the uni&erse, not a tiny particle#
ii 'nd to question the source of the truth as to their claims (as you will see, they )ust state things, there is no
proof, thus in reality it is merely opinion#
### the progress of science has itself shown that there can be no pictorial representation of the wor0ings of
nature of a 0ind that would be intelligible to our limited minds# /he study of physics has dri&en us to the
positi&ist conception of physics# :e can ne&er understand what e&ents are, but must limit oursel&es to
describing the pattern of e&ents in mathematical termsE no other aim is possible #### the final har&est will
always be a sheaf of mathematical formulae# /hese will ne&er describe nature itself, but only our
obser&ations on nature# (Sir Sames Seans, 19L;
8athematics is the only good metaphysics# (:illiam /homson .aron Qel&in
wa&e2particle PdualityP is not in doubt# ### ,t is impossible to &isuali7e a wa&e2particle, so don9t try# ## /he
notion of a particle being Pe&erywhere at onceP is impossible to imagine# (Paul @a&ies, Superforce
(rom these experiments it is seen that both matter and radiation possess a remar0able duality of character, as
they sometimes exhibit the properties of wa&es, at other times those of particles# Iow it is ob&ious that a
thing cannot be a form of wa&e motion and composed of particles at the same time 2 the two concepts are
too different# ### /he solution of the difficulty is that the two mental pictures which experiment lead us to
form 2 the one of the particles, the other of the wa&es 2 are both incomplete and ha&e only the &alidity of
analogies which are accurate only in limiting cases# ### Aight and matter are both single entities, and the
apparent duality arises in the limitations of our language# ###
,t is not surprising that our language should be incapable of describing the processes occurring within the
atoms, for, as has been remar0ed, it was in&ented to describe the experiences of daily life, and these consist
only of processes in&ol&ing exceedingly large numbers of atoms# (urthermore, it is &ery difficult to modify
our language so that it will be able to describe these atomic processes, for words can only describe things of
which we can form mental pictures, and this ability, too, is a result of daily experience# (ortunately,
mathematics is not sub)ect to this limitation, and it has been possible to in&ent a mathematical scheme 2 the
quantum theory 2 which seems entirely adequate for the treatment of atomic processes+ for &isuali7ation,
howe&er, we must content oursel&es with two incomplete analogies 2 the wa&e picture and the corpuscular
picture#P (-eisenberg, 19K<
-eisenberg is certainly correct that 9Aight and matter are both single entities, and the apparent duality arises
in the limitations of our language#9
/he mista0e was to assume that this limitation was inherent in our language, thus we could ne&er directly
describe reality and must limit oursel&es to describing the 9pattern of e&ents in mathematical terms9#
's it turns out the limitation came from ha&ing the wrong language 2 a language founded on discrete
9particles9 in space2time (mathematical rather than spherical standing wa&es in space (physical# 'nd some
maths physicists ha&e come to this same conclusion as to the limitations of mathematical physics, as @yson
writes+
, am acutely aware of the fact that the marriage between mathematics and physics, which was so
enormously fruitful in past centuries, has recently ended in di&orce# ( (reeman Sohn @yson, 8issed
$pportunities
:e can now clearly understand how a 9particle9
can exist 9e&erywhere at once9> as the 9particle9
effect is formed at the wa&e center of Spherical
Standing :a&e the si7e of the obser&able
uni&erse# 'nd this solution is really &ery ob&ious
once considered>
/hus the reason why we can ha&e a pictorial
representation of reality is because the wa&e
nature of reality causes numerous wa&e
phenomena (sound wa&es, wa&es on water, etc
all around us such that our minds ha&e e&ol&ed a
suitable language to describe reality#
-istory shows that the particle2wa&e duality for both light and matter has pu77led and decei&ed our greatest
thin0ers o&er the past eighty years since its disco&ery# ,t has resulted in the seemingly strange paradox of
.ohr9s 9*openhagen @octrine9 that the particle and the wa&e somehow 9complement9 one another and
represent a limitation in the ability of our human languages to describe reality# /his led Physicists to accept
the particle2wa&e duality and to belie&e that no further enquiry could be made into the true nature of reality#
's (eynman writes, when discussing the beha&ior of a light 9photon particle9 in the double slit experiment+
/he more you see how strangely Iature beha&es, the harder it is to ma0e a model that explains how e&en
the simplest phenomena actually wor0# So theoretical physics has gi&en up on that# ### :hat , am going to
tell you about is what we teach our physics students in the third or fourth year of graduate school### ,t is my
tas0 to con&ince you not to turn away because you don9t understand it# Nou see my physics students don9t
understand it# ### /hat is because , don9t understand it# Iobody does# (5ichard P# (eynman, /he Strange
/heory of Aight and 8atter
!ffecti&ely we ha&e accepted a paradox of the particle " wa&e duality and assumed it must be true and
therefore we cannot understand reality 2 and this has become a self fulfilling prophecy (thus physicists
stopped loo0ing for a physical description of reality#
So there is a certain irony in the following quote from (eynman 2 as it is actually quite close to the truth# '
spherical standing wa&e is li0e the many layers of an onion>
People say to me, P're you loo0ing for the ultimate laws of physicsFP Io, ,9m not### ,f it turns out there is a
simple ultimate law which explains e&erything, so be it^ that would be &ery nice to disco&er# ,f it turns out
it9s li0e an onion with millions of layers### then that9s the way it is# ($ichard Feyn-an
Mathematical Truths Bs Truths of Physical %eality
/oday9s scientists ha&e substituted mathematics for experiments, and they wander off through equation after
equation, and e&entually build a structure which has no relation to reality# (Ii0ola /esla
,nterestingly though, once we ha&e a logical language which describes the mathematical relationship
between ob)ects, then we can do away with the ob)ects and simply consider the exact logical (mathematical
relationships# -ence mathematics has a remar0able power which people did not understand, that further
enhanced its mystical aspect#
8athematics was associated with a more refined type of error# 8athematical 0nowledge appeared to be
certain, exact, and applicable to the real world+ moreo&er it was obtained by mere thin0ing, without the need
of obser&ation# *onsequently, it was thought to supply an ideal, from which e&eryday empirical 0nowledge
fell short# ,t was supposed on the basis of mathematics, that thought is superior to sense, intuition to
obser&ation# ,f the world of sense does not fit mathematics, so much the worse for the world of sense# ###
/his form of philosophy begins with Pythagoras# (.ertrand 5ussell
-erein lies the great wea0ness, and the great strength of mathematics# ,t is possible to e&ol&e more and more
complex relationships between things, which shed light on ideas far beyond the original relationships#
%nfortunately, it is also possible that these things do not actually exist, except as e&ol&ed complex
mathematical relationships#
/he s0eptic will sayE P,t may well be true that this system of equations is reasonable from a logical
standpoint# .ut this does not pro&e that it corresponds to nature#P Nou are right, dear s0eptic# !xperience
alone can decide on truth# ### Pure logical thin0ing cannot yield us any 0nowledge of the empirical worldE all
0nowledge of reality starts from experience and ends in it#
Some things that satisfy the rules of algebra can be interesting to mathematicians e&en though they don9t
always represent a real situation# (5ichard P# (eynman
(rom this we can conclude that there are two types of mathematical truths#
i 8athematical /ruths only#
ii 8athematical /ruths which also correspond to Physical 5eality#
'n important example of a mathematical truth which is also true of physical reality is Pythagoras9
theorem# /his is the reason for this relationship4s great power, and its use in !instein9s metrics#
(SeeE @educing the 8ost Simple Science /heory of 5eality
(or an example of a simple mathematical truth only, let us consider the partial reflection of light by glass of
&arying thic0ness# ,f we assume that the light is either reflected by the front surface of the glass or the bac0
surface of the glass, then by summing (eynman9s probability arrows for both paths we can correctly
calculate the probability of light reflecting from any thic0ness of glass#
.ut you may rightly as0, what are 9surfaces9, and how do they reflect lightF
'nd you would of course be wasting your time, because light does not reflect from the surface of glass# 's
(eynman writes+
/hus we can get the correct answer for the probability of partial reflection by imagining (falsely that all
reflection comes from only the front and bac0 surfaces# ,n this intuiti&ely easy analysis, the 9front surface9
and 9bac0 surface9 arrows are mathematical constructions that gi&e us the right answer, whereas #### a more
accurate representation of what is really going onE partial reflection is the scattering of light by electrons
inside the glass# (5ichard P# (eynman
/his is a fundamental limitation of mathematics# ,t is quite possible to ha&e a true mathematical relationship,
that suggests a particular physical model, and yet the theory may be completely wrong# /his ma0es
mathematics &ery confusing and decepti&e#
, mention this because it is &ery important in explaining why mathematical physics is now so absurd as
many of its mathematical truths ha&e been misunderstood, which has resulted in incorrect theoretical
interpretations (which is why a correct 0nowledge of physical reality is so important to mathematicians "
mathematical physics#
/mpirical Facts Bs Theoretical 'nterpretations
/here are three &ery important errors currently in modern physics that relate to this confusion between
empirical facts and theoretical interpretations#
Light and the .iscrete Photon Particle
Aight is empirically consistent with the idea of light as photon particles with discrete energy (the
photoelectric effect# .ut the beha&ior of light is also consistent with the idea that light is a wa&e
(interference, diffraction, two slit experiment# /his has of course led to famous paradox of the particle "
wa&e duality for light# So how can this inconsistent relationship between light wa&es and photon particles be
trueF
/he solution is simple once 0nown#
,t is an empirical fact that light energy is discrete 2 it is an incorrect theoretical interpretation that light is a
discrete particle#
/he correct theoretical interpretation is pro&ided by the wa&e structure of matter, as resonant coupling only
occurs at discrete frequencies, thus all light interactions are discrete#
So we see that the 9photon particle9 is equi&alent to light reflecting of the surface of glass# /hey are both
incorrect theoretical interpretations of empirical facts " physical truths# /hus we can now explain light4s dual
nature in terms of a wa&e theory, while accepting the empirical truth of its particle nature " discrete energy
exchange#
/instein1s %elati"ity& Constant Belocity of Light $ Changing Time
,n 19<5 'lbert !instein published his theory on the photoelectric effect, and the idea of light as discrete
bundles of energy (for which he recei&ed a Iobel pri7e in 19;1# !instein was a ;J year old mathematical
physicist who was &ery cle&er at finding mathematical relationships that were consistent with experiment#
-e also published his theory of special relati&ity at this time# /herefore it is hardly surprising to find that
this is also a mathematical relationship which is not physically true#
,n special relati&ity (non accelerating reference frames it is assumed that the &elocity of light is constant
(principle of relati&ity# -owe&er, while it is an empirical fact that the &elocity of light is always measured
to be the same, it is a theoretical interpretation that the &elocity of light is constant (a subtle but important
difference#
's the :a&e Structure of 8atter shows, the &elocity of light actually changes, but the wa&elength and thus
dimension also changes which results in the &elocity of light always being measured the same#
Nou can see why this is mathematically true by considering the metric equations of special relati&ity (which
is simply Pythagoras9 /heorem applied to the three spatial co2ordinates, and equating them to the
displacement of a ray of light#
Special relati&ity is still based directly on an empirical law, that of the constancy of the &elocity of light#
dx
;
T dy
;
T d7
;
U(cdt
;
where cdt is the distance tra&eled by light c in time dt#
/he fact that such a metric is called !uclidean is connected with the following# /he postulation of such a
metric in a three dimensional continuum is fully equi&alent to the postulation of the axioms of !uclidean
?eometry# /he defining equation of the metric is then nothing but the Pythagorean theorem applied to the
differentials of the co2ordinates#
;
equals the sum of the squares of the co2ordinate
differentials# Such transformations are called Aorent7 transformations# (Albert 'instein, 19KL
.ecause it is true mathematically that cdt U tdc then you can 0eep the &elocity of light constant, and change
the time as !instein did, or you can 0eep time constant and change &elocity of light as the wa&e structure of
matter requires# .oth will still be consistent with the empirical fact that we always measure the &elocity of
light to be the same# .ut only the wa&e structure of matter is physically true (the &elocity of light does
actually change>#
, realise this is confusing 2 but it is )ust a quir0 of physical reality (not my fault># 'nd this confusion is now
endemic throughout modern physics so understanding the truth of what is actually going on in physical
reality is &ery important> (:e ha&e some good pages on !instein9s theory of relati&ity if you want to
understand this better#
%edshift !ith .istance is .ue to .oppler )hifts Thus 9ni"erse is />panding
,t is an empirical fact that we obser&e a redshift with distance# -owe&er, it is a theoretical interpretation that
the redshift is due to a @oppler shift " receding &elocity, thus the uni&erse is expanding#
/he physically true cause (correct theoretical interpretation is that redshift with distance is due to
decreasing wa&e interactions with distance# i#e# Space is infinite, but our 9obser&able9 uni&erse (as part of
infinite space is finite and spherical# /hus as two wa&e center 9particles9 mo&e further apart, there is less
o&erlap of their respecti&e obser&able spherical uni&erses, thus less wa&e interactions " energy exchange,
which must cause a redshift with distance# /he uni&erse is not expanding 2 there was no .ig .ang# ,t is &ery
simple#
*osmology 2 -ow our finite spherical obser&able uni&erse exists within infinite eternal Space# !ffecti&ely
each wa&e center 9particle9 is at the center of its obser&able uni&erse, and its in wa&es are formed from this
other matter9s out wa&es (also see -uygens Principle#
/he *osmological25edshift !xplained by the ,ntersection of -ubble Spheres ($bser&able %ni&erse# /he
cosmological redshift is described by the intersection of two -ubble spheres, where a -ubble sphere is
defined as a range o&er which spherical quantum2wa&es interact, specifically 5u U 1#9 _ 1<;J m# (8ichael
-arney
Conclusion
,t is clear that this misunderstanding of the complex mix of mathematical truths and physical truths 2
empirical facts and theoretical interpretations is creating ha&oc in modern physics (and allowing all sorts of
nonsense to be published#
-owe&er, by understanding the physical truth of the wa&e structure of matter in space it becomes possible to
separate mathematical truths from physical truths by ha&ing the correct theoretical foundations# /his will
ob&iously ha&e great benefits in remo&ing the conflict and confusion that currently causes such harm not
only to mathematical physics, but to all the sciences (and ultimately our society#
Could -atter and -atter *a,es be deri,ableH
*# $# -aw0ings and 5# 8# -aw0ings
%erici /ollege0 .raddon0 -./.. -ustralia 1234
/he similarity in beha&iour between matter and radiation suggests that matter may ha&e an electromagnetic
origin# ,t is shown that two light2speed wa&es with opposite directions of propagation yield a formalism
which is identical to that describing the properties of matter# (or spherical wa&es, particle localisation is also
obtained and phase wa&es are generated, the properties of which match identically with matter wa&e
properties#
Presented as a poster at the 'ustralian ,nstitute of Physics Sixth Iational *ongress, 'ugust 19=L#
See Preamble for bac0ground information on the 'uthor and the history of his ideas on the :a&e Structure
of 8atter
+ntroduction - %ounter-&oin& @aves - #ree 6article =bserved at <est - #ree 6article in ;otion - Froup
@ave 9 6hase @ave - 7ncertainty <elations - 8ouble Slit 8iffraction - ,nnihilation 9 ;eson 8ecay -
%onsideration of ,mplitude - %oncludin& <emars - ,ppendix , Beat 6henomena - ,ppendix B Spin
*uantum Eumber - <eferences
38 'ntroduction
/he self field model of the electron (19<L 2 19<J, presented in its &aried forms by 'braham and Aorent7 V1W
, was the first electromagnetic description of matter to recei&e ma)or ac0nowledgment# /heir wor0s, which
ha&e now become classics in their own right, were significant, not only because of their technical insight but
because they symbolised a growing belief that the substance of matter was fundamentally electromagnetic#
Such a con&iction, now as then, has not been entirely unfounded when we consider that the same inertial,
gra&itational and wa&e properties are possessed by all particles whether material or electromagnetic# /he
annihilation of matter into radiation during collisions, the creation of matter from radiation and the
spontaneous decay of the
o
meson, totally and purely into radiation, add further support to this &iew#
@espite the success of the self field model, it was shown to contain difficulties V;W # @e&elopments, by @irac
(19K= VKW , 5ohrlich (19J< VLW and others, ha&e been concerned primarily with o&ercoming these problems
while attempting to 0eep the basic ideas of the model intact#
,n a different area, *oster and Shepans0i (19J9 V5W applied the same formalism to gravito-inertial fields,
using 5ohrlich9s findings to circum&ent some of the earlier problems, but it has hardly drawn the same
degree of interest to date# ,n both the electromagnetic and gra&itational cases, static fields are considered
appropriate in describing a particle# 5adiating wa&es are utilised only during particle interactions# /he
difficulty here is that the matter wa&e seems to be a permanent feature of a particle+ where the particle goes
its matter wa&e follows# Aogic would therefore dictate that a more complete description should contain
undulating fields, e&en when the particle is not interacting#
/he wa&e beha&iour of matter has attracted much speculation since it was first postulated and &erified, but
ultimately a thorough grasp of the meaning of matter wa&es has remained elusi&e# $ur treatment of them as
an entirely different phenomenon, lac0ing a deeper deri&ation, may explain why attempts to better
understand them ha&e proceeded slowly and ha&e made little progress to date#
:hat follows uses a semi2classical approach which incorporates continuous light2speed wa&es# ,t attempts
to show how a pair of such wa&es, propagating in opposite directions radially from a central point, accounts
precisely for matter wa&e beha&iour# (rom this e&ol&es a description of matter itself# ?i&en the connection
between matter and radiation during interactions, we assume the light2speed wa&es are electromagnetic#
48 Counter5going #a"es
/wo clues suggest the abo&e approach# /he first has a tacit lin0 to the particle properties of matter and the
second to its wa&e properties# (irstly, standing wa&es, li0e particles at rest, possess energy but no net
momentum# ,t might therefore be possible to associate a free particle at rest with a standing wa&e (i#e# a pair
of identical wa&es with opposite directions of propagation# /he second clue relates to the nature of such
wa&es#
*onsider two harmonic wa&es propagating in a non2dispersi&e medium, but differing slightly in angular
frequency and wa&enumber# /his will produce temporal beats# (or wa&es propagating in the same direction,
the group speed, , and the phase speed, , equal the speed, , of the original wa&es# /hus the following
equation holds
(1
(or wa&es propagating in mutually opposed directions, equation (1 still holds, but it is easily shown
(appendix ' that and # :hen the speed of the counter2going wa&es is that of light in vacuo
and when has the &alue , equation (1 becomes,
(;
/he coincidence between (; and the famous de .roglie phase wa&e speed strongly suggests that we adopt a
model of matter wa&es represented by counter2going electromagnetic radiation#
E8 Free Particle Obser"ed at %est
8ore specifically, we describe an elementary particle as composed of two continuous electromagnetic
wa&es, one propagating outwardly from a source and one propagating inwardly to a sin0, the source"sin0
occupying the same position in space# /his accommodates the spherical nature of a particle VJW# /he wa&es
may be considered to represent a general solution to the wa&e equation V7W # /hey thus ha&e the same
angular frequency and wa&enumber, and , when obser&ed in the particle9s rest frame V=W # %sing
spherical polars, we collapse the irrele&ant functions of each term into a general amplitude, #
/he particle description then ta0es the form
(K
(outgoing wa&e (ingoing wa&e
where and is the energy and the magnitude of the momentum of each wa&e and
where Planc09s constant di&ided by ; # /o some degree, is arbitrary+ it may represent undulations in
the four &ector of potential or the electric field# :hether represents these or scalar wa&es, there may be
scope to introduce spin (see appendix .#
/he identity
(L
is now applied to (K to obtain
(5
,n this form, describes a spherical standing wa&e, of energy , corresponding to the rest energy of the
particle# 's will be seen later, is related to the *ompton wa&elength#
/he sine part of (5 describes the standing wa&e en&elope, which undulates radially from its source"sin0#
*onsequently, , and hence the energy density, undulates radially# $utward attenuation also occurs, due
to terms of the type , contained in # 'ssuming independence of and , these combined effects gi&e
the appearance of a localised, though smeared, particle with an internal structure in the form of a dense core
en&eloping the source"sin0 and surrounded by concentric shells of alternating high and low energy density#
/his is represented in figure 1#
,t follows from the abo&e description that the outgoing wa&e will attenuate with increasing distance from the
source"sin0, while the ingoing wa&e will grow as it approaches the source"sin0# /his is indicati&e of the
wa&e9s general beha&iour which is expressed in the following wayE the amplitude of the wave at a point
depends inversely on its displacement from its source5sin, and is independent of the path ta,en #y the wave#
!nergy lost by the outgoing wa&e is absorbed by the ingoing wa&e, gi&ing a system with no net energy loss#
/he net momentum of the system is also 7ero because of the counter2going motion of the inward and
outward wa&e# /his is a desirable condition in which the particle remains uniformly stable#
(igure 1
,mpression of a typical particle in cross section, showing shells
of high electromagnetic energy density surrounding a central core#
F8 Free Particle in Motion
/he standing wa&e, representati&e of the particle, is now obser&ed to mo&e at a speed in the positi&e
direction along the 72axis# ,n the obser&er9s frame, @oppler shifts occur# :e represent the energy of the
outgoing and ingoing wa&e in the obser&er9s frame by and respecti&ely, and their corresponding
momenta in this frame by and # /he relati&istic transformations for these quantities are gi&en by the
usual electromagnetic @oppler expressions, namely
(J
and
(7
where and the 7enith angle is the angle made by the obser&er9s line of &iew and the
72axis, when the source"sin0 is at the retarded position V9W # ,nterestingly, by interchanging the signs in
equations (J and (7, it can be shown that (for a gi&en the energy and momentum of an outgoing wa&e
whose source mo&es in one direction are indistinguishable from the energy and momentum of an ingoing
wa&e whose sin0 mo&es in the opposite direction at the same speed#
/he non2rest expression equi&alent to (K is then gi&en by
(=
'pplying identity (L gi&es
(9
where
, (1<a, (1<b
and
, (11a, (11b
' comparison of (5 and (9 indicates that the particle, seen in its rest frame as a standing wa&e, is now
percei&ed in the new frame as beats, the result of interference between the @oppler shifted ingoing and
outgoing wa&es# /he amplitude modulations are expressed by the sine function, in the square brac0eted part
of (9, and tra&el with the source"sin0, since they correspond to the standing wa&e obser&ed in motion#
:hat is interesting is the way in which the energy and momentum of the particle (contained in the
exponential part of (9 ha&e transformed# /hese quantities are gi&en in (11, in terms of the energy and
momentum of the ingoing and outgoing wa&e# Substituting the transformations (J and (7 into (11 gi&es
the energy and momentum of the particle more explicitly# /hese are
(1;
and
(1K
/he transformations for and are found in a similar way by substituting (J and (7 into (1<# /his
gi&es
(1L
and
(15
/he longitudinal quantities ( , corresponding to a head2on obser&ation, are of particular interest#
/hese are
, (1Ja,(1Jb
and
, (17a,(17b
where omission of the subscript indicates that the quantity is longitudinal and where is the unit &ector,
directed along the line of motion of the source"sin0# (rom these the longitudinal phase and group speeds are
obtained, namely
(1=
and
(19
/hus, (1Ja and (1Jb correspond precisely to the relati&istic equations of a particle9s energy and
momentum, respecti&ely# /hese, of course, are normally found from mechanical considerations (where
is defined as the relati&istic 9mass9, , of the particle# Similarly, (1= and (19 describe,
identically, the de .roglie phase and group speeds of a particle9s matter wa&e#
/able 1 summarises both sets of equations, mechanically deri&ed and deri&ed using electromagnetic
counter2going wa&es for comparison# /he similarity between both sets of equations might imply a lin0
between them, but identical agreement strongly suggests an intimate connection that cannot be readily
disregarded# /his must be appreciated in the light of general obser&ations that matter and radiation often
appear together during interactions and that they are capable of con&erting from one form entirely into the
other# ?i&en this, one must seriously consider the notion that matter may be composed of a pair of
electromagnetic wa&es whose beha&iour is as described abo&e#
P'5/,*A!
B%'I/,/N
@!5,6!@ (5$8
8!*-'I,*'A
*$IS,@!5'/,$IS
@!5,6!@ (5$8 !8
*$%I/!52?$,I? :'6!S
5est energy ( (K
Ion2rest energy (
(1Ja
8omentum (
(1Jb
de .roglie group speed
(
(19
de .roglie phase speed
(
(1=
/able 1
D8 The :roup #a"e and Phase #a"e
!quation (9, rewritten here for con&enience, describes both the particle2li0e and the wa&e2li0e attributes of
the particle#
(9
,ts shell (and hence particle structure is represented by the sine function in (9# ,t can be shown that the
shells tra&el with the source"sin0 at the group speed, # /he locus of wa&efronts for each shell can be
mapped by equating the argument of the sine function to ( and finding the magnitude,
, of position &ectors at a gi&en time, # /he subscript 9g9 in is used as a reminder that these wa&efronts
are associated with the group wa&es of the particle# /his yields wa&efronts described by
(;<
/he first term on the right of (;<, equates the motion of the shells to that of the source"sin0, where both
mo&e with the &elocity of the 9particle9# ,n essence, the beha&iour and structure of the shells inextricably
defines the nature and internal structure of the particle itself, each shell corresponding to a region of high
energy density#
/he shape of each shell is described by the second term on the right of (;<# /his term ranges in between
and , as ranges from to , respecti&ely# /his indicates a general contraction along
the line of motion at relati&istic speeds# /he numerator also diminishes rapidly for small &alues, resulting
in an 9indentation9 near the 72axis# (igure ;(a shows longitudinal sections through successi&e shells where,
at relati&istic speeds, both length contraction and indentation are significant# 5otation of each profile about
the 72axis generates the shell9s K2dimensional form which, loosely spea0ing, is similar to that of a red blood
corpuscle or a circular cushion drawn tightly at the centre by a string# 't non2relati&istic speeds ( ,
the second term is independent of , yielding shells which re&ert essentially to spheres#
(a (b
(igure ;
's shown in (a, the core and shells of high energy density become longitudinally contracted and indented
close to the 72axis (hori7ontal line in (ig# ;b at relati&istic speeds# (igure (b is a schematic representation
of the first few inner wa&efronts for both the group and phase wa&es as they would typically appear in the
relati&istic frame at #
/he second term can be used to determine the wa&elength, , associated with the shells for a
gi&en angle, # 't rest, this reduces to the *ompton wa&elength, , corresponding to the wa&elength
of the spherical standing wa&e obser&ed at rest# /his gi&es importance and rele&ance to the *ompton
wa&elength which, hitherto, had meaning only as a mathematical constant when dealing with specific
photon2matter interactions# 8oreo&er, as the shells contract longitudinally at relati&istic speeds, so too does
(longitudinal wa&elength# *onsequently, increases accordingly# /his explains why a
particle is percei&ed to increase its energy ( and momentum ( when obser&ed in
motion+ it arises as a natural consequence of longitudinal length contraction#
/he phase wa&e, described by the exponential function in (9, contributes to the wa&e beha&iour of the
particle (i#e# matter wa&es# .y equating the argument of the exponential function to and finding the
magnitude, , of position &ectors at time , we obtain
(;1
where the subscript 9 9 in ser&es as a reminder that the wa&efronts are associated with the phase wa&e#
/he first term on the right of (;1 expresses the phase speed of the wa&efronts which correlates directly with
the phase speed associated with matter wa&es, namely # /he second term on the right maps the
wa&efronts of the phase wa&e# ,t is clear from this term that a contraction at relati&istic speeds occurs,
similar to the contraction associated with the shells in equation (;<# 'n indentation also de&elops near the
72axis at relati&istic speeds for the same reason that applied to the shells+ reduction of the numerator occurs
at small &alues# -owe&er, for the phase wa&e this becomes less important at larger &alues of as the
denominator in (;1, go&erned by the cosine function, dominates# /his produces a 9flattening9 of the
wa&efronts into planes perpendicular to the 72axis at large &alues of # (igure ;(b shows the first few inner
cur&es generated by both and at , for # /he closed cur&es correspond to longitudinal
sections through successi&e shells of the particle, while the open cur&es describe wa&efronts of the phase
wa&e of the 9particle9#
/he shapes of the wa&efronts in (;1 are particularly interesting at non2relati&istic speeds# ,n this case, (
, equation (;1 reduces to
(;;
5emar0ably, , so that (;; describes planes perpendicular to the direction of the source"sin09s
motion, tra&elling in the same direction as this motion at the speed # /he 9dimple9 effect near the 72axis
becomes negligible at non2relati&istic speeds# /he wa&efronts would therefore correspond to plane wa&es
coming from behind the source"sin0, passing through it and continuing on in the same direction ahead of it
at the phase speed gi&en by (1=# /his is exactly the description associated with the matter wa&e of a
particle# ' schematic diagram of the phase wa&e and group wa&e, at low speeds ( , is shown in
figure K#
(igure K
' schematic diagram of the non2relati&istic 9particle9 in motion source"sin0,
group wa&e (core and shells and phase wa&e (plane wa&e V1<W
!&en at , de&iation from plane wa&es is &ery slight V11W # /his is highly significant, since plane
wa&es are an essential condition in explaining obser&ed particle diffraction, a principle which cannot be
under&alued in this approach# 'lthough there is no question of the importance of matter wa&es as a tool for
describing particle beha&iour, until now such wa&es ha&e been proposed without 9real9 foundation# /heir
origins e&ol&ed historically, more as a necessity to account for obser&ations than to de&elop a formalism
based on first principles# /his has remained a failing in our understanding of them and has, till now, led to
the unpalatable &erdict that matter wa&es are a 9new9 and unusual phenomenon for which no deri&ation
seems possible# /he present approach, howe&er, clearly establishes a foundation for the origin of such
wa&es based on electromagnetic counter2going wa&es# ,t is interesting and rewarding that plane wa&es ha&e
arisen naturally from spherical considerations of a particle, thus accommodating both the wa&e and particle
attributes of matter#
?8 9ncertainty %elations and Onion )=in Layering
/he radial fall2off of the wa&e9s energy density ensures that the particle has no well defined boundary, as
shown in figure 1# /his poses the difficulty of establishing when a particle is completely detected# *learly, a
particle9s detection cannot occur unless its source"sin0 is absorbed+ we ta0e this as the definition of particle
detection#
(rom figure L, the source"sin0 is confined to the region of the central core# /hus, particle absorption
(source"sin0 absorption is assured only with the complete arri&al of the central core# (or this to occur, the
time, , during which the detector is switched on must equal or exceed the time, , it ta0es for the central
core to arri&e at the detector (i#e# # /he longitudinal width of the central core is gi&en by
and is related to and the group speed, , by # %sing these three expressions and ,
we obtain
(;K
(igure L
@etector must be on for a time, 6t, greater than the time,
g
, of total reception of the central core at the
detector (i#e# 6t
K
g
# /he distance of flight, 6', of the central core must exceed the width, l
g
, during
reception of the central core at the detector (i#e# 6'
K
l
g
#
/he distance, , o&er which the particle tra&els while the detector is on must also equal or exceed the core
width, , if absorption is to be assured (i#e# # /hus,
(;L
Pinpointing the source"sin0 might be regarded as certain to within the half2width of the central core, in
which case the right2hand2side of (;K and (;L becomes # ,n either case, both the formalism and
interpretation here are similar to those of the uncertainty relations#
,n accordance with this principle, at rest is 7ero and is undefined, as expected# /here is, howe&er,
one significant difference# 't rest, is , placing an upper limit on equal to the *ompton
wa&elength, # ,n other words, the source"sin0 at rest cannot be located within a region, in absolute terms,
smaller than this &alue# /his is because smaller si7es would not include the entire central core# -eisenberg9s
principle, of course, places no such limit, upper or lower, on # /his may allow the *ompton wa&elength
to ser&e as the standard way of expressing the si7e of all particles at rest# (or the proton, this &alue is 1#K;1
fm#
5esults of p2p scattering at 9<
o
found by '0erlof (19JJ V1;W re&eal, for the proton, a central core of radius
<#KK fm and two outer shells at <#5< fm and <#9; fm from the centre# /he spherical shells predicted by
equation (5 are found by maximising # /hese maxima"minima occur (due to the factor at
, where is an integer# %sing the *ompton wa&elength, 1#K;1 fm, and enumerating for 1, ;
and K yields <#K;9 fm, <#J59 fm and <#=9= fm# 'lthough a number of interpretations for the
scattering results are possible, the correlation between measured &alues and those predicted by equation (5
are surprisingly consistent, especially considering that the amplitude function played no role
in the calculations# 5adial fall2off might explain non2detection of further layers beyond #
!lectron scattering experiments suggest a picture of the electron that is more a0in to a 9fu77y9 point particle
and which does not appear to possess the onion s0in layering typical of the proton# /his is not inconsistent
with a particle of &ery small 9rest mass9 (long *ompton wa&elength, whose energy density distribution is
similar to that of figure 1# ,n this instance, the broad central core and shells of low energy density could
readily account for the poor definition, point2li0e appearance and non2detection of onion s0in layering#
@8 .ouble )lit .iffraction
(igure 5 shows a typical double slit experiment# *onsider a particle passing through one of the slits and
arri&ing somewhere on the screen# Io prediction can be made about its exact position of arri&al# $ne reason
for this is lin0ed to the usual uncertainty in specifying the position and &elocity of indi&idual particles in
large populations# ,t cannot be ascertained where in the emergent beam a particle9s source"sin0 is precisely
located, nor in which direction within the beam it is heading#
Secondly, 9diffraction9 of the beam will occur at the slits# ' particular source"sin0 and its associated wa&e
must lea&e a slit in the same direction if the particle they constitute is to remain undestroyed# /he
source"sin0 and wa&e must therefore be diffracted together on passing the walls of the barrier, and by the
same amount# ,n other words, the 9particle9 itself is diffracted# ,n this sense, it might be cautiously said that
the wa&e 9guides9 the particle# /he result is the distribution of particles o&er a wide area of the screen# Io
0nowledge is a&ailable about where on the screen each particle will arri&e because of the uncertainty in its
position and motion within the beam# /hus, an inherent uncertainty remains in determining particle
positions, the formalism of which is consistent with the usual uncertainty approach of quantum mechanics+
narrowing the slit broadens the spread#
(igure 5
'rri&al at P of a source " sin0 from a slit, say slit 1#
'lthough each particle9s wa&e extends infinitely from its source"sin0, the fall2off ensures that its amplitude
is highly reduced, except at a localised region about its source"sin0# (/his is explained in sections K and J#
/hus, when the source"sin0 arri&es at the screen the amplitude of its wa&e will be low at all points on the
screen except near its source"sin0# ,n other words, only 9at9 that position is it possible to find a high
electromagnetic energy density region on the screen corresponding to the position of the particle# /his
accounts for the obser&ed granular effect (localisation#
,nterference arises as the source"sin09s wa&e arri&es at the same point on the screen from both slits# :e
consider the tra)ectory of a particle passing through slit 1, represented by the ray drawn from slit 1 to an
arbitrary point, P, on the screen (as indicated by the dotted line, /, of figure J# :hile the source"sin0 tra&els
through slit 1, its phase wa&e tra&els through both slit 1 and slit ; as a plane wa&e and emerges from each
slit with circular wa&efronts# /he speed of the source"sin0 is gi&en by (19 while that of its associated phase
wa&e is gi&en by (1=# /he wa&e passing through slit 1 is of interest only along the path, /, the path along
which the source"sin0 tra&els# /he same wa&e passing through slit ; needs to be considered at &arious
positions# (our selected rays, ', ., *, @ are shown in figure J to indicate the spreading of the wa&e as it
lea&es slit ;#
?i&en its distance from its source"sin0, the wa&e at slit ; is highly attenuated# /his is ta0en as a
manifestation of the wa&e beha&iour mentioned in section K, which is repeated here as a general postulateE
the amplitude of the wave at a point depends inversely on its displacement from its source5sin, and is
independent of the path ta,en #y the wave.
/hus, on re2approaching its source"sin0 from slit ;, the wa&e amplitude grows and, at coincidence with its
source"sin0, the wa&e amplitude is again maximum si7e# Similarly, as the part of the phase wa&e from slit 1
o&erta0es its source"sin0 along /, its amplitude pea0s at the source"sin0 then attenuates on passing it 2 )ust
as the amplitude of two pulses on a string increases when they o&erlap# /his 3blipping9 phenomenon is
explained more fully in the next paragraph#
(igure J
@ouble slit arrangement, showing source"sin0 tra)ectory through slit 1
and rays of its corresponding phase wa&e emerging from slit ;#
's a further illustration, rays ' and . both cross the tra)ectory of the source"sin0 at /
'
and /
.
respecti&ely#
't the instant the source"sin0 is at /
',
the wa&e from slit ; at that point, is at its maximum amplitude# 't all
other positions at that time, including /
.
and P, the wa&e is highly attenuated# :hen the source"sin0 has
mo&ed to /
.
, then only at that position is the wa&e from slit ; maximum si7e, and so on# ,n other words, the
wa&e grows to meet its source"sin0, dying away on passing it# /he amplitude of the wa&e along ray @ will
always be highly attenuated because of its increasing displacement away from the tra)ectory of the
source"sin0# /his appears, satisfactorily, to replace the idea of 9collapsing wa&es9, framed in the *openhagen
interpretation# /here is no longer the necessity to bring about instant 9reality9 at the time of a measurement#
,nstead, the wa&e associated with a source"sin0, regardless of its path, is now either collapsing or growing
all the time as its displacement from its source"sin0 changes# !ach part of the wa&e blips as it coincides with
its source"sin0# /his includes the wa&e from both slits simultaneously passing the source"sin0#
5ay * is particularly important because of its coincidence with the position of the source"sin0 on the screen#
/his is shown in figure 7# 't the time the source"sin0 stri0es P, the wa&e from slit 1 and slit ; will ha&e
become full si7e at P and will thus ha&e the same maximum amplitude at that point# /heir instantaneous
amplitudes will differ, howe&er, due to their phase difference, caused by the different distances the wa&es
tra&el from each slit to P# /hus, the situation at P reduces to the standard double slit experiment, in which
the phase difference between the two parts of its phase wa&e is the primary concern# !ach point on the
screen may be treated in this way, the emphasis being that the approach is applied at indi&idual points rather
than continuously across the screen# /he formalism is therefore identical to that of double slit diffraction#
/he phase difference, , is gi&en by the usual expression, namely , where , and are as
labelled in figure 7, and where , is the wa&elength of the phase wa&e ( is defined by (1Jb#
(igure 7
'rri&al at P of source"sin0 from slit 1 and ray * from slit ;#
(or a source"sin0 passing through slit 1, we represent the wa&e from slits 1 and ; at P by and
, respecti&ely ( is the phase difference# /he resultant at P is then , where is a
complex number# ' similar resultant ensues for a source"sin0 passing through slit ;, namely, #
'ggregates of particles, in which boundary or other conditions are considered, may be dealt with by the
inclusion of appropriate weighting factors# (or example, if there is an une&en distribution of particles within
a cross2section of the initial beam, such that n more source"sin0s pass slit ; than pass slit 1, or if the
conditions at slit ;, for whate&er reason, fa&our the passage of n more source"sin0s, then we write
(where # /he instantaneous arri&al of source"sin0s at P from both slits then generalises to the
form , the intensity at P being # /his corresponds to the usual quantum mechanical
formalism#
(ollowing a classical double slit approach, the amplitude of the combined parts of the wa&e at P, for a
source"sin0 passing through either slit 1 or ; at the time , is gi&en by , where corresponds
to the square brac0eted part of (9# 'ssuming, for simplicity, that the slit widths are negligibly small, the
intensity, , is proportional only to the square of the combined amplitude# /hus,
, where is the maximum amplitude of the wa&e (as determined
at its source"sin0# 't , intensity maxima , occur, where is an integer corresponding
to the bright fringe from the central maximum# /his corresponds to the arri&al, at those points, of
source"sin0s with wa&es of intensity four times greater than their intensities prior to interference# ,ntensity
minima occur at , corresponding to the arri&al at those points of source"sin0s whose
intensity is 7ero# ,t might be tempting to interpret this as no source"sin0s arri&ing at a point of minimum
intensity and as four source"sin0s simultaneously arri&ing at a point of maximum intensity# /he difficulty
with this is that, at certain points between a maximum and an ad)acent minimum, there would be fractional
source"sin0s arri&ing at points on the screen# (or example, when , the intensity &alue is
# ,t is meaningless to interpret this as a point where half a source"sin0 arri&es, corresponding to half a
particle# ,t can only be regarded as a point where a source"sin0 of intensity has arri&ed# -owe&er, it is
not difficult to transfer the former interpretation to large numbers of particles# particles, each of intensity
, produce a total intensity at a point equi&alent in all respects to particles each of intensity #
/his matches the quantum mechanical correlation between the 7uantity of particles and the beam intensity#
*ontinuing with this interpretation, the aggregation of particles (energy density on the screen can be
implicitly associated with probability densities# /his is again consistent with quantum mechanical ideas#
*uriously, the quantum mechanical interpretation, raises the philosophical conundrum as to why particles
should congregate in bands of high and low probability density, based on the 9guidance9 of a wa&e whose
tangible existence has ne&er been obser&ed# /he acceptance of matter wa&es as guiding wa&es, gi&en that
they ha&e ne&er been satisfactorily examined for their substance and beha&iour, must constitute a
fundamental wea0ness for the quantum mechanical theory# /his, of course, has led to the *openhagen
assertion that matter wa&es will ne&er succumb to examination because they ha&e no physical reality in
themsel&es# -owe&er, the abo&e findings suggest that an electromagnetic reality may exist, where each
matter wa&e is intimately connected with the beha&iour of an indi&idual particle, while producing obser&ed
statistical results consistent with the diffraction beha&iour of large populations# ,t is satisfying, therefore,
that this description caters for .ohm9s statistical interpretation, while also connecting wa&es to indi&idual
particle beha&iour# /his would align the model closely with the notion of 9hidden2&ariables9#
68 2nnihilation and
o
Meson .ecay
,t would be compelling if the particle, defined by (5 or (9, could be shown to decompose in such a way as
to produce the results typical of annihilation reactions or
o
meson decay, where radiation is the only
product# @uring the total disintegration of a particle, whether by annihilation or decay, one should expect
from the abo&e approach, to obser&e the e&olution of at least two quanta of electromagnetic radiation,
depending on the particle9s state of excitation#
:e describe the
o
meson as obser&ed in its rest frame by equation (K, and assume the two right2hand terms
represent the disengagement of the source"sin0 into two separate and free photons of energy and momentum
gi&en by and respecti&ely# /his is precisely the effect obser&ed in neutral pion decay,
o
U T , where the combined energy of the two particles equals the pion9s rest energy# :e note also that
the source or sin0 of each photon were intimately connected before the decay occurred# /he two particles,
although separate and localised when liberated, retain information that originally united them as the ingoing
and outgoing wa&e of the pion# /he two separate wa&es were once part of a standing wa&e# /heir
independence, therefore, cannot be totally assumed# /his suggests a degree of difference with .ohm9s
hidden varia#les#
'nnihilation, which follows a similar approach to that of meson decay, is complicated by the in&ol&ement
of two particles# *onsider the interaction of a con)ugate pair, and (e#g# e
T
e
2
pair, obser&ed from the
centre2of2mass frame, such that is initially mo&ing in the T7 direction and in the 27 direction# 'ssume
that during the interaction their source"sin0s coincide# 't the moment of coincidence, source"sin0
interchange may be possible# :e represent the system at this instant as follows
(;5
particle a
T
particle #
where, as indicated by the subscripts, the upper two terms represent the outgoing and ingoing wa&e of
particle , while the lower two terms are the outgoing and ingoing wa&e of particle # /he symbols ,
, and are defined generally by (J and (7, although for particle , is replaced by # /his
re&erses the direction of the momenta for the ingoing and outgoing wa&e of so as to account for its
re&ersed direction along the 72axis#
:e now combine the outgoing wa&e of with the ingoing wa&e of and the ingoing wa&e of with the
outgoing wa&e of to 9meld9 two 9new particles9, 1 and ;#
(;J
(outgoing wa&e of (ingoing wa&e of
particle 4
T
(outgoing wa&e of (ingoing wa&e of
particle 1

'pplying (L to these newly paired terms and replacing the momenta for particles and with and
respecti&ely (to account for directions of motion, yields
;7
particle 4
T
particle 1
where
, (;=a,(;=b
, (;=c,(;=d
and
, (;9a,(;9b
, (;9c,(;9d
%sing definitions (19 and (1= with (;= and (;9 respecti&ely, the group and phase &elocities are found to
be for particle 1 and for particle ;, indicating that not only the wa&es tra&el in mutually opposed
directions at light speed, but the particles themsel&es# /his is consistent with obser&ations of 2pair
production# :e therefore interpret equations (;5 to (;9 as representati&e of this phenomenon, where the
two new particles, 1 and ;, correspond to 7uanta of radiation# ,t should be noted that there is no necessity
for the direction of the emitted radiation to be along the 72axis# ,n the centre2of2mass frame and with the rest
energy of both initial particles the same, the net momentum of the system is 7ero and hence all emission
orientations are equally li0ely#
%sing the transformation equations (J and (7, and noting that each member of a con)ugate pair has the
identical rest mass, , the expressions for (;9 become
(K<a,(K<b
indicating that the energies and momenta transform in a way consistent with that of electromagnetic
@oppler shift# (or a con)ugate pair interacting at non2relati&istic speeds, equations (K< reduce to and
# /he total energy ( and momentum ( of the system is thus and 7ero# /his is
completely in agreement with results of low speed annihilation, in which the combined energy of the two
quanta has a lower threshold equal to the total rest energy of the initial annihilating particles, and that the
quanta share this energy equally between them# /he interchange of source"sin0s in this process suggests
correlation between particles after interaction# /his again supports a 9system wholeness9 interpretation,
where the emitted particles remain connected &ia their non2local wa&es until their flights end#
C8 Tentati"e Consideration of the 2mplitude Function
's has been mentioned earlier, a rigorous analysis of in equations (K and (5 is onerous and
unnecessary for this paper# /he in&estigation has essentially focussed on the undulatory beha&iour of matter#
-owe&er, one might question how the amplitude function affects the structure and shape of the particle# ,t
would seem natural that a free, isolated particle should display no directional preference when obser&ed at
rest+ essentially it should appear to be spherical, where the amplitude function has no dependence on and
# 'lthough the prospect of reducing the function to is tempting, such solutions to the electromagnetic
wa&e equation are disallowed# /heir electromagnetic nature ensures their a7imuthal and meridional
dependence# :hile this has no direct bearing on the soundness of the abo&e in&estigations, it does detract
from the simplicity that one might expect for an unexcited particle9s shape and structure#
't this point three options become a&ailable# /he first is to accept the situation as it is and wor0 with that,
since the outcomes of the present model are not fundamentally affected by the nature of # /hat is the &iew
of the present paper, although it is also open to the notion of exploring simplifications to the particle shape#
Such a simplification is considered in the third approach below#
'nother approach is to disband an electromagnetic wa&e model altogether in fa&our of a 9new9 light2speed
scalar wa&e model, as has been attempted in more recent literature V1KW # /his would circum&ent the need
for and dependence required by the electromagnetic wa&e equation# Such a proposal would need to
explain how matter and radiation maintain their close relationship during interactions at both the chemical
and nuclear le&el, while undergoing changes in the types of wa&e that describe them# ,n particular, it might
be questioned how a con)ugate pair of particles, whose beha&iour is go&erned by the new scalar wa&e,
annihilate purely into photons, whose beha&iour is then suddenly go&erned by the electromagnetic &ector
wa&e# /his &iew would also ta0e us no further away from the dilemma of what the wa&e is 2 whether it has a
physical reality and why it cannot be obser&ed#
/he third approach (and the one fa&oured here is to re&iew situations for which might be permissible
and yet still produce the desired undulations described in (K or (5# ,n such a possibility, the magnetic
induction, , and curl of the electric field, , must both be 7ero, as required through spherical
symmetry, indicating that the electric field has only radial dependence if it is to exist# 8axwell9s equations
would then collapse into the following pair of electrodynamic relations, namely
and (K1a, (K1b
where , , and ha&e their usual meanings# ' way of accommodating this is to &iew the source"sin0
as an electric dipole, where the poles themsel&es occupy the same position 2 that of the source"sin0# /he
scalar and &ector potentials, and , would then be determined, at the ad&anced time for the
sin0 and the retarded time for the source, to produce
where (K;a, (K;b
.y in&o0ing the common relation , the electric fields become
(KK
which ta0es the familiar form associated with point2charge particles and differs only in the radial 9pulsing9 of
the charges# .y substituting into (K1, the charge and current densities are found, respecti&ely, to be
and (KLa, (KLb
/hese equations satisfy charge conser&ation, , and their ratio yields &elocities of #
'dding or adding leads to a representation similar in form to that of equation (K, suggesting a
formalism parallel to that of the present paper# -ere, V W and V W correspond to the outgoing
and ingoing wa&es of scalar V&ectorW potential, while
also simplifying the amplitude function in the way hoped for# ,t can be shown that and satisfy the
homogeneous wa&e equations
(K5
/he electric fields do not satisfy the homogeneous wa&e equation, but they do exhibit an undulatory
beha&iour as shown by substituting (K;b into (KK# /hey cannot be regarded as electromagnetic wa&es in
the normal sense, since they ha&e no magnetic counterpart, and because of their radial dependence only,
their motion is such that they &ibrate longitudinally along the radial line of propagation rather than
trans&erselyV1LW # $n the other hand, it is clear from (K5 that and beha&e as ingoing and outgoing
wa&es tra&elling at # /hus, the approach at this point has merit in that it fundamentally retains the
9electromagnetic9 integrity of a particle while simplifying the particle9s shape and structure to that in&ol&ing
only the &ariable, #
378 Concluding %emar=s
/he following points are made in summaryE
(a /he obser&ation that beats between light2speed wa&es produce the relationship (for a
group speed suggests that matter wa&es, which bear the same relationship, are composed of
electromagnetic counter2going wa&es#
(b @e&eloping this concept, and the formalism that describes it, produces energy and momentum equations
which are identical to those describing matter# /his further supports the original notion that a particle is
composed of a pair of electromagnetic ingoing and outgoing wa&es which, when obser&ed at rest, combine
to form a spherical standing wa&e#
(c Aoci, associated with the group wa&e, map stationary wa&efronts which form concentric spheres about
a source"sin0 when obser&ed at rest# /hey become indented about the 72axis and contract longitudinally,
when obser&ed in motion# /he contraction of the wa&efronts along the line of motion confirms the increase
in the particle9s longitudinal momentum as gi&en by the de .roglie relation, # 8ore interestingly,
loci associated with the phase wa&e map wa&efronts which become planes at non2relati&istic speeds# /he
significance of this finding lies in its direct correspondence with the nature and beha&iour of matter wa&es#
-itherto, matter wa&es ha&e been percei&ed more as a mathematical tool of quantum theory, de&oid of a
satisfactory physical deri&ation# 8oreo&er, their planar nature has been assumed with no foundation other
than that such wa&es wor0#
(d Plausible interpretations of the uncertainty relations and of the double slit experiment are established#
%sing the postulate that the amplitude of the wave at a point depends inversely on its displacement from its
source5sin, and is independent of the path ta,en #y the wave, it is shown that the counter2going wa&es
approach to the double slit experiment for particles will produce the same outcomes as those predicted by
quantum mechanics 2 without the need to rely on 9collapsing wa&es9# /his is a much more tenable notion that
a&oids speculati&e explanations about what happens to the wa&e at the time of measurement#
(e /he con&ersion of matter into radiation during annihilation is demonstrated, showing the conser&ation of
energy and momentum and confirming that the energy of the product particles must exceed the rest energy
of the original particles#
(f /he adoption of an electric dipole model, with ends of the dipole coinciding at the particle9s
source"sin0, simplifies the picture of a particle while retaining the necessary components of the present
paper#
,t is the hope of the authors that the present approach will re0indle questions about the origins of matter
wa&es and will again challenge the notion that such wa&es are mere functional descriptors beyond which a
deeper understanding is not possible# -ere, matter wa&es are interpreted as ha&ing an electromagnetic origin
based on spherical counter2going wa&es# (rom this, the 9quantum measurement problem9 appears to be
soundly resol&ed and the 9quantum interpretation question9 V15W explained# ,t is hoped that the abo&e
arguments are sufficiently cogent and insightful to warrant further consideration of the ideas presented#
2ppendi> 2 5 Beat Phenomena
Aet two harmonic wa&es, and , tra&el unidirectionally and coaxially at the speed , in a non2
dispersi&e medium# ,f the angular frequency and wa&enumber of is and respecti&ely, and of is
and , then
('1
/he wa&es in combination will produce beats whose group speed and phase speed, respecti&ely, is
(';
and
('K
/hus ('L
:hen one wa&e, say , tra&els in the opposite direction we replace with # /he group and phase
speed then become
('5
and
('J
while
('7
still holds#
2ppendi> B 5 )pin Quantum umber
*onsideration of the 72component of spin leads to an interesting outcome in terms of the nature of the
counter2going wa&es# :e designate a magnetic quantum number, and , to the particle9s outgoing and
ingoing wa&e respecti&ely, where and can be <, `1, `;, `K, ### :e now separate, from the amplitude
function of each wa&e, a function with only dependence, to obtain a description of the particle in the
following form
(.1
where are the descriptions of the outgoing and ingoing wa&e with the dependent functions
extracted# 'pplying the trigonometric identity
(.;
yields
(.K
where represents the terms in curly brac0ets of (.; and where
(.L
,f the sum is 7ero, e&en or odd, then (in .L ta0es the &alues of 7ero, integers or half2
integers respecti&ely, gi&ing scope to associate such &alues with 7ero2spin, unit2spin and half2spin particles#
/hese alternati&es arise from the spin combinations of the outgoing and ingoing wa&e# /his is encouraging
since it suggests that, e&en with the cursory consideration here, there is potential within the counter2going
wa&e approach to incorporate the phenomenon of spin#
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
/"olution 5 Biology 5 #a"e :enetics
The #a"e )tructure of Matter +#)M- and #a"e :enetics
+ntroduction - @ave Fenetics' =n the @ave Structure of 8E, 9 <esonant +nteractions of Fenes 9
Anvironment - Top of 6a&e
'ntroduction& #a"e :enetics, :enes, .2, :enetic Modification, /"olution and /cology of
Life
, read an article a few years ago (below where research from 5ussia apparently shows that 05A B :enes
are $esonant (tructures which are subtly interconnected to their !n&ironment by wa&e interactions# i#e#
?enetic material can be manipulated by wa&es with certain resonant frequencies# /his allows manipulation
of genes without physically cutting and replacing the genetic material#
/he article has some errors as they are unaware of the :a&e Structure of 8atter so they ha&e misinterpreted
some of their results (read the article with the spherical standing wa&e structure of matter in mind, you will
see what , mean#
/here does not seem to be much e&idence on the internet to support this research on wa&e genetics,
howe&er, there is also &ery little research on either the :a&e Structure of 8atter, nor the fact that you can
deduce it is the most simple science theory of reality, and then deduce the fundamentals of modern physics
(see lin0s on side of page#
-istory actually shows that most profound disco&eries were in fields that were ignored by most to begin
(and then sa&aged by s0eptics, until the truth of their disco&eries became self e&ident#
$ne important consequence of the :a&e Structure of 8atter " :a&e ?enetics applies to ?enetic
8odification based upon current discrete 9particle9 ideas of matter and its interactions#
,t seems unwise and possibly dangerous to allow genetically modified life (for food R material production
to enter the food chain (e&olution and ecology of Iature gi&en their lac0 of understanding of the subtle
resonant interconnection of life and matter# Put simply, life is much more complex and subtly connected
than they realise, thus they cannot 0now the consequences of changing genetic sequences and their
interconnected resonant structures#
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter " :a&e ?enetics also suggests that we need to be more careful with the wa&e
frequencies we use for communications, and inad&ertently generate with our electricity distribution and use
in &arious electrical machines#
$n the left side of this page you will find lin0s to the main articles which explain and sol&e many of the
problems of modern Physics, Philosophy and 8etaphysics by explaining how all matter interactions are
really wa&e interactions in Space#
-ope you find it interesting and useful#
Sincerely,
?eoff -aselhurst
!mail
+ntroduction - @ave Fenetics' =n the @ave Structure of 8E, 9 <esonant +nteractions of Fenes 9
Anvironment - Top of 6a&e
#a"e :enetics& On the #a"e )tructure of .2 and %esonant
'nteractions of :enes and /n"ironment
/he human @I' is a biological ,nternet and superior in many aspects to the artificial one# /he latest
5ussian scientific research directly or indirectly explains phenomena such as clair&oyance, intuition,
spontaneous and remote acts of healing, self healing, affirmation techniques, unusual light2auras around
people (namely spiritual masters, mind9s influence on weather2patterns and much more# ,n addition, there is
e&idence for a whole new type of medicine in which @I' can be influenced and reprogrammed by words
and frequencies :,/-$%/ cutting out and replacing single genes#
$nly 1<] of our @I' is being used for building proteins# ,t is this subset of @I' that is of interest to
western researchers and is being examined and categori7ed# /he other 9<] are considered P)un0 @I'P# /he
5ussian researchers, howe&er, con&inced that nature was not dumb, )oined linguists and geneticists in a
&enture to explore those 9<] of P)un0 @I'P# /heir results, findings and conclusions are simply
re&olutionary> 'ccording to them, our @I' is not only responsible for the construction of our body, but
also ser&es as data storage and in communication# /he 5ussian linguists found that the genetic code,
especially in the apparently useless 9<], follows the same rules as all our human languages# /o this end
they compared the rules of syntax (the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences,
semantics (the study of meaning in language forms and the basic rules of grammar# /hey found that the
al0alines of our @I' follow a regular grammar and do ha&e set rules )ust li0e our languages# So human
languages did not appear coincidentally but are a reflection of our inherent @I'#
/he 5ussian biophysicist and molecular biologist P)otr ?ar)a)e& and his colleagues also explored the
&ibrational beha&iour of the @I'# V(or the sa0e of bre&ity , will gi&e only a summary here# (or further
exploration please refer to the appendix at the end of this article#W /he bottom line wasE 9Ai&ing
chromosomes function )ust li0e solitonic2holographic computers using the endogenous @I' laser
radiation#9
/his means that they managed for example to modulate certain frequency patterns onto a laser ray and with
it influenced the @I' frequency and thus the genetic information itself# Since the basic structure of @I'2
al0aline pairs and of language (as explained earlier are of the same structure, no @I' decoding is
necessary# $ne can simply use words and sentences of the human language> /his, too, was experimentally
pro&en> Ai&ing @I' substance (in li&ing tissue, not in &itro will always react to language2modulated laser
rays and e&en to radio wa&es, if the proper frequencies are being used#
/his finally and scientifically explains why affirmations, autogenous training, hypnosis and the li0e can
ha&e such strong effects on humans and their bodies# ,t is entirely normal and natural for our @I' to react
to language# :hile western researchers cut single genes from the @I' strands and insert them elsewhere,
the 5ussians enthusiastically wor0ed on de&ices that can influence the cellular metabolism through suitable
modulated radio and light frequencies and thus repair genetic defects#
?ar)a)e&9s research group succeeded in pro&ing that with this method chromosomes damaged by x2rays for
example can be repaired# /hey e&en captured information patterns of a particular @I' and transmitted it
onto another, thus reprogramming cells to another genome# So they successfully transformed, for example,
frog embryos to salamander embryos simply by transmitting the @I' information patterns> /his way the
entire information was transmitted without any of the side effects or disharmonies encountered when cutting
out and re2introducing single genes from the @I'# /his represents an unbelie&able, world2transforming
re&olution and sensation> 'll this by simply applying &ibration and language instead of the archaic cutting2
out procedure>
/his experiment points to the immense power of *a,e genetics, which ob&iously has a greater influence on
the formation of organisms than the biochemical processes of al0aline sequences# !soteric and spiritual
teachers ha&e 0nown for ages that our body is programmable by language, words and thought# /his has now
been scientifically pro&en and explained# $f course the frequency has to be correct# 'nd this is why not
e&erybody is equally successful or can do it with always the same strength# /he indi&idual person must
wor0 on the inner processes and maturity in order to establish a conscious communication with the @I'#
/he 5ussian researchers wor0 on a method that is not dependent on these factors but will 'A:'NS wor0,
pro&ided one uses the correct frequency#
.ut the higher de&eloped an indi&idual9s consciousness is, the less need is there for any type of de&ice> $ne
can achie&e these results by oneself, and science will finally stop laughing at such ideas and will confirm
and explain the results#
8odern man 0nows this only on a much more subtle le&el, as PintuitionP# .ut we, too, can regain full use of
it# 'n example from IatureE :hen a queen ant is spatially separated from her colony, building still
continues fer&ently and according to plan# ,f the queen is 0illed, howe&er, all wor0 in the colony stops# Io
ant 0nows what to do# 'pparently the queen sends the Pbuilding plansP also from far away &ia the group
consciousness of her sub)ects# She can be as far away as she wants, as long as she is ali&e#
,n man hyperco--unication is most often encountered when one suddenly gains access to information
that is outside one9s 0nowledge base# Such hypercommunication is then experienced as inspiration or
intuition# /he ,talian composer ?iuseppe /artini for instance dreamt one night that a de&il sat at his bedside
playing the &iolin# /he next morning /artini was able to note down the piece exactly from memory, he
called it the @e&il9s /rill Sonata# (or years, a L;2year old male nurse dreamt of a situation in which he was
hoo0ed up to a 0ind of 0nowledge *@25$8# 6erifiable 0nowledge from all imaginable fields was then
transmitted to him that he was able to recall in the morning# /here was such a flood of information that it
seemed a whole encyclopaedia was transmitted at night# /he ma)ority of facts were outside his personal
0nowledge base and reached technical details about which he 0new absolutely nothing#
(Iote from ?eoff -aselhurst 2 ?#yperco--unication? is caused by ,nterconnection of Spherical Standing
:a&es in Space 2 the 5ussian researchers are unaware of the :a&e Structure of 8atter and thus do not
understand this subtle interconnection of matter in Space#
:hen hyperco--unication occurs, one can obser&e in the @I' as well as in the human being special
phenomena# /he 5ussian scientists irradiated @I' samples with laser light# $n screen a typical wa&e
pattern was formed# :hen they remo&ed the @I' sample, the wa&e pattern did not disappear, it remained#
8any control experiments showed that the pattern still came from the remo&ed sample, whose energy field
apparently remained by itself# /his effect is now called phantom @I' effect#
/he side effect encountered most often in hypercommunication also in human beings are inexplicable
electromagnetic fields in the &icinity of the persons concerned# !lectronic de&ices li0e *@ players and the
li0e can be irritated and cease to function for hours# :hen the electromagnetic field slowly dissipates, the
de&ices function normally again# 8any healers and psychics 0now this effect from their wor0# /he better the
atmosphere and the energy, the more frustrating it is that the recording de&ice stops functioning and
recording exactly at that moment# 'nd repeated switching on and off after the session does not restore
function yet, but next morning all is bac0 to normal# Perhaps this is reassuring to read for many, as it has
nothing to do with them being technically inept, it means they are good at hypercommunication#
,n their boo0 6ernet7te ,ntelligen7 (Ietwor0ed ,ntelligence, ?ra7yna (osar and (ran7 .ludorf explain
these connections precisely and clearly# /he authors also quote sources presuming that in earlier times
humanity had been, )ust li0e the animals, &ery strongly connected to the group consciousness and acted as a
group# /o de&elop and experience indi&iduality we humans howe&er had to forget hypercommunication
almost completely# Iow that we are fairly stable in our indi&idual consciousness, we can create a new form
of group consciousness, namely one, in which we attain access to all information &ia our @I', without
being forced or remotely controlled about what to do with that information# :e now 0now that )ust as on the
internet our @I' can feed its proper data into the networ0, can call up data from the networ0 and can
establish contact with other participants in the networ0# 5emote healing, telepathy or Premote sensingP
about the state of relati&es etc# can thus be explained# Some animals 0now also from afar when their owners
plan to return home# /hat can be freshly interpreted and explained &ia the concepts of group consciousness
and hypercommunication#
'ny collecti&e consciousness cannot be sensibly used o&er any period of time without a distincti&e
indi&iduality# $therwise we would re&ert to a primiti&e herd instinct that is easily manipulated#
-ypercommunication in the new millennium means something quite differentE
5esearchers thin0 that if humans with full indi&iduality would regain group consciousness, they would ha&e
a god2li0e power to create, alter and shape things on !arth> 'I@ humanity is collecti&ely mo&ing toward
such a group consciousness of the new 0ind# (ifty percent of today9s children will be problem children as
soon as the go to school# /he system lumps e&eryone together and demands ad)ustment# .ut the
indi&iduality of today9s children is so strong that that they refuse this ad)ustment and gi&ing up their
idiosyncrasies in the most di&erse ways# 't the same time more and more clair&oyant children are born Vsee
the boo0 *hinas ,ndigo *hildren by Paul @ong or the chapter about ,ndigos in my boo0 Iut7e die
taeglichen :under (8a0e %se of the @aily :ondersW# Something in those children is stri&ing more and
more towards the group consciousness of the new 0ind, and it will no longer be suppressed# 's a rule,
weather for example is rather difficult to influence by a single indi&idual# .ut it may be influenced by a
group consciousness (nothing new to some tribes doing it in their rain dances# :eather is strongly
influenced by !arth resonance frequencies, the so2called Schumann frequencies# .ut those same
fre3uencies are also produced in our brains, and when many people synchronise their thin0ing, or
indi&iduals (spiritual masters, for instance focus their thoughts in a laser2li0e fashion, then it is
scientifically spea0ing not at all surprising if they can thus influence weather#
5esearchers in group consciousness ha&e formulated the theory of /ype , ci&ilisations# ' humanity that
de&eloped a group consciousness of the new 0ind would ha&e neither en&ironmental problems nor scarcity
of energy# (or if it were to use its mental power as a unified ci&ilisation, it would ha&e control of the
energies of its home planet as a natural consequence# 'nd that includes all natural catastrophes>>> '
theoretical /ype ,, ci&ilisation would e&en be able to control all energies of their home galaxy# ,n my boo0
Iut7e die taeglichen :under , ha&e described an example of thisE :hene&er a great many people focus
their attention or consciousness on something similar li0e *hristmas time, football world championship or
the funeral of Aady @iana in !ngland then certain random number generators in computers start to deli&er
ordered numbers instead of the random ones# 'n ordered group consciousness creates order in its whole
surroundings>>>
'll information from the boo0 P6ernet7te ,ntelligen7P &on ?ra7yna (osar und (ran7 .ludorf, ,S.I
K9K<;LK;K7, summari7ed and commented by .aerbel# /he boo0 is unfortunately only a&ailable in ?erman
so far# Nou can reach the authors hereE Vwww#fosar2bludorf#comW V;W+ /ransmitted by 6itae .ergman
Vwww#ry7e#com"&iew#phpFwhoU&itaebW VKW
*eferences
1# httpE""noosphere#princeton#edu"fristwall;#html
;# httpE""www#fosar2bludorf#com
K# httpE""www#ry7e#com"&iew#phpFwhoU&itaeb
The Theory of /"olution
Charles .ar!in
Quotes from Charles .ar!in +367C 5 3664- on /"olution, atural )election, )cience,
;umanity, :od $ %eligion
, ha&e called this principle, by which each slight &ariation, if useful, is preser&ed, by the term Iatural
Selection# (Charles 0ar*in
+&norance more frequently be&ets confidence than does nowled&e' it is those who now little, not those
who now much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be solved by science.
>Charles 3arwin, +ntroduction to The 8escent of ;an, (0C(?
+ntroduction - %harles 8arwin's Theory of Avolution - 8arwin *uotes on Avolution - Avolution ,rticles -
:ins 5 Avolution - Top of 6a&e
'ntroduction& On the Philosophy $ Metaphysics of Charles .ar!in1s Theory of
/"olution
(or thousands of years many philosophers had argued that life must ha&e been created by a supernatural
being " creator " ?od due to the incredible complexity of Iature (in particular, we humans and our minds#
/hus it is remar0able that *harles @arwin (and others were able to explain our existence by means of
!&olution from Iatural Selection 2 which is &ery ob&ious once understood#
.elow you will find a brief summary of *harles @arwin9s /heory of !&olution and some interesting quotes
from @arwin on !&olution, Iatural Selection, Science, -umanity, ?od and 5eligion#
:hen thin0ing about e&olution, it is important to ta0e a further step and as0, 9:hat is e&ol&ingF9 's this
website explains, there is a simple and ob&ious explanation of what exists and thus how we can understand
the metaphysical foundations of !&olution# See !&olution28etaphysics webpage#
:e hope you en)oy the following quotes and browsing around this website# :e ha&e a wonderful collection
of 0nowledge from many of the greatest minds of human history 2 and most importantly can pro&ide a
simple sensible explanation for most of them>
*heers,
,lthou&h + am fully convinced of the truth of the views &iven in this volume + by no means expect to
convince experienced naturalists whose minds are stoced with a multitude of facts all viewed, durin& a
lon& course of years, from a point of view directly opposite to mine. But + loo with confidence to the future
to youn& and risin& naturalists, who will be able to view both sides of the question with impartiality.
>Charles 3arwin?
Charles 0ar*in?s Theory of ',olution
;rief (u--ary
3arwin4s theory of evolution is based on five ey observations and inferences drawn from them. These
observations and inferences have been summari/ed by the &reat biolo&ist Arnst ;ayr as follows'
(? Species have &reat fertility. They mae more offsprin& than can &row to adulthood.
2? 6opulations remain rou&hly the same si/e, with modest fluctuations.
1? #ood resources are limited, but are relatively constant most of the time.
#rom these three observations it may be inferred that in such an environment there will be a stru&&le for
survival amon& individuals.
)? +n sexually reproducin& species, &enerally no two individuals are identical. Lariation is rampant.
3? ;uch of this variation is heritable.
#rom this it may be inferred' +n a world of stable populations where each individual must stru&&le to
survive, those with the -best- characteristics will be more liely to survive, and those desirable traits will be
passed to their offsprin&. These advanta&eous characteristics are inherited by followin& &enerations,
becomin& dominant amon& the population throu&h time. This is natural selection. +t may be further
inferred that natural selection, if carried far enou&h, maes chan&es in a population, eventually leadin& to
new species. These observations have been amply demonstrated in biolo&y, and even fossils demonstrate
the veracity of these observations.
To summarise 8arwin's Theory of AvolutionD
(. Lariation' There is Lariation in Avery 6opulation.
2. %ompetition' =r&anisms %ompete for limited resources.
1. =ffsprin&' =r&anisms produce more =ffsprin& than can survive.
). Fenetics' =r&anisms pass Fenetic traits on to their offsprin&.
3. Eatural Selection' Those or&anisms with the ;ost Beneficial Traits
are more liely to Survive and <eproduce.
8arwin ima&ined it mi&ht be possible that all life is descended from an ori&inal species from ancient times.
8E, evidence supports this idea.
6robably all or&anic bein&s which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial
life form. There is &randeur in this view of life that, whilst this planet has &one cyclin& on accordin& to the
fixed law of &ravity, from so simple a be&innin& endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have
been, and are bein& evolved. >Charles 3arwin, The =ri&in of Species?
!dited from httpE""en#wi0ipedia#org"wi0i"*harlesa@arwin
Charles 0ar*in 1uotes
Theory of ',olution, (cience, #u-anity, >no*ledge, :od 2
$eligion
+n scientific investi&ations, it is permitted to invent any hypothesis and, if it explains various lar&e and
independent classes of facts, it rises to the ran of a well-&rounded theory. >Charles 3arwin?
Kow extremely stupid for me not to have thou&ht of thatJ
>Tho!as ,uley4s first reflection after masterin&, in (03., the central idea of 3arwin4s 1rigin of +pecies?
+&norance more frequently be&ets confidence than does nowled&e' it is those who now little, not those
who now much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be solved by science.
>Charles 3arwin, +ntroduction to The 8escent of ;an, (0C(?
+n the stru&&le for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in
adaptin& themselves best to their environment. >Charles 3arwin?
;an with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which
extends not only to other men but to the humblest livin& creature, with his &od-lie intellect which has
penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system- with all these exalted powers- ;an still
bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly ori&in. >Charles 3arwin?
Eothin& before had ever made me thorou&hly realise, thou&h + had read various scientific boos, that
science consists in &roupin& facts so that &eneral laws or conclusions may be drawn from them. >Charles
3arwin?
+ have no &reat quicness of apprehension or wit which is so remarable in some clever men, for instance
Kuxley. >Charles 3arwin?
@e will now discuss in a little more detail the Stru&&le for Axistence.
.. The expression often used by ;r. Kerbert Spencer of the Survival of the #ittest is more accurate, and is
sometimes equally convenient. >Charles 3arwin?
.. doin& what little one can to increase the &eneral stoc of nowled&e is as respectable an ob$ect of life, as
one can in any lielihood pursue. >Charles 3arwin?
a scientific man ou&ht to have no wishes, no affections .. a mere heart of stone. >Charles 3arwin?
+ am turned into a sort of machine for observin& facts and &rindin& out conclusions. >Charles 3arwin?
The fact of evolution is the bacbone of biolo&y, and biolo&y is thus in the peculiar position of bein& a
science founded on an improved theory, is it then a science or faithH >Charles 3arwin?
Charles .ar!in on :od ( %eligion
+ cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent Fod would have desi&nedly created parasitic
wasps with the express intention of their feedin& within the livin& bodies of %aterpillars. >Charles 3arwin?
,s for a future life, every man must $ud&e for himself between conflictin& va&ue probabilities. >Charles
3arwin?
Believin& as + do that man in the distant future will be a far more perfect creature than he now is, it is an
intolerable thou&ht that he and all other sentient bein&s are doomed to complete annihilation after such
lon&-continued slow pro&ress. >Charles 3arwin?
@e can allow satellites, planets, suns, universe, nay whole systems of universes to be &overned by laws,
but the smallest insect, we wish to be created at once by special act. >Charles 3arwin?
, am a strong ad&ocate for free thought on all sub)ects, yet it appears to me (whether rightly or wrongly that
direct arguments against christianity and theism produce hardly any effect on the public+ and freedom of
thought is best promoted by the gradual illumination of men9s minds, which followVsW from the ad&ance of
science# ,t has, therefore, been always my ob)ect to a&oid writing on religion, and , ha&e confined myself to
science# , may, howe&er, ha&e been unduly biased by the pain which it would gi&e some members of my
family, if , aided in any way direct attac0s on religion# (Charles 0ar*in
httpE""www#darwin2literature#com"laquotes#html
@hen + view all bein&s not as special creations, but as the lineal descendants of some few bein&s which
lived lon& before the first bed of the %ambrian system was deposited, they seem to me to become
ennobled. >Charles 3arwin, The =ri&in of Species, quoted from Rohn Stear, Eo ,nswers in Fenesis?
@hat a boo a 8evil's %haplain mi&ht write on the clumsy, wasteful, blunderin& low and horribly cruel
wors of nature. >Charles 3arwin, quoted by <ichard 8awins in , 8evil's %haplain, 244)?
@hen it was first said that the sun stood still and world turned round, the common sense of manind
declared the doctrine falseD but the old sayin& of Lox populi, vox 8ei Othe voice of the people is the voice of
FodP, as every philosopher nows, cannot be trusted in science.
>Charles 3arwin, remindin& his readers that they should always treat -obvious- truths with septicism, in
the context of the apparent absurdity of evolvin& a complex eye throu&h a lon& series of &radual steps, in
the famous passa&e added to later editions of the =ri&in of Species >(0C2, p. (1)?, quoted from Stephen
Ray Fould, The Structure of Avolutionary Theory >2442?, chapter (, -8efinin& and <evisin& the Structure of
Avolutionary Theory,- p. ( >the braceted translation is Fould's?
#alse facts are hi&hly in$urious to the pro&ress of science, for they often endure lon&D but false views, if
supported by some evidence, do little harm, for everyone taes a salutary pleasure in provin& their
falsenessD and when this is done, one path toward errors is closed and the road to truth is often at the
same time opened. >Charles 3arwin, The 8escent of ;an?
, celebrated author and divine has written to me that he has &radually learned to see that it is $ust as noble
a conception of the 8eity to believe that he created a few ori&inal forms capable of self-development into
other and needful forms, as to believe that he required a fresh act of creation to supply the voids caused by
the action of his laws. >Charles 3arwin, =ri&in of Species p. )22?
,bout thirty years a&o there was much tal that &eolo&ists ou&ht only to observe and not theori/eD and +
well remember someone sayin& that at this rate a man mi&ht as well &o into a &ravel-pit and count the
pebbles and describe the colours. Kow odd it is that anyone should not see that all observation must be for
or a&ainst some view if it is to be of any serviceJ
>Charles 3arwin, letter to Kenry #awcett, who had defended 8arwin before the British ,ssociation for the
,dvancement of Science a&ainst a critic who said 8arwin's boo was too theoretical and that he should
have $ust -'put his facts before us and let them rest,- quoted from ;ichael Shermer, -%olorful 6ebbles and
8arwin's 8ictum' Science is an exquisite blend of data and theory,- Scientific ,merican, ;ay, 244(?
Kow so many absurd rules of conduct, as well as so many absurd reli&ious beliefs, have ori&inated, we do
not nowD nor how it is that they have become, in all quarters of the world, so deeply impressed on the
minds of menD but it is worthy of remar that a belief constantly inculcated durin& the early years of life,
while the brain is impressionable, appears to acquire almost the nature of an instinctD and the very essence
of an instinct is that it is followed independently of reason. >Charles 3arwin, 8escent of ;an p. (22?
+ am aware that the assumed instinctive belief in Fod has been used by many persons as an ar&ument for
his existence. The idea of a universal and beneficent %reator does not seem to arise in the mind of man,
until he has been elevated by lon&-continued culture. >Charles 3arwin, 8escent of ;an p. B(2?
+ am aware that the conclusions arrived at in this wor will be denounced by some as hi&hly irreli&iousD but
he who denounces them is bound to show why it is more irreli&ious to explain the ori&in of man as a
distinct species by descent from some lower from, throu&h the laws of variation and natural selection, than
to explain the birth of the individual throu&h the laws of ordinary reproduction. The birth both of the species
and of the individual are equally parts of that &rand sequence of events, which our minds refuse to accept
as the result of blind chance. >Charles 3arwin, 8escent of ;an p. B(1?
But + own that + cannot see as plainly as others do, and + should wish to do, evidence of desi&n and
beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. + cannot persuade myself
that a beneficent and omnipotent Fod would have desi&nedly created that a cat should play with mice.
>Charles 3arwin, source unnown?
httpE""www#positi&eatheism#org"hist"quotes"darwin#htm
',olution Articles
1uotes fro- ?The 1uestion of 1uestions? by Tho-as # #u)ley,
?',olution by 5atural (election and ;uddhis-? by 0ere<
Free-an
The different branches of science combine to demonstrate that the universe in its entirety can be re&arded
as one &i&antic process, a process of becomin&, of attainin& new levels of existence and or&ani/ation,
which can properly be called a &enesis or an evolution. >Tho!as ,uley?
.. no absolute structural line of demarcation .. can be drawn between the animal world and ourselves.
>Tho!as ,uley, (0B1?
,buse for six or seven years on the part of the public is of not the &reatest consequence when one
happens to be in the ri&ht and stands to one's &uns. >Tho!as ,uley?
;an has wored his way to the headship of the sentient world and has become the dominant animal that
he is, by virtue of his success in the stru&&le for existenceD and, in this stru&&le- as amon& other animals - it
is self-assertion, the unscrupulous sei/in& upon all that can be &rasped, the tenacious holdin& of all that
can be ept, that have mattered. >Tho!as ,uley?
,n the $rigin of Species, @arwin had not, in fact, discussed the bearing of !&olution theory on the human
species, other than to remar0 that 9Aight will be thrown on the origin of man and his history#9 (Free-an
-uxley was the first to construct, on the basis of @arwin9s theory of e&olution by natural selection, a clear
and logical image of biological man, and as such, is clearly the founder of e&olutionary anthropology# ## (or
-uxley, the notion that e&olution can pro&ide a foundation to morals was 9an illusion9# (Free-an
$ichard 0a*<ins
.iscussion of Quotes by /"olutionary )cientist %ichard .a!=ins
$ur brains are separate and independent enough from our genes to rebel against them## we do so in a small
way e&erytime we use contraception# /here is no reason why we should not rebel in a large way too#
($ichard 0a*<ins, /he Selfish ?ene 19=9
Avolution +ntroduction - <ichard 8awins *uotes 'The Selfish Fene' - <ichard 8awins *uotes' 'The Blind
@atchmaer' - Top of 6a&e
'ntroduction to /"olution
/o understand e&olution we must 0now what is e&ol&ing (what is matter, what is reality# /his website is
de&oted to this 0nowledge of reality that founds both @arwin9s theory of e&olution and cultural e&olution#
(urther, until this is 0nown it is impossible for humanity to thin0 and act wisely 2 and to be able to e&ol&e
cultural 0nowledge that enables us to li&e in harmony with Iature (which is now critically important for our
future sur&i&al#
:e ha&e read se&eral boo0s by 5ichard @aw0ins and greatly respect him as an e&olutionary scientist# So we
hope you en)oy the following quotes and e&olutionary wisdom of 9/he Selfish ?ene9 and 9/he .lind
:atchma0er9#
?eoff -aselhurst and Qarene -owie
$ichard 0a*<ins 1uotes= ?The (elfish :ene?
Chapter 6 ! +hy are peopleH
@arwin made it possible for us to gi&e a sensible answer to the curious child whose question heads this
chapter# V9:hy are peopleF9W :e no longer ha&e to resort to superstition when faced with the deep problems+
,s there meaning to lifeF :hat are we forF :hat is 8anF
/he argument of this boo0 is that we, and all other animals, are machines created by our genes#
/his brings me to the first point , want to ma0e about what this boo0 is not# , am not ad&ocating a morality
based on e&olution# , am saying how things ha&e e&ol&ed# , am not saying how we humans morally ought to
beha&e# ### ,f you wish to extract a moral from it, read it as a warning# .e warned that if you wish, as , do, to
build a society in which indi&iduals cooperate generously and unselfishly towards a common good, you can
expect little help from biological nature# Aet us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are born
selfish# Aet us understand what our own selfish genes are up to, because we may then at least ha&e a chance
to upset their designs, something that no other species has e&er aspired to do#
, shall argue that the fundamental unit of selection, and therefore of self2interest, is not the species, nor the
group, nor e&en, strictly, the indi&idual# ,t is the gene, the unit of heredity#
Chapter D ! The replicators
:as there to be any end to the gradual impro&ement in the techniques and artifices used by the replicators to
ensure their own continuation in the worldF /here would be plenty of time for their impro&ement# :hat
weird engines of self2preser&ation would the millennia bring forthF (our thousand million years on, what
was to be the fate of the ancient replicatorsF /hey did not die out, for they are the past masters of the
sur&i&al arts# .ut do not loo0 for them floating loose in the sea+ they ga&e up that ca&alier freedom long ago#
Iow they swarm in huge colonies, safe inside gigantic lumbering robots, sealed off from the outside world,
communicating with it by tortuous indirect routes, manipulating it by remote control# /hey are in you and
me+ they created us, body and mind+and their preser&ation is the ultimate rational for our existence# /hey
ha&e come a long way, those replicators# Iow they go by the name of genes,and we are their sur&i&al
machines#
Chapter J ! I--ortal coils
$ur @I' li&es inside our bodies, ,t is not concentrated in a particular part of the body, but is distributed
among the cells# /here are about a thousand million million cells ma0ing up an a&erage human body, and,
with some exceptions which we can ignore, e&ery one of those cells contains a complete copy of that body9s
@I'#
/he e&olutionary importance of the fact that genes control embryonic de&elopment is thisE it means that
genes are at least partly responsible for their own sur&i&al in the future, because their sur&i&al depends on
the efficiency of the bodies in which they li&e and which they helped to build#
/he definition that , want comes from ?# *# :illiams# ' gene is defined as any portion of chromosomal
material that potentially last for enough generations to ser&e as a unit of natural selection#
,ndi&iduals are not stable things, they are fleeting# *hromosomes too are shuffled to obli&ion, li0e hands of
cards soon after they are dealt# .ut the cards themsel&es sur&i&e the shuffling# /he cards are the genes# /he
genes are not destroyed by crossing2o&er, they merely change partners and march on# $f course they march
on# /hat is their business# /hey are the replicators and we are their sur&i&al machines# :hen we ha&e ser&ed
our purpose we are cast aside# .ut genes are deni7ens of geological timeE genes are fore&er#
?enes are competing directly with their alleles for sur&i&al, since their alleles in the gene pool are ri&als for
their slot on the chromosomes of future generations# 'ny gene that beha&es in such a way as to increase its
own sur&i&al chances in the gene pool at the expense of its alleles will, by definition, tautologously, tend to
sur&i&e# /he gene is the basic unit of selfishness#
Io doubt some of your cousins and great2uncles died in childhood, but not a single one of your ancestors
did# 'ncestors )ust don9t die young>
Chapter G ! The gene -achine
Sur&i&al machines began as passi&e receptacles for the genes, pro&iding little more than walls to Protect
them from the chemical warfare of their ri&als and the ra&ages of accidental molecular bombardment# ,n the
early days they 9fed9 on organic molecules freely a&ailable in the soup# /his easy life came to an end when
the organic food in the soup, which had been slowly built up under the energetic influence of centuries of
sunlight, was all used up, ' ma)or branch of sur&i&al machines, now called plants, started to use sunlight
directly themsel&es to build up complex molecules from simple ones, re2enacting at much higher speed the
synthetic processes of the original soup#
/he e&olution of the capacity to simulate seems to ha&e culminated in sub)ecti&e consciousness# :hy this
should ha&e happened is, to me, the most profound mystery facing modern biology# /here is no reason to
suppose that electronic computers are conscious when they simulate, although we ha&e to admit that in the
future they may become so# Perhaps consciousness arises when the brain9s simulation of the world becomes
so complete that it must include a model of itself# ###:hate&er the philosophical problems raised by
consciousness, for the purpose of this story it can be thought of as the culmination of an e&olutionary trend
towards the emancipation of sur&i&al machines as executi&e decision2ta0ers from their ultimate masters, the
genes# Iot only are brains in charge of the day2to2day running of sur&i&al machine affairs, they ha&e also
acquired the ability to predict the future and act accordingly# /hey e&en ha&e the power to rebel against the
dictates of their genes, for instance in refusing to ha&e as many children as they are able to# .ut in this
respect man is a &ery special case, as we shall see#
/he genes are the master programmers, and they are programming for their li&es# /hey are )udged according
to the success of their programs in copying with all the ha7ards that life throws at their sur&i&al machines,
and the )udge is the ruthless )udge of the court of sur&i&al#
:hene&er a system of communication e&ol&es, there is always the danger that some will exploit the system
for their own ends# .rought up as we ha&e been on the 9good of the species9 &iew of e&olution, we naturally
thin0 first of liars and decei&ers as belonging to different speciesE predators, prey, parasites, and so on#
-owe&er, we must expect lies and deceit, and selfish exploitation of communication to arise whene&er the
interests of the genes of different indi&iduals di&erge# /his will include indi&iduals of the same species# 's
we shall see, we must e&en expect that children will decei&e their parents, that husbands will cheat on
wi&es, and that brother will lie to brother#
Chapter 9 ! Aggression= stability and the selfish -achine
/o a sur&i&al machine, another sur&i&al machine (which is not its own child or another close relati&e is part
of its en&ironment, li0e a roc0 or a ri&er or a lump of food# ,t is something that gets in the way, or something
that can be exploited# ,t differs from a roc0 or a ri&er in one important respectE it is inclined to hit bac0# /his
is because it too is a machine that holds its immortal genes in trust for the future, and it too will stop at
nothing to preser&e them# Iatural selection fa&ours genes that control their sur&i&al machines in such a way
that they ma0e the best use of their en&ironment# /his includes ma0ing the best use of other sur&i&al
machines, both of the same and of different species#
/his interpretation of animal aggression as being restrained and formal can be disputed# ,n particular, it is
certainly wrong to condemn poor old -omo Sapiens as the only species to 0ill his own 0ind, the only
inheritor of the mar0 of *ain, and similar melodramatic charges#
,f only e&erybody would agree to be a do&e, e&ery single indi&idual would benefit# .y simple group
selection, any group in which all indi&iduals mutually agree to be do&es would be far more successful than a
ri&al group sitting at the !SS (!&olutionary Stable Strategy ratio#### ?roup selection theory would therefore
predict a tendency to e&ol&e towards an all2do&e conspiracy### .ut the trouble with conspiracies, e&en those
that are to e&erybody9s ad&antage in the long run, is that they are open to abuse# ,t is true that e&erybody
does better in an all2do&e group than he would in an !SS group# .ut unfortunately, in conspiracies of do&es,
a single haw0 does so extremely well that nothing could stop the e&olution of haw0s# /he conspiracy is
therefore bound to be bro0en by treachery from within# 'n !SS is stable, not because it is particularly good
for the indi&iduals participating in it, but simply because it is immune to treachery from within#
.ut there are other ways in which the interests of indi&iduals from different species conflict &ery sharply#
(or instance a lion wants to eat an antelope9s body, but the antelope has &ery different plans for its body#
/his is not normally regarded as competition for a resource, but logically it is hard to see why not# /he
resource in question is meat# /he lion genes 9want9 the meat as food for their sur&i&al machine# /he antelope
genes want the meat as wor0ing muscle and organs for their sur&i&al machine# /hese two uses for the meat
are mutually incompatible, therefore there is conflict of interest#
Chapter @ ! :ene-anship
:hat is the selfish geneF ,t is not )ust one single physical bit of @I'# Sust as in the prime&al soup, it is all
replicas of a particular bit of @I', distributed throughout the world# ,f we allow oursel&es the licence of
tal0ing about genes as if they had conscious aims, always reassuring oursel&es that we could translate our
sloppy language bac0 into respectable terms if we wanted to, we can as0 the question, what is a single
selfish gene trying to doF ,t is trying to get more numerous in the gene pool# .asically it does this by helping
to Program the bodies in which it finds itself to sur&i&e and to reproduce# .ut now we are emphasi7ing that
9it9 is a distributed agency, existing in many different indi&iduals at once# /he 0ey point of this chapter is that
a gene might be able to assist replicas of itself that are sitting in other bodies# ,f so, this would appear as
indi&idual altruism but it would be brought about by gene selfishness# it still seems rather implausible#
're there any plausible ways in which genes might 9recogni7e9 their copies in other indi&iduals#9 F /he
answer is yes# ,t is easy to show that close relati&es220in22ha&e a greater than a&erage chance of sharing
genes# ,t has long been clear that this is why altruism by parents towards their young is so common#
/o sa&e the life of a relati&e who is soon going to die of old age has less of an impact on the gene pool of
the future than to sa&e the life of an equally close relati&e who has the bul0 of his life ahead of him#
###indi&iduals can be thought of as life2insurance underwriters# 'n indi&idual can be expected to in&est or
ris0 a certain proportion of his own assets in the life of another indi&idual# -e ta0es into account his
relatedness to the other indi&idual, and also whether the indi&idual is a 9good ris09 in terms of his life
expectancy compared with the insurer9s own# Strictly we should say 9reproduction expectancy9 rather than
9life expectancy9, or to be e&en more strict, 9general capacity to benefit own genes in the future expectancy9#
'lthough the parent"child relationship is no closer genetically than the brother"sister relationship, its
certainty is greater# ,t is normally possible to be much more certain who your children are than who your
brothers are# 'nd you can be more certain still who you yourself are>
$ne sometimes hears it said that 0in selection is all &ery well as a theory, but there are few examples of its
wor0ing in practice# /his criticism can only be made by someone who does not understand what 0in
selection means# /he truth is that all examples of child protection and parental care, and all associated
bodily organs, mil0 secreting glands, 0angaroo pouches, and so on, are examples of the wor0ing in nature of
the 0in2selection principle# /he critics are of course familiar with the widespread existence of parental care,
but they fail to understand that parental care is no less an example of 0in selection than brother"sister
altruism#
Chapter 8 ! Fa-ily Planning
,t is a simple logical truth that, short of mass emigration into space, with roc0ets ta0ing off at the rate of
se&eral million per second, uncontrolled birth2rates are bound to lead to horribly increased death2rates# ,t is
hard to belie&e that this simple truth is not understood by those leaders who forbid their followers to use
effecti&e contracepti&e methods# /hey express a preference for 9natural9 methods of population limitation,
and a natural method is exactly what they are going to get# ,t is called star&ation#
:ild animals almost ne&er die of old ageE star&ation, disease, or predators catch up with them long before
they become really senile# %ntil recently this was true of man too# 8ost animals die in childhood, many
ne&er get beyond the egg stage#
,ndi&iduals who ha&e too many children are penali7ed, not because the whole population goes extinct, but
simply because fewer of their children sur&i&e#### /here is no need for altruistic restraint in the birth2rate,
because there is no welfare state in nature# 'ny gene for o&erindulgence is promptly punishedE the children
containing that gene star&e####*ontraception is sometimes attac0ed as 9unnatural9# So it is, &ery unnatural#
/he trouble is, so is the welfare state# , thin0 that most of us belie&e the welfare state is highly desirable# .ut
you cannot ha&e an unnatural welfare state, unless you also ha&e unnatural birthcontrol, otherwise the end
result will be misery e&en greater than that which obtains in nature#
Chapter I ! ;attle of the :enerations
, am treating a mother as a machine programmed to do e&erything in its power to propagate copies of the
genes which ride inside it#
Iow loo0 at it from the point of &iew of a particular child# -e is )ust as closely related to each of his
brothers and sisters as his mother is to them# /he relatedness is 1"; in all cases# /herefore he 9wants9 his
mother to in&est some of her resources in his brothers and sisters# ?enetically spea0ing, he is )ust as
altruistically disposed to them as his mother is# .ut again, he is twice as closely related to himself as he is to
any brother or sister, and this will dispose him to want his mother to in&est in him more than in any
particular brother or sister, other things being equal# ### Selfish greed seems to characteri7e much of child
beha&iour#
###.ut they certainly do not lac0 ruthlessness# (or instance, there are honeyguides who, li0e cuc0oos, lay
their eggs in the nests of other species# /he baby honeyguide is equipped with a sharp, hoo0ed bea0# 's
soon as he hatches out, while he is still blind, na0ed, and otherwise helpless, he scythes and slashes his
foster brothers and sisters to deathE dead brothers do not compete for food>
/he sight ofher child smiling, or the sound ofher 0itten purring, is rewarding to a mother, in the same sense
as food in the stomach is rewarding to a rat in a ma7e# .ut once it becomes true that a sweet smile or a loud
purr are rewarding, the child is in a position to use the smile or the purr in order to manipulate the parent,
and gain more than its fair share of parental in&estment#
Chapter 7 ! ;attle of the (e)es
IoteE @escriptions of beha&ior are intended to mean general animal beha&ior# -uman beha&ior may not be
so clear2cut due to cultural influences# See chapters 11 R 1K#
/he strategy of producing equal numbers of sons and daughters is an e&olutionary stable strategy, in the
sense that any gene for departing fiom it ma0es a net loss#
!ach indi&idual wants as many sur&i&ing children as possible# /he less he or she is obliged to in&est in any
one of those children, the more children he or she can ha&e# /he ob&ious way to achie&e this desirable state
of affairs is to induce your sexual partner to in&est more than his or her fair share of resources in each child,
lea&ing you free to ha&e other children with other partners# /his would be a desirable strategy for either sex,
but it is more difficult for the female to achie&e###
$f course in many species the father does wor0 hard and faithfully at loo0ing after the young# .ut e&en so,
we must expect that there will normally be some e&olutionary pressure on males to in&est a little bit less in
each child, and to try to ha&e more children by different wi&es#
.y insisting on a long engagement period, a female weeds out casual suitors, and only finally copulates with
a male who has pro&ed his qualities of fidelity and perse&erance in ad&ance# (eminine coyness is in fact
&ery common among animals, and so are prolonged courtship or engagement periods#
httpE""www#simonyi#ox#ac#u0"daw0ins":orld$f@aw0ins2
archi&e"@aw0ins":or0".oo0s"selfish#shtmlOquotes
$ichard 0a*<ins 1uotes
The ;lind +atch-a<er
+hy the ',idence of ',olution $e,eals a Uni,erse +ithout
0esign, 67I@
/his boo0 is written in the con&iction that our own existence once presented the greatest of all mysteries,
but that it is a mystery no longer because it is sol&ed# @arwin and :allace sol&ed it, though we Shall
continue to add footnotes to their solution for a while yet, , wrote the boo0 because , was surprised that so
many people seemed not only unaware of the elegant and beautiful solution to this deepest of problems but,
incredibly, in many cases actually unaware that there was a problem in the first place>
!xplaining is a difficult art# Nou can explain something so that your reader understands the words+ and you
can explain something so that the reader feels it in the marrow of his bones# /o do the latter, it sometimes
isn9t enough to lay the e&idence before the reader in a dispassionate way# Nou ha&e to become an ad&ocate
and use the tric0s of the ad&ocate9s trade# /his boo0 is not a dispassionate scientific treatise# $ther boo0s on
@arwinism are, and many of them are excellent and informati&e and should be read in con)unction with this
one# (ar from being dispassionate, it has to be confessed that in parts this boo0 is written with a passion
which, in a professional scientific )ournal, might excite comment# *ertainly it see0s to inform, but it also
see0s to persuade and e&en 2 one can specify aims without presumption 2 to inspire# , want to inspire the
reader with a &ision of our own existence as, on the face of it, a spine2chilling mystery+ and simultaneously
to con&ey the full excitement of the fact that it is a mystery with an elegant solution which is within our
grasp# 8ore, , want to persuade the reader, not )ust that the @arwinian world2&iew happens to be true, but
that it is the only 0nown theory that could, in principle, sol&e the mystery of our existence# /his ma0es it a
doubly satisfying theory# ' good case can be made that @arwinism is true, not )ust on this planet but all o&er
the uni&erse, where&er life may be found#
Chapter 6 ! ')plaining the ,ery I-probable
(!xcerpt from :illiam Paley9s Iatural /heology
every indication of contrivance0 every manifestation of design0 which e)isted in the watch0 e)ists in the
wor,s of nature+ with the difference0 on the side of nature0 of #eing greater or more0 and that in a degree
which e)ceeds all computation.
Paley9s argument is made with passionate sincerity and is informed by the best biological scholarship of his
day, but it is wrong, gloriously and utterly wrong# /he analogy between telescope and eye, between watch
and li&ing organism, is false# 'll appearances to the contrary, the only watchma0er in nature is the blind
forces of physics, albeit deployed in a &ery special way# ' true watchma0er has foresightE he designs his
cogs and springs, and plans their interconnections, with a future purpose in his mind9s eye# Iatural selection,
the blind, unconscious, automatic process which @arwin disco&ered, and which we now 0now is the
explanation for the existence and apparently purposeful form of all life, has no purpose in mind# ,t has no
mind and no mind9s eye# ,t does not plan for the future# ,t has no &ision, no foresight, no sight at all# ,f it can
be said to play the role of watchma0er in nature, it is the blind watchma0er#
.ut, howe&er many ways there may be of being ali&e, it is certain that there are &astly more ways of being
dead, or rather not ali&e#
(or those that li0e 92ism9 sorts of names, the aptest name for my approach to understanding how things wor0
is probably 9hierarchical reductionism9# ,f you read trendy intellectual maga7ines, you may ha&e noticed that
9reductionism9 is one of those things, li0e sin, that is only mentioned by people who are against it# /o call
oneself a reductionist will sound, in some circles, a bit li0e admitting to eating babies# .ut, )ust as nobody
actually eats babies, so nobody is really a reductionist in any sense worth being against#
###:e concluded that the beha&iour of a complicated thing should be explained in terms $f interactions
between its component parts, considered as successi&e layers of an orderly hierarchy#
/he physicist9s problem is the problem of ultimate origins and ultimate natural laws# /he biologist9s problem
is the problem of complexity#
Chapter D ! :ood 0esign
Iatural selection is the blind watchma0er, blind because it does not see ahead, does not plan consequences,
has no purpose in &iew# Net the li&ing results of natural selection o&erwhelmingly impress us with the
appearance of design as if by a master watchma0er, impress us with the illusion of design and planning# /he
purpose of this boo0 is to resol&e this paradox to the satisfaction of the reader, and the purpose of this
chapter is further to impress the reader with the power of the illusion of design# :e shall loo0 at a particular
example and shall conclude that, when it comes to complexity and beauty of design, Paley hardly e&en
began to state the case#
Iowadays theologians aren9t quite so straightforward as Paley# /hey don9t point to complex li&ing
mechanisms and say that they are self2e&idently designed by a creator, )ust li0e a watch# .ut there is a
tendency to point to them and say 9,t is impossible to belie&e9 that such complexity, or such perfection, could
ha&e e&ol&ed by natural selection# :hene&er , read such a remar0, , always feel li0e writing 9Spea0 for
yourself9 in the margin#
###/here are two things wrong with the argument put by 5a&en# (irst, there is the familiar, and , ha&e to say
rather irritating, confusion of natural selection with 9randomness9# 8utation is random+ natural selection is
the &ery opposite of random# Second, it )ust isn9t true that 9each by itself is useless9# ,t isn9t true that the
whole perfect wor0 must ha&e been achie&ed simultaneously# ,t isn9t true that each part is essential for the
success of the whole#
Chapter J ! Accu-ulating s-all change
:e ha&e seen that li&ing things are too improbable and too beautifully 9designed9 to ha&e come into
existence by chance# -ow, then, did they come into existenceF /he answer, @arwin9s answer, is by gradual,
step2 by2step transformations from simple beginnings, from primordial entities sufficiently simple to ha&e
come into existence by chance# !ach successi&e change in the gradual e&olutionary process was simple
enough, relati&e to its predecessor, to ha&e arisen by chance# .ut the whole sequence of cumulati&e steps
constitutes anything but a chance process, when you consider the complexity of the final end2product
relati&e to the original starting point# /he cumulati&e process is directed by nonrandom sur&i&al# /he
purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the power of this cumulati&e selection as a fundamentally
nonrandom process#
!&olution has no long2term goal# /here is no long2distance target, no final perfection to ser&e as a criterion
for selection, although human &anity cherishes the absurd notion that our species is the final goal of
e&olution#
,f you don9t 0now anything about computers, )ust remember that they are machines that do exactly what you
tell them but often surprise you in the result#
.iomorph is the name coined by @esmond 8orris for the &aguely animal2li0e shapes in his surrealist
paintings#
,n true natural selection, if a body has what it ta0es to sur&i&e, its genes automatically sur&i&e because they
are inside it# So the genes that sur&i&e tend to be, automatically, those genes that confer on bodies the
qualities that assist them to sur&i&e#
:hen , wrote the program V.iomorphW, , ne&er thought that it would e&ol&e anything more than a &ariety of
tree2li0e shapes# , had hoped for weeping willows, cedars of Aebanon, Aombardy poplars, seaweeds,
perhaps deer antlers# Iothing in my biologist9s intuition, nothing in my ;< years9 experience of
programming computers, and nothing in my wildest dreams, prepared me for what actually emerged on the
screen#
Chapter G ! &a<ing trac<s through ani-al space
's we saw in *hapter ;, many people find it hard to belie&e that something li0e the eye, Paley9s fa&ourite
example, so complex and well designed, with so many interloc0ing wor0ing parts, could ha&e arisen from
small beginnings by a gradual series of step2by2step changes# Aet9s return to the problem in the light of such
new intuitions as the biomorphs may ha&e gi&en us# 'nswer the following two questionsE
1# *ould the human eye ha&e arisen directly from no eye at all, in a single step F
;# *ould the human eye ha&e arisen directly from something slightly different from itself, something that we
may call Y F
/he answer to Buestion 1 is clearly a decisi&e no# /he odds against a 9yes9 answer for questions li0e
Buestion 1 are many billions of times greater than the number of atoms in the uni&erse# ### /he answer to
Buestion ; is equally clearly yes, pro&ided only that the difference between the modern eye and its
immediate predecessor Y is sufficiently small#
:hat use is half a wingF -ow did wings get their startF 8any animals leap from bough to bough, and
sometimes fall to the ground# !specially in a small animal, the whole body surface catches the air and assists
the leap, or brea0s the fall, by acting as a crude aerofoil#
###/here are animals ali&e today that beautifully illustrate e&ery stage in the continuum# /here are frogs that
glide with big webs between their toes, tree2sna0es with flattened bodies that catch the air, li7ards with flaps
along their bodies, and se&eral different 0inds of mammals that glide with membranes stretched between
their limbs, showing us the 0ind of way bats must ha&e got their start# *ontrary to the creationist literature,
not only are animals with 9half a wing9 common, so are animals with a quarter of a wing, three quarters of a
wing, and so on#
/he idea of tiny changes cumulated o&er many steps is an immensely powerful idea, capable of explaining
an enormous range of things that would be otherwise inexplicable#
Sometimes the history of gradual, intermediate stages is clearly written into the shape of modern animals,
e&en ta0ing the form of outright imperfections in the final design# Stephen Say ?ould, in his excellent essay
on /he Panda9s /humb, has made the point that e&olution can be more strongly supported by e&idence of
telling imperfections than by e&idence of perfection#
###the timeseale on which continents ha&e drifted about is the same slow timescale on which animal lineages
ha&e e&ol&ed, and we cannot ignore continental drift if we are to understand the patterns of animal e&olution
on those continents#
'nti2e&olution propaganda is full of alleged examples of complex systems that 9could not possibly9 ha&e
passed through a gradual series of intermediates# /his is often )ust another case of the rather pathetic
9'rgument from Personal ,ncredulity9 that we met in *hapter ;# ,mmediately after the section on the eye, for
example, /he Iec0 of the ?iraffe goes on to discuss the bombardier beetle, which
Psquirts a lethal mixture of hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide into the face of its enemy# /hese two
chemicals, when mixed together, literally explode# So in order to store them inside its body, the .ombardier
.eetle has e&ol&ed a chemical inhibitor to ma0e them harmless# 't the moment the beetle squirts the liquid
out of its tail, an anti2inhibitor is added to ma0e the mixture explosi&e once again# /he chain of e&ents that
could ha&e led to the e&olution of such a complex, coordinated and subtle process is beyond biological
explanation on a simple step2by2step basis# /he slightest alteration in the chemical balance would result
immediately in a race of exploded beetles#P
' biochemist colleague has 0indly pro&ided me with a bottle of hydrogen peroxide, and enough
hydroquinone for 5< bombardier beetles# , am now about to mix the two together# 'ccording to the abo&e,
they will explode in my face# -ere goes###
:ell, ,9m still here# , poured the hydrogen peroxide into the hydroquinone, and absolutely nothing
happened# ,t didn9t e&en get warm# $f course , 0new it wouldn9tE ,9m not that foolhardy> /he statement that
9these two chemicals, when mixed together, literally explode9, is, quite simply, false, although it is regularly
repeated throughout creationist literature# ,f you are curious about the bombardier beetle, by the way, what
actually happens is as follows# ,t is true that it squirts a scaldingly hot mixture of hydrogen peroxide and
hydroquinone at enemies# .ut hydrogen peroxide and hydroquinone don9t react &iolently together unless a
catalyst is added# /his is what the bombardier beetle does# 's for the e&olutionary precursors of the system,
both hydrogen peroxide and &arious 0inds of quinones are used for other purposes in body chemistry# /he
bombardier beetle9s ancestors simply pressed into different ser&ice chemicals that already happened to be
around# /hat9s often how e&olution wor0s#
Chapter 9 ! The po*er and the archi,es
,t is raining @I' outside# $n the ban0 of the $xford canal at the bottom of my garden is a large willow
tree, and it is pumping downy seeds into the air# ### /he whole performance, cotton wool, cat0ins, tree and
all, is in aid of one thing and one thing only, the spreading of @I' around the countryside# Iot )ust any
@I', but @I' whose coded characters spell out specific instructions for building willow trees that will
shed a new generation of downy seeds# /hose fluffy spec0s are, literally, spreading instructions for ma0ing
themsel&es# /hey are there because their ancestors succeeded in doing the same# ,t is raining instructions out
there+ it9s raining programs+ it9s raining tree2growing, fluff2spreading, algorithms# /hat is not a metaphor, it
is the plain truth# ,t couldn9t be any plainer if it were raining floppy discs#
,f you want to understand life, don9t thin0 about &ibrant, throbbing gels and oo7es, thin0 about information
technology#
/he particular polymers used by li&ing cells are called polynucleotides# /here are two main families of
polynucleotides in li&ing cells, called @I' and 5I' for short# .oth are chains of small molecules called
nucleotides# .oth @I' and 5I' are heterogeneous chains, with four different 0inds of nucleotides# /his,
of course, is where the opportunity for information storage lies# ,nstead of )ust the two states 1 and <, the
information technology of li&ing cells uses four states, which we may con&entionally represent as ', /, *
and ?# /here is &ery little difference, in principle, between a two2state binary information technology li0e
ours, and a four2state information technology li0e that of the li&ing cell#
@I' is 5$8# ,t can be read millions of times o&er, but only written to once 2 when it is first assembled the
birth of the cell in which it resides#
/he thing that defines a species is that all members ha&e the same addressing system for their @I'#
###,nstead, what we find is that natural selection exerts a bra0ing effect on e&olution# ### /his isn9t really
paradoxical# :hen we thin0 about it carefully, we see that it couldn9t be otherwise# !&olution by natural
selection could not be faster than the mutation rate, for mutation is, ultimately, the only way in which new
&ariation enters the species# 'll that natural selection can do is accept certain new &ariations, and re)ect
others# /he mutation rate is bound to place an upper limit on the rate at which e&olution can proceed# 's a
matter of fact, most of natural selection is concerned with pre&enting e&olutionary change rather than with
dri&ing it# /his doesn9t mean, , hasten to insist, that natural selection is a purely destructi&e process# ,t can
construct too, in ways that *hapter 7 will explain#
:here are these facts leading usF /hey are leading us in the direction of a central truth about life on
!arth, ### /his is that li&ing organisms exist for the benefit of @I' rather than the other way around# /his
won9t be ob&ious yet, but , hope to persuade you of it# /he messages that @I' molecules contain are all but
eternal when seen against the time scale of indi&idual lifetimes# /he lifetimes of @I' messages (gi&e or
ta0e a few mutations are measured in units ranging from millions of years to hundreds of millions of years+
or, in other words, ranging from 1<,<<< indi&idual lifetimes to a trillion indi&idual lifetimes# !ach indi&idual
organism should be seen as a temporary &ehicle, in which @I' messages spend a tiny fraction of their
geological lifetimes#
Chapter @ ! Origins and -iracles
*hance, luc0, coincidence, miracle# $ne of the main topics of this chapter is miracles and what we mean by
them# 8y thesis will be that e&ents that we commonly call miracles are not supernatural, but are part of a
spectrum of more2or2less improbable natural e&ents# ' miracle, in other words, if it occurs at all, is a
tremendous stro0e of luc0# !&ents don9t fall neatly into natural e&ents &ersus miracles#
*umulati&e selection is the 0ey but it had to get started, and we cannot escape the need to postulate a single2
step chance e&ent in the origin of cumulati&e selection itself#
*airns2Smith belie&es that the original life on this planet was based on self2replicating inorganic crystals
such as silicates# ,f this is true, organic replicators, and e&entually @I', must later ha&e ta0en o&er or
usurped the role#
*ultural e&olution is many orders of magnitude faster than @I'2based e&olution, which sets one e&en more
to thin0ing of the idea of 9ta0eo&er9# 'nd if a new 0ind of replicator ta0eo&er is beginning, it is concei&able
that it will ta0e off so far as to lea&e its parent @I' (and its grandparent clay if *airns2Smith is right far
behind# ,f so, we may be sure that computers will be in the &an#
Sust as our eyes can see only that narrow band of electromagnetic frequencies that natural selection
equipped our ancestors to see, so our brains are built to cope with narrow bands of si7es and times#
,t is often pointed out that chemists ha&e failed in their attempts to duplicate the spontaneous origin of life in
the laboratory# /his fact is used as if it constituted e&idence against the theories that those chemists are
trying to test# .ut actually one can argue that we should be worried if it turned out to be &ery easy for
chemists to obtain life spontaneously in the test2tube# /his is because chemists9 experiments last for years
not thousands of millions of years, and because only a handful of chemists, not thousands of millions of
chemists, are engaged in doing these experiments# ,f the spontaneous origin of life turned out to be a
probable enough e&ent to ha&e occurred during the few man2decades in which chemists ha&e done their
experiments, then life should ha&e arisen many times on !arth, and many times on planets within radio
range of !arth#
So we ha&e arri&ed at the following paradox# ,f a theory of the origin of life is sufficiently 9plausible9 to
satisfy our sub)ecti&e )udgement of plausibility, it is then too 9plausible9 to account for the paucity of life in
the uni&erse as we obser&e it# 'ccording to this argument, the theory we are loo0ing for has got to be the
0ind of theory that seems implausible to our limited, !arth2bound, decade2bound imaginations# Seen in this
light, both *airns2Smith9s theory and the prime&al2soup theory seem if anything in danger of erring on the
side of being too plausible> -a&ing said all this , must confess that, because there is so much uncertainty in
the calculations, if a chemist did succeed in creating spontaneous life , would not actually be disconcerted>
Chapter 7 ! Puncturing Punctuationis-
(rom @arwin onwards e&olutionists ha&e reali7ed that, if we arrange all our a&ailable fossils in
chronological order, they do not form a smooth sequence of scarcely perceptible change# ### the trends as
seen in the fossil record are usually )er0y, not smooth# @arwin, and most others following him, ha&e
assumed that this is mainly because the fossil record is imperfect# V;;9W
:hat the 9punctuationists9 did, when they first proposed their theory, was to as0 themsel&esE ?i&en that, li0e
most neo2@arwinians, we accept the orthodox theory that speciation starts with geographical isolation, what
should we expect to see in the fossil recordF V;K9W
/he 9gaps9, far from being annoying imperfections or aw0ward embarrassments, turn out to be what we
should positi&ely expect, if we ta0e seriously our orthodox neo2@arwinian theory of speciation# ### /he point
that !ldredge and ?ould were ma0ing, then, could ha&e been modestly presented as a helpful rescuing of
@arwin and his successors from what had seemed to them an aw0ward difficulty# ,ndeed that is, at least in
part, how it was presented 2 initially# ### !ldredge and ?ould could ha&e made this their main messageE @on9t
worry @arwin, e&en if the fossil record were perfect you shouldn9t expect to see a finely graduated
progression if you only dig in one place, for the simple reason that most of the e&olutionary change too0
place somewhere else# ### .ut no, instead they chose, especially in their later writings in which they were
eagerly followed by )ournalists, to sell their ideas as being radically opposed to @arwin9s and opposed to the
neo2@arwinian synthesis# V;L<2;L1W
/he fact is that, in the fullest and most serious sense, !ldredge and ?ould are really )ust as gradualist as
@arwin or any of his followers# ,t is )ust that they would compress all the gradual change into brief bursts,
rather than ha&ing it go on all the time+ and they emphasise that most of the gradual change goes on in
geographical areas away from the areas where most fossils are dug up#
So it is not really the gradualism of @arwin that the punctuationists opposeE gradualism means that each
generation is only slightly different from the pre&ious generation+ you would ha&e to be a saltationist to
oppose that, and !ldredge and ?ould are not saltationists# 5ather, it turns out to be @arwin9s alleged belief
in the constancy of rates of e&olution that they and other punctuationists ob)ect to# V;L1W
### it is all too easy to confuse gradualism (the belief, held by modern punctuationists as well as @arwin, that
there are no sudden leaps between one generation and the next with 9constant e&olutionary speedism9
(opposed by punctuationists and allegedly, though not actually, held by @arwin# /hey are not the same
thing at all# V;L;2;LKW
,t isn9t true that @arwin belie&ed that e&olution proceeded at a constant rate# -e certainly didn9t belie&e it in
the ludicrously extreme that , satiri7ed Vin a parable that since it too0 the ,sraelistes L< years to get to
Palestine, they were only doing ;L yards a dayW###, and , don9t thin0 he really belie&ed it in any important
sense# V;LK2;LLW
/he theory of punctuated equilibrium is a minor gloss on @arwinism, one which @arwin himself might well
ha&e appro&ed if the issue had been discussed in his day# 's a minor gloss, it does not deser&e a particularly
large measure of publicity# ## the theory has been sold 2 o&ersold by some )ournalists 2 as if it were radically
opposed to the &iews of @arwin and his successors# V;5<W
:hat needs to be said now, loud and clear, is the truthE that the theory of punctuated equilibrium lies firmly
within the neo2@arwinian synthesis# ,t always did# ,t will ta0e time to undo the damage wrought by
o&erblown rhetoric, but it will be undone# /he theory of punctuated equilibrium will come to be seen in
proportion, as an interesting but minor wrin0le on the surface of neo2@arwinian theory# V;51WP
http'55www.simonyi.ox.ac.u5dawins5@orld=f8awins-archive58awins5@or5Boos5blind.shtmlSquotes
Jared .iamond
Quotes by /"olutionary )cientist +Biology, /cology- Jared .iamond
-istory followed different courses for different peoples because of differences among peoples9
en&ironments, not because of biological differences among peoples themsel&es#
(ar more Iati&e 'mericans and other non2!uropean peoples were 0illed by !urasian germs than by
!urasian guns and steel weapons# (Kared 0ia-ond, ?uns, ?erms and Steel, 199=
Kared 0ia-ond ',olution 1uotes
?:uns, :er-s and (teel?
-istory before the emergence of writing around K<<<.* recei&es brief treatment, although it constitutes
99#9] of the fi&e million year history of the human species# ##-umans di&erged from the apes around se&en
million years ago# ##1K <<< years since the end of the last ,ce 'ge# (0ia-ond, ,ntroduction
%ntil the end of the last ,ce 'ge, around 11 <<< .*, all people on all continents were hunter2gatherers#
@ifferent rates of de&elopment on different continents, from 11 <<<.* to 15<<'@, were what led to
technological and political inequalities of 15<<'@# :hile 'boriginal 'ustralians and many Iati&e
'mericans remained hunter2gatherers, most of !urasia and much of the 'mericas and sub2Saharan 'frica
gradually de&eloped agriculture, herding, metallurgy and complex political organisation# Parts of !urasia,
and one area of the 'mericas, independently de&eloped writing as well# -owe&er, each of these new
de&elopments appeared earlier in !urasia than elsewhere# (or instance, the mass production of bron7e tools
which was )ust beginning in the South 'merican 'ndes in the centuries before 15<<'@, was already
established in !urasia o&er L<<< years earlier# /he stone technology of the /asmanians, when first
encountered by !uropean explorers in 1JL;'@, was simpler than that pre&alent in parts of the %pper
Paleolithic !urope tens of thousands of years earlier# (0ia-ond, p1J
/he history of interactions among disparate peoples is what shaped the modern world through conquest,
epidemics and genocide# /hose collisions created re&erberations that ha&e still not died down after many
centuries, and that are acti&ely continuing in some of the world4s most troubled areas# (0ia-ond, p1J
,f we succeed in explaining how some people came to dominate other people, may this not seem to )ustify
the dominationF @oesn4t it seem to say that the outcome was ine&itable, and that it would therefore be futile
to try to change the outcome todayF /his ob)ection rests on a common tendency to confuse an explanation
of causes with a )ustification or acceptance of results# :hat use one ma0es of a historical explanation is a
question separate from the explanation itself# %nderstanding is more often used to try to alter an outcome
than to repeat or perpetuate it# /hat4s why psychologists try to understand the minds of murderers and
rapists, why social historians try to understand genocide, and why physicians try to understand the causes of
disease# /hose in&estigators do not see0 to )ustify murder, rape, genocide and illness# ,nstead, they see0 to
use their understanding of a chain of causes to interrupt the chain#
(0ia-ond, p17
,ntelligent people are li0elier than less intelligent ones to escape those causes of high mortality (murder,
chronic tribal warfare, accidents, problems procuring food## in traditional Iew ?uinean societies# -owe&er,
the differential mortality from epidemic diseases in traditional !uropean societies had little to do with
intelligence, and instead in&ol&ed genetic resistance dependent on details of body chemistry# (or example
people with blood type . or $ ha&e a greater genetic resistance to smallpox than do people with blood
group '# /hat is, natural selection promoting genes for intelligence has probably been far more ruthless in
Iew ?uinea than in more densely populated, politically complex societies, where natural selection for body
chemistry was more potent# (0ia-ond, p;1
-istory followed different courses for different people because of differences among peoples4
en&ironments, not because of biological differences among people themsel&es# (0ia-ond, p#;5
(ar more Iati&e 'mericans and other non2!uropean peoples were 0illed by !urasian germs than by
!urasian guns and steel weapons# (0ia-ond, p;9
/p To The +tarting &ine
$ur closest li&ing relati&es are the three sur&i&ing species of great apeE the gorilla, the common chimpan7ee
and the pygmy chimpan7ee (bonobo# /heir confinement to 'frica, along with abundant fossil e&idence,
indicates that the earliest stages of human e&olution were also played out in 'frica# 'round se&en million
years ago, a population of 'frican apes bro0e up into se&eral populations, of which one e&ol&ed into
modern gorillas, second into the two modern chimps and the third into humans#
(ossils indicate that the e&olutionary line leading to us had achie&ed a substantially upright posture by
around four million years ago, then began to increase in body si7e and in relati&e brain si7e around ;#5
million years ago#
/hese protohumans are generally 0nown as 'ustralopithecus africanus, -omo habilis and -omo erectus,
which apparently e&ol&ed into each other in that sequence# 'lthough -omo erectus, the stage reached
around 1#7 million years ago, was close to us modern humans in body si7e, its brain si7e was still barely half
of ours#
(or the first 5 or J million years, after our origins about 7 million years ago, protohumans remained
confined to 'frica# /he first human ancestor to spread beyond 'frica was -omo erectus, as is attested by
fossils disco&ered on the Southeast 'sian island of Sa&a and con&entionally 0nown as 3Sa&a man4# /he
oldest Sa&a man fossils ha&e usually been assumed to date from about a million years ago# (0ia-ond, p#KJ
.y about half a million years ago, human fossils had di&erged from older -omo erectus s0eletons in their
enlarged, rounder and less angular s0ulls# 'frican and !uropean s0ulls of half a million years ago were
sufficiently similar to s0ulls of us moderns that they are classified in our species, -omo sapiens# -owe&er
these early -omo sapiens still differed from us in s0eletal details, had brains significantly smaller than ours,
and were grossly different from us in their artifacts and beha&iour# 8odern stone tool ma0ing peoples would
ha&e scorned the stone tools of half a million years ago as &ery crude# /he only other significant addition to
our ancestors4 cultural repertoire that can be documented with confidence around that time was the use of
fire# (0ia-ond, p# K72=
'fter half a million years ago, the human populations of 'frica and western !urasia proceeded to di&erge
from each other and from !ast 'sian populations in s0eletal details# /he population of !urope and western
'sia between 1K< <<< and L< <<< years ago is represented by especially many s0eletons, 0nown as
Ieanderthals# @espite being depicted in innumerable cartoons as apeli0e brutes li&ing in ca&es,
Ieanderthals had brains slightly bigger than our own, were the first humans to lea&e behind strong e&idence
for buring their dead and caring for the sic0# /heir stone tools though were still crude and not yet made in
standardised di&erse shapes, each with a clearly recognisable function#
/he few preser&ed 'frican s0eletal fragments contemporary with the Ieanderthals are more similar to our
modern s0eletons than to Ieanderthal s0eletons# !&en fewer preser&ed !ast 'sian s0etal fragments are
0nown, but they appear different again from both 'fricans and Ieanderthals# (0ia-ond, p#K=
-uman history too0 off around 5< <<< years ago# /he earliest definite signs of the ?reat Aeap (orward
come from !ast 'frican sites with standardised stone tools and the first preser&ed )ewelry# Similar
de&elopments soon appear in the Iear !ast and in southeasten !urope, then (some L< <<< years ago in
southwestern !urope, where abundant artifatcs are associated with fully modern s0eletons of people termed
*ro28agnons#
*ro28agnon garbage heaps yield not only stone tools but also tools of bone, whose suitability for shaping
(i#e# fish hoo0s had apparently gone unrecognised by pre&ious humans# /ools were produced in di&erse and
distincti&e shapes so modern that their functions as needles, awls, engra&ing tools and so on are ob&ious to
us# 8ultipiece tools also made their appearance at *ro28agnon sites, such as harpoons, spear2throwers and
e&entually bows and arrows, the precursors of rifles# /hose efficient means of 0illing at a safe distance
permitted the hunting of such dangerous prey as rhinos and elephants, while the in&ention of rope for nets,
lines and snares allowed the addition of fish and birds to our diet# 5emains of houses and sewn clothing
testify to a greatly impro&ed ability to sur&i&e in cold climates#
$f the *ro28agnons4 products that ha&e been preser&ed, the best 0nown are their artwor0sE their
magnificent ca&e paintings, statues and musical instruments, which we still appreciate as art today#
(0ia-ond, p# K9
$b&iously, some momentous change too0 place in our ancestors capabilities between about 1<< <<< and 5<
<<< years ago# /hat ?reat Aeap (orward poses two ma)or unresol&ed questions, regarding its triggering
causes and its geographic location# 's for its cause, , argued in my boo0 /he /hird *himpan7ee for the
perfection of the &oice box and hence the anatomical basis of modern language, on which the exercise of
human creati&ity is so dependent# $thers ha&e suggested instead that a change in brain organisation around
that time, without a change in brain si7e, made modern language possible#
's for the site of the ?reat Aeap (orward, did it ta0e place primarily in one geographic area, in one group of
humans, who were thereby enabled to expand and replace the former human populations of other parts of
the worldF $r did it occur parallel in different regions, in each of which the human populations li&ing there
today would be descendants of the populations li&ing there before the leapF
/he rather modern loo0ing human s0ulls from 'frica around 1<< <<< years ago ha&e been ta0en to support
the former &iew, with the leap occurring specifically in 'frica# $n the other hand, s0ulls of humans li&ing in
*hina and ,ndonesia hundreds of thousands of years ago are considered by some physical anthropologists to
exhibit features still found in modern *hinese and in 'boriginal 'ustralians respecti&ely# ,f true, that
finding would suggest parallel e&olution and multiregional origins of modern humans, rather than origins in
a single garden of eden# /he issue remains unresol&ed# (0ia-ond, p# L<
/he e&idence for a localised origin of modern humans, followed by their spread and then their replacement
of other types of humans elsewhere, seems strongest for !urope# Some L< <<< years ago, into !urope came
the *ro28agnons, with their modern s0eletons, superior weapons and ad&anced cultural traits# :ithin a few
thousand years there were no more Ieanderthals, who had been e&ol&ing as the sole occupants of !urope
for hundreds of thousands of years# (0ia-ond, p# L<
/he ?reat Aeap (orward coincides with the first pro&en ma)or extension of human geographic range since
our ancestors4 colonisation of !urasia# /hat extension consisted of the occupation of 'ustralia and Iew
?uinea, )oined at that time into a single continent# 8any radiocarbon dated sites attest to human presence in
'ustralia"Iew ?uinea between L< <<< and K< <<< years ago# :ithin a short time of that initial peopling,
humans had expanded o&er the whole continent and adapted to its di&erse habitats# (0ia-ond, p# L1
@uring the ,ce 'ges, so much of the oceans waters was loc0ed up in glaciers that worldwide sea le&els
dropped hundreds of feet below their present stand# 's a result, what are now the shallow seas between 'sia
and the ,ndonesian islands of Sumatra, .orneo, Sa&a and .ali became dry land# /he edge of the South east
'sian mainland then lay 7<< miles east of its present location# Ie&erthless, central ,ndonesian islands
between .ali and 'ustralia remained surrounded and separated by deep water channels# /o reach 'ustralia "
Iew ?uinea from the 'sian mainland at that time still required crossing a mimimum of = channels, the
broadest of which was 5< miles wide# 8ost of these channels di&ided islands &isible from each other, but
'ustralia itself was always in&isible from e&en the nearest ,ndonesian islands, /imor and /animbar# /hus
the occupation of 'ustralia " Iew ?uinea is momentus in that it demanded watercraft and pro&ides by far
the earliest e&idence of their use in history# Iot until about K< <<< years later (1K <<< years ago is there
strong e&idence of watercraft anywhere else in the world, from the 8editerranean# (0ia-ond, p#L1
1uantu- Physics
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 and Spherical Standing
:a&e ,nteractions explains @iscrete !nergy States of Buantum
/heory " :a&e 8echanics# ' Simple Solution to the Particle "
:a&e @uality of Aight and 8atter, !P5, Ion Aocality R Buantum
!ntanglement#
5ote= /his article was written se&eral years ago# ,t is long (by internet standards and basically explains the
main sub)ects of quantum theory from a :a&e Structure of 8atter foundation (wa&e mechanics# ,f you
prefer shorter summaries )ust browse the quantum physics lin0s on the right side of this page#
/o begin, a few nice quotes on Buantum Physics#
$n the one hand the 3uantu- theory of light cannot be considered satisfactory since it defines the energy
of a light particle (photon by the equation !Uhf containing the frequency f# Iow a purely particle theory
phenomena in&ol&ing integers in physics were those of interference and of nor-al -odes of ,ibration#
/his fact suggested to me the idea that electrons too could not be considered simply as particles, but that
frequency (*a,e properties must be assigned to them also# ("ouis de ;roglie, Iobel Pri7e Speech,
Buantum Physics, 19;9
directly contradict each other+ but they seem little adapted to fusion into one unified theory# ### !xperiments
on interference made with particle rays ha&e gi&en brilliant proof that the *a,e character of the
pheno-ena of -otion as assumed by the theory do, really, correspond to the facts# ### de .roglie concei&ed
an electron re&ol&ing about the atomic nucleus as being connected with a hypothetical wa&e train, and made
intelligible to some extent the discrete character of .ohr9s 9permitted9 paths by the stationary (standing)
character of the corresponding *a,es# (Albert 'instein, $n Buantum 8echanics, 19L<
$n Buantum /heory
+ntro' 6hysics' *uantum Theory 5 ;echanics - 6rinciple =ne' @hat Axists - 6rinciple Two' Eecessary
%onnection - 6lanc 5 *uantum Theory - de Bro&lie 5 *uantum Theory - %ompton @avelen&th -
Schrodin&er @ave Aquations - #orce 5 %har&e - <esonant %ouplin& 5 :i&ht - Keisenber&'s 7ncertainty
6rinciple - Born's 6robability @aves - #eynman's *uantum Alectrodynamics - @olff 5 A6< Axperiment -
6hysics Summary' *uantum Theory 5 ;echanics - Top of 6a&e
Introduction to 1uantu- Physics
1uantu- Theory B +a,e &echanics
(rom 19<< to 19K< there was a re&olution in the foundations of our understanding of light and matter
interactions# ,n 19<< Planc0 showed that light energy must be emitted and absorbed in discrete 9quanta9 to
explain blac0body radiation# /hen in 19<5 !instein showed that the energy of light is determined by its
frequency, where !Uhf# (inally, in the late 19;<s, de .roglie and Schrodinger introduced the concept of
Standing :a&es to explain these discrete frequency and energy states of light and matter (standing wa&es
only exist at discrete frequencies and thus energy states#
So it is clear that :a&es are central to Buantum Physics and our understanding of the structure and discrete
energy states of 8atter (which explains why Buantum /heory is also called Buantum :a&e 8echanics# 's
we shall explain, the problems and absurdities of quantum theory ha&e been caused by the continuing
assumption of the discrete 9particle9 concept for both light and matter, and thus the resulting paradox of the
9Particle " :a&e9 duality#
's we are dealing with a scientific theory, it is necessary to begin by stating the central Principles of the
?&etaphysics of (pace and &otion and the +a,e (tructure of &atter?, which describe how 8atter
exists in Space as a Spherical Standing :a&e and interacts with other 8atter in the Space around it# (rom
this foundation we can then deduce the solutions to many problems currently found in Buantum /heory
caused by this ancient concept that matter exists as 9particles9#
(or example, the ob&ious solution to the paradox of the particle " wa&e duality of matter is to realise that the
:a&e2*enter of the Spherical Standing :a&e causes the obser&ed 9particle9 effects of 8atter (see wa&e
diagram below# Ai0ewise, the discrete 9particle9 properties of Aight (quanta " photons are caused by
Standing :a&e interactions which only occur at discrete frequencies and thus energy states#
, thin0 it is useful to end this quantum physics introduction with two &ery important quotes# (irstly from
!rwin Schrodinger+
:hat we obser&e as material bodies and forces are nothing but shapes and &ariations in the structure of
space# Particles are )ust schaum0ommen (appearances# /he world is gi&en to me only once, not one
existing and one percei&ed# Sub)ect and ob)ect are only one# /he barrier between them cannot be said to
ha&e bro0en down as a result of recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist#
(!rwin Schrodinger, on Buantum /heory
.ecause Schrodinger belie&ed in real wa&es, he was ne&er happy with 8ax .orn9s statistical " probability
interpretation of the wa&es that became commonly accepted (and was acti&ely promoted by -eisenberg and
.ohr in Buantum /heory " 8echanics#
Aet me say at the outset, that in this discourse, , am opposing not a few special statements of quantum
mechanics " quantum theory held today (195<s, , am opposing as it were the whole of it, , am opposing its
basic &iews that ha&e been shaped ;5 years ago, when 8ax .orn put forward his probability interpretation,
which was accepted by almost e&erybody# (Schrbdinger !, /he ,nterpretation of Buantum 8echanics# $x
.ow Press, :oodbridge, *I, 1995
, don9t li0e it, and ,9m sorry , e&er had anything to do with it# (!rwin Schrodinger tal0ing about quantum
theory#
'nd , &ery strongly agree with Schrodinger (and greatly respect him when he writes+
/he scientist only imposes two things, namely truth and sincerity, imposes them upon himself and upon
other scientists# ((chrodinger
Secondly, @a&id .ohm pro&ides a clear account of how this incorrect 9particle9 conception of matter not
only causes harm to the Sciences, but also to the way we thin0 and li&e, and thus to our &ery society and its
future e&olution#
/he notion that all these fragments is separately existent is e&idently an illusion, and this illusion cannot do
other than lead to endless conflict and confusion# ,ndeed, the attempt to li&e according to the notion that the
fragments are really separate is, in essence, what has led to the growing series of extremely urgent crises
that is confronting us today# /hus, as is now well 0nown, this way of life has brought about pollution,
destruction of the balance of nature, o&er2population, world2wide economic and political disorder and the
creation of an o&erall en&ironment that is neither physically nor mentally healthy for most of the people who
li&e in it# ,ndi&idually there has de&eloped a widespread feeling of helplessness and despair, in the face of
what seems to be an o&erwhelming mass of disparate social forces, going beyond the control and e&en the
comprehension of the human beings who are caught up in it#
(0a,id ;oh-, :holeness and the ,mplicate $rder, 19=<
Principle One 5 On #hat />ists and its Properties
i $ne /hing, Space (,nfinite and !ternal !xists as a :a&e28edium and contains :a&e28otions which
Propagate at the 6elocity of Aight c#
ii 8atter !xists as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space (which determines the Si7e of our (inite Spherical
%ni&erse within an ,nfinite Space#
T U /his (&ery rough> diagram shows how the Spherical ,n and $ut :a&es form a
Standing :a&e around the :a&e2*enter 9particle9#
Principle T!o 5 On the ecessary Connections bet!een #hat />ists
*ause of 'll (orces, i#e# Iewton9s Aaw of ,nertia (Um#a, see (igE;#1 below
space of an ob)ect is determined by all the other matter in the %ni&erse# See (igE;#; below
Fig= D.6 :ra,ity is Caused by the (lo*ing of the In!+a,es. IoteE 6ery approximate wa&e diagram, only
shows ,n2:a&es (does not show $ut2:a&es and the ellipsoidal shape is not accurate# .ut the basic idea of
gra&ity being caused by slower wa&e &elocity in higher mass2energy density space is important# 'n ob&ious
example of this is light cur&ing past the sun#
Fig= D.D #uygens? Theory e)plains ho* our In!+a,es are created by other &atter?s Out!+a,es
interactions#
/o do this we must begin by explaining the experimental foundations of Buantum /heory+
NUh"mc U ;#LKX1<
21;
m#
383 Quantum Physics Foundations& Ma> Planc=1s .isco"ery of Particle ( Quantum Properties
of Light +3C77-
,n 19<< 8ax Planc0 made a profound disco&ery# -e showed (from purely formal " mathematical
foundations that light must be emitted and absorbed in discrete amounts if it was to correctly describe
obser&ed phenomena (i#e# .lac0body radiation#
'bout fifteen years ago (1=99 nobody had yet doubted that a correct account of the electrical, optical, and
showed that the energy ' of e)ected electrons was dependent upon the frequency f of incident light as
described in the equation 'Fhf# ,t is ironic that in 19;1 'lbert !instein was awarded the Iobel Pri7e for this
disco&ery, though he ne&er belie&ed in particles and ac0nowledged that he did not 0now the cause of the
discrete energy transfers (photons which were contradictory to his continuous field theory of matter>
'instein, 195L
'lbert !instein is correct that there are no discrete particles, and that the particle can only appear as a
'instein
,t is certainly true that the particle and its forces " fields are &ery useful mathematical concepts,
unfortunately, they also cause many problems and paradoxes because they are approximations to reality and
do not physically exist#
:e can now finally sol&e these problems by understanding the reason for these discrete energy states, which
are due to the fact that standing wa&es only exist at discrete frequencies, li0e notes on the string of a guitar,
thus while the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter predicts that energy exchanges will be discrete,
as obser&ed, the continuous e2m wa&e does not anticipate this#
384 Quantum Theory ( Mechanics& de Broglie1s .isco"ery of the #a"e Properties of /lectrons
+3C4@-
195L
matter#
38483 de Broglie1s 'nterpretation of the )tanding #a"es as the #a"e5Li=e Motion of a Particle
in Orbit +3C4@-
stable
Planc0 in 19<<#
Fig= 6.D.6 The allo*ed discrete orbits of the electron as i-agined by de ;roglie.
the case of light, to introduce the idea of a particle and that of frequency simultaneously#
$n the other hand, determination of the stable motion of electrons in the atom introduces integers, and up to
this point the only phenomena in&ol&ing integers in physics were those of interference and of normal modes
of &ibration# /his fact suggested to me the idea that electrons too could not be considered simply as
particles, but that frequency (wa&e properties must be assigned to them also# (de ;roglie, 19;9
/he solution to their problems was first found by :olff (19=J# -e disco&ered two things (both of which
deser&e a Iobel pri7e in their own right+
;
of Special
5elati&ity#
Special 5elati&ity# (/hus for the first time uniting these two theories from one common theoretical
foundation>
38E Quantum Theory& The Compton #a"elength 48FEG37
534
m of the /lectron HIh(mc +3C4E-
the *ompton :a&elength N of the !lectron as follows+ !UhfUmc
;
and fUc"N, thus hc"NU mc
;
resulting in
21;
m#
38F Quantum #a"e Mechanics& The )chrodinger #a"e /Auations ( )tanding #a"e
'nteractions +3C46-
;
NUh"mc
0nown energy and momentum functions could be described with a certain wa&e function#
(rom this it was further found that only certain frequency wa&e functions, li0e frequencies on musical
strings, were allowed to exist# /hese allowed functions and their frequencies depended on the confining
structure (atom or molecule that the electron was bound to (analogous to how strings are bound to a &iolin,
and only then can they resonate at certain frequencies#
38F83 Quantum Physics& On the Forces of Charge and Light
attracti&e#
of the ,n2:a&es, and a consequent mo&ing together, or mo&ing apart of the :a&e2*enters#
,t is this property of Space that causes *harge " !lectromagnetic (ields and in a slightly more complex
manner, Aight#
/hus when we place two electrons near one another in Space, then the :a&e2'mplitude of Space between
them increases because the :a&es are in phase and the :a&e2'mplitudes combine and increase, thus the
:a&e26elocity increases (opposite to gra&ity9s slowing of ,n2:a&es and this causes the :a&e2*enters to
mo&e apart# /his explains the electrical repulsion of li0e charges#
38F84 Quantum Physics& On %esonant Coupling as the Cause of Light
wa&es of the recei&ing resonance which is c, the &elocity of light# :hen large numbers of changes occur
together, so we can sample part of it, we see a beam of light# :hen single exchanges occur we see photons
as discrete energy exchanges# /he transitory modulated wa&es tra&eling between two resonances (as the
!lectrons":a&e2*enters mo&e from one standing wa&e pattern to another create the illusion of the photon#
'n exchange may require 1<
=
to 1<
15
cycles to complete, depending on the degree of coupling and species of
resonance#
;
"h is about 1<
;K
time were 1<
2=
15
opposite changes in oscillator frequency, and the conser&ation of energy
Fig= 6.G.D "ight is Caused by the $esonant Coupling of t*o bound +a,e!Centers of (pherical
(tanding +a,es ('lectrons) *ith oscillating *a,e functions# /his diagram is only an approximation, but
it gi&es you some idea of the 9secondary9 wa&elength (the 9electromagnetic9 wa&elength of light caused by
the interactions of the ,n and $ut2:a&es of the two !lectrons":a&e2*enters#
38D83 Quantum Theory& ;eisenberg1s 9ncertainty Principle
$n *hance and Probability in a Iecessarily ,nterconnected finite spherical %ni&erse within a Ion2
@etermined ,nfinite Space
discrete particle>
obser&ed#
38D84 Quantum Mechanics& Born1s 1Probability #a"es1 'nterpretation of QT +3C46-
'instein, 19KJ
technology allowed its experimental testing, it confirmed quantum theory9s entanglement# 'lbert !instein
assumed this interconnectedness was due to the spherical spatially extended field structure of matter,
instead, it is due to the interaction of the spherical spatially extended Standing :a&es of matter with other
matter9s :a&e2*enters distant in Space# !xplaining this Standing :a&e interaction of matter with other
matter in the Space around it (action2at2a2distance is largely the purpose of this 'rticle and is one of the
great powers of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter#
upshot of -eisenberg9s principle of uncertainty# (Albert 'instein, 19KL
Buantum /heory#
38? Quantum Physics& 2 Brief 2nalysis of Feynman1s Quantum /lectrodynamics +Q/., 3CFD-
of the :S8#
5eality#
this>
duality#
Space#
(Feyn-an, 19=5
38@ Quantum Theory& #olff1s />planation of the /instein, Podols=y, %osen +/P%-
/>periment $ Further Predictions
9/he %ltimate Paradox 2 .ell9s /heorem9 by 8ilo :olff, !xploring the Physics of the %n0nown %ni&erse,
199L
worldF
Figure 6.8.6 ')peri-ent to test ;ell?s theore- Polari7ed photons are emitted at the center, pass through
the ad)ustable polari7ation filters on the left and right, and enter detectors on each side# *oincidences
beha&iour#
Figure 6.8.D The result of an e)peri-ent to test ;ell?s theore- @ata points 5 of the experiments are
shown with blac0 dots# /hey agree with the line B8, predicted by the quantum mechanics, and do not agree
with the line A, predicted by 'lbert !instein9s concept of causality#
/he cur&ed line is the calculation obtained from standard quantum theory#
.ell, 'lbert !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen, or anyone who does not belie&e in superluminal speeds, would
expect to find line A#
!instein nor B8 need be wrong# ,n order to show this, it is necessary to carefully loo0 at the detailed
process of exchanging energy between two atoms, by the action of the ,I"$%/ wa&es of both atoms#
5emember that for resonant coupling it is necessary for the ,n and $ut :a&es of both electrons to interact
with one another# /he passage of both ,n2:a&es through both :a&e2*enters precedes the actual frequency
shifts of the source and detector# ' means to detect this first passage e&ent is not a capability of the usual
photo2detector apparatus and remains totally unnoticed# .ut the ,n2:a&es are symmetrical counterparts of
the $ut2:a&es and carry the information of their polari7ation state between parts of the experimental
apparatus before the $ut2:a&es cause a departing photon e&ent# /he ,I2wa&es tra&el with the speed of light
so there is no &iolation of relati&ity#
experiment# /his can li0ely be accomplished with an apparatus of the type used by 'spect, @alibard, and
5ogers (19=; except that instead of ma0ing a random filter setting during a photon9s passage time, the
filter setting should occur during the ti-e period preceding photon departure# /he purpose is to
frustrate communication by the ,n2:a&es# 's the ,n2:a&es are necessary to the energy exchange process,
then the result of the experiment would be a linear relation between the angular difference of the two filters#
/his would be the result originally expected by 'lbert !instein for the !P5 experiment#
(u--ary
.roglie
these phenomena+
electrons#
:a&e2*enter of a Spherical Standing :a&e# $nce this is understood then it explains how matter is subtly
interconnected with other matter in the Space around it (by the ,n and $ut2:a&es and leads to a minor
change in the experiment which will confirm the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e
Structure of 8atter as a sensible and ob&ious solution to the problems and paradoxes of not only Buantum
/heory, but also of 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity and *osmology#
/han0 you for reading our wor0# Please feel free to write to us if you wish to discuss any of this article, or if
you are able to help in getting this experiment performed#
?eoff -aselhurst, 8ilo :olff
Philosophy of /ducation
/ducational Philosophy ( Teaching Philosophy
Truth 5 *eality as the Foundations for Critical Thin)ing6 *eason and
.ducation
7uotes on Teaching 0hilosophy of .ducation fro! Fa!ous
0hilosophers
$l"ert .instein6 8ean 8acques *ousseau6 Michel de Montaigne6 0lato6
$ristotle 5 Confucius
,t is the mar0 of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it# ('ristotle
do at other ages, why do we not instruct them in itF ## .ut in truth , 0now nothing about the philosophy of
education except thisE that the greatest and the most important difficulty 0nown to human learning seems to
lie in that area which treats how to bring up children and how to educate them#
(de &ontaigne, $n teaching Philosophy of !ducation
Plants are shaped by culti&ation and men by education# ## :e are born wea0, we need strength+ we are born
totally unpro&ided, we need aid+ we are born stupid, we need )udgment# !&erything we do not ha&e at our
birth and which we need when we are grown is gi&en us by education#
(Kean Kac3ues $ousseau, !mile, $n Philosophy of !ducation
/his crippling of indi&iduals , consider the worst e&il of capitalism# $ur whole educational system suffers
from this e&il# 'n exaggerated competiti&e attitude is inculcated into the student, who is trained to worship
acquisiti&e success as a preparation for his future career# , am con&inced there is only one way to eliminate
these gra&e e&ils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by a educational
system which would be oriented toward social goals# ,n such an economy, the means of production are
owned by society itself and are utilised in a planned fashion# ' planned economy, which ad)usts production
to the needs of the community, would distribute the wor0 to be done among all those able to wor0 and
would guarantee a li&elihood to e&ery man, woman and child# /he education of the indi&idual, in addition to
promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to de&elop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow2
men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society# (Albert 'instein, 19L9, $n
!ducation
+ntroduction - ,lbert Ainstein 5 6hilosophy of Aducation - 6lato 5 Aducation - Rean Racques <ousseau 5
Aducation - de ;ontai&ne 5 6hilosophy of Aducation - Aducational *uotes by #amous 6hilosophers - :ins
Aducational 6hilosophy - Top of 6a&e
Introduction
(Philosophy of 'ducation B 'ducational Philosophy B Teaching
Philosophy)
8y dear childrenE , re)oice to see you before me today, happy youth of a sunny and fortunate land# .ear in
mind that the wonderful things that you learn in your schools are the wor0 of many generations, produced
by enthusiastic effort and infinite labour in e&ery country of the world# 'll this is put into your hands as
your inheritance in order that you may recei&e it, honour it, and add to it, and one day faithfully hand it on
to your children# /hus do we mortals achie&e immortality in the permanent things which we create in
common# ,f you always 0eep that in mind you will find meaning in life and wor0 and acquire the right
attitude towards other nations and ages# (Albert 'instein tal0ing to a group of school children# 19KL
/his page on !ducational Philosophy has some lo&ely intelligent philosopher9s quotes on both the
importance of education, and what is a good education#
's a philosopher it is clear to me that teaching people how to thin0 correctly and to use language carefully
(to wor0 out the truth for themsel&es is a pretty good start for education (i#e# by teaching philosophy to
students from a young age# -owe&er, , realise that this is an unfashionable &iew in our postmodern times of
9no absolute truths9 2 where all 0nowledge is incomplete, e&ol&ing, and relati&e to some cultural construction
2 thus teaching philosophy is seen as some abstract and largely useless exercise# ,f you browse around this
website you will quic0ly realise that , do not support this current paradigm, which , see as being &ery
destructi&e in both its affects on the indi&idual and our collecti&e society#
/here are clearly many problems with our current education " teaching system, an e&olutionary philosophy
of education has important contributions to ma0e to impro&ing things# .elow you will find a short
introduction and then an excellent collection of education quotes from many of the greatest minds in human
history# 'nd as 'ristotle so astutely obser&ed+
P'll who ha&e meditated on the art of go&erning man0ind ha&e been con&inced that the fate of empires
depends on the education of youth#P (Aristotle
Philosopher of Science, 8etaphysics, /heoretical Physics#
PS 2 , am currently re2writing all the main philosophy " physics pages# (or these education pages , hope to
write a short treatise on how we can impro&e our educational system, founded on one simple principle#
All things in the uni,erse are interconnected and e,ol,ing (the dyna-ic unity of reality).
/he central thesis is that education should be founded on truth and reality, and in particular how this relates
to the interconnection of &ind (cultural 0nowledge and truth, &atter (biological 0nowledge and how our
bodies are interconnected with other matter around us and (pace (our en&ironment, society# /hese three
things are clearly interconnected (in physical reality, so you could call this an e&olutionary " ecological
approach to education, founded on a metaphysics of Space " wa&e structure of matter#
On Teaching, /ducational Philosophy, #hat is a good education8
/o begin, it is useful to briefly summarise my upbringing as this further explains my interest in education#
, belie&e , learnt more in 1L months of tra&eling through !urope in a &an when , was ten years old, than in
any other year at school# (, was most impressed by the ?othic *athedrals of !urope, and the old ruined
castles# , was a rebellious but generally 0ind student# , failed first Near %ni&ersity Physics, largely due to
non2attendance of lectures# , ha&e a .achelor of !ducation (ma)ored in Physics, *hemistry and
8athematics# , taught Science for L years# .oth my parents were teachers"lecturers# Probably the most
important reason for ta0ing education seriously though comes from my lo&e of philosophy, which clearly
realises that !ducation is the most important factor in the e&olution of both the indi&idual and society#
, thin0 there are some good things happening with the new $utcomes based curriculum that is currently
being implemented in the :est 'ustralian state schools 1 , was in&ol&ed with this at Iyindamurra (amily
School# :hat this means is that rather than prescribing a curriculum based upon certain content that must be
studied, instead we prescribe the outcomes that we want# (e#g# ' child can add up numbers in their head, or
appreciate the importance of Iature and the interconnected ecology of life# Iow the way to teach these
s0ills is open# Nou could go down the beach and count seashells by the seashore if you wanted#
'nd this is how , bring up my children 1 e&ery day , use daily things around us to educate them to all sorts
of different 0nowledge# (or example, we recently built a giant swing 2 and children can learn a lot by
building and playing on swings (pendulums and pendulum cloc0s are interesting phenomena, a &ery great
philosopher *hristiaan -uygens first studied pendulums at the time of Iewton and Aeibni7 in the late
1J<<s## /hey ha&e to be creati&e 1 how do you get a rope o&er a branch ten meters off the groundF 1 how
do you build a tower using materials in the bush around you, such that you ha&e a platform to )ump onto
your swing from (using gra&ity to push you>F
, should add that an outcomes based system also has numerous problems, as it is difficult to ensure a
uniform quality of education# /he real solution is to consider both the curriculum used, and the outcomes
you hope to achie&e 2 combined with intelligent use of the internet so that the best curriculums that show
empirically that they wor0 (produce desired outcomes can be shared " adapted by teachers from all o&er the
world (we do not need to 0eep re2in&enting the wheel#
, certainly do not belie&e in )ust sitting in a classroom 1 which is unnatural, unhealthy, and should be
limited# ,t is ob&ious we did not e&ol&e to learn by sitting in classrooms, in segregated age groups 2 but to be
acti&e, out and about doing things, tal0ing, watching and learning from other people and other ob)ects
around us# (/his is what , would call an e&olutionary approach to teaching " philosophy of education 2 and
getting 0ids more acti&e at school would also greatly help to combat the obesity epidemic of the western
world#
, particularly agree with 'instein, that education (and teaching students philosophy from a young age has
two central functions relating to the indi&idual and their society#
i /o educate the indi&idual as a free indi&idual 1 /o understand and use critical thin0ing s0ills for
determining the /ruth for themsel&es#
ii /o educate the indi&idual as a part of Society 1 6irtually all our 0nowledge, our clothes, our food is
produced by others in our society, thus we owe Society and ha&e a responsibility to contribute bac0 to
Society (that e&eryone must gi&e as well as ta0e# /his is ultimately why , began to study Physics and
Philosophy, and why , ha&e now read most of the great philosophers, because , belie&e that Iature is being
destroyed on this planet, and that the truth is that this is &ery foolish and dangerous to humanity# /hat we
e&ol&ed from Iature, thus we depend upon Iature for sur&i&al# /his is not )ust the ob&ious concern of
global warming and climate change, but the &ery food we eat, the air we breath, the water we need, all these
things are produced by Iature and are being fore&er changed# $f concern is the ob&ious fact that there are
limits to our e&olution as to how far we can change our en&ironment before it starts to ad&ersely affect us
(we are well past that point now , thin0#
, also strongly agree with !instein that education should be fun rather than forced 1 that force and
punishment play no part in a good education# /hus , detest the attitude of punishing children for not doing
their homewor0>
, thin0 a lot of education problems could be sol&ed by gi&ing e&eryone 1<< great boo0s to read and discuss
with their children 2 from philosophers li0e Plato, 'ristotle, de 8ontaigne, Aeibni7, Spino7a, -ume,
/olstoy, !instein C etc# /here are many great minds through human history, and , largely agree with
Iiet7sche that education is often corrupted by educators 1 that we should see0 the source of great
0nowledge, not the corrupted interpretations of it from lesser minds# (5ead the original wor0s>
, further agree with (riedrich Iiet7sche thatE
/here is nothing more necessary than truth, and in comparison with it e&erything else has only secondary
&alue#
/his absolute will to truthE what is itF ,s it the will to not allow oursel&es to be decei&edF ,s it the will not to
decei&eF
$ne does not want to be decei&ed, under the supposition that it is in)urious, dangerous, or fatal to be
decei&ed# (5iet4sche, 1=9<
/he fundamental principle of education is to understand the truth for oneself# /he fundamental principle of
philosophy is to realise that all truth comes from reality# /hus educational philosophy must be founded on
the truth of what exists# 5ecent disco&eries of the properties of Space and the :a&e Structure of 8atter
shows that we can understand reality in a simple and sensible way#
?eoff -aselhurst
2lbert /instein on *no!ledge $ Philosophy of /ducation
/he only thing that interferes with my learning is my education# ('lbert !instein
Qnowledge of the history and e&olution of our ideas is absolutely &ital for wise understanding# ,t is also
important to read the original source (not a later interpretation which often leads to misrepresentation and
error and that these original quotes should gi&e confidence to the truth of what we say# 's Albert 'instein
astutely remar0s+
Somebody who only reads newspapers and at best boo0s of contemporary authors loo0s to me li0e an
extremely near2sighted person who scorns eyeglasses# -e is completely dependent on the pre)udices and
fashions of his times, since he ne&er gets to see or hear anything else# 'nd what a person thin0s on his own
without being stimulated by the thoughts and experiences of other people is e&en in the best case rather
paltry and monotonous#
/here are only a few enlightened people with a lucid mind and style and with good taste within a century#
:hat has been preser&ed of their wor0 belongs among the most precious possessions of man0ind# :e owe it
to a few writers of antiquity (Plato, 'ristotle, etc# that the people in the 8iddle 'ges could slowly extricate
themsel&es from the superstitions and ignorance that had dar0ened life for more than half a millennium#
Iothing is more needed to o&ercome the modernist9s snobbishness# ('instein, 195L
's Philosophers, Scientists and !ducators we ha&e a responsibility to maintain great 0nowledge from the
past, for as 'instein beautifully writes+
### 0nowledge must continually be renewed by ceaseless effort, if it is not to be lost# ,t resembles a statue of
marble which stands in the desert and is continually threatened with burial by the shifting sand# /he hands
of ser&ice must e&er be at wor0, in order that the marble continue to lastingly shine in the sun# /o these
ser&ing hands mine shall also belong# ('instein, $n !ducation, 195<
:hen, after se&eral hours reading, , came to myself again, , as0ed myself what it was that had so fascinated
me# /he answer is simple# /he results were not presented as ready2made, but scientific curiosity was first
aroused by presenting contrasting possibilities of concei&ing matter# $nly then the attempt was made to
clarify the issue by thorough argument# /he intellectual honesty of the author ma0es us share the inner
struggle in his mind# ,t is this which is the mar0 of the born teacher# Qnowledge exists in two forms 2
lifeless, stored in boo0s, and ali&e, in the consciousness of men# /he second form of existence is after all the
essential one+ the first, indispensable as it may be, occupies only an inferior position# ('instein, 195L
8y dear childrenE , re)oice to see you before me today, happy youth of a sunny and fortunate land# .ear in
mind that the wonderful things that you learn in your schools are the wor0 of many generations, produced
by enthusiastic effort and infinite labour in e&ery country of the world# 'll this is put into your hands as
your inheritance in order that you may recei&e it, honour it, and add to it, and one day faithfully hand it on
to your children# /hus do we mortals achie&e immortality in the permanent things which we create in
common# ,f you always 0eep that in mind you will find meaning in life and wor0 and acquire the right
attitude towards other nations and ages# (Albert 'instein tal0ing to a group of school children# 19KL
, belie&e, indeed, that o&eremphasis on the purely intellectual attitude, often directed solely to the practical
and factual, in our education, has led directly to the impairment of ethical &alues# , am not thin0ing so much
of the dangers with which technical progress has directly confronted man0ind, as of the stifling of mutual
human considerations by a 9matter2of2fact9 habit of thought which has come to lie li0e a 0illing frost upon
human relations# :ithout 9ethical culture9 there is no sal&ation for humanity# ('instein, 195K
2lbert /instein On 2cademic Freedom
Iumerous are the academic chairs, but rare are wise and noble teachers# Iumerous and large are the lecture
halls, but far from numerous the young people who genuinely thirst for truth and )ustice# Iumerous are the
wares that nature produces by the do7en, but her choice products are few#
:e all 0now that, so why complainF :as it not always thus and will it not always thus remainF *ertainly,
and one must ta0e what nature gi&es as one finds it# .ut there is also such a thing as a spirit of the times, an
attitude of mind characteristic of a particular generation, which is passed on from indi&idual to indi&idual
and gi&es its distincti&e mar0 to a society# !ach of us has to his little bit toward transforming this spirit of
the times# ('instein, 195L
2lbert /instein On Freedom of Thought
/he de&elopment of science and of the creati&e acti&ities of the spirit in general requires still another 0ind of
freedom, which may be characterised as inward freedom# ,t is this freedom of spirit which consists in the
independence of thought from the restrictions of authoritarian and social pre)udices as well as from
unphilosophical routini7ing and habit in general# /his inward freedom is an infrequent gift of nature and a
worthy ob)ecti&e for the indi&idual#
##schools may fa&or such freedom by encouraging independent thought# $nly if outward and inner freedom
are constantly and consciously pursued is there a possibility of spiritual de&elopment and perfection and
thus of impro&ing man9s outward and inner life# ('instein, 195L
2lbert /instein on Philosophy of /ducation in )chools
/he school has always been the most important means of transferring the wealth of tradition from one
generation to the next# /his applies today in an e&en higher degree than in former times, for through modern
de&elopment of the economic life, the family as bearer of tradition and education has been wea0ened# /he
continuance and health of human society is therefore in a still higher degree dependent on the school than
formerly#
Sometimes one sees in the school simply the instrument for transferring a certain maximum quantity of
0nowledge to the growing generation# .ut that is not right# Qnowledge is dead+ the school howe&er, ser&es
the li&ing# ,t should de&elop in the young indi&iduals those qualities and capabilities which are of &alue for
the welfare of the commonwealth# .ut that does not mean that indi&iduality should be destroyed and the
indi&idual become a mere tool of the community, li0e a bee or an ant# (or a community of standardised
indi&iduals without personal originality and personal aims would be a poor community without possibilities
for de&elopment# $n the contrary, the aim must be the training of independently acting and thin0ing
indi&iduals, who, howe&er, see in the ser&ice of the community their highest life problem#
/o me the worst thing seems to be for a school principally to wor0 with methods of fear, force and artificial
authority# Such treatment destroys the sound sentiments, the sincerity, and the self2confidence of the pupil#
,t produces the submissi&e sub)ect# it is no wonder that such schools are the rule in ?ermany and 5ussia#
##the desire for the appro&al of one9s fellow2man certainly is one of the most important binding powers of
society# ,n this complex of feelings, constructi&e and destructi&e forces lie closely together# @esire for
appro&al and recognition is a healthy moti&e+ but the desire to be ac0nowledged as better, stronger, or more
intelligent than a fellow being or scholar easily leads to an excessi&ely egoistic psychological ad)ustment,
which may become in)urious for the indi&idual and for the community# /herefore the school and the teacher
must guard against employing the easy method of creating indi&idual ambition, in order to induce the pupils
to diligent wor0# ('instein
,t is, in fact, nothing short of a miracle that the modern methods of instruction ha&e not yet entirely
strangled the holy curiosity of inquiry+ for this delicate little planet, aside from stimulation, stands mainly in
need of freedom+ without this it goes to wrec0 and ruin without fail# ,t is a gra&e mista0e to thin0 that the
en)oyment of seeing and searching can be prompted by means of coercion and a sense of duty# $n the
contrary, , belie&e that it would be possible to rob e&en a healthy beast of prey of its &oraciousness, if it
were possible, with the aid of a whip, to force the beast to de&our continuously, e&en when not hungry,
especially if the food handed out under such coercion were to be selected accordingly# (Albert 'instein on
!ducation
Plato, 1uotations on 'ducation
##for the ob)ect of education is to teach us to lo&e beauty# (Plato
9'nd once we ha&e gi&en our community a good start,9 , pointed out, 9 the process will be cumulati&e# .y
maintaining a sound system of education you produce citi7ens of good character, and citi7ens of sound
character, with the ad&antage of a good education, produce in turn children better than themsel&es and better
able to produce still better children in their turn, as can be seen with animals#9(Plato
9### ,t is in education that bad discipline can most easily creep in unobser&ed,9 he replied#
9Nes,9 , agreed, 9 because people don9t treat it seriously there, and thin0 no harm can come of it#9
9,t only does harm,9 he said, 9because it ma0es itself at home and gradually undermines morals and manners+
from them it in&ades business dealings generally, and then spreads into the laws and constitution without
any restraint, until it has made complete ha&oc of pri&ate and public life#9
9'nd when men who aren9t fit to be educated get an education they don9t deser&e, are not the thoughts and
opinions they produce fairly called sophistry, without a legitimate idea or any trace of true wisdom among
themF9
9*ertainly9#
9/he first thing our artist must do,9 , replied, 9 2 and it9s not easy 2 is to ta0e human society and human habits
and wipe them clean out, to gi&e himself a clean can&as# (or our philosophic artist differs from all others in
being unwilling to start wor0 on an indi&idual or a city, or draw out laws, until he is gi&en, or has made
himself, a clean can&as#9
9.ecause a free man ought not to learn anything under duress# *ompulsory physical exercise does no harm
to the body, but compulsory learning ne&er stic0s to the mind#9
9/rue9
9/hen don9t use compulsion,9 , said to him, 9 but let your children9s lessons ta0e the form of play# Nou will
learn more about their natural abilities that way#9 (Plato
Jean JacAues %ousseau, On the Philosophy of /ducation
Plants are shaped by culti&ation and men by education# ## :e are born wea0, we need strength+ we are born
totally unpro&ided, we need aid+ we are born stupid, we need )udgement# !&erything we do not ha&e at our
birth and which we need when we are grown is gi&en us by education# (Kean Kac3ues $ousseau, !mile
, will say little of the importance of a good education+ nor will , stop to pro&e that the current one is bad#
*ountless others ha&e done so before me, and , do not li0e to fill a boo0 with things e&erybody 0nows# ,
will note that for the longest time there has been nothing but a cry against the established practice without
anyone ta0ing it upon himself to propose a better one# /he literature and the learning of our age tend much
more to destruction than to edification# (Kean Kac3ues $ousseau, !mile
&ichel de &ontaigne, Philosophy 1uotes on 'ducation
, would li0e to suggest that our minds are swamped by too much study and by too much matter )ust as plants
are swamped by too much water or lamps by too much oil+ that our minds, held fast and encumbered by so
many di&erse preoccupations, may well lose the means of struggling free, remaining bowed and bent under
the load+ except that it is quite otherwiseE the more our souls are filled, the more they expand+ examples
drawn from far2off times show, on the contrary, that great soldiers ad statesmen were also great scholars#
(de &ontaigne
, thin0 it better to say that the e&il arises from their tac0ling the sciences in the wrong manner and that, from
the way we ha&e been taught, it is no wonder that neither master nor pupils become more able, e&en though
they do 0now more# ,n truth the care and fees of our parents aim only at furnishing our heads with
0nowledgeE nobody tal0s about )udgement or &irtue# :hen someone passes by, try exclaiming, 3$h, what a
learned man>4 /hen, when another does, 3$h, what a good man>4 $ur people will not fail to turn their ga7e
respectfully towards the first# /here ought to be a third man crying, 3$h, what bloc0heads>9 (de &ontaigne
:e readily inquire, 3@oes he 0now ?ree0 or AatinF4 3*an he write poetry and proseF4 .ut what matters
most is what we put lastE 3-as he become better and wiserF4 :e ought to find out not who understands most
but who understands best# :e wor0 merely to fill the memory, lea&ing the understanding and the sense of
right and wrong empty# Sust as birds sometimes go in search of grain, carrying it in their bea0s without
tasting it to stuff it down the bea0s of their young, so too do our schoolmasters go foraging for learning in
their boo0s and merely lodge it on the tip of their lips, only to spew it out and scatter it on the wind# (de
&ontaigne
/heir pupils and their little charges are not nourished and fed by what they learnE the learning is passed from
hand to hand with only one end in &iewE to show it off, to put into our accounts to entertain others with it, as
though it were merely counters, useful for totting up and producing statements, but ha&ing no other use or
currency# 3'pud alios loqui didicerunt, non ipsi secum4 V/hey ha&e learned how to tal0 with others, not with
themsel&esW (de &ontaigne
:hene&er , as0 a certain acquaintance of mine to tell me what he 0nows about anything, he wants to show
me a boo0E he would not &enture to tell me that he has scabs on his arse without studying his lexicon to find
out the meaning of scab and arse#
'll we do is to loo0 after the opinions and learning of othersE we ought to ma0e them our own# :e closely
resemble a man who, needing a fire, goes next door to get a light, finds a great big bla7e there and stays to
warm himself, forgetting to ta0e a brand bac0 home# :hat use is it to us to ha&e a belly full of meat if we do
not digest it, if we do not transmute it into oursel&es, if it does not ma0e us grow in si7e and strengthF (de
&ontaigne
,f our souls do not mo&e with a better motion and if we do not ha&e a healthier )udgement, then , would )ust
as soon that our pupil should spend his time playing tennisE at least his body would become more agile# .ut
)ust loo0 at him after he has spent some fifteen or sixteen years studyingE nothing could be more unsuited
for employment# /he only impro&ement you can see is that his Aatin and ?ree0 ha&e made him more
conceited and more arrogant than when he left home# -e ought to ha&e brought bac0 a fuller soulE he brings
bac0 a swollen one+ instead of ma0ing it weightier he has merely blown wind into it# (de &ontaigne
'nd , loathe people who find it harder to put up with a gown as0ew than with a soul as0ew and who )udge a
man by his bow, his bearing and his boots# (de &ontaigne
Aearning is a good medicineE but no medicine is powerful enough to preser&e itself from taint and
corruption independently of defects in the )ar that it is 0ept in# $ne man sees clearly but does not see
straightE consequently he sees what is good but fails to follow it+ he sees 0nowledge and does not use it# (de
&ontaigne
## since it was true that study, e&en when done properly, can only teach us what wisdom, right conduct and
determination consist in, they wanted to put their children directly in touch with actual cases, teaching them
not by hearsay but by acti&ely assaying them, &igorously molding and forming them not merely by word
and precept but chiefly by deeds and examples, so that wisdom should not be something which the soul
0nows but the soul4s &ery essence and temperament, not something acquired but a natural property# (de
&ontaigne
.ut in truth , 0now nothing about education except thisE that the greatest and the most important difficulty
0nown to human learning seems to lie in that area which treats how to bring up children and how to educate
them# (de &ontaigne
Socrates and then 'rchesilaus used to ma0e their pupils spea0 first+ they spo0e afterwards# 3$best
plerumque iss discere &olunt authoritas eorum qui docent#4 V(or those who want to learn, the obstacle can
often be the authority of those who teachW (de &ontaigne
/hose who follow our (rench practice and underta0e to act as schoolmaster for se&eral minds di&erse in
0ind and capacity, using the same teaching and the same degree of guidance for them all, not surprisingly
can scarcely find in a whole tribe of children more than one or two who bear fruit from their education#
Aet the tutor not merely require a &erbal account of what the boy has been taught but the meaning and
substance of itE let him )udge how the boy has profited from it not from the e&idence of his memory but
from that of his life# Aet him ta0e what the boy has )ust learned and ma0e him show him do7ens of different
aspects of it and then apply it to )ust as many different sub)ects, in order to find out whether he has really
grasped it and made it part of himself, )udging the boy4s progress by what Plato taught about education#
Spewing food up exactly as you ha&e swallows it is e&idence of a failure to digest and assimilate it+ the
stomach has not done its )ob if, during concoction, it fails to change the substance and the form of what it is
gi&en# (de &ontaigne
/he profit we possess after study is to ha&e become better and wiser# (de &ontaigne
Ior is it enough to toughen up his soul+ you must also toughen up his muscles# (de &ontaigne
/each him a certain refinement in sorting out and selecting his arguments, with an affection for rele&ance
and so for bre&ity# 'bo&e all let him be taught to throw down his arms and surrender to truth as soon as he
percei&es it, whether the truth is born at his ri&al4s doing or within himself from some change in his ideas#
(de &ontaigne
's for our pupils tal0, let his &irtue and his sense of right and wrong shine through it and ha&e no guide but
reason# 8a0e him understand that confessing an error which he disco&ers in his own argument e&en when
he alone has noticed it is an act of )ustice and integrity, which are the main qualities he pursues+
stubbornness and rancour are &ulgar qualities, &isible in common souls whereas to thin0 again, to change
one4s mind and to gi&e up a bad case on the heat of the argument are rare qualities showing strength and
wisdom# (de &ontaigne
,n his commerce with men , mean him to include2 and that principally2 those who li&e only in the memory
of boo0s# .y means of history he will frequent those great souls of former years# ,f you want it to be so,
history can be a waste of time+ it can also be, if you want it to be so, a study bearing fruit beyond price# (de
&ontaigne
/he first lessons with which we should irrigate his mind should be those which teach him to 0now himself,
and to 0now how to die C and to li&e# (de &ontaigne
do at other ages, why do we not instruct them in itF (de &ontaigne
'ny time and any place can be used to studyE his room, a garden, is table, his bed+ when alone or in
company+ morning and e&ening# -is chief study will be Philosophy, that (ormer of good )udgement and
character who is pri&ileged to be concerned with e&erything#
(de &ontaigne
(or among other things he had been counseled to bring me to lo&e 0nowledge and duty by my own choice,
without forcing my will, and to educate my soul entirely through gentleness and freedom# (de &ontaigne
Aearning must not only lodge with usE we must marry her# (de &ontaigne
'ducational 1uotes by Fa-ous Philosophers
7uotations fro! Confucius6 $ristotle6 .uripides6 +eneca6 Cicero6 ,orace6
2illia! 8a!es6 Friedrich -iet'sche6 +ig!und Freud6 8ohn Fowles6
%eorge (ernard +haw
Study the past if you would define the future#
, am not one who was born in the possession of 0nowledge+ , am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest
in see0ing it there#
Aearning without thought is labor lost+ thought without learning is perilous# (Confucius, 'nalects
/hose who educate children well are more to be honored than parents, for these ga&e only life, those the art
of li&ing well# (Aristotle, ,n !ducation
/he educated differ from the uneducated as much as the li&ing from the dead# (Aristotle, ,n !ducation
'll who ha&e meditated on the art of go&erning man0ind ha&e been con&inced that the fate of empires
depends on the education of youth# (Aristotle
Aearned we may be with another man4s learningE we can only be wise with wisdom of our ownE
V, hate a sage who is not wise for himselfW ('uripides
:hat use is 0nowledge if there is no understandingF ((tobaeus
3non &itae sed scholae discimus4# V:e are taught for the schoolroom not for lifeW ((eneca
Iow we are not merely to stic0 0nowledge on to the soulE we must incorporate it into her+ the soul should
not be sprin0led with 0nowledge but steeped in it# ((eneca
'nd if 0nowledge does not change her and ma0e her imperfect state better then it is preferable )ust to lea&e
it alone# Qnowledge is a dangerous sword+ in a wea0 hand which does not 0now how to wield it it gets in its
master4s way and wounds him, 3ut fuerit melius non didicisse4 Vso that it would ha&e been better not to ha&e
studied at allW (de &ontaigne quoting Cicero
She (philosophy is equally helpful to the rich and poorE neglect her, and she equally harms the young and
old# (#orace
3's a man who 0nows how to ma0e his education into a rule of life not a means of showing off+ who can
control himself and obey his own principles#4 /he true mirror of our discourse is the course of our li&es# (de
&ontaigne quoting Cicero
/-! /!'*-!5 'S ' I!*!SS'5N !6,A# Aet us ha&e as few people as possible between the producti&e
minds and the hungry and recipient minds> /he middlemen almost unconsciously adulterate the food which
they supply# ,t is because of teachers that so little is learned, and that so badly# (5iet4sche, 1==<
:hat a distressing contrast there is between the radiant intelligence of the child and the feeble mentality of
the a&erage adult# ((ig-und Freud
/o teach how to li&e without certainty, and yet without being paralysed by hesitation, is perhaps the chief
thing that philosophy, in our age, can do for those who study it# (;ertrand $ussell, /he -istory of :estern
Philosophy
/o begin with our 0nowledge grows in spots# ##:hat you first gain, ### is probably a small amount of new
information, a few new definitions, or distinctions, or points of &iew# .ut while these special ideas are being
added, the rest of your 0nowledge stands still, and only gradually will you line up your pre&ious opinions
with the no&elties , am trying to instill, and to modify to some slight degree their mass# ##Nour mind in such
processes is strained, and sometimes painfully so, between its older beliefs and the no&elties which
experience brings along# (+illia- Ka-es, Pragmatism
*hess permits freedom of permutations within a framewor0 of set rules and prescribed mo&ements# .ecause
a chess player cannot mo&e absolutely as he li0es, either in terms of the rules or in terms of the exigencies of
the particular game, has he no freedom of mo&eF /he separate games of chess , play with existence has
different rules from your and e&ery other game+ the only similarity is that each of our games always has
rules# /he gifts, inherited and acquired, that are special to me are the rules of the game+ and the situation ,
am in at any gi&en moment is the situation of the game# 8y freedom is the choice of action and the power of
enactment , ha&e within the rules and situation of the game# (Fo*les, 19JL# /he 'ristos
$ur present educational systems are all paramilitary# /heir aim is to produce ser&ants or soldiers who obey
without question and who accepts their training as the best possible training# /hose who are most successful
in the state are those who ha&e the most interest in prolonging the state as it is+ they are also those who ha&e
the most say in the educational system, and in particular by ensuring that the educational product they want
is the most highly rewarded# (Fo*les, 19JL# /he 'ristos
!&ery serious student of the sub)ect 0nows that the stability of a ci&ilisation depends finally on the wisdom
with which it distributes its wealth and allots its burdens of labour, and on the &eracity of the instruction it
pro&ides for its children# :e do not distribute the wealth at allE we throw it into the streets to be scrambled
for by the strongest and the greediest who will stoop to such scrambling, after handing the lion4s share to the
professional robbers politely called owners# :e cram our children with lies, and punish anyone who tries to
enlighten them# $ur remedies for the consequences of our folly are tariffs, inflation, wars, &i&isections and
inoculations 1 &engeance, &iolences, blac0 magic# (:eorge ;ernard (ha*
Cosmology
#hat is the Most )imple Cosmology $ .oes it #or=0 ;o! our Finite
)pherical 1Obser"able 9ni"erse1 />ists !ithin 'nfinite /ternal )pace
be built up by pure deduction# /here is no logical path to these laws+ only intuition, resting on sympathetic
understanding of experience, can reach them# (Albert 'instein, 191=
Introduction
/he purpose of this *osmology page is to explain how the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 in infinite
eternal space is consistent with current astronomical obser&ations# Nou will need a basic understanding of
the (:S8 before you read it (see lin0s on left side of page# 'nd try and 0eep in mind that you are not
reading some abstract mathematical explanation 2 :S8 cosmology describes how you exist in this space of
the uni&erse and interact with e&erything around you#
38 Our Finite )pherical 9ni"erse is all that />ists8
+#hich led to the Big Bang Theory for the Creation of the 9ni"erse-8
/o briefly summarise, if the uni&erse is finite (and all there is then there are only three options#
1# /he uni&erse is static 2 then it needs an antigra&ity component to stop it collapsing (!instein9s
cosmological constant#
;# /he uni&erse is contracting (there is no e&idence for this#
K# /he uni&erse is expanding (the redshift with distance supports this if it is caused by @oppler shifting due
to receding motion 2 this is the path *osmology went down#
.ut this has numerous problems+ e#g# what caused the big bang, what is it expanding into, what is outside
the boundary of the finite uni&erseF
48 Our Finite )pherical 1Obser"able 9ni"erse1 e>ists as part of 'nfinite /ternal )pace8
/he most simple explanation is that only one thing exists, space, thus it is
necessarily infinite and eternal# (rom this most simple foundation we can
then deduce that matter must be formed from wa&es in Space, where the
electron is a spherical standing wa&e# /he wa&e center forms the 9particle9
effect, the spherical in and out wa&es explain how matter is in continual two
way communication with other matter (wa&es in the space around it# /he
:a&e @iagrams page is useful for picturing this#
/he ob&ious question then arisesE P:here do the in wa&es come from that form our matterFP
/he answer is simple, from the out wa&es of other matter around us in space (which is a direct consequence
of -uygens9 Principle# (rom this we can deduce that e&ery wa&e center 9particle9 is at the center of its
obser&able uni&erse within infinite space#
8ost importantly, when you deduce this you find that each wa&e center only recei&es wa&es from a finite
amount of other matter 2 thus the energy of matter is finite# See the !quation of the *osmos# /his also
means that the si7e of matter is finite 2 matter is the si7e of its finite spherical obser&able uni&erse within
infinite space#
/his explains why when we loo0 around us in space we see that we are surrounded by other matter (planets,
stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters, etc# and that we seem to be at the center of our obser&able uni&erse# /he
:S8 cosmology deduces that this is true where&er you are in infinite space#
I$/!E /o a&oid confusion , use the terms o#serva#le universe or Hu##le !phere rather than uni&erse# $ur
obser&able uni&erse exists as a finite spherical region of infinite eternal space# :e can only see and interact
with other matter within our obser&able uni&erse#
So we see that there were actually two paths to explore 2 cosmologists went down the 9.ig .ang9 path of the
uni&erse being all that exists and ignored the other more simple explanation founded on a finite obser&able
uni&erse within infinite Space (though this only wor0s if you understand the :a&e Structure of 8atter in
Space#
(rom these two cosmology theories we can then show that a cosmology founded on the :a&e Structure of
8atter (:S8 in ,nfinite !ternal Space is the most simple, that it matches obser&ations correctly, and
explains and sol&es many problems currently caused by the .ig .ang creation theory of *osmology#
This .iffers from the Big Bang Theory in T!o #ays
:S8 cosmology describes an infinite eternal perpetual system# /here is no beginning or end to space and
its wa&e motions that form matter#
:hile the obser&able uni&erse is finite in both theories, in the .ig .ang theory the uni&erse is all there is,
whereas in :S8 cosmology the obser&able uni&erse (-ubble sphere is )ust a finite spherical region of
infinite eternal space#
+hat does the +a,e (tructure of &atter (+(&) Cos-ology
')plainH
38 %edshift !ith .istance
,t is a remar0able coincidence that there are actually two ways that you get a redshift with distance# $nly the
big bang explanation was considered which is the most complicated explanation, the most simple
explanation was ne&er considered because it depends upon the recently disco&ered wa&e structure of matter
in space#
(ig#1 2 ,n .ig .ang cosmology, the uni&erse is all that exists, thus to
pre&ent it gra&itationally collapsing an expanding uni&erse was
proposed# /he disco&ery of the redshift with distance seemed to confirm
this, where the redshift is assumed to be a @oppler effect of receding
motion due to an expanding uni&erse#
/he problems with the .ig .ang theory are ob&ious>
:hat is a 9.ig .ang9 and how does it create Space, /ime, 8atter and
8otionF
:hat is outside the expanding uni&erseF

(ig#; 2 ,n :S8 *osmology, the obser&able uni&erse is )ust a finite
spherical region of infinite eternal space# :e can only see and interact
with other matter in this region# /hus there is no need for an expanding
uni&erse, as other matter around our obser&able uni&erse pre&ents it
from collapsing# /his is the equi&alent of !instein9s *osmological "
'ntigra&ity constant, but it is )ust normal gra&ity of matter outside our
obser&able uni&erse within infinite space#
So why the redshift with distanceF
.ecause as we loo0 at matter farther away from us, we find that we
share less o&erlap of a common finite spherical obser&able uni&erse
(-ubble sphere# 'nd this means that there is less energy exchange,
which equates to a redshift with distance#
See /he *osmological 5edshift !xplained by the ,ntersection of -ubble Spheres
/his article shows that each wa&e center 9particle9 is the center of its finite spherical obser&able uni&erse
(-ubble Sphere within infinite Space# 's two wa&e center 9particles9 mo&e apart there is less o&erlap of
common -ubble spheres " obser&able uni&erses, thus less wa&e interactions with increasing distance, thus
less energy exchange which then pro&ides a simple sensible explanation of the redshift with distance#
48 ;o! our Finite )pherical 9ni"erse />ists !ithin 'nfinite /ternal )pace
*an we &isuali7e a three2dimensional uni&erse which is finite yet unboundedF (!instein, 19;1
,n fact it is possible for a finite spherical %ni&erse to form within an infinite Space# %nfortunately for
!instein, he incorrectly imagined a 9cur&ed space9 such that if you tra&eled far enough you would return to
your starting point (a &ery abstract and confusing concept#
/he solution is far more simple, and is found instead from -uygens9 Principle# /hree hundred years ago
*hristiaan -uygens, a @utch mathematician, found that if a surface containing many separate wa&e sources
was examined at a distance, the combined separate wa&es of the sources appeared as a single wa&e front
with the shape of the surface# /his wa&e front is termed a 9-uygens *ombination9 of the separate wa&es#
/hus the out wa&es of all the other matter around us within our -ubble sphere must necessarily form our
spherical in wa&es# /his unites finite matter with infinite space due to this sharing of wa&es#
This shows how other matter's spherical out waves form our
matter's in waves >Kuy&ens' 6rinciple?. #our important
pointsJ
i? +n reality there are about (4
04
other wave center 'particles'
whose spherical out waves form into our spherical in waves.
ii? They are obviously not all the same distance away, but
distributed throu&hout the space of our finite spherical
observable 7niverse >Kubble Sphere? within infinite eternal
Space.
iii? These other wave center 'particles' around us are also
formed from the matter waves around them, and this
process extends to infinity.
iv? The dia&ram is misleadin& in showin& the waves startin&.
+n reality the waves are continually flowin& out from other
matter around us. i.e. The system is perpetual, the in and
out waves are always bein& shared between electron wave
centers wherever you are in infinite space.
So this is a very simplistic dia&ram of what is really &oin& on.
Alectrons are very lar&e complex wave structures of the
observable universe >this is true for humans tooJ?.
/hus the mass " wa&e energy density of matter is finite because it is determined by a finite amount of other
matter# See the !quation of the *osmos#
/his is &ery important as it unites our finite temporal world of matter within in infinite eternal space# /his is
one of the great deductions from 8ilo9s :olff9s pioneering wor0 on the :a&e Structure of 8atter#
E8 /instein1s :eneral %elati"ity and Cosmology
:e see that this finite spherical uni&erse agrees with !instein9s logic on the structure of the uni&erse as
deduced from general relati&ity# -is quote is bro0en up into three parts+
i Suppose we draw lines or stretch strings in all directions from a point, and mar0 off each of these the
distance r with a measuring rod# 'll the free end2points of these lengths lie on a spherical surface# :ith
increasing &alues of r, (the spherical surface increases from 7ero up to a maximum &alue which is
determined by the 9radius of the uni&erse9#
ii .ut for still further increasing &alues of r, the area gradually diminishes to 7ero#
iii 't first, the straight lines which radiate from the starting point di&erge farther and farther from one
another, but later they approach each other, and finally they run together again at a 9counter2point9 to the
starting point# %nder such conditions they ha&e tra&ersed the whole spherical space (of our finite spherical
uni&erse# ('lbert !instein, 191J
,t is important to reali7e that !instein does not explain what happens at the 9radius of the uni&erse9 that
causes an expanding spherical surface to begin to contract (because he did not 0now># /he solution is now
sol&ed using -uygens9 principle as we ha&e pre&iously described# /hus+
i @escribes the out wa&es from the wa&e center, these carry on going out and become the in wa&es of
distant matter#
ii @escribes the in wa&es 2 but rather than still going out these wa&es are coming bac0 in and ha&e been
formed by the out wa&es of all the other matter in our finite spherical %ni&erse#
iii /hus the point and the counter2point are united as the wa&e center of Spherical Standing :a&es the si7e
of the %ni&erse#
/he 95adius of the %ni&erse9 is the sphere where the in wa&es (from distant matter9s out wa&es contribute to
our spherical in wa&es, and this determines both the si7e of matter, and thus the si7e of our obser&able
uni&erse within infinite space#
F8 Mach1s Principle
/his also deduces 8ach9s principle which states that the mass of a body is determined by all other matter in
the obser&able uni&erse# /hus we can now understand why the following quote from !instein, based on the
ideas of !rnst 8ach, is true (and important#
, must not fail to mention that a theoretical argument can be adduced in fa&or of the hypothesis of a finite
more ponderable masses in proximity to it+ thus it seems &ery natural to reduce the total inertia (mass of a
body to interactions between it and the other bodies in the uni&erse, as indeed, e&er since Iewton9s time,
gra&ity has been completely reduced to interaction between bodies# /he results of calculation also indicate
that the uni&erse would necessarily be spherical# (Albert 'instein, 195L
D8 The Cosmic Micro!a"e Bac=ground %adiation +CMB%-
/he *osmic 8icrowa&e .ac0ground 5adiation (*8.5 is sensibly explained due to radiation from cold
matter in interstellar space# Since we only measure one source of *8.5 this means that there cannot ha&e
been a 9.ig .ang9 otherwise we would obser&e two sources of cosmic bac0ground radiation#
/he expression Pthe temperature of spaceP is the title of chapter 1K of Sir 'rthur !ddington4s famous 19;J
wor0, !ddington calculated the minimum temperature any body in space would cool to, gi&en that it is
immersed in the radiation of distant starlight# :ith no ad)ustable parameters, he obtained KcQ (later refined
to ;#=cQ , essentially the same as the obser&ed, so2called 9bac0ground9 temperature# ' similar calculation,
although with less certain accuracy, applies to the limiting temperature of intergalactic space because of the
radiation of galaxy light# So the intergalactic matter is li0e a 9fog9 and would therefore pro&ide a simpler
explanation for the microwa&e radiation, including its blac0body2shaped spectrum# (6an (landern
?8 Formation of Light and ;ea"y /lements
,t is claimed that the .ig .ang theory is necessary to explain the formation of different elements in the
uni&erse# -owe&er, more recent studies show that these elements are formed from the energy of stars
exploding (superno&a#
### in 1957, after years of steady wor0 2 aided by ad&ances in nuclear physics and stellar obser&ations 2
8argaret and ?regory .urbridge, :illiam (owler and -oyle published a comprehensi&e and detailed
theory showing how stellar systems could produce all the 0nown elements in proportions &ery close to those
obser&ed to exist# ,n addition, the theory accounted for the growing e&idence that the elementary
composition &aries from star to star, something that would not be possible if the elements were produced by
the .ig .ang# /he new theory was rapidly accepted as substantially correct# (!ric Aerner
@8 Quantised %edshift !ith .istance puts us at the Center of the 9ni"erse
'stronomers ha&e confirmed that galaxy redshifts are quantised# /hus according to -ubble9s law, where
redshifts are proportional to the distances, galaxies must be grouped into spherical shells concentric around
our 8il0y :ay galaxy# /he shells being around a million light years apart with us at the center# /he odds
for the !arth ha&ing such a unique position in the uni&erse by accident are less than one in a trillion# 's
-alton 'rp writes+
/he fact that measured &alues of redshift do not &ary continuously but come in steps 2 certain preferred
&alues 2 is so unexpected that con&entional astronomy has ne&er been able to accept it, in spite of the
o&erwhelming obser&ational e&idence# /heir problem is simply that if redshifts measure radial components
of &elocities, then galaxy &elocities can be pointed at any angle to us, hence their redshifts must be
continuously distributed# (or supposed recession &elocities of quasars, to measure equal steps in all
directions in the s0y means we are at the center of a series of explosions# /his is an anti2*opernican
embarrassment# So a simple glance at the e&idence discussed in this *hapter shows that extragalactic
astronomy and .ig .ang theory is swept away#
,n addition it appears increasingly useful to &iew particle masses to be communicated by wa&e li0e carriers
in a 8achian uni&erse# /herefore the possibility of beat frequencies, harmonics, interference and e&olution
through resonant states is opened up# ### 8y attitude toward this result is that in a 8achian uni&erse there
must be some signal carrier for inertial mass coming from distant galaxies# ('rp, 199=
/he wa&e structure of matter deduces this perfectly# !ach wa&e center 9particle9 is at the center of its
obser&able uni&erse within infinite space# 'nd the quantised redshift is a property of wa&es, )ust as the
quantum properties of light are explained with wa&es#
68 #hy our Finite )pherical 9ni"erse does not Become 1'mpo"erished1
!instein explains a further problem with the concept of the 9island9 uni&erse as required by Iewton9s Aaw+
'ccording to the theory of Iewton the stellar uni&erse ought to be a finite island in an infinite ocean of
space# /his conception in itself is not &ery satisfactory# ,t is still less satisfactory because it leads to the
result that the light emitted by the stars and also indi&idual stars of the stellar system are perpetually passing
out into an infinite space, ne&er to return, and without e&er again coming into interaction with other ob)ects
of nature# Such a finite material uni&erse would be destined to become gradually but systematically
impo&erished# (!instein, 195L
/his problem is also sol&ed by reali7ing that matter is distributed uniformly (on the &ery large scale
throughout infinite Space# -owe&er, only a finite spherical region of this other matter contributes to our in
wa&es and thus our finite mass# /his means that there are as many wa&es flowing into our finite spherical
uni&erse as there are flowing out# /his perpetual finite spherical uni&erse within infinite space would not
become impo&erished o&er time, exactly as !instein (and sensible logic required#
C8 Olbers1 Parado> )ol"ed
$lbers pointed out that if the number of stars were infinite, we should obser&e the entire s0y with the light
intensity of the surface of a star li0e the Sun# $b&iously we do not obser&e this> 's Aerner explains+
Iewton was undecided on whether his laws of gra&itation preclude an infinite collection of matter# -e
thought that only a di&inely precise positioning of all the stars could pre&ent such an infinite collection of
matter from collapsing into a series of heaps# 8uch later, in 1=K;, the astronomer -einrich $lbers pointed
out that an infinite uni&erse seemed to imply a paradox# ,f there were an infinite number of stars, if one went
far enough in any direction from earth, one would hit a star# /his implied that the s0y should be uniformly
bright, as bright as the surface of the sun, which it ob&iously is not#P (Aerner, 1991
/he solution to this paradox is the same as for the other problems discussed abo&e# -uygens9 sharing of
wa&es (which explains our finite mass within an infinite space also explains why we only 9see9 the finite
number of wa&e centers (of matter in distant stars within our finite spherical uni&erse# /hus the number of
obser&able stars and the resultant brightness of the night s0y are finite rather than infinite#
:e should further add that the 9di&ine9 positioning of matter in infinite space needed to pre&ent 9matter from
collapsing into a series of heaps9 is simply due to the fact that matter is a wa&e structure that depends upon
the out wa&es of other matter around it# /his limits how the wa&e centers can be distributed within an
infinite space#
378 The )econd La! of Thermodynamics only applies to Closed )ystems
/he reason why our uni&erse remains ordered (can e&ol&e complexity is because it is part of an infinite
perpetual system of wa&es within infinite space# /he second law of thermodynamics only applies to closed
systems (not infinite systems, as Aerner clearly explains+
.olt7mann propounded a new concept with profound cosmological implications# /he uni&erse as a whole,
must, li0e any closed system tend toward an equilibrious state of entropyE it will be completely
homogeneous, the same temperature e&erywhere, the stars will cool, their life2gi&ing energy flow will cease#
/he uni&erse will suffer a 9heat death9# 'ny closed system must thus go from an ordered to a less ordered
state 2 the opposite of progress#
/he tendency toward equilibrium is supposed to hold only in 9closed systems9 and because the earth is
heated by the sun, it is not a closed system# /he uni&erse we obser&e is simply not decaying+ the
generali7ation of 9the law of increasing disorder9 to the entire cosmos is unsupported by obser&ation#
(Aerner, 1991
338 On the Past, Present and Future and the One #ay .irection of Time
/he solution is to understand that time (and matter are really due to the wa&e motion of space, which is
directional# /ime is )ust a human construct to measure this rate of change " motion 2 there is )ust the eternal
now of &ibrating space#
Aerner explains this important problem of why /ime must be directional, contrary to the laws of modern
particle physics+
/his is one of the deepest paradoxes of con&entional physics today# 'ccording to all the laws of physics
there should be no distinction between past and future, no direction to time# Since the second law says that
entropy necessarily increases with time, and thus the past and future differ, the second law, too, is
contradicted#
,n relati&ity theory, for example, time is simply the fourth dimension 2 there is no more difference between
past and future than between left and right# /here is no flow of timeE all the equations would loo0 the same
if time were re&ersed# Iewton9s laws and the laws of quantum mechanics also are what physicists call 9time
re&ersible9+ they define no unique direction for time# ,f one were to ma0e a mo&ie of two billiard balls
colliding, for example, it would loo0 )ust as credible if it were run in re&erse#
.ut in the real world, there is a difference# ,f it is two raw eggs that collide and brea0 in the mo&ie, it would
loo0 absurd in re&erse# /he two eggs would assemble themsel&es out of a puddle and roll off# ,n the real
world babies are born, ne&er unborn, they grow up, ne&er down, and eggs are scrambled, ne&er
unscrambled# /hese processes are all irre&ersibleE time mo&es forward, toward growth or decay#
-ence the fundamental questionE ,f the laws of the uni&erse ha&e no direction in time, why does the real
worldF
/he con&entional answer to this question is, strangely, the .ig .ang# /he .ig .ang started the uni&erse off
in a highly orderly and regular state 2 a 9perfect9 state of &ery low entropy# Since the uni&erse must run down
through states of increasing disorder, closer to equilibrium (the state in which there is no flow of energy,
the direction of time is defined#
/hus, if there was no .ig .ang why does time mo&e forwardF
/he importance of the answers extends far beyond their role at the center of a consistent cosmology# /hey
stri0e at the heart of some of the greatest mysteries faced by science, philosophy and religion 2 the questions
of the nature of human consciousness, the relation of mind and body, and free will# /he distinction between
past, present, and future is basic to our experience of consciousness 2 we are conscious in the now, we
remember the past, but we cannot 0now the future# ,t also is central to our idea of free will, for it implies
that our actions in the present affect the future, that the past is fixed but the future can be changed# -ow can
these ideas be reconciled with a concept of physical laws in which past, present and future all exist equally
and cannot be distinguishedF
/he real world is continually coming into existence, created by an infinitely complex web of instabilities
and interactions# 's Prigogine puts it, 9/ime is creation# /he future is )ust not there#9
/ime9s irre&ersibility is based on the continuity of space, on its infinite di&isibility# (Aerner, 1991
$nce we reali7e that it is not time but the wa&e motion of continuous space which is fundamental, then it
becomes ob&ious why time is directional# ,t ta0es time for in wa&es to flow into their wa&e centers, thus the
in wa&es are the future, the wa&e center is the present, and the out2wa&es are the past# /his is important for
it explains why time is directional because the wa&e motion of space is directional# /hus we no longer need
the .ig .ang theory or the second law of thermodynamics to explain the flow of time#
/his also means that space itself does not experience time# $nly matter, as the wa&e motion of space,
experiences time# /hus space must be eternal#
348 On Freedom& Our 9ni"erse is ecessarily Connected but not .eterministic
,t is &ery important to appreciate the difference between a necessarily connected uni&erse (as explained by
the :a&e Structure of 8atter and a deterministic uni&erse which requires 0nowledge of the 9initial
conditions9 from which things, being necessarily connected, can then be determined#
'gain the solution is ob&ious, for we li&e in a finite and necessarily connected uni&erse, but because it is
within infinite space, and continually has wa&es flowing into it from infinity, they can ne&er be pre2
determined# /his explains the uncertainty of Buantum /heory and that we can ne&er 0now where each
successi&e in wa&e will meet at its wa&e center, thus we can ne&er 0now both the future motion
(momentum and position of the 9particle9# /his then deduces -eisenberg9s %ncertainty Principle#
/his limited freedom and limited determinism within infinite space is explained in more detail in the (ree
:ill 6s# @eterminism page#
3E8 Blac= holes ( #orm ;oles .o ot />ist
.lac0 holes and worm holes are mathematical constructs 2 infinite energy densities do not exist 2 time tra&el
does not exist 2 faster than light tra&el does not exist# 's /esla astutely wrote+
8ost importantly, the measured &elocity of stars near the center of our galaxy contradicts the the supposed
blac0 hole they claim exists there# 's Aerner writes+
,n 19=9, howe&er, new e&idence de&eloped which will probably doom the blac02hole hypothesis# ?as and
plasma near the center of galaxies has always been obser&ed to mo&e at a high &elocity, up to 15<< 0m"sec
for our own galaxy, and similar or higher &alues for others# /hese &elocities are generally treated as
e&idence for a blac0 hole whose powerful gra&itational field has trapped the swirling gases# .ut the two
scientists at the %ni&ersity of 'ri7ona, ?#- and 8#S# 5ie0e, carefully measured the &elocities of stars within
a few light2years of the center of our galaxy, and found the &elocities are no higher than 7<0m"sec, twenty
times slower than the plasma &elocities measured in the same area# Since the stars must respond to any
gra&itational force, their low &elocities show that no blac0 hole exists# /he high2speed gases must therefore
be trapped only by a magnetic field, which does not affect the stars#
'lbert !instein did not belie&e in blac0 holes either, e&en though you now read that his general relati&ity
deduces them> -is &iew was that nature had natural limits that pre&ented infinite energy densities from
occurring# -e was correct#
-a&ing said that, it is quite possible that matter forms into high energy density states that do not emit and
absorb light, and thus can only be 9seen9 by their gra&itational effects#
3F8 .ar= Matter
/he rotational motion of galaxies cannot be explained with modern physics9 theory of gra&itation# /o
explain this anomaly they filled the uni&erse with 9dar0 matter9#
,n the wa&e structure of matter gra&ity is due to the slowing of wa&es in higher energy density space# /his
explains why light cur&es past the sun, it is simply refraction# 'nd because matter is made of wa&es this also
explains why ob)ects attract one another, as the wa&e center 9particles9 always re2position in the direction of
slowest incoming wa&es# i#e# :here there is more matter thus a higher energy density space and slower
incoming wa&es#
-owe&er, because of the many errors in modern big bang cosmology " particle physics it is hard to 0now
what the true facts are and thus the solution to the problem# .elow are three possible explanations#
i ?i&en that they incorrectly treat matter as discrete particles, yet also as energy fields in space2time, it is
possible that their calculations of the energy density of space are wrong# ,n the :S8 all of space is full of
wa&es, matter 9particles9 are )ust where the wa&es are coherent# 8atter is really a structure of the uni&erse 2
thus they may ha&e incorrectly calculated the energy density (wa&e energy of space, and are calling the true
energy 9dar0 matter9# .ecause their gra&itational theory has the wrong foundations (in :S8 gra&ity is
simply the slowing of wa&es in higher energy density space thus if the energy density is higher than they
realise this would explain higher gra&itational effects needed to explain the rotation of galaxies#
ii /here may be matter wa&es in states that are not easily seen# /his is quite possible, we only see matter
when it emits light, and this depends on it ha&ing electrons bound in certain wa&e patterns in the atom "
molecule# /hese bound electrons (wa&e centers act as spherical resonators for resonant coupling (light#
iii ,t is possible (li0elyF that there are electromagnetic effects that are influencing the rotational &elocity of
galaxies that they are unaware of (see the electric uni&erse# ?i&en that electromagnetic effects are 1<
L<

times larger than gra&itational then this would only need to ha&e a tiny contribution to ha&e significant
effects# (,n the :S8 electric charge is due to changes in wa&e &elocity with wa&e amplitude where higher
wa&e amplitude U higher wa&e &elocity#
?ra&ity and charge are explained in the following :S8 articles+
'lbert !instein9s /heory of ?eneral 5elati&ity
:a&e !quations in an !lastic 8edium Space
/ruth Statements on Physical 5eality
3D8 Predicted Motion of .istant :ala>ies Confirmed
(inally, the :S8 cosmology predicts that motion of distant galaxies will beha&e as if there is matter all
around them, whereas in the big bang cosmology there would only be matter on one side (the inside, as
there is no 9outside9#
/his prediction was made in ;<<K# Nou can use the waybac0 machine to &iew our cosmology page dated
11th of (ebruary ;<<K to confirm this (see section 1#J#
httpE""web#archi&e#org"web";<<K<;111;K=57"httpE""spaceandmotion#com"*osmology#htm
/his was confirmed by obser&ation of distant galaxies in ;<<= (and was subsequently attac0ed and
dismissed by .ig .ang cosmologists 2 for the ob&ious reason that it contradicts .ig .ang cosmology>#
!cience6aily (!ep. 180 1339) -- :sing data from ;-!-*s &il,inson %icrowave -nisotropy <ro#e (&%-<)0
scientists have identified an une)pected motion in distant gala)y clusters. he cause0 they suggest0 is the
gravitational attraction of matter that lies #eyond the o#serva#le universe.
"he clusters show a small #ut measura#le velocity that is independent of the universe*s e)pansion and does
not change as distances increase0" says lead researcher -le)ander =ashlins,y at ;-!-*s Goddard !pace
>light /enter in Green#elt0 %d. "&e never e)pected to find anything li,e this. .. he distri#ution of matter
in the o#served universe cannot account for this motion."
Rournal reference' ,. Nashlinsy, #. ,trio-Barandela, 8. Nocevsi, K. Abelin&. $ !easure!ent of large-
scale peculiar velocities of clusters of galaies9 results and cos!ological i!plications.
Astrophysical Journal Letters, 6rint edition =ctober 24, 2440D online wee of September 22, 2440.
http'55www.sciencedaily.com5releases5244054.5404.21(4))(4.htm
Conclusion
,t is fitting to end with some astute comments from !ric Aerner on the relationship between cosmology,
society, morality and truth#
/oday, another scientific re&olution is beginning, one that may change our &iew of the cosmos as radically
as the last# 'nd today it again seems li0ely that the effects of this re&olution, both social and scientific, will
be profound# ,f the uni&erse is truly infinite in time and space, then the implications go well beyond
cosmology to the whole of our &iew of nature, to religion, philosophy and society as a whole#
/eilhard de *hardin anticipated many of Prigogine9s more concrete ideas# .ut equally important, he argues
that only this prospect of an unlimited future can be the basis for human morality, e&en for human acti&ity 2
the only prospect that can pre&ent humanity from despairing# ,f man0ind came to belie&e that progress
would halt, then Pman0ind would soon stop in&enting and constructing for a wor0 it 0new to be doomed in
ad&ance# 'nd stric0en at the &ery source of impetus that sustains it, it would disintegrate from nausea or
re&olt and crumble into dust# ### ,f progress is a myth### our efforts will flag# :ith that the whole of e&olution
will come to a halt 2 because we are e&olution#P
.ut the new ideas of the emerging scientific re&olution bring an entirely different outloo0# ,f the uni&erse is
e&ol&ing from an infinite past to an infinite future, if human de&elopment is only the latest stage of
continual progress stretching through the unlimited reaches of time, then the &ery idea of an Pend to historyP
is ludicrous, an unfunny )o0e#
,f there is something wrong, then it must be fixed# Such an outloo0 offers a hope of renewed progress# ,t
asserts that scientific ad&ance and technological de&elopment are not at an end, but could be starting a new
period of explosi&e growth# ,t pro&ides the moti&ation human beings need to )oin together in collecti&e
efforts rather than to fragment into self2cantered anarchy# ,t shows that the technology exists to eradicate
want on earth and open the path outward into an infinite uni&erse# (Aerner, 1991
'nd the following quotes from /homas Quhn9s famous wor0 on 9/he Structure of Scientific 5e&olutions9 are
&ery rele&ant+
'll crises begin with the blurring of a paradigm and the consequent loosening of the rules for normal
research# ##$r finally, the case that will most concern us here, a crisis may end with the emergence of a new
candidate for paradigm and with the ensuing battle o&er its acceptance#
,t is, , thin0, particularly in periods of ac0nowledged crisis that scientists ha&e turned to philosophical
analysis as a de&ice for unloc0ing the riddles of their field# Scientists ha&e not generally needed or wanted
to be philosophers#
*opernicanism made few con&erts for almost a century after *opernicus9 death# Iewton9s wor0 was not
generally accepted, particularly on the *ontinent, for more than half a century after the Principia appeared#
/he difficulties of con&ersion ha&e often been noted by the scientists themsel&es# @arwin, in a particularly
percepti&e passage at the end of his $rigin $f Species, wroteE
P 'lthough , am fully con&inced of the truth of the &iews gi&en in this &olume### ,, by no means expect to
con&ince experienced naturalists whose minds are stoc0ed with a multitude of facts all &iewed, during a
long course of years, from a point of &iew directly opposite to mine# ### .ut , loo0 with confidence to the
future 2 to young and rising naturalists, who will be able to &iew both sides of the question with
impartiality#P
'nd 8ax Planc0, sur&eying his own career in his Scientific 'utobiography, sadly remar0ed that+
P' new scientific truth does not triumph by con&incing its opponents and ma0ing them see the light, but
rather because its opponents e&entually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it#P
(/homas Quhn, 19J;
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter is the most simple science theory of reality and it clearly wor0s by correctly
deducing the laws of Iature#
/he only difficulty is that it is new, and most people ha&e been brought up with 9particle9 physics and the
.ig .ang theory, so it ta0es a while for our minds to ad)ust to this new way of seeing things# .ut the :a&e
Structure of 8atter in Space is simple, sensible and ob&ious once 0nown#
?eoff -aselhurst
((ebruary, ;<1<
&etaphysics= One Infinite 'ternal Continuous (ubstance
:hile this may surprise some people, both ancient ,ndian and ?ree0 philosophy R metaphysics realised that
matter interacts with 'AA other matter in the obser&able uni&erse, thus there is clearly a connection between
the structure of matter and the structure of the obser&able uni&erse#
/he roman stoic philosopher 0ing, 8arcus 'urelius explains this beautifully (below, though many
philosophers and mystics ha&e realised this interconnection of matter in Space (this dynamic unity of reality
is the founding principle of ancient ?ree0 R ,ndian Philosophy#
/hough $ne, .rahman is the cause of the many# ($ig %eda, 1;<<.*
'll things come out of the one, and the one out of all things# (#eraclitus, 5<<.*
'll phenomena, lin0 together in a mutually conditioning networ0# (;uddha, 5<<.*
:hen the /en /housand things are &iewed in their $neness, we return to the $rigin and remain where we
ha&e always been# ((en T?sen
G!xistent4 is indi&isible, for where is the second power, which should di&ide itF
.ut there cannot exist se&eral P!xistents,P for in order to separate them, something would ha&e to exist
which was not existing, an assumption which neutrali7es itself# /hus there exists only the eternal %nity#H
(Parmenides, L5<.*
.ut indeed e&en if the $ne is more li0e a Principle, and the one is undi&ided, then the whole %ni&erse will
be undi&ided either in quantity or in form# ### Nou cannot ha&e parts of the infinite and the infinite is
indi&isible# (Aristotle, KL<.*
(requently consider the connection of all things in the %ni&erse# ### 5eflect upon the multitude of bodily and
mental e&ents ta0ing place in the same brief time, simultaneously in e&ery one of us and so you will not be
surprised that many more e&ents, or rather all things that come to pass, exist simultaneously in the one and
entire unity, which we call the %ni&erse# ### :e should not say 3, am an 'thenian4 or 3, am a 5oman4 but 3,
am a *iti7en of the %ni&erse9# (&arcus Aurelius, 17<'@
Ai0ewise, :estern Philosophy and Physics has come to the same conclusion#
$eality cannot be found except in One single source, because of the interconnection of all
things with one another# ### , maintain also that substances, whether material or immaterial,
cannot be concei&ed in their bare essence without any acti&ity, acti,ity being of the essence of
substance in general# ("eibni4, 8onadology, 1J7<
' substance cannot be produced from anything elseE it will therefore be its own cause, that is,
its essence necessarily in&ol&es existence, or existence appertains to the nature of it# ### Io two
or more substances can ha&e the same attribute and it appertains to the nature of substance that
it should exist# ,t must therefore exist finitely or infinitely# .ut not finitely# (or it would then be
limited by some other substance of the same nature which also of necessity must existE and then
two substances would be granted ha&ing the same attribute, which is absurd# ,t will exist, therefore,
infinitely# (Spino7a, 1J7K
,f the doors of perception were cleansed, e&erything would be seen as it is, infinite# (.la0e, 1=<<
:e may agree, perhaps, to understand by 8etaphysics an attempt to 0now reality as against
mere appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or again the effort to
comprehend the uni&erse, not simply piecemeal or by fragments, but somehow as a whole#
(;radley, 1=LJ219;L
("ee (-olin, 1997 ,t can no longer be maintained that the properties of any one thing
in the uni&erse are independent of the existence or non2existence of e&erything else# ,t is,
at last, no longer sensible to spea0 of a uni&erse with only one thing in it#

/his is of course fundamentally important to our understanding of what 8atter is, what the %ni&erse is, and
what Space is# /he :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 within infinite space sol&es this problem of
understanding the interconnection between our matter existing in our finite spherical obser&able uni&erse
(many finite temporal things and Space (the one infinite eternal thing#
*urrently, *osmology is obscured by an incorrect belief in the 3.ig .ang4 2 that the uni&erse is expanding,
and thus had a beginning at some time in the past# /his is not correct, for the simple reason that the obser&ed
-ubble redshift with distance is I$/ caused by a @oppler shift due to receding 8otion (an expanding
%ni&erse, but rather, is caused by diminishing wa&e interactions with distance#
(urther, the :a&e Structure of 8atter explains that /ime is caused by wa&e 8otion, thus only matter in
space, as the spherical wa&e motion of space, experiences time# Space is eternal (does not experience /ime
thus it cannot be created at some time in the past# 's 'ristotle wrote+
,t need hardly be pointed out that with things that do not change there is no illusion with respect to time,
gi&en the assumption of their unchangeability# ('ristotle, KL<.*
8otion must always ha&e been in existence, and the same can be said for time itself, since it is not e&en
possible for there to be an earlier and a later if time does not exist# 8o&ement, then, is also continuous in the
way in which time is 2 indeed time is either identical to mo&ement or is some affection of it# ('ristotle,
KL<.*
Ai0ewise, as only one substance exists, space, it cannot be created (there is no other substance to create it#
'gain, both ancient ,ndian and ?ree0 Philosophy correctly realised that something is ne&er created from
nothing e) nihilo, thus something has eternally existed+
:ithout beginning or end (through eternity this world has continued to exist as such# /here is nothing here
to be questioned# ,n no place or time was this world e&er obser&ed otherwise by anybody in the past, nor
will it be, in the future# (&adh,a, 1;5<'@
'lternati&ely, suppose we were to accept the mythical genesis of the world from night or the natural
philosophers9 claim that 9all things were originally together#9 :e are still left with the same impossible
consequence# -ow is e&erything to be set in motion, unless there is actually to be some cause of mo&ementF
8atter is not going to set itself in motion 2 its mo&ement depends on a moti&e cause# (Aristotle, KL<.*
%nfortunately, the 9.ig .ang9 theory for the creation of our %ni&erse is now well established, and many
careers are founded on this concept# /hus it is natural that the emerging school of dissident scientists who
disagree with this theory will cause conflicts within the academic world that, sadly, often ha&e little to do
with determining the truth# :hile , do not wish to become embroiled in this debate, nonetheless, as
philosophers of science we are bound to follow the truth, as /olstoy wrote+
:rong does not cease to be wrong because the ma)ority share in it# (Aeo /olstoy
'nd from this most simple foundation of $ne thing, Space, existing as a wa&e medium it becomes ob&ious
that the belief in a 9.ig .ang9 is founded upon a basic error, and that once the truth is realised then we find
that the problems and paradoxes of modern *osmology are sol&ed simply and sensibly# See Problems of the
9.ig .ang9 theory of *osmology#
'instein?s cos-ological constant
, recei&ed a letter about this page which made the following interesting point+
, am a bit reluctant to include any of the anti big bang stuff you include here# /his is not only because , ha&e
not had time to ponder it in detail# /he thing that worries me most is that , thought that !instein once
described his cosmological constant as his biggest blunder# ,s this trueF :as he fooled by the arguments of
othersF
!instein9s ?eneral 5elati&ity requires a finite spherical uni&erse (it cannot be infinite because of 8ach9s
Principle, with which !instein strongly agreed, that the mass of a body is finite, is determined by all other
matter in the uni&erse, thus all other matter in uni&erse must be finite#
/wo problems+
a :hat surrounds this finite spherical uni&erseF (!instein used his spherical ellipsoidal geometry of
?eneral 5elati&ity to propose cur&ed space 2 if you tra&el in any one direction you will cur&e around and
e&entually return to your starting point# /his is not correct (it is a mathematical solution only#
b :hat stops finite spherical uni&erse gra&itationally collapsing (thus !instein9s *osmological " 'ntigra&ity
*onstant#
/wo disco&eries, one theoretical, one empirical sent *osmology down the path of the .ig .ang /heory for
the creation of our uni&erse#
a (riedman used !instein9s equations to show that an expanding uni&erse was possible by the equations,
and sol&ed the problem of the collapsing uni&erse and thus remo&ed the need for !instein9s *osmological
constant# !instein was reluctant 2 belie&ing in a static (non2expanding uni&erse#
b /hen -ubble famously showed the relationship between distance and redshift# ,f @oppler shift caused
this redshift then it meant stars " galaxies were mo&ing apart#
!instein, swayed by this argument, changed his mind 2 thus his comment 98y biggest blunder9 referring to
the *osmological *onstant#
-owe&er, this is not the correct solution, in fact !instein9s cosmological constant is largely correct, but it is
not caused by anti2gra&ity within the uni&erse, but by the gra&itational forces of matter outside our finite
spherical uni&erse within an infinite space#
.asically, to understand *osmology you must understand this relationship between the finite and the
infinite# /he big bang does not explain this# ,t was not until 8ilo :olff applied 0nowledge of the :a&e
Structure of 8atter to the study of the *osmos that this problem could be sol&ed#
Space is ,nfinite (one thing existing must be infinite but our spherical obser&able uni&erse is finite# 8atter
is finite# :e unite these two finite things, matter and obser&able uni&erse, by realising that matter, as a
spherical standing wa&e formed by other matter9s out wa&es, determines the si7e of our finite spherical
uni&erse within infinite Space# 8atter and our obser&able uni&erse are the same thing " are united#
@ue to this sharing of wa&es, only a finite number (about 1<
=<
other Spherical Standing :a&es combine
with our matter# /his is calculated in two different ways in the section on the !quation of the *osmosE
@educing (inite Si7e of 8atter and %ni&erse 2 one by myself (simple and one by 8aths Physicist 8ilo
:olff (mathematical, logically equi&alent# /his correctly deduces the si7e of our obser&able uni&erse
within infinite space# /hus there are an infinite number of finite spherical uni&erses within an infinite space#
$eply to a "etter on Cos-ology
/he following is from a letter , wrote to a (&ery nice woman who has been studying the :S8 *osmology#
-opefully it helps further clarify the abo&e comments about the meaning of our Finite (pherical Uni,erse
within an Infinite (pace#
:hen people first consider the :a&e Structure of 8atter there seems to be this common mista0e of thin0ing
of one wa&e center " spherical standing wa&e on its own in infinite space (which is clearly not how reality is,
as there is ob&iously matter all around us# /hat thought leads to imagining the spherical standing wa&e
structure as infinite#
-owe&er, the correct way of thin0ing (since it matches reality of what we experience, is that the space
around us has lots (and lots> of other matter# 'nd calculations show that where&er you are in an infinite
space (as a wa&e center N$% $IAN ,I/!5'*/ :,/- ' (,I,/! SP-!5,*'A 5!?,$I $( /-'/
,I(,I,/! SP'*! 'I@ $/-!5 8'//!5 (which we call our $bser&able %ni&erse#
,t is only this finite amount of other matter that directly contributes to your in wa&es# i#e# 'pplying -uygens9
principle 2 their out wa&es combine to form our spherical in wa&es# /his is calculated in two different ways
in the section on the !quation of the *osmosE @educing (inite Si7e of 8atter and %ni&erse and correctly
deduces the si7e of our $bser&able %ni&erse within ,nfinite Space#
/his !quation of the *osmos is &ery important, because it is basically sol&ing the fundamental problem of
the relationship between the Finite and the Infinite# i#e# -ow we can exist as part of ,nfinite Space, and yet
only ha&e a finite mass (wa&e energy density# /his then explains 8ach9s Principle 2 how all matter in our
(inite $bser&able %ni&erse determines the mass (mass2energy density of space of matter " space 2 and most
importantly why that is finite (within infinite space#
So we see that each wa&e center 9particle9 is really the center of its own uni&erse# (:e are each the centers of
our own uni&erse 2 what a nice thought# 'nd this applies to any matter, where&er you are in an infinite
space# So effecti&ely finite matter and the obser&able uni&erse are the same thing 2 matter is a wa&e
structure of the uni&erse if you li0e> /hus if you imagine infinite space, there is an infinite amount of matter
in it, and thus an infinite number of finite spherical uni&erses#
:hen matter is close to other matter, then its uni&erses (in and out wa&es o&erlap and you get matter
interactions# (or us, matter 1,<<< billion light years away is outside our (inite Spherical %ni&erse and we
can9t interact with it " see it# ,t does not contribute its out wa&es directly to our in wa&es 2 it is hidden behind
other matter#
So the :a&e Structure of 8atter *osmology explains how we each exist as the center of our (inite
Spherical %ni&erse within an ,nfinite Space# , exist as the center of mine, you as the center of yours# .ut it
)ust so happens that our centers are close together so we share 99#9999#########] of a common uni&erse 2
which is why we can interact with one another, write to each other on the internet#
'nd if you thin0 about it, you will realise that this must also cause a redshift with distance, because distant
matter shares less of a common uni&erse, thus less wa&e interactions, thus less energy exchange (which we
see as a redshift with distance# 'ny smart mathematicians here can deduce this 2 )ust wor0 out how the
&olume of two o&erlapping spheres changes as you mo&e them apart 2 this should equate to redshift with
distance (another meaningful deduction from the :S8 2 though , should add that there may be other factors
affecting redshift, certainly the wor0 of -alton 'rp suggests there are#
/his also explains another central and profound problem of *osmology 2 why our (inite Spherical %ni&erse
does not gra&itationally collapse# ,n an ,nfinite Space it is ob&ious that matter outside our (inite Spherical
%ni&erse, due to its gra&itational forces, pre&ents our finite sphere of matter " uni&erse from gra&itationally
collapsing# /his then remo&es the need for both an expanding uni&erse (which led to the idea of the .ig
.ang, or !instein9s antigra&ity " cosmological constant (which, is really )ust a gra&ity force from matter
outside our (inite Spherical %ni&erse within ,nfinite Space# So !instein was close to the truth with his
*osmological *onstant>
Cosmology
The #a"e )tructure of Matter e>plains the )econd La! of
Thermodynamics, Past, Present, Future $ the One !ay direction of Time
The (econd "a* of Ther-odyna-ics
+hy Our Finite Uni,erse is Ordered 2 Co-ple)
/his webpage is a little different to most pages on /hermodynamics# ,t is founded on the *osmology of the
:a&e Structure of 8atter, which explains a (inite Spherical %ni&erse within an ,nfinite !ternal Space#
/o begin, it is useful to use the 0nowledge of !ric Aerner (who is strongly influenced by Prigogine as a
simple way of demonstrating the solution to this interesting problem of the Second Aaw of
/hermodynamics, which suggests that o&er time our (inite Spherical %ni&erse should become more
disordered#
/he reason why our uni&erse remains $rdered is simply because it is part of an infinite perpetual system,
and the Second Aaw of /hermodynamics only applies to *losed systems (not infinite systems, as Aerner
clearly explains+
*on&ersely, if one asserts that the uni&erse had no origin in time, then one must explain how it is that the
uni&erse has not completely decayed into uniform equilibrium in the infinite time that it has already existed#
-ow is order maintainedF -ow is progress possibleF
### Pope Pius Y,, wrote+ 3/hrough the law of entropy, it was recogni7ed that the spontaneous processes of
nature are always accompanied by a diminution of free and utilisable energy# ,n a closed material system,
this conclusion must lead e&entually to the cessation of processes on a macroscopic scale# /his una&oidable
fate, which ### stands out clearly from positi&e scientific experience, postulates eloquently the existence of a
Iecessary .eing#4
### Pope Pius Y,, concluded that a flagging uni&erse necessarily must come to an end, but more significantly,
requires something outside itself to imbue it with order at the beginning 2 a direct lin0 between the idea of
e&er2increasing disorder and *hristian theology#
(rom this proof, .olt7mann propounded a new concept with profound cosmological implications# /he
uni&erse as a whole, must, li0e any closed system tend toward an equilibrious state of entropyE it will be
completely homogeneous, the same temperature e&erywhere, the stars will cool, their life2gi&ing energy
flow will cease# /he uni&erse will suffer a 9heat death9# 'ny closed system must thus go from an ordered to a
less ordered state2 the opposite of progress#
### .olt7mann was aware that his ideas contradicted the notion, then widely accepted, of a uni&erse without
beginning or end# /he present2day uni&erse is far from a state of equilibrium, comprising as it does hot stars
and cold space# ,f all natural systems 9run down9 to disorder, the present state of order must ha&e been
created by some process that &iolates the second law at a finite time in the past# *on&ersely, at a finite time
in the future, the world will cease to exist, becoming a lifeless homogeneous massE human progress is but an
ephemeral and inconsequential episode in a uni&ersal decay#
### .olt7mann found his results disturbing# Since he re)ected a supernatural origin of the uni&erse, he tried to
argue that, in an infinite amount of time, extremely improbable e&ents do occur, such as the spontaneous
organisation of a uni&erse, or a large section of it, from a prior state of equilibrium# /he second law is, after
all, a statistical one stating what is li0ely to happen, not what must happen#
##some thermodynamicists pointed out that .olt7mann had pro&ed far less than he claimed# -e assumed that
gas began in a high degree of disorder, close to equilibrium, and ne&er got far from it# 8oreo&er, he only
allowed for atomic collisions, but too0 no long2range forces, such as electromagnetism or gra&ity, into
account# ,n most real physical situations, though, these restrictions aren9t &alid, so .olt7mann9s proof is not
applicable# ' century later scientists were to demonstrate that, in the general case, .olt7mann9s law of
increasing disorder simply isn9t true#
### Poggio goes on to point out that it is a gross o&er extrapolation of the second law to assume that because
it wor0s in certain simple situations on earth, it would wor0 e&erywhere in the uni&erse# -e too points out
that fusion is an example of building up, not a decay, of the uni&erse# 9Aet us not be too sure that the
uni&erse is li0e a watch that is always running down,9 he warns, 9there may be a rewinding# /he process of
creation may not yet be finished#
### /o be sure, the tendency toward equilibrium is supposed to hold only in 9closed systems9 and because the
earth is heated by the sun, it is not a closed system#
### /he uni&erse we obser&e is simply not decaying+ the generali7ation of 9the law of increasing disorder9 to
the entire cosmos is unsupported by obser&ation# ("erner, 1991
Past Present and Future
The One +ay 0irection of Ti-e
!ric Aerner perfectly explains this important problem of why /ime must be directional, contrary to the laws
of modern particle physics+
contradicted#
,n relati&ity theory, for example, time is simply the fourth dimension 2 there is no more difference between
past and future than between left and right# /here is no flow of timeE all the equations would loo0 the same
if time were re&ersed# Ior is this true of relati&ity alone# Iewton9s laws and the laws of quantum mechanics
also are what physicists call 9time re&ersible9+ they define no unique direction for time# ,f one were to ma0e a
mo&ie of two billiard balls colliding, for example, it would loo0 )ust as credible if it were run in re&erse#
.ut in the real world, there is a difference# ,f it is two raw eggs that collide and brea0 in the mo&ie, it would
loo0 absurd in re&erse# /he two eggs would assemble themsel&es out of a puddle and roll off# ,n the real
world babies are born, ne&er unborn, they grow up, ne&er down, and eggs are scrambled, ne&er
unscrambled# /hese processes are all irre&ersibleE time mo&es forward, toward growth or decay#
-ence the fundamental questionE ,f 9the laws of the uni&erse9 ha&e no direction in time, why does the real
worldF :hy do laws li0e the second law, which ha&e a direction for time, wor0F
/he con&entional answer to this question is, strangely, the .ig .ang# /he .ig .ang started the uni&erse off
in a highly orderly and regular state2 a 9perfect9 state of &ery low entropy# Since the uni&erse must run down
through states of increasing disorder, closer to equilibrium (the state in which there is no flow of energy,
the direction of time is defined# /ime is )ust the direction 9away9 from the .ig .ang# ,f there was no .ig
.ang, there would supposedly be no difference between past and future# /he uni&erse would be at
equilibrium, and no e&ent would diminish past from future# .ut the unique e&ent of the .ig .ang, so
symmetric in space, creates an asymmetry in time#
/hus, if there was no .ig .ang 2 as seems to be the case 2 we ha&e further questionsE :hy does time mo&e
forwardF ,s there a difference between past and future, or is it, as !instein belie&ed, merely a persistent
illusionF
/he importance of the answers extends far beyond their role at the center of a consistent cosmology# /hey
stri0e at the heart of some of the greatest mysteries faced by science, philosophy and religion 2 the questions
of the nature of human consciousness, the relation of mind and body, and free will# /he distinction between
past, present, and future is basic to our experience of consciousness 2 we are conscious in the now, we
remember the past, but we cannot 0now the future# ,t also is central to our idea of free will, for it implies
that our actions in the present affect the future, that the past is fixed but the future can be changed# -ow can
these ideas be reconciled with a concept of physical laws in which past, present and future all exist equally
and cannot be distinguishedF
/he problem of 9re&ersible time,9 then, arises because scientists improperly abstract reality and belie&e their
highly accurate equations to be absolutely, infinitely precise# ,t is re&ersible time that is sub)ecti&e, an
illusion, not irre&ersible time# /he real world is continually coming into existence, created by an infinitely
complex web of instabilities and interactions# 's Prigogine puts it, 9/ime is creation# /he future is )ust not
there#9
/ime9s irre&ersibility is based on the continuity of space, on its infinite di&isibility# ("erner, 1991
$nce we reali7e that it is not Ti-e but wa&e &otion which is fundamental, then it becomes ob&ious why
/ime is directional# ,f we apply this understanding of /ime to 8atter as Spherical Standing :a&es in Space,
this then leads to the following explanation of Past, Present, and (uture# 's it ta0es /ime for the ,n2:a&e to
flow into its :a&e2*enter, thus the ,n2:a&es are the (uture, and in time will meet at their :a&e2*enter (the
Present and after flowing through the :a&e2*enter become $ut2:a&es (the past# /his is important for it
explains why /ime is directional because the :a&e 8otion of Space is @irectional, i#e# ,n and $ut :a&es
tra&el in $pposite @irections relati&e to the :a&e2*enter (Present#
Cos-ology= 0eter-inis-, 5ecessary Connection, Free +ill 2
&orality
The +a,e (tructure of &atter e)plains "i-ited Free +ill
in a 5ecessarily Connected Uni,erse
:hat we need for understanding rational human beha&iour 2 and indeed, animal beha&iour 2 is something
intermediate in character between perfect chance and perfect determinism 2 something intermediate between
perfect clouds and perfects cloc0s#
(Qarl Popper, 1975
Introduction
/he problem of (ree :ill &s# @eterminism has pu77led philosophers for thousands of years# ,t is a profound
problem for without (ree :ill there can be no morality, no right and wrong, no good and e&il# 'll our
beha&iours would be pre2determined and we would ha&e no creati&ity or choice# *ommon sense (and most
importantly, @arwinian !&olution suggests that we do in fact ha&e (ree :ill, that we can decide and
determine our futures within the limits of physical reality# -owe&er, the only absolute way to sol&e this
problem of Philosophy is to 0now what exists and how it is interconnected, i#e# /rue Qnowledge of 5eality#
/he 8etaphysics of Space and the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 is a simple scientific solution which
explains how we can ha&e limited free will in a necessarily connected uni&erse#
/his is &ery important as it explains why we can li&e as moral creatures creating better futures for oursel&es
and our society# .y 9limited free will9 we mean limited by the necessary connection of matter# :e do not
ha&e the freedom to defy gra&ity and ma0e oursel&es float upwards, but within the constraints of necessary
connection there are still many possible futures# :e can choose to read this, or we can decide to stop
reading it# .oth are possible futures that obey the laws of physics and the necessary connections between
things#
Our Finite )pherical 9ni"erse !ithin 'nfinite )pace is ecessarily Connected but not
.eterministic
,t is &ery important to appreciate the difference between a Iecessarily *onnected %ni&erse, which ours is,
(as explained by the central Principle of the :a&e Structure of 8atter and a @eterministic %ni&erse which
requires 0nowledge of the 9initial conditions9 from which things, being necessarily connected, can then be
determined#
's this :S8 *osmology explains, we exist in a finite and 9Iecessarily *onnected9 %ni&erse (due to the
Properties of Space as a continuously connected wa&e medium, whereas Space itself must be ,nfinite ($ne
thing existing is necessarily ,nfinite and !ternal# /hus our finite spherical uni&erse continually has wa&es
flowing into it that ha&e come from ,nfinity, and can ne&er be pre2determined (an infinite system cannot be
predetermined# /hus Spino7a is correct when he writes+
' body in motion or at rest must be determined for motion or rest by some other body, which, li0ewise, was
determined for motion or rest by some other body, and this by a third and so on to infinity# ((pino4a, 1J7K
/his also explains why e&en the 8otion of planets is not determinable if we consider long periods of time,
as Aerner explains+
/he *artesian idea of a set of uni&ersal laws which control natural occurrences exercised a powerful appeal
in the succeeding centuries# Aaplace, e&en as he de&eloped his theory of a naturally e&ol&ing cosmos,
endorsed the idea that, gi&en the laws of gra&itation, Iewtonian mechanics, and the 9initial conditions9 of the
uni&erse, e&ery subsequent e&ent not only can be accurately predicted, but is predetermined# /he whole
history of the uni&erse, and of earth, is the ine&itable operation of a set of eternal laws# ,n modern terms,
Aaplace belie&ed that mathematical physics constitutes a /heory of !&erything#
:ith absolute, infinite 0nowledge of the comet9s &elocity and infinite precision in calculation, its orbit is
simply unpredictable# Net this is not an effect of 9chance9# 't all points the orbit was under precise control of
the laws of gra&itation as programmed into the simulation# /he unpredictability came from the instability of
the three2body interaction#
/his doesn9t mean we can9t ma0e useful predictions about the future# :e can if the amount of time we try to
predict is short enough# (or unstable systems this time limit is the amount of time that passes between
collisions of the particles that ma0e up the system# (or the comet this is a single orbit, but for a gas a tiny
fraction of a second# :e can, howe&er, ma0e useful statistical predictions+ on a&erage the comet will
probably last about 15< orbits# 'nd of course many systems are sufficiently close to stable that we can
ignore their instability because the rate at which their instabilities grow is far longer than we need to worry
about# (or example, the orbits of the planets in our actual solar system appear to be unpredictable in excess
of twenty million years from now# (or all intents and purposes, in plotting a space mission the system is
absolutely stable, predictable and re&ersible# ("erner, 1991
.eterminism Bs8 Free #ill
/he problem of whether -umans ha&e free will or whether all our actions are pre2determined and our
apparent free will is simply an illusion is profoundly important to -umanity, for the answer to this question
will tell us whether we can determine our own future, and whether the concept of 8orality actually exists
(for if we had no free will, then there could be no such thing as morality>#
/he solution is quite simple though and can be easily understood with the aid of the following example+
Aet us ta0e a normal pac0 of playing cards (5; cards 2 1K -earts, @iamonds, Spades, and *lubs and , shall
place the 'ce of -earts face down on the top of the pac0#
/hus , am both necessarily connected to the 'ce of -earts (as , am to all matter in the uni&erse and , ha&e
pre2determined 0nowledge of the exact card, thus , can be certain that if , turn the card o&er it will be the
'ce of -earts# So we see that while , ha&e complete 0nowledge of the system then there is no chance
in&ol&ed 2 the system is both necessarily connected and pre2determined#
Iow let us further imagine that , place this pac0 of cards in front of someone else who has no 0nowledge of
the fact that the 'ce of -earts is the top card# So while they are still necessarily connected to the top card
('ce of -earts they do not ha&e pre2determined 0nowledge of this card, thus if , as0 them to tell me which
card is on top of the pac0 they only ha&e a one in fifty two chance of guessing correctly# /hus we see how
chance exists when we do not ha&e pre2determined 0nowledge (e&en though we are still necessarily
connected#
(urther, in a necessarily connected but non determined uni&erse, there are many possible futures (within the
constraints of the properties of Space and the wa&es structure of matter 2 we can9t flap our arms and fly>#
,f we now apply this 0nowledge to the matter of brain and body (which is the cause of our human mind we
realise that while we are necessarily connected to the other matter in the uni&erse, we can ne&er ha&e pre2
determined 0nowledge of the motions of this other matter (as explained abo&e due to the system being
infinite thus explaining how chance (due to lac0 of pre2determined 0nowledge exists in the uni&erse#
-ence e&olution of our brain and mind can use this chance to allow us to creati&ely thin0 of new and no&el
ideas and relationships that we can then remember, and then we can use chance again to select from these
&arious chance relationships to determine actions# Iow while this is a &ery simplified explanation of how
our mind wor0s, and there may be millions of 3layers4 to these chance selections, each with &arious degrees
of probabilities for selecting different outcomes, nonetheless the principles are true and do explain how lac0
of pre2determined 0nowledge in a necessarily connected %ni&erse within an ,nfinite Space allows chance
and limited 3free will4#
' simple example of this process can be found when considering a game commonly found in fairgrounds,
where there is a clown9s head with open mouth that is rotating bac0wards and forwards, and you must drop a
ball and try and get it to land in a certain slot# @epending on the time that you drop the ball ultimately
determines where it will land# .ut all options are possible, and if we use this chance (due to lac0 of
0nowledge, as explained abo&e to determine when the ball is dropped, then we realise that we are using
chance to decide on the future of the uni&erse#
/hus Spino7a is both right and wrong when he writes+
/here is no mind absolute or free will, but the mind is determined for willing this or that by a cause which is
determined in its turn by another cause, and this one again by another, and so on to infinity# ((pino4a, 1J7K
-is error was to not understand how lac0 of pre2determined 0nowledge in an infinite though necessarily
connected system causes chance and limited free will#
Qarl Popper also intuiti&ely understood that there had to be some 9balance9 between complete determinism
(cloc0s and complete disorder and chance (clouds when he wrote+
:hat we need for understanding rational human beha&iour 2 and indeed, animal beha&iour 2 is something
perfect clouds and perfects cloc0s# (Popper, 1975
-e was absolutely right, for a 9Iecessarily *onnected9, but infinite and 3Ion2@etermined4 space allows us to
ha&e limited free will (based upon this lac0 of pre2determined 0nowledge which gi&es rise to chance#
Cosmology& The Big Bang Theory
)imple )olutions to the Problems of the 1Big Bang1 Theory of Cosmology
big bang as a &irtual pro&en fact# 's a result, the great ma)ority of the literate populace of the world,
including most of the scientists of the world, accepts big bang theory as scientific fact# (:illiam *#
8itchell
'ntroduction
-i !&eryone,
Ai0e most people , grew up with science founded on 9particles9, and cosmology founded on the 9big bang9
theory# 't the time , )ust accepted it as true with little thought# Iow, at the age of 5< and ha&ing spent the
last ;< years reading on physics, philosophy and metaphysics , am completely con&inced that both the
9particle9 and the 9big bang9 are incorrect# (,n fact , would now say that they are extremely nai&e conceptions
and , find it hard to belie&e that , used to accept them as true>
.elow you will find a list of some of the central problems of the .ig .ang /heory of *osmology# 8ost
importantly, it is easy to show how these problems can be simply sol&ed with the most simple explanation
of physical reality 2 the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 in Space#
/his then deduces the most simple *osmologyE -ow our (inite Spherical $bser&able %ni&erse exists within
,nfinite !ternal Space#
?eoff -aselhurst
((ebruary, ;<1<
Proble-s of the ;ig ;ang Theory
38 %edshift !ith .istance due to .oppler /ffects of %eceding Motion
,n the .ig .ang theory it is not the receding motion of matter, but expanding space that is used to explain
the redshift with distance# /hus they argue that the wa&elength of light is longer due to 9stretching9 space#
/he problems+
1#1 /his is not a @oppler effect# ' @oppler effect is for motion of matter in space, not for the expansion of
space itself# /hus the .ig .ang theory is not founded on the @oppler effect but a theoretical concept of
expanding space#
1#; /his then assumes that space exists (to be able to expand, yet in other areas of physics they claim there
is no absolute space# e#g# /he electromagnetic wa&e is claimed to not require a physical medium# /his was
necessary to accommodate !instein9s special relati&ity where there was no absolute reference frame for
motion (space, instead all motion is relati&e to other matter#
1#K /his also assumes that light is a wa&e, yet in other areas of physics light is claimed to be a 9photon
particle9 which then contradicts the idea of light wa&es being stretched (longer wa&elength due to
expanding space#
/he central point 2 the big bang theory is based on purely theoretical foundations, and they use different
concepts to explain different things, when the concepts they use are contradictory of one another#
,n :S8 cosmology the redshift with distance is deduced due to decreasing wa&e interactions with distance#
/hus there is no need to use the 9pseudo @oppler effect9 as they currently do#
48 The Cosmic Micro!a"e Bac=ground %adiation +CMB%-
/he *osmic 8icrowa&e .ac0ground 5adiation (*8.5 is sensibly explained due to radiation from cold
matter in interstellar space# Since we only measure one source of *8.5 this means that there cannot ha&e
been a 9.ig .ang9 otherwise we would obser&e two sources of cosmic bac0ground radiation#
/he expression Pthe temperature of spaceP is the title of chapter 1K of Sir 'rthur !ddington4s famous 19;J
wor0, !ddington calculated the minimum temperature any body in space would cool to, gi&en that it is
immersed in the radiation of distant starlight# :ith no ad)ustable parameters, he obtained KcQ (later refined
to ;#=cQ , essentially the same as the obser&ed, so2called 9bac0ground9 temperature# ' similar calculation,
although with less certain accuracy, applies to the limiting temperature of intergalactic space because of the
radiation of galaxy light# So the intergalactic matter is li0e a 9fog9 and would therefore pro&ide a simpler
explanation for the microwa&e radiation, including its blac0body2shaped spectrum# (6an (landern
E8 The Big Bang and the Formation of /lements
### in 1957, after years of steady wor0 2 aided by ad&ances in nuclear physics and stellar obser&ations 2
8argaret and ?regory .urbridge, :illiam (owler and -oyle published a comprehensi&e and detailed
theory showing how stellar systems could produce all the 0nown elements in proportions &ery close to those
obser&ed to exist# ,n addition, the theory accounted for the growing e&idence that the elementary
composition &aries from star to star, something that would not be possible if the elements were produced by
the .ig .ang# /he new theory was rapidly accepted as substantially correct#
### )ust as Aemaitre9s .ig .ang failed when cosmic rays were shown to be produced in the present2day
uni&erse rather than the distant past, so ?amow9s failed when the chemical elements were shown to be
produced by present2day stars# (!ric Aerner
F8 )uperclusters and Boids are Older than the Big Bang 9ni"erse
/ully has shown that Superclusters are a few hundred million light2years across# ?i&en galaxies generally
mo&e at less than a thousand 0ilometers per second, thus the uni&erse cannot ha&e begun twenty billion
years ago#
Ai0ewise, recently disco&ered large2scale &oids would require around 7< billion years to form, fi&e times as
long as the age of the uni&erse in the .ig .ang theory#
D8 The 9ni"erse is Ordered thus 'nfinite
,n a finite uni&erse created by the .ig .ang the second law of thermodynamics would cause the uni&erse to
tend towards entropy and disorder# /he fact is that this is not obser&ed, the uni&erse is highly ordered#
's Paul @a&ies, another religious cosmologist, writesE Io natural agency, intelligent or otherwise, can delay
fore&er the end of the uni&erse# $nly a supernatural ?od could try to wind it up again#
/he :S8 cosmology sol&es this problem by showing how our obser&able uni&erse is )ust a finite spherical
region of infinite eternal space# 'nd the second law of thermodynamics does not apply to infinite space#
?8 )ingularities ( 'nfinite /nergy .ensities are Mathematical Concepts Only
/he oldest and perhaps best 0nown problem of .ig .ang /heory is that of the singularity# 't the first instant
of the .ig .ang uni&erse, in which its density and temperature were infinitely high, is what is 0nown to
mathematicians as a singularity# /hat situation is considered to be a brea0down of theory# /hat is, it cannot
be assumed that the laws of physics as we 0now them can apply to that e&ent, thus presenting serious
questions about it#
,n addition, the postulated creation of the entire mass and energy of the uni&erse out of nothing in the first
instant of time, seems to represent an extreme &iolation of the law of conser&ation of mass"energy#
'ccording to pre&ailing theory, before that instant, space and time did not exist# 'lthough to some, who
confuse their religious ideas with science, this is seen as a reasonable interpretation of their religious beliefs,
to others the beginning of space and time might represent a significant problem# (.ill 8itchell
@8 'nflation is an 2d ;oc )olution to a Theory that Contradicts Obser"ation
,nflation theory, that was in&ented for the purpose, is said to pro&ide simple solutions to some of the
problems of pre2inflation .ig .ang /heory# ,nflation theorists ha&e alleged that the inflationary expansion
of the early .ig .ang uni&erse, in&ol&ing speeds orders of magnitude greater than that of light, did not
in&ol&e the tra&el of mass or energy, and thus did not &iolate the theory of relati&ity in sol&ing the
singularity problem# .ut how inflation, as opposed to ordinary expansion, can in some manner displace all
the mass or energy of the uni&erse without physically mo&ing it, defies common understanding# ' &iolation
of !instein9s prohibition of speeds in excess of that of light seems to be inherent in that process# (.ill
8itchell
68 #hat is .ecelerating0
,f the uni&erse is expanding and, if that expansion is decelerating due to gra&itational attraction of the mass
of the uni&erse, as .ig .ang theorists belie&e, they ha&e not made it clear whether the expansion of space is
decelerating, or whether the expansion of the matter in space is decelerating# ' lac0 of clarity regarding this
matter would seem to add to the difficulties of .ig .ang /heory# (.ill 8itchell
C8 .istant :ala>ies in the ;ubble .eep Field are not 1Primiti"e1 and Mo"e as if )urrounded
by Matter8
Since hea&y metals are formed by Superno&as, thus early stars (first generation in the .ig .ang should not
show metal content 2 yet they do#
(urther, recent e&idence shows that the motion of distant galaxies (as determined by the matter around
them contradicts .ig .ang theory# (/he wa&e structure of matter predicted this 2 see the *osmology
Predictions#
378 The Big Bang )atisfies the %eligious Creation Myth
/hough we li0e to thin0 of science as the ob)ecti&e study of truth, history shows that this is far from the
truth# 8ost scientists are religious 2 this necessarily influences their thin0ing# 's Iiet7sche writes of
philosophers and scientists, they+
P### pose as ha&ing disco&ered and attained their real opinions through the self2e&olution of a cold, pure,
di&inely unperturbed dialecticE while what happens at bottom is that a pre)udice, a notion, an 9inspiration,9
generally a desire of the heart sifted and made abstract, is defended by them with reasons sought after the
e&entP (Iiet7sche, .eyond ?ood and !&il
/hus we can understand why the .ig .ang theory is so popular, it satisfies this religious need for a god "
creator# 's Pope Pius Y,, wrote+
,n fact, it seems that present2day science, with one sweeping step bac0 across millions of centuries, has
succeeded in bearing witness to that primordial 9(iat lux9 (Aet there be light uttered at the moment when,
along with matter, there burst forth from nothing a sea of light and radiation, while the particles of the
chemical elements split and formed into millions of galaxies ### -ence, creation too0 place in time, therefore,
there is a *reator, ?od exists> (Pope Pius Y,,, 1951
:e ha&e a page on religion and theology which defines god as the one infinite and eternal thing that exists 2
Space and its wa&e motions that form matter#
DDDD
,n ending# /he biggest argument against the big bang theory is that we now 0now reality# 8atter is formed
from wa&es in space# /his then deduces the fundamentals of *osmology based upon space being infinite
and eternal, without the need for an expanding uni&erse#
?eoff -aselhurst
$elated ;ig ;ang Articles
(or the enthusiasts we ha&e four &ery good essays on &arious problems of the .ig .ang /heory which
pro&ide compelling e&idence that the .ig .ang theory is wrong#
9Seeing 5ed9 by -alton 'rp
9/he .ig .ang Ie&er -appened9 by !ric S# Aerner
9/he .ig .ang /heory %nder (ire9 by :illiam *# 8itchell
/he /op K< Problems of the .ig .ang /heory by /om 6an (landern
'nd some good websites on the problems of the big bang theory of cosmology#
httpE""www#newtonphysics#on#ca" 2 In the we# pages #elow0 we present e)planations which are compati#le
with ;ewtonian and semi-classical physics. &e apply the principle of causality and avoid models re7uiring
a pro#a#ilistic e)istence of matter and non-locality. his differs from the current approach of modern
physics. (<aul %armet)
httpE""cosmologystatement#org" 2 -n Open "etter to the !cientific /ommunity. he #ig #ang today relies on
a growing num#er of hypothetical entities0 things that we have never o#served - inflation0 dar, matter and
dar, energy are the most prominent e)amples. &ithout them0 there would #e a fatal contradiction #etween
the o#servations made #y astronomers and the predictions of the #ig #ang theory. In no other field of
physics would this continual recourse to new hypothetical o#?ects #e accepted as a way of #ridging the gap
#etween theory and o#servation. It would0 at the least0 raise serious 7uestions a#out the validity of the
underlying theory. (<u#lished in ;ew !cientist0 %ay 110 1338)
All that is necessary for evil to succeed is for good people to do nothing!
"#d$und %ur&e'
(lowing with the /aoE
.alance, -armony, $neness
P.eing one with nature, the
sage is in accord with the
/ao#P
Aao /7u Pictures /aoism
Buotes /ao Philosophy
P/he /ao that can be
expressed is not the eternal
/ao#P
/ao /e *hingE /he Aaw of Iature Aao
/7u
P,f people do not re&ere the Aaw of
Iature, ,t will ###ad&ersely affect them# ,f
they accept it with 0nowledge and
re&erence, ,t will accommodate them with
balance and harmony#P
:isdom of !astE *onfucius on
8en9s -abits
P8en9s natures are ali0e, it is
their habits that carry them far
apart#P
*onfucius !astern Philosophy
" 8ysticism
P/o learn and from time to
time to apply what one has
learned, isn9t that a pleasureFP
!astern PhilosophyE *onfucius
Qnowledge 'ntiquity
P, am not one who was born in the
possession of 0nowledge+ , am one who is
fond of antiquity, and earnest in see0ing it
there#P
!astern PhilosophyE .uddha
on ?ood and !&il
PIot to do any e&il, to
culti&ate the good, to purify
one9s mind, this is the
/eaching of the .uddhas#P
.uddhism Philosophy of
Ao&e
P-atred is ne&er appeased by
hatred in this world+ it is
appeased by lo&e# /his is an
eternal Aaw# ### ,f one spea0s
or acts, with a pure mind,
happiness follows ###P
Spiritual AeaderE ?autama Siddhartha
(.uddha
P/o tread the Ioble !ightfold Path
requires one to li&e a life based on a right
&iew, right thought, right speech, right
conduct, right &ocation, right effort, right
attention and right concentration#
DAth Century +estern Philosophy 2 Philosophers
:e hope you en)oy browsing our gallery of ;<th *entury :estern Philosophy# $ur selection includes
portraits and interesting quotes from famous contemporary Philosophers include such as 'lbert *amus,
8ichel (oucault, *arl Sung, '#S# 'yer, Audwig :ittgenstein, .ertrand 5ussell, Qarl Popper and Sean Paul
Sartre#
Philosophy of the ;<th *entury is characterised by being postmodern in nature
(no absolute truths, idealist (we can9t say anything physically exists, all is a
representation of the mind and concerned with logical and linguistic analysis#
/he philosopher Audwig :ittgenstein is famous for ma0ing us realise that
while we do not 0now reality then all words are ultimately )ust human
constructions without absolute meaning or truth (which comes from relating
words to things that physically exist, thus language is a tautology#
*<hilosophy is a #attle against the #ewitchment of our intelligence #y means
of language. ... .ut what are the simple constituent parts of which reality is
composed@ - &hat are the simple constituent parts of a chair@ - he #its of
wood of which it is made@ Or the molecules or atoms@ ...he fluctuation of
scientific definition( what today counts as an concomitant of a phenomena
will tomorrow #e used to define it.* ("udwig &ittgenstein0 499A - 4AB4)
,lbert %amus' Axistentialist @riter
-+n the depths of winter, + finally
learned that there was in me an
invincible summer.- >,lbert %amus,
(.(1 - (.B4?
,lbert %amus 6hilosophy of
#riendship *uote
-8on't wal in front of me, + may not
follow. 8on't wal behind me, + may
not lead. Rust wal beside me and be
my friend.- >,lbert %amus, (.(1 -
(.B4?
Social %riticism' ;ichel
#oucault ,rt and :ife
-@hat stries me is the fact
that in our society, art has
become somethin& which is
only related to ob$ects, and
not to individuals, or to life.-
%arl Run& 6sycholo&y vs ,strolo&y
-@e are born at a &iven moment, in a
&iven place and, ...have the qualities
of the year and of the season of
which we are born. ,strolo&y does
not lay claim to anythin& more.- >%arl
Run&, (0C3 - (.B(?
+ma&ination and #antasy' Run&ian
6sycholo&y
-,ll the wors of man have their
ori&in in creative fantasy. @hat ri&ht
have we then to depreciate
ima&ination.-
%arl Run& Synchronicity 5
%ause and Affect
-The connection between
cause and effect turns out
to be only statistically valid
and only relatively true. ... +
define synchronicity as a
psychically conditioned
relativity of time and
space.- >Run&
British 6hilosophy Kistory' ,. R. ,yer
%ertainty
:udwi& @itt&enstein' 6hilosophy
:an&ua&e
-6hilosophy is a battle a&ainst the
bewitchment of our intelli&ence by
means of lan&ua&e. ... The meanin&
Bertrand <ussell' #ree
Eoble :ife
Ancient :ree< Philosophy
Philosopher?s 1uotes 2 Pictures
:estern Philosophy begins with the 'ncient ?ree0s# $ur 'rt collection includes Portraits, Paintings and
Buotes from Pre2Socratic ?ree0 Philosophers to 'ristotle (/hales, 'naximander, 'naximenes, Pythagoras,
-eraclitus, @emocritus, Socrates, Plato, @iogenes, 'ristotle, -ypatia, !picurus, Meno of *itium# /he
famous painting 9!chool of -thens9 (151< 211 by ,talian 5enaissance artist, 5aphael, is also part of our
gallery#
:e also ha&e a comprehensi&e Philosophy Physics 8etaphysics website with pages on 'ncient ?ree0
Philosophy (includes quotes, pictures and biographies# /hese pages are unique because they not only
pro&ide a summary of their main metaphysical ideas (founded on the dynamic unity of reality, but most
importantly explain this interconnection of all things (i#e# how matter exists and interacts with all other
matter in the uni&erse#
:e hope you en)oy the beauty and wisdom of these great minds# !n)oy>
<aphael' School of ,thens
6hilosophers 6aintin&
-,nd those whose hearts are
fixed on <eality itself deserve the
title of 6hilosophers. >6lato quote
on School of ,thens 6aintin& by
<aphael?-
Free Science 5 6hilosophy'
Thales of ;iletus
-Thales saw the 7nity of the
'Axistent,' and when he wanted to
communicate this idea he taled
of water.-
,peiron The #irst 6rinciple 5
Source' ,naximander
-The ,peiron is neither water nor
any other one of the thin&s called
elements, but the infinite is
somethin& of a different nature,
from which came all the heavens
and the worlds in them.-
,naximenes 6hilosophy' ,ir,
Source of ,ll
-,naximenes ... said that infinite
air was the principle from which
thin&s that are becomin&, and that
are, and that shall be, ...all come
into bein& ...-
6ytha&oras' ;athematics
6hilosophy Brevity
-8o not say a little in many words,
but a &reat deal in a few.-
,ncient Free 6hilosophy'
Keraclitus on 7nity
-,ll thin&s come out of the =ne
and the =ne out of all thin&s.-
>Keraclitus, 344 B.%.?
Free 6hilosophy' 8emocritus on
Tranquillity
-8o few thin&s, if you would en$oy
tranquillity. ... By desirin& little, a
poor man maes himself rich.-
Nnow Thyself 6hilosophy of
Socrates
-Nnow ThyselfJ The unexamined
:ife is not worth :ivin&.- @ise
*uote from the ,ncient Free
6hilosopher, Socrates >)B. - 1..
B%?.
Sayin&s from ,ncient Freece'
@isdom of Socrates
-,n honest man is always a child.-
Fa-ous (cientists, In,entors and ')plorers
:e ha&e been inspired by many great Scientists, ,n&entors and !xplorers (people who disco&er, create,
explore># :e hope you en)oy our collection of beautiful minds and find inspiration and solace in their
words of wisdom# Buotes and portraits from 'rchimedes, *hristopher *olumbus, 'lexander ?raham .ell,
/homas !dison, Ii0ola /esla, 8arie *urie, Aouis Pasteur, ?alileo ?alilei and /ycho .rahe# !n)oy>
#amous Scientists' 3th Solvay
%onference (.2C
-The free, unhampered exchan&e
of ideas and scientific conclusions
is necessary for the sound
development of science, as it is in
all spheres of life.- >,lbert
Ainstein, (.32?
Science 5 Kubble' Axploration of
Falaxies 5 Space
-Aquipped with his five senses,
man explores the universe
around him and calls the
adventure Science.-
+ndividual +mprovement' Kumanity
;arie %urie
-...each of us must wor for his
own improvement, and ...share a
&eneral responsibility for all
humanity, ...to aid those to whom
we thin we can be most useful.-
Eobel 6hilosophy' Food from
8iscovery ;arie %urie
-+ am one of those who thin lie
Eobel, that humanity will draw
more &ood than evil from new
discoveries.-
;arie %urie' @onderful @orld of
Science
-,ll my life throu&h, the new
si&hts of Eature made me re$oice
lie a child. ... +t was lie a new
world opened to me, ...which +
was at last permitted to now in
all liberty.-
Eiola Tesla' 6hysics Theory
Aner&y +nventions
-=ne day man will connect his
apparatus to the very wheel wor
of the universe ... the very forces
that motivate the planets in their
orbits and cause them to rotate
will rotate his own machinery.-
Scientists 5 +nventors' Eiola Tesla
-+ do not thin there is any thrill
that can &o throu&h the human
heart lie that felt by the inventor
+nventor Thomas Adison'
<esponse to Kuman Eeeds
-+ never perfected an invention
that + did not thin about in terms
Thomas Adison' +nventions
+ma&ination Run
-To invent, you need a &ood
ima&ination and a pile of $un.-
Theology= On :od, $eligion and &orality
:e hope you en)oy our /heology gallery> $ur collection includes beautiful religious 'rt pictures and
inspirational Buotes on ?od, :orld 5eligions and 8orality# @ifferent religious world &iews are expressed
from Sesus *hrist and *hristianity to -induism, 8onism, 8ysticism and 'theism# $ther great thin0ers
include *icero, Seneca, /homas 'quinas, (rancis .acon, ?ottfried Aeibni7, Socrates, Aeo /olstoy and
8ahatma ?andhi#
:e also ha&e a comprehensi&e Philosophy Physics 8etaphysics website with some interesting pages on
/heology (includes summary of :orld 5eligions, Philosophy of $ne ?od, 5eligion and the *hurch#
(or ?od is thought to be among the causes for all things and to be a 0ind of principle ### ('ristotle
;ystic 6hilosophy' ,ldous
Kuxley ;an ;ade Fods
-,ll &ods are homemade, and
it is we who pull their strin&s,
and so, &ive them the power to
pull ours.-
Fod Truth 7nity' Fandhi
<eli&ion and Eon Liolence
-+n nature there is fundamental
unity runnin& throu&h all the
diversity ... ;y reli&ion is
based on truth and non-
violence. Truth is my Fod.
Eon-violence is the means of
realisin& Kim.-
:eo Tolstoy' Fod ;etaphysics *uotes
-,nd the cause of everythin& is that which we
call Fod. To now Fod and live is the same
thin&. Fod is :ife.- >:eo Tolstoy, (020 - (.(4?
:eo Tolstoy' True <eli&ion
;orality 6hilosophy
-+f reli&ion is the establishin& of
a relationship between man 9
universe, then morality is the
indication 9 explanation of
those activities ...-
:eibni/ 7nity ;etaphysics'
Fod, Substance of ;onad
-Fod alone is the primary
7nity, or ori&inal simple
substance, from which all
monads, created and derived,
are produced.-
6hilosophy ,theism <eli&ion' #rancis Bacon
-, little philosophy inclineth man's mind to
atheism, but depth in philosophy brin&eth
men's minds about to reli&ion.-
Thomas ,quinas' Senses,
;orality and <eason
-By nature all men are equal in
<oman 6hilosophers' Seneca
the Ioun&er
-<eli&ion is re&arded by the
common people as true, by the
wise as false, and by the rulers
as useful.- >Seneca the
%hristianity' Truth, ;yth and <eli&ion
-There was only one true %hristian, and he
died on the cross.- >#riedrich Eiet/sche?
Fa-ous $ulers, "eaders 2 Politicians
/here ha&e been many inspirational leaders o&er the course of human history# :e hope you en)oy our
collection of (amous 5ulers (Presidents, Prime 8inisters, Politicians, 5oman !mperors, Qings and Bueens,
Political Philosophers ### with quotes on @emocracy, *ommunism, Socialism, /errorism, Aeadership, :ar
and Peace, Political Philosophy, Aiberty and (reedom#
:e also ha&e an interesting webpage on Politics (includes summary of Political Philosophy, %topia, 8ar0et
!conomics, @emocracy#
### by nature man is a political animal# ('ristotle, Politics, KL< .*
Terrorism Feor&e @. Bush'
7nited Eations
-Avery nation in every re&ion now
has a decision to mae. Aither
you are with us, or you are with
the terrorists.-
6ower to the 6eople' Fovernment
Bill %linton
-Today we can declare'
Fovernment is not the problem,
and &overnment is not the
solution. @e, the ,merican
people, we are the solution.-
Feor&e @. Bush Senior' 7S,
6olitics
-+ will never apolo&i/e for the
7nited States of ,merica. + don't
care what the facts are.- >Feor&e
Bush Snr, (.2) - ?
<onald <ea&an' ,merican 6olitics
5 Fovernment
-The nine most terrifyin& words in
the An&lish lan&ua&e are' '+'m
from the &overnment and +'m here
to help.'-
,merican Aconomy' 6resident
<onald <ea&an
-+ am not worried about the deficit.
+t is bi& enou&h to tae care of
itself.-
)4th ,merican 6resident' <onald
<ea&an' 6eace
-, people free to choose will
always choose peace. ... 6eace is
not absence of conflict, it is the
ability to handle conflict by
peaceful means.-
Kumour of <ea&an' 6resident 5
,ctor 5 Broadcaster
-+t's true hard wor never illed
anybody, but + fi&ure, why tae the
chanceH-
@ar and 6eace' ,merican
6resident Rimmy %arter
-@e cannot be both the worldTs
leadin& champion of peace and
the worldTs leadin& supplier of
6eace and Kuman <elations'
Eelson ;andela
-+f you want to mae peace with
your enemy, you have to wor
with your enemy. Then he
Fa-ous Poets 2 &etaphysical Poetry
:e hope you en)oy our gallery of Poets, :riters and Philosophers# $ur collection includes beautiful
portraits and quotes from *harles .audelaire, Samuel /aylor *oleridge, !dgar 'llan Poe, Percy .ysshe
Shelley, /homas 8oore, ?oethe, :illiam :ordsworth, :illiam Sha0espeare and Aucretius# /hese great
minds ha&e inspired us with their truth, beauty and creati&ity# :e hope they inspire you too>
.ut words are things, and a small drop of in0,
(alling, li0e dew, upon a thought, produces
/hat which ma0es thousands, perhaps millions, thin0#
(Aord .yron
(or no matter what dull clay we seemed to be before, we are e&ery one of us a poet when we are in lo&e#
(Plato
#riedrich Eiet/sche' 6hilosopher 5
;aster of 6rose
-@as it not for you the &lacier today
exchan&ed its &rey for rosesH ...#or you
have + prepared my table ... who lives
so near the stars as +, or who so near
the depths of the abyssH-
Baudelaire #rench 6oetry'
=pium and @omen
-...an old and terrible friend,
and, alasJ lie them all, full of
caresses and deceptions.-
>Baudelaire, comparin&
opium to women?
,merican <omantic 6oets
Ad&ar ,llan 6oe
-6oetry is the rhythmical
creation of beauty in words. +ts
sole arbiter is Taste.-
An&lish <omantic 6oets' 6ercy Bysshe
Shelley
-6oetry is a mirror which maes
beautiful that which is distorted.-
The ;asque of ,narchy'
6ercy Bysshe Shelley
-Fovernment is an evilD it is
only the thou&htlessness and
vices of men that mae it a
necessary evil. @hen all men
are &ood and wise,
&overnment will of itself
decay.-
Samuel Taylor %olerid&e
;etaphysics 6oetry
-Eo one was ever yet a &reat
poet, without bein& at the same
time a profound philosopher.
#or poetry is the blossom and
the fra&rancy of all human
nowled&e ... >Samuel Taylor
%olerid&e, (CC2 - (01)?
Thomas ;oore' :yrics, 6oetry and
Aternal :ife
-#rom my rottin& body, flowers shall
+rish 6oet Thomas ;oore'
6assa&e of 8eath
-,nd soon, too soon, we part
@illiam @ordsworth' 6oetry
Amotion Tranquillity
-6oetry is the spontaneous
&oti,ational 2 Inspirational 1uotes
:e hope you en)oy (and are inspired by> our gallery of 8oti&ational and ,nspirational Buotes and Pictures#
$ur collection includes words of wisdom from famous philosophers, thin0ers and acti&ists such as Socrates,
Plato, 'ristotle, 8arcus 'urelius, !dmund .ur0e, :inston *hurchill, 8ahatma ?andhi, 8artin Auther
Qing and /homas !dison# ,nspire others with moti&ational messages from beautiful minds>
,ncient +ndian @isdom' #ool
,n&ry @ise 7nderstand
-The #ool &ets ,n&ry. The @ise
6erson 7nderstands.- >,ncient
+ndian @isdom quote on
<embrandt 6aintin&, '6hilosopher
in ;editation.'
The 7nexamined :ife' Socrates
on @onder
-The unexamined life is not worth
livin&. ... @isdom be&ins in
wonder.-
Seneca the Ioun&er'
6hilosopher 5 Statesman
-8ifficulties stren&then the mind,
as labour does the body.-
;arcus ,urelius' The 7niverse
%onnection to ,ll
-;editate often upon the bond of
all in the 7niverse and their
mutual relationship. #or all thin&s
are in a way woven to&ether.-
The Nnowled&eable =ne' Saint
,u&ustine of Kippo
-8o you wish to be &reatH Then
be&in by bein&. ...Thin first about
the foundations of humility. The
hi&her your structure is to be, the
deeper must be its foundation.-
Admund Bure' Food 9 Avil
-,ll that is necessary for evil to
succeed is for &ood men to do
nothin&.- >Admund Bure, (C2. -
(C.C?
6ower of 8reams' @riter 5
6hilosopher Foethe
-@hatever you can do or dream
you can, be&in it. Boldness has
&enius, power, and ma&ic in it.-
+sabella Baumfree' @omens'
<i&hts
-+f women want any ri&hts more
than they's &ot, why don't they
$ust tae them, and not be talin&
about it.-
@illiam Rames 6sycholo&ist' :ife
and %han&e
-To chan&e ones life' Start
immediately. 8o it flamboyantly.-
5ature, 'n,iron-ent, ',olution and 'cology
's !&olutionists and !cologists who li&e in Iature, here is our collection of great minds who ha&e inspired
us# :e hope you en)oy the following quotes and pictures of famous en&ironmentalists and e&olutionists 2
*harles @arwin, /homas -uxley, -erbert Spencer, -enry @a&id /horeau and (ran0lin 5oosel&elt#
:hen we spea0 of Iature it is wrong to forget that we are oursel&es a part of Iature# :e ought to &iew
oursel&es with the same curiosity and openness with which we study a tree, the s0y or a thought, because we
too are lin0ed to the entire uni&erse# (-enri 8atisse
%harles 8arwin' Fod 5 %reation
-+ can't persuade myself that a
beneficent 9 omnipotent Fod
would desi&nedly create cats
that play with mice.- >%harles
8arwin?
%harles 8arwin' Eew +deas in
Science
-,lthou&h + am fully convinced of
the truth ... + by no means expect to
convince experienced naturalists ...-
>%harles 8arwin?
%harles 8arwin Avolution Theory
Eatural Selection
-+ have called this principle, by
which each sli&ht variation, if
useful, is preserved, by the term
Eatural Selection-. >%harles
8arwin?
Transcendental 6hilosophy'
Thoreau Simplify
-Simplify, Simplify. ... <ather
than love, than money, than
fame, &ive me truth.-
Kenry 8avid Thoreau %ivil
8isobedience
-+f the machine of &overnment is of
such a nature that it requires you to
be the a&ent of in$ustice to another,
then, + say, brea the law.-
Spencer' Avolution and Synthetic
6hilosophy
-The wise man must remember
that while he is a descendant of
the past, he is a parent of the
future.-
Avolutionist Kerbert Spencer'
@ords 9 Thou&hts
-Kow often misused words
&enerate misleadin& thou&hts.-
Thomas Kuxley 8arwin Eatural
Selection
-Kow extremely stupid for me not to
have thou&ht of thatJ- >Thomas
Kuxley's first reflection after
masterin&, in (03., the central idea
Anvironment %onservation'
#ranlin 8. <oosevelt
-, nation that destroys it's soils
destroys itself. #orests are the
lun&s of our land, purifyin& the air
and &ivin& fresh stren&th to our
Adult #u-or 2 Funny Ko<es/
Philosophical, Political, T*isted, (tupid #u-or
6olitical %omedy' %hurchill
,&ainst 8emocracy
-The best ar&ument a&ainst
democracy is a five-minute
conversation with the avera&e
voter.-
+rony' #reedom of Speech, #reedom
of Thou&ht
-6eople demand freedom of speech
as a compensation for the freedom of
thou&ht which they seldom use.-
>Soren Niere&aard, (0(1 - (033?
@it of =scar @ilde' Fenius at
6lay
-+ have nothin& to declare
except my &enius.-
#unny @ords' 6resident Feor&e
@ashin&ton
-;ae the most of the +ndian
hemp seed, and sow it
everywhereJ- >Feor&e
@ashin&ton, note to his
&ardener at ;ount Lernon,
(C.)?
<ational ;an' Bertrand <ussell
Kumor and @it
-+t has been said that man is a rational
animal. ,ll my life + have been
searchin& for evidence which could
support this.-
%lever Kumour' Bertrand
<ussell Thinin& *uote
-;any people would sooner
die than thinD in fact, they do
so.-
<onald <ea&an Roe' Terror of
Fovernment
-The nine most terrifyin& words
in the An&lish lan&ua&e are' '+'m
from the &overnment and +'m
6olitical Kumor' <onald <ea&an on
the 8eficit
-+ am not worried about the deficit. +t is
bi& enou&h to tae care of itself.-
=ffice Kumor' <onald <ea&an
on Kard @or
-+t's true hard wor never illed
anybody, but + fi&ure, why tae
the chanceH-
&athe-atics and Fa-ous &athe-aticians
8athematics is an fascinating sub)ect and useful tool# :e hope you en)oy our gallery of famous
8athematicians# $ur collection includes quotes and pictures of !uclid, ,saac Iewton, ?ottfried Aeibni7,
.laise Pascal, 'lfred Iorth :hitehead#
:e also ha&e a interesting section on 8athematics on our Philosophy website#
$ne reason why mathematics en)oys special esteem, abo&e all other sciences, is that its propositions are
absolutely certain and indisputable, ### -ow can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human
thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the ob)ects of reality# ('lbert
!instein
,lfred @hitehead on 6hilosophy
+&norance @onder
-Eot i&norance, but i&norance of
i&norance, is the death of
nowled&e. ... 6hilosophy is the
product of wonder.-
Fottfried :eibni/' Science Truth
<eason Axperience
-...the mar of a &enuine idea is
that its possibility can be
proved, ...by conceivin& its cause
or ...when experience teaches us
that it is in fact in nature.-
;athematician Blaise 6ascal
6hilosophy +ma&ination
-+ma&ination disposes of
everythin&D it creates beauty,
$ustice, and happiness, which
are everythin& in this world.-
Blaise 6ascal on Truth <eli&ion
Avil
-;en never do evil so completely
and cheerfully as when they do it
from reli&ious conviction. ...
Eothin& &ives rest but the sincere
search for truth.-
Auclid' Fod's ;athematical :aws of
Eature
-The laws of nature are but the
mathematical thou&hts of Fod.-
Continuous ( .iscrete, )imple ( Comple>, )pace ( Matter- !ith the Metaphysics of
)pace $ the #a"e )tructure of Matter
endea&ours to express it better, we find in all philosophies 2 the propositionE e,erything is one/
>%ottfried &ei"ni', (BC4? <eality cannot be found except in =ne sin&le source, because of the
interconnection of all thin&s with one another. ... + maintain also that substances, whether
material or immaterial, cannot be conceived in their bare essence without any activity, activity
bein& of the essence of substance in &eneral. ... +n conclusion, nothin& should be taen as
certain without foundationsD it is therefore those who manufacture entities and substances
without &enuine unity to prove that there is more to reality than + have $ust saidD and + am waitin& for the
notion of a substance, or of an entity, which successfully comprehends all these thin&sD after which parts
and perhaps even dreams will be able one day to lay claim to reality.
>(radley, (0)B-(.2)? @e may a&ree, perhaps, to understand by ;etaphysics an attempt to
now reality as a&ainst mere appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or
a&ain the effort to comprehend the universe, not simply piecemeal or by fra&ments, but
somehow as a whole.
>%eorge (er)eley, (C(4? Eothin& seems of more importance, towards erectin& a firm
system of sound and real nowled&e, which may be proof a&ainst the assaults of scepticism,
than to lay the be&innin& in a distinct explication of what is meant by thin&, reality, existence'
for in vain shall we dispute concernin& the real existence of thin&s, or pretend to any
nowled&e thereof, so lon& as we have not fixed the meanin& of those words.
6a&e
'ntroduction 5 On the Fundamental Problem of Metaphysics
/he Problem of the $ne and the 8any is at the &ery foundation of all human 0nowledge (as the quotes
abo&e clearly demonstrate# ,t is a problem that has been 0nown for many thousands of years without
solution, thus it is hardly surprising that it is now accepted by many that we can ne&er sol&e the Proble- of
the One and the &any, thus we can ne&er directly 0now what exists, what reality is (what we are and how
we are interconnected to e&erything around us>#
>*adha)rishnan?
,n fact there is only one solution 2 which is the most simple solution#
,t is now well accepted in modern physics that 8atter interacts (e#g# Aight and ?ra&ity with all other 8atter
in the %ni&erse, as Smolin writes,
+t can no lon&er be maintained that the properties of any one thin& in the universe are independent of the
existence or non-existence of everythin& else. +t is, at last, no lon&er sensible to spea of a universe with
only one thin& in it. >&ee +!olin, (..C?
/hus to understand the Structure of 8atter we must understand the Structure of the %ni&erse, and this
means we must 0now the $ne thing that is common to and connects the 8any things within the %ni&erse#
's Aeibni7 correctly and profoundly says+
another. >&ei"ni', (BC4?
/he solution is found by describing the $ne
Substance which exists (Space and its Properties
(:a&e28edium such that we can then explain the
necessary connection between the many things
(i#e# 8atter as Spherical :a&e 8otions of Space
which exist in Space#
/his minor (though ob&iously fundamental
change in the 8etaphysical foundations for
describing 5eality (from 9particles9 and spherical
9force fields9 in Space and /ime to Spherical
:a&es in Space mo&es us from the current
paradigm of the metaphysics of Space and /ime to the &etaphysics of (pace and &otion and the +a,e
(tructure of &atter.
(rom this new metaphysical foundation we then find simple sensible solutions to not )ust the problem of the
One and the &any, but to the related problems of the Infinite and the Finite, 'ternal and the Te-poral,
Absolute and $elati,e, Continuous and 0iscrete, (i-ple and Co-ple), &atter and Uni,erse#
6a&e
The Proble- of the One and the &any
+hat is the One thing that -ust ')ist to necessarily
interconnect the &any thingsH
The ;etaphysics of Space 9 ;otion explains the #oundations of ,ncient Free 9 +ndian 6hilosophy >,ll is
=ne, ,ctive-#lux?
,t is fitting to begin with 'ncient ?ree0 Philosophy, which originated from the correct realisation that there
must be $ne thing that is common to and connects the 8any things#
>,eraclitus G 344B%? ,ll thin&s come out of the one, and the one out of all thin&s.
>Friedrich -iet'sche, The Frees, (004? Free philosophy seems to be&in with a
preposterous fancy, with the proposition >of Thales? that water is the ori&in and mother-womb
of all thin&s. +s it really necessary to stop there and become seriousH Ies, and for three
reasons' firstly, because the proposition does enunciate somethin& about the ori&in of thin&sD
secondly, because it does so without fi&ure and fableD thirdly and lastly, because it contained,
althou&h only in the chrysalis state, the idea 'everythin& is one. ... That which drove him >Thales? to this
&enerali/ation was a metaphysical do&ma, which had its ori&in in a mystic intuition and which to&ether with
the ever renewed endeavours to express it better, we find in all philosophies - the proposition' everythin& is
oneJ
Ai0ewise ,ndian Philosophy (which pre2dates and li0ely founds ?ree0 Philosophy realised this $neness
which they called .rahman, and also appreciated the importance of 8otion (dynamic, acti&ity#
>Fritjof Capra, (.C2? +n +ndian philosophy, the main terms used by Kindus and Buddhists have
dynamic connotations. The word Brahman is derived from the Sansrit root brih . to &row - and
thus su&&ests a reality which is dynamic and alive. +n the words of S. <adharishnan, The
word Brahman means &rowth and is su&&estive of life, motion, pro&ress.
The 7panishads refer to Brahman as 'this uniformed, immortal, movin&', thus associatin& it
with motion even thou&h it transcends all forms. The <i& Leda uses another term to express the dynamic
character of the universe, the term <ita. This word comes from the root ri- to moveD its ori&inal meanin& in
the <i& Leda bein& 'the course of all thin&s', 'the order of nature'.
The central aim of Aastern mysticism is to experience all the phenomena in the world as manifestations of
the same ultimate reality. This reality is seen as the essence of the universe, underlyin& and unifyin& the
multitude of thin&s and events we observe. The Kindus call it Brahman, The Buddhists 8harmaaya >The
Body of Bein&? or Tathata >Suchness? and the Taoists TaoD each affirmin& that it transcends our intellectual
concepts and defies further explanation. This ultimate essence, however, cannot be separated from its
multiple manifestations. +t is central to the very nature to manifest itself in myriad forms which come into
bein& and disinte&rate, transformin& themselves into one another without end. +n its phenomenal aspect,
the cosmic =ne is thus intrinsically dynamic, and the apprehension of its dynamic nature is basic to all
schools of Aastern mysticism.
;odern physics then, pictures matter not at all as passive and inert, but bein& in a continuous dancin& and
vibratin& motion whose rhythmic patterns are determined by the molecular, atomic and nuclear structures.
This is also the way in which the Aastern mystics see the material world. They all emphasise that the
universe has to be &rasped dynamically, as it moves, vibrates and dancesD that nature is not a static but
dynamic equilibrium.
/heir error was to belie&e that $ne thing could ne&er be understood with human conceptual 0nowledge,
which requires relationships between two or more things+
The central difficulty is nown as the problem of the one and the many which, in the terms in which it
presented itself to Badarayana, is as followsD Brahman >the absolute? is eternal, immutable and perfect
>lacin& nothin&?' Kow can that which is eternal, immutable and perfect be related to what is temporal,
mutable and imperfect, i.e. the everyday world of human experience, the samsaraH >(adarayana?
>*adha)rishnan?
The next serious philosophical issue involved in ,dvaitism >Eon-dualism? arises in the area of
epistemolo&y or the theory of nowled&e. ,ll ordinary human experience is conceptual in nature, i.e. is
or&ani/ed under the cate&ories in which we ordinarily thin. Kowever, Brahman is said to be predicateless,
or, in other words, such that in principle no concepts apply to it' concepts presuppose division, and
Brahman is a unity. Kow, then, is any form of awareness of Brahman possible for human bein&sH
>Collinson, #ifty Aastern Thiners, 2444?
.ut once we 0now what exists, and its properties, then the solution to this problem becomes simple and
ob&ious (which explains why philosophy is 0nown as the disco&ery of the ob&ious>#
$ne thing, Space, exists, ,nfinite and !ternal, the second thing, 8otion, as the :a&e 8otion of Space, is the
property of Space, and is necessarily connected to Space as it is Space which is mo&ing " &ibrating# 'nd
once we ha&e this connection between the $ne thing Space, and the many things, i#e# 8atter as the Spherical
:a&e 8otion of Space, then we can in fact form concepts and logic (which require two necessarily
connected things, i#e# 8atter as the spherical wa&e &otion of (pace#
and thus the solution to this profound problem of the $ne and the 8any, when he wrote+
>&a!a %ovinda, (.CC? The fundamental element of the cosmos is Space. Space is the all-
embracin& principle of hi&her unity. Eothin& can exist without Space. Space is the precondition
of all that exists, be it material or immaterial form, because we can neither ima&ine an ob$ect
nor a bein& without space. ,ccordin& to ancient +ndian tradition the universe reveals itself in
two fundamental properties' as ;otion, and as that in which motion taes place, namely
Space. This Space is called aasa, and is that throu&h which thin&s step into visible appearance, i.e.,
throu&h which they possess extension or corporeality.
,asa is derived from the root as, 'to radiate, to shine', and has therefore the meanin& of 'ether', which is
conceived as the medium of movement. The principle of movement, however, is prana, the breath of life,
the all-powerful, all-pervadin& rhythm of the universe.
/his is a profound (yet &ery simple solution# /he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion not only unites and
sol&es the Problem of the $ne and the 8any, but also the ,nfinite and the (inite, !ternal and the /emporal,
'bsolute and 5elati&e, *ontinuous and @iscrete, Simple and *omplex, 8atter and %ni&erse#
6a&e
The Proble- of the Infinite and the Finite
#o* do Finite things for- *ithin One Infinite thing, (paceH
%learly there is a sense in which the infinite exists and another in which it does not. >,ristotle, 6hysics?
,t is necessary to read the article on *osmology to fully explain this, though the solution is simple once
0nown# 8atter, as Spherical ,n and $ut :a&es, determines the si7e of our finite spherical uni,erse within
an infinite (pace, i#e# matter is finite within an infinite Space#
-uygens9 Principle explains how other matter9s out wa&es combine to form our matter9s spherical ,n2:a&es,
which then deduces both 8ach9s Principle and the redshift with distance (without assuming @oppler shifts
due to an expanding uni&erse 2 thus there was no .ig .ang#
/his also explains how matter interacts with all other matter in the uni&erse (why we can see stars as matter
is the si7e of the uni&erse, though we only 9see9 the high wa&e amplitude wa&e2center 9particles9#
6a&e
The Proble- of the 'ternal and the Te-poral
One thing -ust be 'ternal yet the &any things (e.g. (tars,
Planets, People) are Te-poral and e)perience Ti-e
/ime 2 /he Spherical Standing +a,e &otion of (pace causes matter9s acti&ity and the phenomena of
Ti-e# /his confirms Aristotle and (pino4a?s connection of 8otion and /ime, and most significantly
connects these two things bac0 to one thing Space#
;ovement, then, is also continuous in the way in which time is - indeed ti!e is either identical to
!ove!ent or is some affection of it. >,ristotle?
's Ti-e is caused by (wa&e &otion , thus only 8atter (as Spherical :a&e 8otions of Space experiences
/ime# Space is !ternal (has always existed and does not experience /ime (thus there was no .ig .ang
creation of Space"%ni&erse#

6a&e
The Proble- of the Absolute and $elati,e
Uniting Absolute &otion, $elati,e &otion, Absolute Truth,
$elati,e Truth
But for me, truth is the soverei&n principle, which included numerous other principles. This truth is not only
truthfulness in word, but truthfulness in thou&ht also, and not only the relative truth of our conception, but
the ,bsolute Truth, the Aternal 6rinciple, that is Fod. There are innumerable definitions of Fod, because
Kis manifestations are innumerable. They overwhelm me with wonder and awe and for a moment stun me.
But + worship Fod as Truth only. + have not yet found Kim, but + am seein& after Kim. + am prepared to
sacrifice the thin&s dearest to me in pursuit of this quest. Aven if the sacrifice demanded be my very life, +
hope + may be prepared to &ive it. But as lon& as + have not realised this ,bsolute Truth, so lon& must +
hold by the relative truth as + have conceived it. (Mahat!a Mohandas %andhi)
'bsolute Space exists, but until recently we only obser&ed the relati&e motion of matter (relati&e to other
matter as explained by !instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity# /his has now changed with the obser&ation of the
*osmic 8icrowa&e .ac0ground 5adiation (*8.5 2 which is li0ely caused from low temperature
-ydrogen distributed throughout Space 2 not from 9.ig .ang9 and acts as a reference frame for our
'bsolute 8otion through an 'bsolute Space#
See articles+
PhysicsE 'lbert !instein9s /heory of Special R ?eneral 5elati&ity
PhysicsE *osmic 8icrowa&e .ac0ground 5adiation (*8.5
PhysicsE /he 8ichelson28orley !xperiment
Ai0ewise, our current (and deeply flawed postmodern philosophy is founded on relati&e truths (that the
meaning of any one word can only be defined relati&e to other words 2 there is no absolute meaning or
'bsolute /ruth, it is all tautology# /his is sol&ed by connecting our language to 'bsolute Space and its
properties as a :a&e 8edium#
See 'rticles+
PhilosophyE :ittgenstein
PhilosophyE Postmodernism
6a&e
The Proble- of the Continuous and 0iscrete
#o* can One thing, *hich -ust be Continuous, for- -any
things, *hich -ust be 0iscreteH
Space, as $ne ,nfinite thing, must be continuous (it has no parts, which require two things, whereas matter
is finite and thus discrete# /he :a&e Structure of 8atter explains the discrete obser&ations of reality as
follows+
i Spherical Standing :a&es are finite " discrete, as are their :a&e2*enters, which we see as discrete
9particles9#
ii/he :a&elength of the spherical wa&es (about 1<
21;
is also finite and discrete#
iii /he Standing :a&e interactions of matter are discrete as only certain standing wa&e patterns are stable#
/his explains the discrete energy states of atoms#
i& !lectrons mo&e from one standing wa&e pattern to another in atoms " molecules (as they interact with
other electrons which also change wa&e states and this explains the discrete energy states of light quanta "
photons#
6a&e
The Proble- of the (i-ple and Co-ple)
#o* can reality, being founded on One (i-ple thing, for-
&any Co-ple) thingsH
+t is the &rand ob$ect of all theory to mae these irreducible elements >principles? as simple and as few in
number as possible, without havin& to renounce the adequate representation of any empirical content
whatever. >$l"ert .instein?
There are also two inds of truths' truth of reasonin& and truths of fact. Truths of reasonin& are necessary
and their opposite is impossibleD those of fact are contin&ent and their opposite is possible. @hen a truth is
necessary, the reason for it can be found by analysis, that is, by resolvin& it into simpler ideas and truths
until the primary ones are reached. >%ottfried &ei"ni'?
The more you see how stran&ely Eature behaves, the harder it is to mae a model that explains how even
the simplest phenomena actually wor. So theoretical physics has &iven up on that. >*ichard Feyn!an?
Space, as $ne thing, must be Simple (there is nothing more simple than $ne thing, and thus 5eality must
ultimately be Simple 2 which it is>#
8atter, as many Spherical Standing :a&es, interacts with all other matter in our finite spherical uni&erse
and these many trillions upon trillions of wa&e interactions are &ery complex (and allow the e&olution of
complex interconnected ecology of life that we ha&e here on !arth# 'lso see+
!&olutionE Iature $ne ?aia *osmos 2 /he Simple foundations of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and
the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explains both the *omplex !cology of 8atter in the %ni&erse and the
*omplex !cology of Aife on !arth (?aia#
6a&e
The Proble- of (pace and &atter B Uni,erse
#o* is (pace connected to &atter ! #o* does &atter interact
*ith all the other &atter in the Uni,erseH Uniting &atter B
Uni,erse, (ubject B Object, (elf B Other
,t has been a common error to thin0 of matter as tiny particles separate from the %ni&erse when in fact
matter, as spherical wa&es the si7e of the uni&erse, determines our finite spherical uni&erse within an infinite
space# /hus it is a nai&e real (illusion to thin0 of matter as 9particles9 and is founded on the empirical a
posteriori truth that we only see the wa&e2center or 9particle9 effect of matter and not the spherical ,n and
$ut wa&es which cause the 9particle9 effect# /his explains why we can see stars across the uni&erse because
matter is the si7e of the uni&erse and interacts with all the other matter in the uni&erse> 'nd this tells us that
we humans are also as large as the uni&erse (a &ery profound and until now 9mystical9 realisation# 'lbert
!instein realised this, he writes+
Physical ob)ects are not in space, but these ob)ects are spatially extended (as fields# ,n this way
the concept 9empty space9 loses its meaning# ### /he field thus becomes an irreducible element of
theory of Iewton# ### /he physical reality of space is represented by a field whose components
are continuous functions of four independent &ariables 2 the co2ordinates of space and time# Since the theory
of general relati&ity implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the concept of
particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, nor can the concept of motion# /he particle can
only appear as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly
high# (Albert 'instein, 8etaphysics of 5elati&ity, 195<
, human bein& is part of the whole called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. @e experience
ourselves, our thou&hts and feelin&s as somethin& separate from the rest. , ind of optical delusion of
consciousness. This delusion is a ind of prison for us, restrictin& us to our personal desires and to
affection for a few persons nearest to us. =ur tas must be to free ourselves from the prison by widenin&
our circle of compassion to embrace all livin& creatures and the whole of nature in its beautyM The true
value of a human bein& is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which they have obtained
liberation from the self. M @e shall require a substantially new manner of thinin& if humanity is to survive.
>$l"ert .instein, (.3)?
/he current state of our world confirms that -umanity does need a profound new way of thin0ing# :e now
0now the correct foundations for how to thin0 about our existence in the uni&erse# Please don9t ignore this 2
it is critically important for our future sur&i&al#
?eoff -aselhurst#
Physics= "ight 1uanta (Photons)
')plaining "ight ?Photons? *ith the +a,e (tructure of &atter
(+(&).
(tanding +a,e Interactions ($esonant Coupling) only occur at
0iscrete Fre3uencies *hich e)plains the 0iscrete 'nergy
')changes of "ight
$n the one hand the 3uantu- theory of light cannot be considered satisfactory since it defines
the energy of a light particle (photon by the equation !Uhf containing the frequency f# Iow a
purely particle theory contains nothing that enables us to define a frequency+ for this reason
alone, therefore, we are compelled, in the case of light, to introduce the idea of a particle and
that of frequency simultaneously# $n the other hand, determination of the stable motion of
electrons in the atom introduces integers, and up to this point the only phenomena in&ol&ing integers in
physics were those of interference and of nor-al -odes of ,ibration# /his fact suggested to me the idea
that electrons too could not be considered simply as particles, but that frequency (*a,e properties must be
assigned to them also# (Aouis de .roglie, Iobel Pri7e Speech, 19;9
"ight and -atter are both single entities, and the apparent duality arises in the li-itations of
our language#
(:erner -eisenberg
/he de&elopment during the present century is characteri7ed by two theoretical
systems essentially independent of each otherE the theory of relati,ity and the 3uantu-
theory# /he two systems do not directly contradict each other+ but they seem little adapted to
fusion into one unified theory#
!xperiments on interference made with particle rays ha&e gi&en brilliant proof that
the *a,e character of the pheno-ena of -otion as assumed by the theory do, really, correspond to the
facts#
stationary (standing) character of the corresponding *a,es# ('lbert !instein, 19L<
'ntroduction
conceptual tool for the logical positi&ist " mathematical physicist, but does not physically exist, is correct#
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter explains the 9particle9 effect is caused by the wa&e2center of a Spherical
Standing :a&e#
freewill, !picurus and Aucretius postulated that atoms might 9de&iate9 in their courses#
continue to hold that 9atomic theories9 are simply de&ices for tal0ing about obser&able phenomena#
(/he *oncise !ncyclopedia of :estern Philosophy and Philosophers, 1991
Milo #olff on the #a"e )tructure of Light and Matter
/he :a&e Structure of fundamental Particles e&ol&ed o&er fi&e years# ,t began with a simple
speculation that wa&es in Space could explain the de .roglie wa&elength# ,t continued to agree
with more laws and obser&ations than , first expected and , was ama7ed# /he 9Particle9 is two
identical spherical wa&es tra&elling radially in opposite directions so that together they form a
spherical standing wa&e# /he wa&e which tra&els inward towards the center is called an ,n2
:a&e, and the wa&e tra&elling outward is an $ut2:a&e# /he nominal location of the 3Particle4 is the :a&e2
*enter, but as must be true for any charged Particle, it has presence e&erywhere in Space because the charge
forces extend throughout the %ni&erse#
:hat is a Aight 9Photon9F
/wo Spherical Standing :a&es (SS: oscillators exchange energy much li0e classical coupled oscillators,
resonances (high mass2energy density of space :a&e2*enters allows them to shift frequency patterned by
the modulation of each other9s ,n and $ut2:a&es# Since significant coupling can only occur between two
oscillators which possess the same resonant elements, the frequency (energy changes are equal and
opposite# /his we obser&e as the law of conser&ation of energy# :hen opposite changes of frequency
(energy ta0e place between two resonances, energy seems to be transported from the center of one
resonance to another# :e obser&e a loss of energy where frequency decreases and added energy where it
increases# /he exchange appears to tra&el with the speed of the ,n2:a&es of the recei&ing resonance which
is c, the &elocity of light# :hen large numbers of changes occur together, we can sample part of it and see a
beam of light (which causes the continuous electromagnetic wa&es of 8odern Physics# :hen single
exchanges occur we see 9photons9 as discrete Standing :a&e interactions# /hus the transitory modulated
wa&es tra&elling between two resonances create the illusion of the 9photon particle9#
-ow do Solid .odies form from :a&esF
/he solid crystal array is a matrix of atoms held rigidly in space# -ow are the atoms suspended in spaceF
:e must conclude that the crystal4s rigidity deri&es from fixed standing wa&es propagating in a rigid wa&e
medium# *alculations for diamonds and nuclear structure yields an enormous rigidity# /his is really a
separate argument about the rigidity of space, which is one of its properties# (8ilo :olff, 199<
(or more on the :a&e Structure of 8atter see @r 8ilo :olff on the :a&e Structure of 8atter# ('lso
includes @igital 6ideo ,nter&iew between 8aths Physicist 8ilo :olff and Philosopher ?eoff -aselhurst#
The /rror of e!ton1s Concepts of 2bsolute )pace, 2bsolute Time, Motion of Particles, and
'nstant 2ction5at5a5.istance
:ith this understanding of the :a&e Structure of the 9particle9 in mind (and with 'lbert !instein as our
guide it is useful to now consider Iewton9s 8echanics, and thus also appreciate how his 9particle9 theory
profoundly (though incorrectly shaped the face of modern physics#
:e begin with two &ery famous quotes from Iewton on 'bsolute Space and /ime# Iewton9s comments on
'bsolute Space being the foundations of the 5elati&e 8otions of 8atter in Space is correct and &ery astute
as Iewton effecti&ely predicts the e&olution of relati&ity (that it is easier to measure the motion of matter
relati&e to other matter, rather than to Space itself>
senses determine, by its position to bodies+ and which is &ulgarly ta0en for immo&able space# ###
body really at rest, to which the places and motions of others may be referred# ###
'bsolute, /rue, and 8athematical /ime, of itself, and from its own nature flows equably without regard to
any thing external, and by another name is called @urationE 5elati&e, 'pparent, and *ommon /ime is some
sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable measure of @uration by the means of motion, which
is commonly used instead of /rue time+ such as an -our, a @ay, a 8onth, a Near# ###
(or the natural days are truly unequable, though they are commonly consider9d as equal, and used for a
motions are swift or slow, or none at all# (Iewton, 1J=7
such that we ha&e a constant reference to measure the changing &elocity of wa&e2motion# (.ut /ime does
not exist as a 9thing in itself9 li0e Iewton thought>
Aet us now consider 'lbert !instein9s analysis of Iewton9s 8echanics (which is lucid and logical as reflects
the greatness of 'lbert !instein#
essential elements, as physically effecti&e factors, of his system# ('lbert !instein, 19L<
:e now realise his ob&ious error was to introduce discrete 9particles9 with 8otion, rather than the (wa&e
8otion of Space itself, i#e# Spherical Standing :a&e 8otion, which creates the 9particle effect9 at its :a&e2
*enter#
in recent years# /herefore, in addition to masses and temporally &ariable distances, there must be something
else that determines motion# /hat something he ta0es to be relation to absolute space# -e is aware that space
must possess a 0ind of physical reality if his laws of motion are to ha&e any meaning, a reality of the same
sort as material points and their distances# ('lbert !instein, 195L
'lbert !instein considered matter to be spatially extended (and represented by Spherical (orce (ields thus
he did not belie&e in the existence of a fundamental Space or /ime that was separate from 8atter# 's with
Aeibni7 and 8ach, 'lbert !instein belie&ed that all motion of matter in Space could instead be understood
as motion of matter relati&e to other matter, thus the concept of an absolute Space became unnecessary#
/he solution though is ob&ious once 0nown 2 to discard the discrete particle in Space and replace it with the
Spherical Standing :a&e (SS: in Space# /hen instant action2at2a2distance between discrete particles
becomes action2at2a2distance between the ,n and $ut2:a&es of the :a&e2*enters 9particles9 in Space# /his
leads to a clear understanding of how matter interacts with other matter at2a2distance in Space, as it is the
interaction of the ,n2:a&es and $ut2:a&es with other SS:s (and particularly their :a&e2*enters that
explains all matter to matter interactions in Space# /hese interactions are limited by the &elocity of the ,n2
:a&es and $ut2:a&es which is the &elocity of light c# /hus actions2at2a2distance are not instantaneous as
Iewton had assumed, but are limited by the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es (&elocity of light c, as 'lbert !instein
realised#
Iewton was correct, there does exist a fundamental physical Space which exists as a wa&e medium and
Iewton9s error, of assuming too many existents, leads to two insurmountable problems+
a- ;o! does matter e>ist as a discrete particle in )pace and mo"e through the )pace around
it0
's .orn explains+
ne&er detected departures from Iewton9s Aaws of 8otion that would point to such a resistance# (.orn,
19;L
b- ;o! do these discrete particles gra"itationally act5at5a5distance !ith other particles
separate in )pace0
gra&ity itself# ### and , do not arbitrarily in&ent hypotheses# (Iewton# Aetter to 5ichard .entley ;5 (eb#
1J9K
interact (instantly> with other matter at a distance in Space (across the entire uni&erseF (or example, how
do we, here on earth, sense the heat and light from the sun so distant in Space# :e now reali7e that matter is
not small, it is large# ,ndeed 'lbert !instein was &ery close to the truth 2 matter is spherically spatially
extended, thus as we ha&e said, Iewton9s instant action2at2a2distance from a particle becomes action2at2a2
distance from the :a&e2*enter of Spherical Standing :a&es in Space, due to the interaction and change in
&elocity of their ,n and $ut2:a&es# (i#e# 's a consequence of Principle /wo, the ,n2:a&es of the Spherical
Standing :a&e in Space interact with other SS:s in Space (particularly their high :a&e2
'mplitude"@ensity :a&e2*enters as they flow in through them and change their &elocity accordingly# /his
determines where each successi&e ,n2:a&e will ultimately meet at their respecti&e :a&e2*enter (i#e# the
future position of the :a&e2*enter " 9particle9 which causes the apparent motion (acceleration of the
9particle9# /his then explains action2at2a2distance (from the :a&e2*enter and why it is not instantaneous,
but rather, is limited by the &elocity of the ,n2:a&es " 6elocity of light c#
The /rror of e!ton1s Concept of Light as a Particle
light pre&ailed# ('lbert !instein, 19KJ
particles of light#
('lbert !instein, 19K1
facts, there de&eloped a new foundation of physics, 9(ield9 physics# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/>plaining Quantum Theory and the Photon 1Particle1 ( #a"e .uality of Light
,t is ob&ious that :a&es are central to Buantum /heory and thus to understanding the structure of 8atter#
/he problem, as we shall explain, has been the further introduction of the 9particle9 concept, and thus the
resulting paradox of the 9Particle":a&e9 duality#
/he solution to this apparent paradox is to simply explain how the discrete 9particle9 properties of 8atter and
Aight (quanta are in fact caused by Standing :a&e interactions#
,n fact the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter not only
explains and sol&es the problems of Buantum /heory, but also 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity and *osmology#
So let us now explain and sol&e the many problems and paradoxes of Buantum /heory from the foundations
of a pure :a&e Structure of 8atter#
interactions#
NUh"mc U ;#LKX1<21;m#
Ma> Planc=1s .isco"ery of Particle ( Quantum Properties of Light +3C77-
,n 19<< 8ax Planc0 made a profound disco&ery# -e showed (from purely formal"mathematical foundations
that light must be emitted and absorbed in discrete amounts if it was to correctly describe obser&ed
phenomena (i#e# .lac0body radiation#
'bout fifteen years ago V1=99W nobody had yet doubted that a correct account of the electrical, optical, and
atoms (photons of the indi&idual energy hf, where h is Planc09s uni&ersal constant#
@uring the years following, it was shown that light was e&erywhere produced and absorbed in such energy
quanta# ,n particular, Iiels .ohr was able to largely understand the structure of the atom, on the assumption
that the atoms can only ha&e discrete energy &alues, and that the discontinuous transitions between them are
showed that the energy ! of e)ected electrons was wholly dependent upon the frequency f of incident light
as described in the equation !Uhf# ,t is ironic that in 19;1 'lbert !instein was awarded the Iobel Pri7e for
this disco&ery, though he ne&er belie&ed in particles and ac0nowledged that he did not 0now the cause of
the discrete energy transfers (photons which were contradictory to his continuous field theory of matter>
'instein, 195L
'lbert !instein is correct that there are no discrete particles, and that /he particle can only appear as a
then explains both particles and fields#
'instein
,t is certainly true that the particle and its forces are &ery useful mathematical concepts, unfortunately, they
also cause many problems and paradoxes because they are approximations to reality and do not physically
exist#
thus while the correct Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter predicts that energy exchanges will be
discrete, as obser&ed, the continuous e2m wa&e does not anticipate this#
one stable standing wa&e pattern to another#
de Broglie1s .isco"ery of the #a"e Properties of /lectrons +3C4@-
195L
matter#
de Broglie1s 'nterpretation of the )tanding #a"es as the #a"e5Li=e Motion of a Particle in
Orbit +3C4@-
stable
Planc0 in 19<<#
phenomena in&ol&ing integers in physics were those of interference and of normal modes of &ibration# /his
fact suggested to me the idea that electrons too could not be considered simply as particles, but that
frequency (wa&e properties must be assigned to them also# (de ;roglie, 19;9
;
of Special
5elati&ity#
foundation>
explained why light energy is only e&er emitted and absorbed in discrete amounts#
paradoxical concept of the particle"wa&e duality was retained#
The )chrodinger #a"e /Auations ( )tanding #a"e 'nteractions +3C46-
;
NUh"mc
the fundamental importance of Buantum /heory and thus the :a&e properties of both light and matter#
's 'lbert !instein explains+
On %esonant Coupling as the Cause of Light
such as electric circuits or )oined pendulums#
/he coupling pro&ided by the non2linear centers of the resonances (high :a&e2'mplitude :a&e2*enters
where the :a&e26elocities change causes them to change &elocity, frequency, and wa&elength, due to the
interaction (modulation of each other9s wa&es# Since significant coupling can only occur between two
oscillators which possess the same resonant elements, the frequency (energy changes are equal and
opposite# /his we obser&e as the law of conser&ation of energy#
=
to 1<
15
resonance#
;
"h is about 1<
;K
time were 1<
2=
15
opposite changes in oscillator frequency, and the conser&ation of energy#

Buddha 5 Buddhism %eligion
(idhartha :auta-a= The ;uddha (9@J!GIJ ;C')
1uotes on the Philosophy 2 &etaphysics of ;uddhis-
&etaphysical foundations of 5ir,ana (Truth), >ar-a
(Interconnection)
Sabbadanam dhammadanam )inati
?The gift of truth e)cels all other gifts#9 (;uddha
/he world is continuous flux and is impermanent# (;uddha
/ransient are conditioned things# /ry to accomplish your aim with diligence# (;uddha?s last *ords
/he religion of the future will be a cos-ic religion# ,t should transcend personal ?od and a&oid dogma and
theology# *o&ering both the natural and the spiritual, it should be based on a religious sense arising from the
experience of all things natural and spiritual as a meaningful unity# ;uddhis- answers this description# ,f
there is any religion that could cope with modern scientific needs it would be .uddhism# (Albert 'instein
+ntroduction Buddha Buddhism <eli&ion - Buddhism *uotes - Buddha <eality 5 %han&e 9 +nterconnection -
Buddha Eature - Buddha Eirvana - Buddha ;ind ;atter - Buddha Narma - ,natta 5 Buddhism <eli&ion of
Eo Soul - 8hammapada on Truth - Buddhist Athics of ;iddle @ay 5 Ai&htfold 6ath 5 #our Eoble Truths -
Buddhism 6ractical 6hilosophy - @alpola <ahula *uotes - Top of 6a&e
Introduction
On the "ife of ;uddha, &etaphysics 2 Philosophy of ;uddhist
$eligion
;uddhis- is a philosophy " religion based upon the teachings of (iddhartha :auta-a (5JJ 2
L=J .#*## -e was an ,ndian prince born in Aumbini (a town situated in what is now Iepal,
destined for a pri&ileged life#
'ccording to legend for his life, before his birth, ?autama had &isited his mother during a
&ision, ta0ing the form of a white elephant# @uring the birth celebrations, a seer announced that
this baby would either become a great 0ing or a great holy man# -is father, wishing for ?autama to be a
great 0ing, shielded his son from religious teachings or 0nowledge of human suffering#
't age 1J, his father arranged his marriage to Nashodhara, a cousin of the same age# She ga&e birth to a son,
5ahula# 'lthough his father ensured that ?autama was pro&ided with e&erything he could want or need,
?autama was troubled and dissatisfied# 't the age of ;9, ?autama was escorted on four subsequent &isits
outside of the palace# -ere Siddhartha came across an old crippled man, a sic0 man, a dead body and an
ascetic# /his is 0nown as the Four Passing (ights which lead Siddhartha to recognise the reality of death
and suffering and the cyclical nature of human existence (samsara# -e then left the palace, abandoned his
inheritance and became a wandering mon0, see0ing a solution to an end of suffering# -e began with the
Nogic path and although he reached high le&els of meditati&e consciousness, he was not satisfied#
-e abandoned asceticism and realised the power of the &iddle +ay# /his is an important idea in .uddhist
thought and practice# /o see0 moderation and a&oid the extremes of self2indulgence and self2mortification#
't the age of K5, meditating under a .odhi tree, Siddhartha reached !nlightenment, awa0ening to the true
nature of reality, which is Iir&ana ('bsolute /ruth+
/he dustless and stainless !ye of /ruth (@hamma2ca00hu has arisen#
-e has seen /ruth, has attained /ruth, has 0nown /ruth, has penetrated into /ruth, has crossed o&er doubt,
is without wa&ering#
/hus with right wisdom he sees it as it is (yatha bhutam ### /he 'bsolute /ruth is Iibbana, which is
5eality# (.uddha, from the @hatu&ibhanga2sutta (Io# 1L< of the 8a))hima2ni0aya
/hus Siddhartha ?autama became 0nown as the .uddha# ?;uddha? (from the ancient ,ndian languages of
Pali and San0srit means 9one *ho has a*a<ened9# ,t is deri&ed from the &erbal root PbudhP, meaning Pto
awa0enP or Pto be enlightenedP, and Pto comprehendP#
/he .uddha taught that the nature of reality was impermanent and interconnected# :e suffer in life because
of our desire to transient things# Aiberation from suffering may come by training the mind and acting
according to the laws of 0arma (cause and effect i#e# with right action, good things will come to you# /his
teaching is 0nown as the Four 5oble TruthsE
0u<<haE Suffering is e&erywhere
(a-udayaE /here is a cause of suffering, which is attachment or misplaced desire (tanha
rooted in ignorance#
5irodhaE /here is an end of suffering, which is Iir&ana (the possibility of liberation exists
for e&eryone#
&aggoE /here is a path that leads out of suffering, 0nown as the Ioble !ightfold Path (right
&iew, right thought, right speech, right conduct, right &ocation, right effort, right attention and right
concentration#
(.ased upon httpE""en#wi0ipedia#org"wi0i"?autamaa.uddha
Metaphysics of Buddhism
.uddha was correct that /he gift of truth excels all other gifts, for only truth allows us to act wisely# /his
website is de&oted to explaining this fundamental /ruth about 5eality (Iir&ana from the 8etaphysical
foundations of (pace and &otion (not /ime and the (pherical (tanding +a,e (tructure of &atter#
.uddha was &ery close to understanding 5eality as he 0new that 8atter was both ,mpermanent and
,nterconnected+ /he world is continuous flux and is impermanent (;uddha and as (rit)of *apra writes+ /he
!astern mystics see the uni&erse as an inseparable web, whose interconnections are dynamic and not static
(Capra# /his impermanence " flux is caused by the continual wa&e 8otion of Space (which causes both
8atter and /ime and the ,nterconnection of all things is due to the Spherical ,n and $ut :a&es which
interact with all other matter in the uni&erse#
5ead more on the :a&e Structure of 8atter as the 8ost Simple Science /heory of 5eality#
:e hope you en)oy the following quotes on .uddhism# /his is a long page, as , ha&e sourced many
interesting ideas and find a lot of truth in .uddhism# Iamaste#
@o not belie&e in anything simply because you ha&e heard it# @o not belie&e in anything simply because it is
spo0en and rumored by many# @o not belie&e in anything because it is found written in your religious
boo0s# @o not belie&e in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and elders# @o not belie&e in
traditions because they ha&e been handed down for many generations# .ut after obser&ation and analysis,
when you find anything that agrees with reason and is conduci&e to the good and benefit of one and all, then
accept it and li&e up to it# (Siddhartha ?autama 2 /he .uddha, 5JK2L=K .#*#
Buddhism Quotes on Buddha ( Buddhism %eligion
, will teach you the /ruth and the Path leading to the /ruth# (;uddha
$ne is one4s own refuge, who else could be the refugeF ##/he wise man ma0es an island of himself that no
flood can o&erwhelm# (;uddha
,t is proper for you to doubt ## do not go upon report ## do not go upon tradition##do not go upon hearsay##9
(;uddha, Qalama Sutra
Ie&er by hatred is hatred appeased, but it is appeased by 0indness# /his is an eternal truth# (;uddha
$ .rahmana, it is )ust li0e a mountain ri&er, flowing far and swift, ta0ing e&erything along with it+ there is
no moment, no instant, no second when it stops flowing, but it goes on flowing and continuing# So
.rahmana, is human life, li0e a mountain ri&er# (;uddha
3:herefore, brethren, thus must ye train yoursel&es E Aiberation of the will through lo&e will de&elop, we
will often practice it, we will ma0e it &ehicle and base, ta0e our stand upon it, store it up, thoroughly set it
going#4 (;uddha
(or the first time in the history of the world, .uddhism proclaimed a sal&ation which each indi&idual could
gain from him or herself, in this world, during this life, without any least reference to ?od, or to gods either
great or small# (Aldous #u)ley
/hus with right wisdom he sees it as it is (yatha bhutam (Ancient ;uddhist te)ts
/he subtle wa&es are infinite, producing wondrous sounds#
/hey follow those who should hear the @harma9s discussion#
(?aathaas in Praise of the .uddha 'mitaabha, *omposed by @harma /eacher /9an2luan, 197=
*riticism is the deli&erance of the human mind from entanglements and passions# ,t is freedom itself# /his is
the true .uddhist standpoint# ( T.".% &urti, /he *entral Philosophy of .uddhism
/he Pali word 0amma or the Sans0rit word <ar-a (from the root <r to do literally means 3action4,
3doing4# .ut in the .uddhist theory of 0arma it has a specific meaningE it means only 3&olitional action4 not
all action# ,n .uddhist terminology 0arma ne&er means its effect+ its effect is 0nown as the 3fruit4 or the
3result4 of 0arma#
/he theory of 0arma should not be confused with so2called 3moral )ustice4 or 3reward and punishment4# /he
idea of moral )ustice arises out of the conception of a supreme being, a ?od, who sits in )udgement, who is a
law2gi&er and who decides what is right and wrong#
/he theory of 0arma is the theory of cause and effect, of action and reaction+ it is a natural law, which has
nothing to do with the idea of )ustice or reward and punishment# !&ery &olitional action produces its effects
or results# ,f a good action produces good effects, it is not )ustice, or reward, meted out by anybody or any
power sitting in )udgement of your action, but this is in &irtue of its own nature, its own law# /his is not
difficult to understand# .ut what is difficult is that, according to 0arma theory, the effects of a &olitional
action may continue to manifest themsel&es e&en in a life after death# (+alpola $ahula, :hat the .uddha
/aught
##the .uddha9s metaphysical conception of the i-per-anence and interdependence of all things
profoundly influences his teaching about the conduct of daily life and the nature of human sal&ation#
(Collinson, (ifty !astern /hin0ers, ;<<<
/he .uddha taught an attitude of non2&iolence and an awareness of community and relatedness among all
things# -e condemned the rigid hierarchy of the -indu estates, maintaining that inner &irtue rather than birth
or ran0 is to be &alued, and he welcomed followers, both men and women, from all wal0s of life# (Cooper,
199J
/he impermanence of all forms is the starting point of .uddhism# /he .uddha taught that 3all compounded
things are impermanent4, and that all suffering in the world arises from our trying to cling to fixed forms2
ob)ects, people or ideas2 instead of accepting the world as it mo&es and changes# (Capra, /he /ao of
Physics, p;11
/he most important characteristic of the !astern world &iew2 one could almost say the essence of it2 is the
awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things and e&ents, the experience of all phenomena in
the world as manifestations of a basic oneness# 'll things are seen as interdependent and inseparable parts of
this cosmic whole+ as different manifestations of the same ultimate reality# (Capra, /he /ao of Physics
ali&e# /he 5ig 6eda uses the term 95ita9 to express the dynamic character of the uni&erse, from the root ri2 to
mo&e+ its original meaning in the 5ig 6eda being 3the course of all things4, 3the order of nature4# /he order
of nature was concei&ed by the 6edic seers, not as a static di&ine law, but as a dynamic principle which is
inherent in the uni&erse# /his idea is not unli0e the *hinese conception of the /ao 2 3the :ay42 as the way in
which the %ni&erse wor0s, i#e# the order of Iature# Ai0e the 6edic seers, the *hinese sages saw the world in
terms of flow and change# .oth concepts, 5ita and /ao, were later brought down from their original cosmic
le&el to the human and interpreted in a moral sense+ 5ita as the uni&ersal law which all gods and humans
must obey and /ao as the right way of life# (Capra, /he /ao of Physics
interaction and transformation# (Capra, /he /ao of Physics, p;1K
,t is always a question of 0nowing and seeing, and not that of belie&ing# /he teaching of the .uddha is
qualified as ehi2passi0a, in&iting you to 3come and see4, but not to come and belie&e# (+alpola $ahula,
:hat the .uddha /aught
'ccording to .uddhist philosophy there is no permanent, unchanging spirit which can be considered 3Self4
or 3Soul4 or 3!go4, as opposed to matter, and that consciousness (&innana should not be ta0en as 3spirit4 in
opposition to matter# /his point has to be emphasised, because a wrong notion that consciousness is a sort of
Self or Soul that continues as a permanent substance through life, has persisted from the earliest time to the
present day# (+alpola $ahula, :hat the .uddha /aught, p# ;L
'll the factors of our li&es subsist, then, in a web of mutual causality# $ur suffering is caused by the
interplay of these factors, particularly by the delusion, a&ersion and cra&ing that arise from our
misapprehension of them# -ence, the (our Ioble /ruthsE :e create our own bondage by reifying and
clinging to what is by nature contingent and transient# .eing caused in this way, our suffering is not
endemic# ,t can cease# /he causal play can be re&ersed# /his is achie&ed by seeing the true nature of
phenomena, which is their radical interdependence# /his is made possible by the cleansing of perception
through meditation and moral conduct# (Koanna &acy, :orld as Ao&er, :orld as Self
*onfirming an intuiti&e sense ,4&e always felt for the interconnectedness of all things, the .uddhist doctrine
has pro&ided me ways to understand the intricate web of co2arising that lin0s one being with all other
beings, and to apprehend the reciprocities between thought and action, self and uni&erse# (Koanna &acy
:hile all the worlds and planes of existence teem with consciousness, human mentality presents a
distincti&e featureE the capacity to choose, to change its 0arma# /hat is why a human life is considered so
rare and priceless a pri&ilege# 'nd that is why .uddhist practice begins with meditation on the precious
opportunity that a human existence pro&ides2 the opportunity to wa0e up for the sa0e of all beings# /he
@harma &ision of a co2arising world, ali&e with consciousness, is a powerful inspiration for the healing of
the !arth# ,t helps us to see two important thingsE ,t shows us our profound imbeddedness in the web of life,
thus relie&ing us of our human arrogance and loneliness# 'nd, at the same time, it pinpoints our
distincti&eness as humans, the capacity for choice# (Koanna &acy
;uddha $eality
On 'mpermanence, 'nterconnection, Change ( Flu>, #a"es $ Bibration
Sabbo pa))alito lo0o, sabbo lo0o pa0ampito# /he entire uni&erse is nothing but combustion and &ibration#
(;uddha
$bser&ing, obser&ing you will reach the stage when you experience that the entire physical structure is
nothing but subatomic particlesE throughout the body, nothing but 0alapas (subatomic particles# 'nd e&en
these tiniest subatomic particles are not solid# /hey are mere &ibration, )ust wa&elets#
's you experience it yourself you experience that the entire material world is nothing but &ibration# :e
ha&e to experience the ocean of infinite wa&es surging within, the ri&er of inner sensations flowing within,
the eternal dance of the countless &ibrations within e&ery atom of the body# :e ha&e to witness our
continuously changing nature# 'll of this is happening at an extremely subtle le&el# /hese 0alapas
(subatomic particles according to the .uddha, are in a state of perpetual change or flux# /hey are nothing
but a stream of energies, )ust li0e the light of a candle or an electric bulb# /he body (as we call it, is not an
entity as it seems to be, but is a continuum of matter and life2force coexisting#
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#lux $ Impermanence
$ .rahmana, it is )ust li0e a mountain ri&er, flowing far and swift, ta0ing e&erything along with it+ there is
no moment, no instant, no second when it stops flowing, but it goes on flowing and continuing# So
.rahmana, is human life, li0e a mountain ri&er#4 (;uddha
3/he world is continuous flux and is impermanent# (;uddha
$ne thing disappears, conditioning the appearance of the next in a series of cause and effect# /here is no
unchanging substance in them# /here is nothing behind them that can be called a permanent Self (atman,
indi&iduality, or anything that can in reality be called 3,4#
## /here is no unmo&ing mo&er behind the mo&ement# ,t is only mo&ement# ,t is not correct to say that life is
mo&ing, but life is mo&ement itself# Aife and mo&ement are not two different things# ,n other words there is
no thin0er behind the thought# /hought itself is the thin0er# ,f you remo&e the thought, there is no thin0er to
be found# -ere we cannot fail to notice how this .uddhist &iew is diametrically opposed to the *artesian
cogito ergo sumE 3, thin0, therefore , am#4 ($ahula, :hat the .uddha /aught
,t is important to understand how things change o&er time and thus how they ha&e come to exist and how
their change may be adapted in the future# /he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e
Structure of 8atter explains this change (motion causes change"time"flux and interconnectedness, that all
things exist in Space and are subtly inter2connected by their spherical wa&es to all other things within the
Space of our finite spherical uni&erse#
?autama9s final brea0through of awareness under the bodhi tree, the culminating insight of the
enlightenment, was to sur&ey the underlying e&olutionary principles that dri&e the uni&erse of phenomena#
-is &ision was of a world in constant flux with nothing immutable in it, and of human experience as a
stream of momentary mental states, with no stable central controlling 98ind9 set apart from those mental
states# Net both the flux of the world and the stream of the mind flow on in patterned, law2go&erned ways#
/he conditioned process is complex, ?autama reali7ed, but its principles can be understood+ it can be
influenced#
'ccording to .uddhism, e&ery e&ent or phenomena, including e&ery e&ent in the mind, arises in dependence
on a networ0 of other phenomena which are its conditions, and it in turn forms one of the conditions for
innumerable other phenomena# /he details of )ust how phenomena are connected together is incredibly
complex and subtle# (Cooper, 199J
##this philosophy of 3becoming9 is unique in the spiritual history of humanity, in so far as it explains
e&erything that exists through the co2operation of only momentarily existing forces, arising and
disappearing in functional dependence Von\ each other# (-elmuth &on ?lasenapp
/hese momentary forces, of arising and disappearing, are thus explained with the 8etaphysic of Space and
8otion# ,t is a property of Standing :a&es that they successi&ely appear and disappear as the two wa&es,
flowing in opposite directions, combine then cancel each other out# /hus matter, as a SS: appears and
disappears in Space (with the frequency of roughly one hundred billion billion times per second# /his
appearing and disappearing must also apply to the :a&e2*enter# /hus the particle effect of the :a&e2*enter
appears in a discrete point in Space, then disappears, then re2appears again as the next ,n2:a&es meets at its
:a&e2*enter#
;uddha 5ature
On ature and 'nterconnectedness
$ne is one4s own refuge, who else could be the refugeF said the .uddha# (@hp# Y,, L#
.uddha taught, encouraged and stimulated each person to de&elop themsel&es and wor0 out their own
emancipation, for humans ha&e the power to liberate themsel&es from all bondage through their own
personal effort and intelligence#
qualified as ehi2passi0a, in&iting you to 3come and see4, but not to come and belie&e# (+alpola $ahula,
:hat the .uddha /aught
/he .uddha says, Nou should do the wor0, for the /athagatas only teach the way# (@hp# YY L#
(/athagata means 3$ne who has come to /ruth4# /his is the term usually used by the .uddha referring to
himself and to the .uddhas in general# (+alpola $ahula, :hat the .uddha /aught
' true .uddhist is the happiest of all beings# -e has no fears or anxieties# -e is always calm and serene,
cannot be upset or dismayed by changes or calamities, because he sees things as they are# /he .uddha was
ne&er melancholy or gloomy# -e was described by his contemporaries as 3e&er2smiling4 (mihita2
pubbamgama# (+alpola $ahula, :hat the .uddha /aught
'lthough there is suffering in life, a .uddhist should not be gloomy o&er it, should not be angry or
impatient at it# $ne of the principal e&ils in life, according to .uddhism, is 3repugnance4 or hatred#
5epugnance (pratigha is explained as 3ill will with regard to li&ing beings, with regard to suffering and with
regard to things pertaining to suffering# ,ts function is to produce a basis for unhappy states and bad
conduct#4 ('bhisamuc, p7
/hus it is wrong to be impatient at suffering# .eing impatient or angry at suffering does not remo&e it# $n
the contrary, it adds a little more to one4s trouble, and aggra&ates and exacerbates a situation already
disagreeable# :hat is necessary is not anger or impatience, but the understanding of the question of
suffering, how it comes about, and how to get rid of it, and then to wor0 accordingly with patience,
intelligence, determination and energy# (+alpola $ahula, :hat the .uddha /aught
;uddha on 5ir,ana
/he /hird Ioble /ruth is that there is liberation, emancipation, freedom from suffering, from the continuity
of du00ha# /his is called the Ioble /ruth of the *essation of du00ha (@u00hanirodha2ariyasacca, which is
Iibbana, more popularly 0nown in its Sans0rit form of 5ir,ana# (+alpola $ahula, pK5
Iow you will as0E .ut what is Iir&anaF
##/he only reasonable reply is that it can ne&er be answered completely and satisfactorily in words, because
human language is too poor to express the real nature of the 'bsolute /ruth or %ltimate 5eality which is
Iir&ana# Aanguage is created and used by masses of human beings to express things and ideas experienced
by their sense organs and their mind# ' supramundane experience li0e that of the 'bsolute /ruth is not of
such a category#
:ords are symbols representing things and ideas 0nown to us+ and these symbols do not and cannot con&ey
the true nature of e&en ordinary things# Aanguage is considered decepti&e and misleading in the matter of
understanding of the /ruth# So the Aan0a&atara2sutra says that ignorant people get stuc0 in words li0e an
elephant in the mud# Ie&ertheless, we cannot do without language# (pK5
ir"ana
Aet us consider a few definitions and descriptions of Iir&ana as found in the original Pali textsE
3,t is the complete cessation of that &ery 3thirst4 (tanha, gi&ing it up, renouncing it, emancipation from it,
detachment from it#4 (8h&g# ('lutgama, 19;;, p#1<+ S 6 p#L;1 (5ahula, p#KJ
3*alming of all conditioned things, gi&ing up of all defilements, extinction of 3thirst4, detachment, cessation,
Iibbana#4
(S ,, p#1KJ (5ahula, p#KJ
3$ bhi00hus, what is the 'bsolute ('sam0hata, %nconditionedF ,t is the extinction of desire (raga00hayo,
the extinction of hatred (dosa00hayo, the extinction of illusion (moha00hayo# /his, $ bhi00hus, is called
the 'bsolute#4 (,bid# ,6, p#K59
3/he cessation of *ontinuity and becoming (.ha&anirodha is Iibbana#4
(:ords of 8usila, disciple of .uddha# S ,, (P/S, p#117 (5ahula, p#K7
Iir&ana is definitely no annihilation of self because there is no self to annihilate# ,f at all, it is the
annihilation of the illusion, of the false idea of self# (pK7
ir"ana as 2bsolute Truth
:e may get some idea of Iir&ana as 'bsolute /ruth from the @hatu&ibhanga2sutta (Io# 1L< of the
8a))hima2ni0aya# /his extremely important discourse was deli&ered by the .uddha to Pu00usati, whom the
8aster found to be intelligent and earnest, in the quiet of night in a potter4s shed#
/he essence of the rele&ant portions of the sutta is as followsE
' man is composed of six elementsE solidity, fluidity, heat, motion, space and consciousness# -e analyses
them and finds that none of them is 3mine4, or 3me4 or 3my self#4 -e understands how consciousness appears
and disappears, how pleasant, unpleasnt and neutral sensations appear and disappear# /hrough this
0nowledge his mind becomes detached# /hen he finds within him a pure equanimity (upe0ha which he can
direct towards the attainment of any high spiritual state# .ut then he thin0sE
3,f , focus this purified and cleansed equanimity on the Sphere of ,nfinite Space and de&elop a mind
conforming thereto, that is a mental creation (sam0hatam# ,f , focus this purified and cleansed equanimity
on the Sphere of ,nfinite *onsciousness, on the Sphere of Iothingness, or on the Sphere of Ieither2
perception nor Ion2perception and de&elop a mind conforming thereto, that is a mental creation#4
/hen he neither mentally creates nor wills continuity and becoming (bha&a or annihilations (&ibha&a# 's
he does not construct or does not will continuity and becoming or annihilation, he does not cling to anything
in the world+ as he does not cling, he is not anxious+ as he is not anxious, he is completely calmed within
(fully blown out within paccattam ye&a parinibhayati# 'nd he 0nowsE
3(inished is birth, li&ed is pure life, what should be done is done, nothing more is left to be done#4 (/his
expression means that now he is an 'rahant#
Iow when he experiences a pleasant, unpleasant or neutral sensation, he 0nows that it is impermanent, that
it does not bind him, that it is not experienced with passion# :hate&er may be the sensation, he experiences
it without being bound to it (&isamyutto#
3/herefore, $ bhi00hu, a person so endowed is endowed with the absolute wisdom, for the 0nowledge of the
extinction of all du00ha is the absolute noble wisdom#
/his his deli&erance, founded on /ruth, is unsha0able# $ .hi00hu, that which is unreality (mosadhamma is
false+ that which is reality (amosadhamma is Iibbana, is /ruth (Sacca# /herefore $ .hi00hu, a person so
endowed is endowed with this 'bsolute /ruth# (or, the 'bsolute /ruth (paramam ariyasaccam is Iibbana,
which is 5eality#4
(.uddha, from the @hatu&ibhanga2sutta (Io# 1L< of the 8a))hima2ni0aya (5ahula, pK=29
!lsewhere the .uddha unequi&ocally uses the word /ruth in place of IibbanaE 3, will teach you the /ruth
and the Path leading to the /ruth#4 (S 6 (P/S, p#KJ9 (5ahula, pK9
Iow, what is this 'bsolute /ruthF 'ccording to .uddhism, the 'bsolute /ruth is that there is nothing
absolute in the world, that e&erything is relati&e, conditioned, impermanent, and that there is no unchanging,
e&erlasting, absolute substance li0e Self, Soul or 'tman within or without# /his is the 'bsolute /ruth# (pK9
TT disagree# 'bsolute /ruth comes from 'bsolute Space (what exists, 5eality#
,t is incorrect to thin0 that Iir&ana is the natural result of the extinction of cra&ing# Iir&ana is not the result
of anything# ,f it would be a result, then it would be an effect produced by a cause# ,t would be sam0hata
3produced4 and 3conditioned4# Iir&ana is neither cause nor effect# ,t is not produced li0e a mystic, spiritual,
mental state, such as dhyana or samadhi# /5%/- ,S# I,56'I' ,S# /he only thing you can do is see it,
realise it# /here is a path leading to the realisation of Iir&ana# .ut Iir&ana is not the result of this path# Nou
may get to the mountain along a path, but the mountain is not the result, not an effect of the path# Nou may
see a light, but the light is not a result of your eyesight# (pL<
People often as0E :hat is there after Iir&anaF /his question cannot arise, because Iir&ana is the %ltimate
/ruth# ,f it is %ltimate there can be nothing after it# ,f there is anything after Iir&ana, then that will be the
%ltimate /ruth and not Iir&ana# (5ahula,pL<
'nother question arisesE :hat happens to the .uddha or an 'rahant after his death, parinir&anaF /his
comes under the category of unanswered questions (a&ya0ata# (5ahula, PL<
/here is yet another popular questionE ,f there is no Self, no 'tman, who realises Iir&anaF .efore we go on
to Iir&ana, let us as0 the questionE :ho thin0s now, if there is no SelfF :e ha&e seen earlier that it is the
thought that thin0s, that there is no thin0er behind the thought# ,n the same way, it is wisdom (panna,
realisation, that realises# /here is no other self behind the realisation# ,n the discussion on the origin of
du00ha we saw that whate&er it may be2 whether being, or thing, or system2 if it is of the nature of arising+ it
has within itself the nature, the germ, of its cessation, its destruction# @u00ha arises because of 3thirst4
(tanha and it ceases because of wisdom (panna# 3/hirst4 and :isdom are both within the (i&e 'ggregates#
/hus, the germ of their arising as well as that of their cessation are both within the (i&e 'ggregates# /his is
the real meaning of the .uddhas well20nown statementE
3:ithin this fathom2long sentient body itself, , postulate the world, the arising of the world, the cessation of
the world, and the path leading to the cessation of the world#4 (' (*olumbo, 19;9 p;1=
/his means that all the (our Ioble /ruths are found within the (i&e 'ggregates, i#e# within oursel&es# /his
also means that there is no external power that produces the arising and cessation of du00ha# (pL;
:hen wisdom is de&eloped and culti&ated according to the (ourth Ioble /ruth, it sees the secret of life, the
reality of things as they are# :hen the secret is disco&ered, when the /ruth is seen, all the forces which
fe&erishly produce the continuity of samsara in illusion become calm and incapable of producing any more
0arma2formations, because there is no more illusion, no more 3thirst4 for continuity# ,t is li0e a mental
disease which is cured when the cause or the secret of the malady is disco&ered and seen by the patient#
(pLK
-e who has realised /ruth, Iir&ana, is the happiest being in the world# -e is free from all 3complexes4 and
obsessions, the worries and troubles that torment others# -is mental health is perfect# -e does not repent the
past, nor does he brood o&er the future# -e li&es fully in the present# /herefore he appreciates and en)oys
things in the purest sense without self2pro)ections# -e is )oyful, exultant, en)oying the pure life, his faculties
pleased, free from anxiety, serene and peaceful#
's he is free from selfish desire, hatred, ignorance, conceit, pride, and all such 3defilements4, he is pure and
gentle, full of uni&ersal lo&e, compassion, 0indness, sympathy, understanding and tolerance# -is ser&ice to
others is of the purest, for he has no thought of self# -e gains nothing, accumulated nothing, because he is
free from the illusion of Self and the 3thirst4 of becoming# (pLK
Iir&ana is beyond logic and reasoning (ata00a&acara# (pLK
(/he :a&e Structure of 8atter does not agree with this
Iir&ana is 3to be realised by the wise within themsel&es4# (paccattam &editabbo &innuhi (pLL
;uddha on &ind (citta) and &atter (rupa)
Sabbo pa))alito lo0o, sabbo lo0o pa0ampito# /he entire uni&erse is nothing but combustion and &ibration#
(;uddha
:ith this awareness, one can obser&e and reali7e that the entire panca00handha, the fi&e aggregates, are
nothing but &ibrations, arising and passing away# /he entire phenomenon of mind and matter has this
continuously ephemeral nature# /his is the ultimate truth (paramattha saccaparamattha sacca of mind and
matter 2permanently impermanent+ nothing but a mass of tiny bubbles or ripples, disintegrating as soon as
they arise (sabbo lo0o pa0ampitosabbo lo0o pa0ampito#
/his realisation of the basic characteristic of all phenomena as anicca (impermanent leads one to the
realisation of the characteristic of anatta (not 9,9, not 9me9, not 9mine9, not 9my soul9# /he &arious sensations
0eep arising in the body whether one li0es it or not# /here is no control o&er them, no possession of them#
/hey do not obey our wishes# /his in turn ma0es one reali7e the nature of du00ha (suffering# /hrough
experience, one understands that identifying oneself with these changing impersonal phenomena is nothing
but suffering#
Sourced from 9Significance of the Pali /erm @huna in the Practice of 6ipassana 8editation9, 6ipassana
5esearch ,nstitute
httpE""www#&ri#dhamma#org"research"9<sem"dhuna1#html
's you experience the reality of matter to be &ibration, you also start experiencing the reality of the mindE
&innana (consciousness, sanna (perception, &edana (sensation and san0hara (reaction# ,f you experience
them properly with 6ipassana, it will become clear how they wor0#
.uddha disco&ered the wayE whene&er you experience any sensation, due to any reason, you simply obser&e
it# !&ery sensation arises and passes away# Iothing is eternal# :hen you practice 6ipassana you start
experiencing this# -owe&er unpleasant a sensation may be 2 loo0, it arises only to pass away# -owe&er
pleasant a sensation may be, it is )ust a &ibration2arising and passing# Pleasant, unpleasant or neutral, the
characteristic of impermanence remains the same# Nou are now experiencing the reality of anicca# Nou are
not belie&ing it because .uddha said so, or some scripture or tradition says so, or e&en because your
intellect says so# Nou accept the truth of anicca because you directly experience it# /his is how your
recei&ed wisdom and intellectual understanding turn into personally experienced wisdom#
$nly this experience of anicca will change the habit pattern of the mind# (eeling sensation in the body and
understanding that e&erything is impermanent, you don9t react with cra&ing or a&ersion+ you are
equanimous# Practicing this continually changes the habit of reacting at the deepest le&el# .y obser&ing
reality as it is, you become free from all your conditioning of cra&ing and a&ersion#
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(Sourced from 99.uddha9s path is to experience reality99 by S I ?oen0a $*/ 95 6ipassana english news
letter, 99Samma Samadhi99 'pril 95 hindi 6ipassana patri0a, discourses of Sayagyi % .a Qhin2Sayagyi % .a
Qhin Sournal265, ,gatpuri
/he .uddha described e&erything as made from mind and matter# -e described the parts of the mind and the
qualities of matter# /hese are called PelementsP which is confusing today when we use the same word for
chemical elements and , prefer the translation to be PpropertiesP# /he L properties he described were li0ened
to earth, air, fire and water (the ?ree0s must ha&e got this from him as he sent arahants to all the 0nown
lands but are to be understood as the qualities of hardness, cohesion, &ibration and expansi&eness# /hese
are a correct description for a tensile aether, )ust li0e 8axwell arri&ed at later and which , was also
con&inced lay behind the structure of cycles and of the wa&e nature of matter# ($ay To-es
/he 'bhidhamma Pita0a in&estigates and analyses &ind (citta and &atter (5upa, the two composite
factors of the so2called a being#(Pali term 9'bhidhamma9 is composed of two words 9'bhi9 and 9@hamma9#
'bhi means subtle, higher, ultimate, profound, sublime and transcendental, and @hamma means /ruth
5eality or @octrine
P5,8'5N !A!8!I/S " P5$P!5/,!S
'ccording to the .uddhist conception, all inanimate ob)ects are aggregates of the following fi&e inherent
elements, namelyE
(1 /he !lement of Solidity (Patha&i,
(; /he !lement of (luidity ('po,
(K /he !lement of -eat (/e)o,
(L /he !lement of 6ibration (6aya
(5 /he !lement of Space ('0asa #
,n the case of animate ob)ects, all li&ing beings are also aggregates of six inherent elements, i# e# , the abo&e
fi&e with addition of mind#
1# :hat is the !lement of SolidityF
:hate&er in one9s own body there exists of hardness or softness, such as the hairs, nails, teeth, s0in, flesh,
etc, is called one9s own solid element#
.y reali7ing the true nature of the solid element, there cannot be found one9s own ,9ness or personality or
ego ('tta, but only the element of solidity which is e&er arising and passing away from growth to decay,
from decay to death# ,n reality, this is not mine+ this am , not + this is not my ego, but only the atom of
physical phenomena#
;# :hat is the !lement of (luidityF
:hate&er in one9s own body there exists of Aiquidity or fluidity, such as blood, sweat, fat, tears etc, is called
one9s own fluid element#
.y reali7ing the true nature of the fluid element, there cannot be found one9s ,9ness or personality or ego
('tta, but only the element of fluidity which is e&er changing from one form to another# ,n reality, this is
not mine+ this am , not+ this is not my ego, but this is only the atoms of fluid phenomena#
K# :hat is the !lement of -eatF
:hate&er in one9s own body there exists of hotness, such as that whereby one is heated, consumed,
scorched, perishable, whereby that which has been eaten, drun0, is fully digested or wasted and so on, is
called one9s own
heating element#
.y reali7ing the true nature of the he heating element, there cannot be found one9s own ,9ness or personality
or ego ('tta, but only the element of that which is e&er warming (usama, digesting (paca0a, decaying
()irana, going up and down of temperature (santappana and burning (daha # ,n reality, this is not mine+ this
am , not+ is not my !go, but this is only the atoms of firing phenomena#
L# :hat is the element of 6ibrationF
:hate&er in one9s own body there exists of wind or &ibration, such as the upward2going and downward2
going winds, the winds of stomach and intestines, in2breathing and out2breathing and so on, is called one9s
own 6ibrating elements#
.y reali7ing the true nature of the &ibrating element, there cannot be found one9s own ,9ness or personality
or ego ('tta, but only the element of &ibration which is e&er mo&ing, supporting and permeating from place
to place# ,n reality, this is not mine+ this am , not, this is not my !go, but this is only the atoms of &ibrating
phenomena#
,n the case of the !lement of Space, there is, of course, the space between any two phenomena or elements,
such as bone and flesh, or s0in and flesh and so on#
-ere we realise that 'ncient ,ndian Philosophy did not understand the true connection between the $ne
/hing, Space and the many things, matter# /hey belie&ed Space " '0asa is what exists between matter,
rather than matter existing as a spherical standing wa&e in space#
.y ta0ing the whole &iew of the physical phenomena to one2pointedness, one should understand, discern
and reali7e that the body composed of hairs,bones, teeth, blood, sweat, wind etc, is nothing, but the particles
or atoms of these four primary phenomenal element which are for e&er and e&er arising and passing away
without any stop e&en a &ery short moment#
.eing so, the so2called body named such and such with a con&entional term is, in the sense of ultimate
reality merely proton, neutron and electron of physical phenomena, but not infinite soul+ nor mine+ nor am ,,
nor my personality nor ego or self#
5egarding the mind, there is no place where mind can be located# !&idently mind is not static thing, but a
mo&ing phenomenon# ,t is therefore, in reality, the process of consciousness arisen between sense organs
and ob)ects# :hen mind comes in contact with an ob)ect through any one of six sense2doors, a new mental
phenomenon or consciousness arises and immediately it passes away# !&en during such a &ery short
moment of consciousness, the mental process has happened many times &ery swiftly#
So the comprehensi&e discernment of physical and mental phenomena in its real nature is called (6ipassana
d ana ,nsight 0nowledge#
.y reali7ing the true nature of the ultimate reality, one in able to be contented+ contentment leads to lesser
and lesser desire for sensual pleasure, from lesser desire to delight, then to rapture, absolute purity,
happiness, one2pointedness of the mind, discernment in insight as it really is, banefulness in cra&ing, will for
emancipation from cra&ing,reali7ation of insight in absolute emancipation and then finally leads to the
attainment of %ltimate Peaceful -appiness of Iibbana#
/herefore, a .uddhist must not only &iew these two conceptions correctly, i#e#
(1 (Qammassa0ata Iana ,nsight 0nowledge in the nature of action and its results
(; (6ipassana Iana ,nsightful 0nowledge into the true nature of physical and mental phenomena i# e# , the
three characteristics of impermanence, etc, but also he de&otes himself to the actual practice of the /eaching
in order to attain the %ltimate -appiness of Iibbana#
@-'88' 2 /he Ioble @octrine of /he .uddha 2 Sayadaw .haddanta Paeea @ipa
httpE""www#erowid#org"spirit"traditions"buddhism"buddhismadhamma#shtml
>ar-a of ;uddhis- $eligion
/he Pali word <a--a or the Sans0rit word <ar-a (from the root 0r to do literally means 3action4, 3doing4#
.ut in the .uddhist theory of 0arma it has a specific meaningE it means only 3&olitional action4 not all
action# Ior does it mean the result of 0arma as many people wrongly and loosely use it# ,n .uddhist
terminology 0arma ne&er means its effect+ its effect is 0nown as the 3fruit4 or the 3result4 of 0arma#
6olition may relati&ely be good or bad, )ust as desire may relati&ely be good or bad# So 0arma may be good
or bad relati&ely# ?ood 0arma produces good effects and bad 0arma bad effects# 3/hirst4, &olition, 0arma,
whether good or bad, has one force as its effectE force to continue2 to continue in a good or bad direction#
:hether good or bad it is relati&e, and is within the cycle of continuity (samsara# 'n 'rahant, though he
acts, does not accumulate 0arma, because he is free from the false idea of self, free from the 3thirst4 for
continuity and becoming, free from all other defilements and impurities# (or him there is no rebirth#
idea of moral )ustice, or reward and punishment, arises out of the conception of a supreme being, a ?od,
who sits in )udgement, who is a law2gi&er and who decides what is right and wrong# /he term 3)ustice4 is
ambiguous and dangerous, and in its name more harm than good is done to humanity#
/he theory of <ar-a is the theory of cause and effect, of action and reaction+ it is a natural law, which has
power sitting in )udgement of your action, but this is in &irtue of its own nature, its own law#
/his is not difficult to understand# .ut what is difficult is that, according to 0arma theory, the effects of a
&olitional action may continue to manifest themsel&es e&en in a life after death# (+alpola $ahula, :hat the
.uddha /aught, pK;
Buddhism %eligion on o )oul +2natta- $ Conditioned :enesis +Paticca5
samuppada-
.uddhism stands unique in the history of human thought in denying the existence of such a Soul, Self, or
'tman# 'ccording to the teaching of the .uddha, the idea of self is imaginary, false belief which has no
corresponding reality, and it produces harmful thoughts of 3me4 and 3mine4, selfish desire, cra&ing,
attachment, hatred, ill2will, conceit, pride, egoism, and other defilements, impurities and problems# ,t is the
source of all the troubles in the world from personal conflicts to wars between nations# ,n short, to this false
&iew can be traced all the e&il in the world# (5ahula, p51
/wo ideas are psychologically deep2rooted in manE self2protection and self2preser&ation# (or self2protection
man has created ?od, on whom he depends for his own protection, safety and security, )ust as a child
depends upon a parent# (or self2preser&ation man has concei&ed of the idea of an immortal Soul or 'tman,
which will li&e eternally# ,n his ignorance, wea0ness, fear and desire, man needs these two things to console
himself# -ence he clings to them deeply and fanatically#
/he .uddha4s teaching does not support this ignorance, wea0ness, fear and desire, but aims at ma0ing man
enlightened by remo&ing and destroying them# 'ccording to .uddhism, our ideas of ?od and soul are false
and empty# /hough highly de&eloped as theories, they are all the same extremely subtle mental pro)ections,
garbed in an intricate metaphysical and philosophical phraseology# /hese ideas are so deep2rooted in man,
and so near and dear to him, that he does not wish to hear, does not want to understand, any teaching against
them#
/he .uddha 0new this quite well# -e said his teaching was 3against the current4 (patisotagami, against
man4s selfish desires# Sust four wee0s after his !nlightenment, seated under the banyan tree, he thought to
himselfE
, ha&e realised this /ruth which is deep, difficult to see, difficult to understand ### comprehensible only by
the wise ## 8en who are o&erpowered by passions and surrounded by a mass of dar0ness cannot see this
/ruth, which is against the current, which is lofty, deep, subtle and hard to comprehend#
:ith these thoughts in mind, the .uddha hesitated for a moment, whether it would not be in &ain if he tried
to explain to the world the /ruth he had )ust realised# /hen he compared the world to a lotus pondE ,n a lotus
pool there are some lotuses still under the water+ there are others which ha&e risen only up to the water
le&el+ there are still others which stand abo&e water and are untouched by it# ,n the same way in this world,
there are men at different le&els of de&elopment# Some would understand the /ruth# So the .uddha decided
to teach# (p5;
%natta or &o"Soul
/he doctrine of 'natta or Io2Soul is the natural result of, or, the corollary to, the analysis of the (i&e
'ggregates and the teaching of *onditioned ?enesis (Paticca!sa-uppada#
:hat we call a being is composed of the (i&e 'ggregates, and when these are analysed and examined, there
is nothing behind them which can be ta0en as 3,4, 'tman or Self, or any unchanging abiding substance# /hat
is the analytical method# /he same result can be arri&ed at through the doctrine of *onditioned ?enesis
which is the synthetical method, and according to this nothing in the world is absolute# !&erything is
conditioned, relati&e and interdependent# /his is the .uddhist theory of relati&ity# (p5;
'onditioned Genesis
$n this principle of conditionality, relati&ity and interdependence, the whole existence and continuity of life
and its cessation are explained in a detailed formula which is called Paticca2samuppada 3*onditioned
?enesis4, consisting of twel&e factorsE
1# /hrough ignorance are conditioned &olitional actions or 0arma2formations ('&i)apaccaya sam0hara#
;# /hrough &olitional actions is conditioned consciousness (Sam0harapaccaya &innanam#
K# /hrough consciousness are conditioned mental and physical phenomena (6innanapaccaya namarupam
L# /hrough mental and physical phenomena are conditioned the six faculties (i#e# fi&e physical sense2organs
and mind (Iamarupapaccaya salayatanam#
5# /hrough the six faculties is conditioned (sensorial and mental contact (Salayatanapaccaya phasso#
J# /hrough (sensorial and mental contact is conditioned sensation (Phassapaccaya &edana#
7# /hrough sensation is conditioned desire, 3thirst4 (6edana2paccaya tanha#
=# /hrough desire (3thirst4 is conditioned clinging (/anha2paccaya upadanam#
9# /hrough clinging is conditioned the process of becoming (%padanapaccaya bha&o#
1<# /hrough the process of becoming is conditioned birth (.ha&apaccaya )ati#
11# /hrough birth are conditioned (1; decay, death, lamentation, pain, etc# (Satipaccaya )aramaranam##
/his is how life arises, exists and continues#
,t should be clearly remembered that each of these factors is conditioned (paticcasamuppanna as well as
conditioning (paticca samuppada# /herefore they are all relati&e, interdependent and interconnected, and
nothing is absolute or independent+ hence no first cause is accepted by .uddhism# *onditioned ?enesis
should be considered as a circle, and not as a chain# (p5L
The 0ha--apada
+ords of Truth ! (elections fro- the 0ha--apada
Iot to do any e&il, to culti&ate the good, to purify one4s mind, this is the /eaching of the .uddhas#
/o spea0 no ill will, to do no harm, to practice self2restraint according to the fundamental precepts, to be
moderate in eating, to li&e in seclusion, to de&ote oneself to higher consciousness, this is the /eaching of the
.uddhas#
(ools, men of little intelligence, gi&e themsel&es o&er to negligence, but the wise man protects his diligence
as a supreme treasure#
?i&e not yoursel&es unto negligence+ ha&e no intimacy with sense2pleasures# /he man who meditates with
diligence attains much happiness#
.y endea&our, diligence, discipline and self2mastery, let the wise man ma0e (of himself an island that no
flood can o&erwhelm#
'll (mental states ha&e mind as their forerunner, mind is their chief, and they are mind2made# ,f one spea0s
or acts with a defiled mind, then suffering follows ##
'll (mental states ha&e mind as their forerunner, mind is their chief, and they are mind2made# ,f one spea0s
or acts, with a pure mind, happiness follows one as one4s shadow that does not lea&e one#
3-e abused me, he beat me, he defeated me, he robbed me4E the hatred of those who harbour such thoughts
is not appeased#
-atred is ne&er appeased by hatred in this world+ it is appeased by lo&e# /his is an eternal Aaw#
/his fic0le, unsteady mind+ difficult to guard, difficult to control, the wise man ma0es straight, as the
fletcher the arrow#
-ard to restrain, unstable is this mind+ it flits where&er it lists# ?ood is it to control the mind# ' controlled
mind brings happiness#
-e whose mind is unsteady, he who 0nows not the ?ood /eaching, he whose confidence wa&ers, the
wisdom of such a person does not attain fullness#
:hate&er harm a foe may do to a foe, or a hater to another hater, a wrongly2directed mind may do one harm
far exceeding these#
Ieither mother, nor father, nor any other relati&e, can do a man such good as is wrought by a rightly2
directed mind#
/hat deed is not well done, which one regrets when it is done and the result of which one experiences
weeping with a tearful face#
8a0e haste in doing good+ restrain your mind from e&il#
:hosoe&er offends an innocent person, pure and guiltless, his e&il comes bac0 on that fool li0e a fine dust
thrown against the wind#
/he man of little learning (ignorant grows li0e a bull+ his flesh grows but not his wisdom#
,f a man practices himself what he admonishes others to do, he himself, being well2controlled, will ha&e
control o&er others# ,t is difficult, indeed, to control oneself#
$neself is one4s own protector (refuge+ what other protector (refuge can there beF :ith oneself fully
controlled, one obtains a protection (refuge which is hard to gain#
@o not follow mean things# @o not dwell in negligence# @o not embrace false &iews#
*ome, behold this world, how it resembles an ornamental royal chariot, in which fools flounder, but for the
wise there is no attachment to it#
-appy indeed we li&e without hate amongst the hateful# :e li&e free from hatred amidst hateful men#
(rom lust arises grief+ from lust arises fear# (or him who is free from lust there is no grief, much less fear#
-e who holds bac0 arisen anger as one chec0s a whirling chariot, him , call a charioteer+ other fol0 only
hold the reins#
*onquer anger by lo&e, e&il by good, conquer the miser with liberality, and the liar with truth#
.e on your guard against &erbal agitation+ be controlled in words# (orsa0ing wrong speech, follow right
ways in words#
.e on your guard against mental agitation+ be controlled in thoughts# (oresa0ing e&il thoughts, follow right
ways in thoughts#
/he wise are controlled in deed, controlled in thoughts, &erily, they are fully controlled#
's rust, arisen out of iron, eats itself away, e&en so his own deeds lead the transgressor to the states of woe#
Qnow this, $ good man, that e&il things are uncontrollable# Aet not greed and wic0edness drag you to
suffering for a long time#
/here is no fire li0e lust# /here is no grip li0e hate# /here is no net li0e delusion# /here is no ri&er li0e
cra&ing#
/he fault of others is easily seen+ but ones own is hard to see# Ai0e chaff one winnows other4s faults, but
one4s own one conceals as a crafty fowler disguises himself#
Iot by silence does one become a sage (muni if one be foolish and untaught# .ut the wise man who, as if
holding a pair of scales, ta0es what is good and lea&es out what is e&il, is indeed a sage#
Nou yoursel&es should ma0e the effort+ the 'wa0ened $nes are only teachers# /hose who enter this Path
and who are meditati&e, are deli&ered from the bounds of 8ara (!&il#
3'll conditioned things are impermanent4, when one sees this in wisdom, then one becomes dispassionate
towards the painful# /his is the Path to Purity#
:ho stri&es not when he should stri&e, who, though young and strong, is gi&en to idleness, who is loose in
his purpose and thoughts, and who is la7y2 that idler ne&er finds the way to wisdom#
:atchful of speech, well restrained in mind, let him do no e&il with the body+ let him purify these three
ways of action, and attain the Path made 0nown by the Sages#
/he cra&ing of the man addicted to careless li&ing grows li0e a 8alu&a creeper# -e )umps hither and thither,
li0e a mon0ey in the forest loo0ing for fruit#
:hosoe&er in this world is o&ercome by this wretched clinging thirst, his sorrow grows#
$ne should not despise what one recei&es, and one should not en&y (the gain of others# /hose who en&y
others do not attain concentration#
/he sun glows by day+ the moon shines by night+ in his armor the warrior glows# ,n meditation shines the
.rahman# .ut all day and night, shines with radiance the 'wa0ened $ne#
On /thics ( The Middle #ay ( The /ightfold Path and The Four oble Truths
,n the .enares Sermon the .uddha9s teaching begins with the enunciation of the (our Ioble /ruths#
/hese truths areE that suffering is e&erywhere (0nown as the truth of du00ha, that misplaced desire
(attachment is the cause of suffering+ that its cure lies in remo&al of the cause (the Possibility of Aiberation
from @ifficulties exists for e&eryone+ and that the cause may be remo&ed by following the Ioble !ightfold
Path#
.uddhism recogni7es that humans ha&e a measure of freedom of moral choice, and .uddhist practice has
essentially to do with acquiring the freedom to choose as one ought to choose with truthE that is of acquiring
a freedom from the passions and desires that impel us to distraction and poor decisions# ,n this end, the
.uddhist dharma en)oinsE
##to tread the Ioble !ightfold Path, the course of conduct that can end suffering# /he path requires one to
li&e a life based on a right &iew, right thought, right speech, right conduct, right &ocation, right effort, right
attention and right concentration# /he details of .uddhist practice are to be deri&ed from this framewor0 and
wor0ed out by reference to the principle of see0ing the 8iddle :ay in all things# ,n following the 8iddle
:ay, extremes are repudiated since they constitute the 0ind of ties and attachments that impede progress
towards release#
,t is the nature of life that all beings will face difficulties+ through enlightened truthful li&ing one can
transcend these difficulties, ultimately becoming fulfilled, liberated and free# (Collinson, (ifty !astern
/hin0ers, ;<<<
/he Ioble !ight2(old Path is the path of li&ing in awareness# 8indfulness is the foundation# .y practicing
mindfulness, you can de&elop concentration, which enables you to attain understanding# /han0s to right
concentration, you reali7e right awareness, thoughts, speech, action, li&elihood and effort# /he
understanding which de&elops can liberate you from e&ery shac0le of suffering and gi&e birth to true peace
and )oy# (Thich 5hat #anh, $ld Path :hite *louds
:hat the indi&idual can do is to gi&e a fine example, and to ha&e the courage to uphold ethical &alues ## in a
society of cynics# (Albert 'instein, letter to 8ax .orn
;uddhis- as Practical Philosophy
On oga and the Interconnection of ;ody &ind and Uni,erse
'll our philosophy is dry as dust if it is not immediately translated into some act of li&ing ser&ice#
(&ahat-a &ohandas >. :andhi
!&erything he ad&ocated he didE he belie&ed firmly that the best recommendation for a philosophy or a
religion is not a boo0, but the life it inspires# (Collinson on :andhi, (ifty !astern /hin0ers, ;<<<
/his truth is to be li&ed, it is not merely pronounced with the mouth ##(#ui 5eng
/hey ha&e a practical aspect that is readily absorbed into daily life# 't the same time they deal with certain
large questions that ha&e always fascinated human0indE questions concerning the soul, the self, free will,
death, ?od, reality and the meaning of life# .uddhism is sensiti&ely agnostic concerning these ultimate
questions and so allows for the human sense of mystery and transcendence and the propensity to speculate
and reason that are part of human consciousness in general# (Collinson, (ifty !astern /hin0ers, ;<<<
8an is made by his belief# 's he belie&es, so he is# (;haga,ad!:ita
/he body and mind both exist as the 5elati&e 8otions of :a&e2*enters of all matter in the %ni&erses and
are intimately interconnected# Noga, as a practical philosophy, recognises the importance of harmony of
body, mind and uni&erse as being an interconnected whole " $ne# Noga means 9union9 as (rit)of *apra
writes+ ## the idea of the indi&idual being lin0ed to the cosmos is expressed in the Aatin root of the word
religion, religare (to bind strongly, as well as the Sans0rit yoga, which means union# (Fritjof Capra
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter should greatly aid in the practice of yoga as it explains how humans are
structures of the uni&erse, an inseparable part of the whole " $ne#
'n impro&ement in posture and breathing is not the sole nor e&en the primary aim of yoga# ,nstead, it is
either a therapeutic method of freeing the mind from false beliefs, or the insight into ultimate reality, the
dharmas, achie&able by this method# Noga is an intrinsic and integrated system consisting of metaphysics,
the philosophy of mind, the theory of 0nowledge, ethics and the philosophy of language# (Patanjali
-ealth is a balanced state of bodily elements and of all anatomical and physiological systems, where each
part of the body functions at full potential# (Iyengar
'll impressions and reactions are 0nown as 9mental fluctuations9 or 9thought2wa&es9, and yoga is the control
of thought2wa&es in the mind# (Patanjali
Noga aids many problems currently existing in modern society# 't a physical le&el, it gi&es relief from
countless ailments# /he practice of the postures strengthens the body and creates a feeling of well2being#
(rom the psychological &iewpoint, Noga sharpens the intellect and aids concentration# ,t steadies the
emotions and encourages a caring concern for others# 'bo&e all, it gi&es hope# /he practice of breathing
techniques calms the mind# ,ts philosophy sets life in perspecti&e# ,n the realm of the spiritual, Noga brings
awareness and the ability to be still# /hrough meditation, inner peace is experienced #/hus Noga is a
practical philosophy in&ol&ing e&ery aspect of a person9s being# ,t teaches the e&olution of the indi&idual by
the de&elopment of self2discipline and self2awareness# (Iyengar
Quotes from #alpola %ahula, 1#hat the Buddha Taught1
On the Buddhist 2ttitude of Mind
$ne is one4s own refuge, who else could be the refugeF said the .uddha# (@hp# Y,, L#
.uddha taught, encouraged and stimulated each person to de&elop themsel&es and wor0 out their own
emancipation, for humans ha&e the power to liberate themsel&es from all bondage through their own
personal effort and intelligence#
/he .uddha says, Nou should do the wor0, for the /athagatas only teach the way# (@hp# YY L#
(/athagata means 3$ne who has come to /ruth4# /his is the term usually used by the .uddha referring to
himself and to the .uddhas in general#
'lmost all religions are based on faith2 rather 3blind4 faith it would seem# .ut in .uddhism emphasis is laid
on 3seeing4, 0nowing, understanding, and not on faith, or belief# (p=
/he question of belief arises when there is no seeing 2 seeing in e&ery sense of the word# /he moment you
see, the question of belief disappears# ,f , tell you that , ha&e a gem hidden in the folded palm of my hand,
the question of belief arises because you do not see it yourself# .ut if , unclench my fist and show you the
gem, then you see it for yourself, and the question of belief does not arise# So the phrase in ancient .uddhist
texts readsE 35ealising, as one sees a gem (or a myrobalan fruit in the palm4# (p=29
qualified as ehi2passi0a, in&iting you to 3come and see4, but not to come and belie&e# (p9
/he expressions used e&erywhere in .uddhist texts referring to persons who realised the /ruth areE
/hus with right wisdom he sees it as it is (yatha bhutam# (!#g# S 6, (P/S, p#L;K+ ,,,, p#1<K+ 8 ,,, (P/S,
p#19(5ahula, p#9
:ith reference to his own !nlightenment the .uddha saidE 3/he eye was born, 0nowledge was born,
wisdom was born, science was born, light was born#4 (S 6 (P/S, p#L;;
,t is through 0nowledge or wisdom (nana2dassana, and not belie&ing through faith# (5ahula, p9
/his was more and more appreciated at a time when .rahmanic orthodoxy intolerantly insisted on belie&ing
and accepting their tradition and authority as the only /ruth without question# $nce a group of learned and
well20nown .rahmins went to see the .uddha and had a long discussion with him# $ne of the group, a
.rahmin youth of 1Jyears of age, named Qapathi0a, considered by them all to be an exceptionally brilliant
mind, put a question to the .uddha (*an0i2sutta, no 95 of 8#E
36enerable ?otama, there are the ancient holy scriptures of the .rahmins handed down along the line by
unbro0en oral tradition of texts# :ith regard to them, .rahmins come to the absolute conclusionE G/his
alone is /ruth and e&erything else is falseH# Iow, what does the &enerable ?otama say about thisF4
/he .uddha inquiredE 3'mong .rahmins is there any one single .rahmin who claims that he personally
0nows and sees that G/his alone is /ruth and e&erything else is false#HF4
/he young man was fran0 and said E 3Io4#
3/hen, it is li0e a line of blind men, each holding on to the preceding one+ the first one does not see, the
middle one also does not see, the last one also does not see# /hus, it seems to me that the state of the
.rahmins is li0e that of a line of blind men#4
/hen the .uddha ga&e ad&ice of extreme importance to the group of .rahminsE 3,t is not proper for a wise
man who maintains (lit# protects truth to come to the conclusion E G/his alone is /ruth, and e&erything else
is falseH#4
's0ed by the young .rahmin to explain the idea of maintaining or protecting the truth, the .uddha saidE 3'
man has a faith# ,f he says G/his is my faithH, so far as he maintains truth# .ut by that he cannot proceed to
the absolute conclusionE G/his alone is /ruth, and e&erything else is falseH#4 ,n other words a man may
belie&e what he li0es, and he may say 3, belie&e this4# So far as he respects truth# .ut because of his belief or
faith, he should not say that what he belie&es is alone the /ruth, and e&erything is false# /he .uddha saysE
G/o be attached to one thing (to a certain &iew and to loo0 down upon other things (&iews as inferior2 this
the wise men call a fetter#H (Sn (P/S, p# 151 (&#79=# (5ahula, p1<
TT disagree with .uddha9s last quotation#
$nce the .uddha explained the doctrine of cause and effect to his disciples, and they said they saw it and
understood it clearly# (,n the 8ahatanhasan0haya2sutta, no# K= of 8
/hen the .uddha saidE 3$h .hi00hus, e&en this &iew, which is so pure and so clear, if you cling to it, if you
fondle it, if you treasure it, if you are attached to it, then you don4t understand that teaching is similar to a
raft, which is for crossing o&er, and not for getting hold of#4 (8 , (P/S, p#;J< (5ahula, p11
/he .uddha was not interested in discussing unnecessary metaphysical questions which are purely
speculati&e and which create imaginary problems# -e considered them as a 3wilderness of opinions4# ,t
seems that there were some among his own disciples who did not appreciate this attitude of his# (or, we
ha&e the example of one of them, 8alun0yaputta by name, who put to the .uddha ten well20nown classical
questions on metaphysical problems and demanded answers#
(*ula28alun0ya2 sutta, no# JK of 8#
$ne day 8alun0yaputta got up from his afternoon meditation, went to the .uddha, saluted him, sat on one
side and saidE
3Sir, when , was all alone meditating, this thought occurred to meE /here are these problems unexplained,
put aside and re)ected by the .lessed $ne# Iamely,
(1 is the uni&erse eternal
(; is it not eternal
(K is the uni&erse finite
(L is it infinite
(5 is soul the same as body
(J is soul one thing and body another thing
(7 does the /athagata exist after death
(= does he not exist after death
(9 does he both (at the same time exist and not exist after death
(1< does he both at the same time not exist and not not2exist#
/hese problems the .lessed $ne does not explain to me# /his (attitude does not please me, , do not
appreciate it# , will go to the .lessed $ne and as0 him about this matter# ,f the .lessed $ne explains them to
me, then , will continue to follow the holy life under him# ,f he does not explain them, , will lea&e the $rder
and go away# ,f the .lessed $ne 0nows that the uni&erse is eternal, let him explain it to me so# ,f the
.lessed $ne 0nows that the %ni&erse is not eternal, let him say so# ,f the .lessed $ne does not 0now
whether the %ni&erse is eternal or not, etc#, then for a person who does not 0now, it is straightfoward to say
G, do not 0now, , do not seeH#4
/he .uddha4s reply to 8alun0yaputta should do good to many millions in the world today who are wasting
&aluable time on such metaphysical questions and unnecessarily disturbing their peace of mindE
3@id , e&er tell you, 8alun0yaputta, G*ome, 8alun0yaputta, lead the holy life under me, , will explain these
questions to youFH
3Io sir#4
3/hen, 8alun0yaputta, e&en you, did you tell meE GSir, , will lead the holy life under the .lessed $ne, and
the .lessed $ne will explain these questions to meFH
3Io sir#4
3!&en now, 8alun0yaputta, , do not tell youE G*ome and lead the holy life under me, , will explain these
questions to youH# 'nd you do not tell me eitherE GSir, , will lead the holy life under the .lessed $ne, and he
will explain these questions to meH# %nder these circumstances, you foolish one, who refuses whomF (i#e#
both are free and neither is under obligation to the other#
38alun0yaputta, if anyone saysE G, will not lead the holy life under the .lessed $ne until he explains these
questions,H he may die with these questions unanswered by the /athagata ###
/hen the .uddha explains to 8alun0yaputta that the holy life does not depend upon these &iews# :hate&er
opinion one may ha&e about these problems, there is birth, old age, decay, death, sorrow, lamentation, pain,
grief, distress, 9 the *essation of which (i#e# Iir&ana , declare in this &ery life#H
G/herefore, 8alun0yaputta, bear in mind what , ha&e explained as explained, and what , ha&e not explained
as unexplained# :hat are the things that , ha&e not explainedF :hether the uni&erse is eternal or not, etc,
(those 1< opinions , ha&e not explained# :hy, 8alun0yaputta, ha&e , not explained themF .ecause it is not
useful, it is not fundamentally connected with the spiritual holy life, is not conduci&e to a&ersion,
detachment, cessation, tranquility, deep penetration, full realisation, Iir&ana# /hat is why , ha&e not told
you about them#
/hen, what, 8alun0yaputta, ha&e , explainedF , ha&e explained du00ha, the arising of du00ha, the cessation
of du00ha, and the way leading to the cessation of du00ha# :hy, 8alun0yaputta, ha&e , explained themF
.ecause it is useful, is fundamentally connected with the spiritual holy life, is conduci&e to a&ersion,
detachment, cessation, tranquility, deep penetration, full realisation, Iir&ana# /herefore , ha&e explained
them#4 (p1L25
(,t seems that this ad&ice had the desired effect on 8alun0yaputta, because elsewhere he is reported to ha&e
approached the .uddha again for instruction, following which he became an 'rahant#
XX /his is the fundamental mista0e of .uddhism# 5eality can now be 0nown, and it is extremely useful to
all beings and to the future sur&i&al of this planet# 's all /ruth comes from 5eality, we cannot be wise
without 0nowing the /ruth# -umanity can now understand what they are and how they are connected to the
uni&erse, thus destroying the separate notion of particles and self# /he interconnection and impermanence of
the .uddhist doctrine can now be explained with the :a&e Structure of 8atter and the 8etaphysics of
Space and 8otion#
The Four 5oble Truths
38 .u==ha
48 )amudaya, the arising or origin of du==ha
E8 irodha, the cessation of du==ha
F8 Magga, the !ay leading to the cessation of du==ha8
The First oble Truth& .u==ha
##is generally translated by most scholars as the GIoble /ruth of SufferingH, and is interpreted to mean that
life according to .uddhism is nothing but suffering and pain# .oth translation and interpretation are
misleading#
.uddhism is neither pessimistic nor optimistic# ,f anything at all, it is realistic, for it ta0es a realistic &iew of
life and of the world# ,t loo0s at things ob)ecti&ely (yathabhutam# ,t does not falsely lull you into li&ing in a
fool4s paradise, nor does it frighten and agonise you with all 0inds of imaginary fears and sins# ,t tells you
exactly and ob)ecti&ely what you are and what the world is around you, and shows you the way to perfect
freedom, peace, tranquility and happiness# (p1J27
,t is true that the Pali word du00ha (or Sans0rit duh0ha in ordinary usage means 3suffering4, 3pain4,
3sorrow4, or 3misery4 as opposed to the word su0ha meaning 3happiness4, 3comfort4 or 3ease4# .ut the term
du00ha as the (irst Ioble /ruth, which represents the .uddha4s &iew of life and the world, has a deeper
philosophical meaning and connotes enormously wider senses# ,t includes deeper ideas such as
3imperfection4, 3impermanence4, 3emptiness4, 3insubstantiality4# ,t is difficult therefore to find one word to
embrace the whole conception of the term du00ha as the (irst Ioble /ruth, and so it is better to lea&e it
untranslated, than to gi&e an inadequate and wrong idea of it by con&eniently translating it as 3suffering4 or
3pain4# (p17
/he .uddha does not deny happiness in life when he says there is suffering# $n the contrary he admits
different forms of happiness, both the material and the spiritual, for laymen as well as mon0s# ,n the
'nguttara2ni0aya, one of the fi&e original *ollections of Pali containing the .uddha4s discourses, there is a
list of happinesses (su0hani, such as the happiness of family life and the happiness of a recluse, of sense
pleasures and renunciation, of attachment and deattachment, physical and mental happiness# .ut all these
are included in du00ha#
!&en the &ery pure spiritual states of dhyana (recueillement or trance attained by the practice of higher
meditation, free from e&en a shadow of suffering in the accepted sense of the world, states which may be
described as unmixed happiness, as well as the state of dhyana which is free from sensations both pleasant
(su0ha and unpleasant (du00ha and is only pure equanimity and awareness2 e&en these &ery high spiritual
states are included in du00ha# ,n one of the suttas of the 8a))hima2ni0aya (again one of the fi&e original
*ollections, after praising the spiritual happiness of these dhyanas, the .uddha says that they are
3impermanent, du00ha, and sub)ect to change4 (anicca du00ha &iparinamadhamma(8ahadu00ha0handha2
sutta, 8, (P/S, p#9<#
Iotice the word du00ha is explicitly used# ,t is du00ha, not because there is 3suffering4 in the ordinary sense
of the word, but because 3whate&er impermanent is du00ha4 (yad aniccam tam du00ham# (5ahula, p1721=
/he .uddha says with regard to life and the en)oyment of sense2pleasures, that one should clearly
understand three thingsE
(1 attraction or en)oyment (assada
(; e&il consequence or danger or unsatisfactoriness (adina&a
(K freedom or liberation (nissarana#
:hen you see a pleasant, charming and beautiful person, you li0e them, you are attracted, you en)oy seeing
that person again and again, you deri&e pleasure and satisfaction from that person# /his is en)oyment
(assada# ,t is a fact of experience# .ut this en)oyment is not permanent, )ust as that person and all his (or
her attractions are not permanent either# :hen the situation changes, when you cannot see that person,
when you are depri&ed of this en)oyment, you become sad, you may become unbalanced and unreasonable,
e&en beha&e foolishly# /his is the e&il, unsatisfactory and dangerous side of the picture (adina&a# /his, too,
is a fact of experience# Iow if you ha&e no attachment to the person, if you are completely detached, that is
freedom, liberation (nissarana# /hese three things are true with regard to all en)oyment in life#
(rom this it is e&ident that it is no question of pessimism or optimism, but that we must ta0e account of the
pleasures of life as well as of its pains and sorrows, and also of freedom from them, in order to understand
life completely and ob)ecti&ely# $nly then is true liberation possible# (p19
/he conception of du00ha may be &iewed from three aspectsE
(1 du00ha as ordinary suffering (du00ha2du00ha
(; du00ha as produced by change (&iparinama2du00ha
(K du00ha as conditioned states (sam0hara2du00ha (6ism (P/S, p#L99+ 'bhisamuc, p#K= (5ahula, p#19
(1 'll 0inds of suffering in life li0e birth, old age, sic0ness, death, association with unpleasant people and
conditions ###1 all such forms of mental and physical suffering or pain, are included in du00ha as ordinary
suffering# (5ahula, p19
(; ' happy feeling, a happy condition in life, is not permanent, not e&erlasting# ,t changes sooner or later#
:hen it changes it produces pain, suffering, unhappiness# /his &icissitude is included in du00ha as suffering
produced by change# (p;<
(K /he third form of du00ha as conditioned states is the most important philosophical aspect of the (irst
Ioble /ruth, and it requires some analytical explanation of what we consider as a 3being4, as an 3indi&idual4
or as 3,4#
:hat we call a 3being4, or an 3indi&idual4, or 3,4, according to .uddhist philosophy, is only a combination of
e&er2changing physical and mental forces or energies, which may be di&ided into fi&e groups of aggregates
(panca00handha# /he .uddha saysE 3,n short these fi&e aggregates of attachment are du00ha4# (Sam0hittena
pancupadana00handha du00ha# S 6 (P/S, p#L; !lsewhere he defines du00ha as the fi&e aggregatesE 3$h
.hi00hus, what is du00haF ,t should be said it is the fi&e aggregates of attachment#4 (S ,,, (P/S, p#15=
(5ahula, p;<
The Fi,e Aggregates
1# 'ggregate of 8atter (5upa00handha
;# 'ggregate of Sensation (6edana00handha
K# 'ggregate of Perceptions (Sanna00handha
L# 'ggregate of 8ental (ormations (Sam0hara00handha
5# 'ggregate of *onsciousness
1# Aggregate of &atter (5upa00handha
## included are the (our ?reat !lements (cattari mahabhutani, namely, solidity, fluidity, heat and motion,
and also the @eri&ati&es (upadaya2rupa of the (our ?reat !lements# ,n the term 3@eri&ati&es of (our ?reat
!lements4 are included our fi&e material sense2organs, i#e# the faculties of eye, ear, nose, tongue and body,
and their corresponding ob)ects in the world, i#e# &isible form, sound, odour, taste and tangible things, and
also some thoughts or ideas or conceptions which are in the sphere of mind2ob)ects (dharmayatana#
(5ahula, p;<2;1
;# Aggregate of (ensation (6edana00handha
##all our sensations, pleasant or unpleasant or neutral, experienced through the contact of physical and
mental organs with the external world# /hey are six of 0indsE the sensations experienced through the contact
of the eyes with &isible forms, ear with sounds, nose with odour, tongue with taste, body with tangible
ob)ects and mind (the sixth faculty in .uddhist philosophy with mind2ob)ects or thoughts or ideas# (5ahula,
p#;1
8ind is only a faculty or organ (indriya li0e the ear or eye# ,t can be controlled and de&eloped li0e any
other faculty, and the .uddha spea0s quite often of the &alue of controlling and disciplining these six
faculties# ,deas and thoughts are not independent of the world experienced by these fi&e physical sense
faculties# ,n fact they depend on, and are conditioned by, physical experiences# -ence a person born blind
cannot ha&e ideas of colour, except through the analogy of sounds or some other things experienced through
his other faculties# ,deas and thoughts which form part of the world are thus produced and conditioned by
physical experiences and are concei&ed by the mind# (5ahula, p;12;;
K# Aggregate of Perceptions (Sanna00handha
Ai0e sensations, perceptions are also of six 0inds, in relation to six internal faculties and the corresponding
six eternal ob)ects# ,t is the perceptions that recognise ob)ects as physical or mental# (5ahula, p;;
L# Aggregate of &ental For-ations (Sam0hara00handha
,n this group are included all &olitional acti&ities both good and bad# :hat is generally 0nown as 0arma
comes under this group# /he .uddha4s own definition of 0arma should be remembered hereE
3 $ bhi00hus, it is &olition (cetana that , call 0arma# -a&ing willed, one acts through body, speech and
mind#4
6olition is 3mental construction, mental acti&ity# ,ts function is to direct the mind in the sphere of good, bad
or neutral acti&ities#4 ('bhisamuc, pJ#(5ahula, p#;;
Sensations and perceptions are not &olitional actions# /hey do not produce 0armic effects# ,t is only
&olitional actions2 such as attention (manasi0ara, will (chanda, determination (adhimo00ha, confidence
(saddha, concentration (samadhi, wisdom (panna, energy (&iriya, desire (raga, repugnance or hate
(paatigha, ignorance (a&i))a, conceit (mana, idea of self (sa00aya2ditthi etc# 1 that can produce 0armic
effects# /here are 5; such mental acti&ities which constitute the 'ggregate of 8ental (ormations# (5ahula,
p;;
5# Aggregate of Consciousness (6innana00handha
*onsciousness is a reaction or response which has one of the six faculties as its basis, and one of the six
corresponding external phenomena (&isible form, sound, odour, taste, tangible things and mind ob)ects as
its ob)ect# (p;K
'ccording to .uddhist philosophy there is no permanent, unchanging spirit which can be considered 3Self4
or 3Soul4 or 3!go4, as opposed to matter, and that consciousness (&innana should not be ta0en as 3spirit4 in
opposition to matter# /his point has to be emphasised, because a wrong notion that consciousness is a sort of
Self or Soul that continues as a permanent substance through life, has persisted from the earliest time to the
present day# (5ahula, p;L
/he .uddha said, G/here is no arising of consciousness without conditions,H and G##*onsciousness is named
according to whate&er condition through which it arisesE on account of the eye and &isible forms arises a
consciousness, called &isual consciousness ###H (8ahatanhasam0haya2sutta, 8 , (P/S, p# ;5J (5ahula,
p#;L
:hat we call a 3being4 or an 3indi&idual4 or 3,4 is only a con&enient name or a label gi&en to a combination
of these fi&e groups# /hey are all impermanent, all constantly changing# 3:hate&er is impermanent is
du00ha (yad aniccam tam du00ham# /his is the true meaning of the .uddha4s words E 3,n brief the fi&e
'ggregates of 'ttachment are du00ha#4 /hey are not the same for two consecuti&e moments# -ere ' is not
equal to '# /hey are in a flux of momentary arising and disappearing# (5ahula, p;5
Flu> ( 'mpermanence ( Motion
/he .uddha said, 3$ .rahmana, it is )ust li0e a mountain ri&er, flowing far and swift, ta0ing e&erything
along with it+ there is no moment, no instant, no second when it stops flowing, but it goes on flowing and
continuing# So .rahmana, is human life, li0e a mountain ri&er#4 's the .uddha told 5atthapalaE 3/he world
is continuous flux and is impermanent#4 (5ahula, p;J
$ne thing disappears, conditioning the appearance of the next in a series of cause and effect# /here is no
unchanging substance in them# /here is nothing behind them that can be called a permanent Self (atman,
indi&iduality, or anything that can in reality be called 3,4# !beryonw will agree that neither matter, nor
sensation, nor perception, nor any one of those mental acti&ities, nor consciousness can really be called 3,4#
.ut when these fi&e physical and mental aggregates which are interdependent are wor0ing together in
combination as a physio2psychological machine, we get the idea of 3,4# .ut this is only a false idea, a mental
formation, which is nothing but one of those 5; mental formations, which is nothing but one of those 5;
mental formations of the fourth 'ggregate which we ha&e discussed, namely, it is the idea of self (sa00aya2
ditthi# (5ahula, p;J
/he (i&e 'ggregates together, which we popularly call a 3being4, are du00ha itself (sam0hara2du00ha#
/here is no other 3being4 or 3,4, standing behind these fi&e aggregates, who experiences du00ha#
/here is no unmo&ing mo&er behind the mo&ement# ,t is only mo&ement# ,t is not correct to say that life is
mo&ing, but life is mo&ement itself# Aife and mo&ement are not two different things# ,n other words there is
no thin0er behind the thought# /hought itself is the thin0er# ,f you remo&e the thought, there is no thin0er to
be found# -ere we cannot fail to notice how this .uddhist &iew is diametrically opposed to the *artesian
cogito ergo sumE 3, thin0, therefore , am#4 (5ahula, p#;J
o beginning to life
'ccording to the .uddha4s teaching the beginning of the life2stream of li&ing things is unthin0able# /he
belie&er in the creation of life by ?od may be astonished at this reply# .ut if you were to as0 him, 3:hat is
the beginning of ?odF4 he would answer without hesitation 3?od has no beginning,4 and he would not be
astonished by his reply# /he .uddha saysE 3$ bhi00hus, this cycle of continuity (samsara us without &isible
end, and the first beginning of beings wandering and running around, en&eloped in ignorance (a&i))a and
bound down by the fetters of thirst (desire, tanha is not the be percei&ed#4 (S ,, (P/S, pp#17=29+ ,,, pp# 1L9,
151#(5ahula, p#;7
'nd further, referring to the ignorance which is the main cause of the continuity of life the .uddha statesE
3/he first beginning of ignorance is not to be percei&ed in such a way as to postulate that there was no
ignorance beyond a certain point#4 (' 6 (P/S, p#11K /hus it is not possible to say that there was no life
beyond a certain definite point# (p;7
The )econd oble Truth& )amudaya 1The arising of du==ha1
/he Second Ioble /ruth is that of the arising or origin of du00ha (@u00hasamudaya2ariyasacca# /he most
popular and well20nown definition of the Second /ruth as found in innumerable places in the original texts
runs as followsE
9,t is this GthirstH (cra&ing, tanha which produces re2existence and re2becoming (ponobha&i0a, and which is
bound up with passionate greed (nandiragasahagata, and which finds fresh delight now here and now there
(tatratatrabhinandini, namely,
(1 thirst for sense2pleasures (0ama2tanha,
(; thirst for existence and becoming (bha&a2tanha and
(K thirst for non2existence (self2annihilation, &ibha&a2tanha#4
(8h&g# ('lutgama, 19;;, p# 9+ S 6 (P/S, p#L;1 and passim(5ahula, p#;9
,t is this 3thirst4, desire, greed, cra&ing, manifesting itself in different ways, that gi&es rise to all forms of
suffering and the continuity of beings# .ut it should not be ta0en as the first cause, for there is no first cause
possible as, according to .uddhism, e&erything is relati&e and interdependent# !&en this 3thirst4, tanha,
which is considered as the cause or origin of du00ha, depends for its arising (samudaya on something else,
which is sensation (&edana, and sensation arises depending on contact (phassa, and so on and so forth goes
the circle which is 0nown as *onditioned ?enesis (Paticca2 samuppada#
So /anha, 3thirst4 is not the first or only cause of the arising of du00ha# .ut it is the most palatable and
immediate cause, the 3principle thing4 and the 3all per&ading thing4# -ence in certain places of the original
Pali texts themsel&es the definition of samudaya or the origin of du00ha includes other defilements and
impurities (0ilesa, sasa&a, dhamma, in addition to tanha, thirst which is always gi&en the first place# :ithin
the necessarily limited space of our discussion, it will be sufficient if we remember that this 9thirst9 has as its
centre the false idea of self arising out of ignorance# (5ahula, p;92K<
/he term 3thirst4 includes not only desire for, and attachment to, sense2pleasures, wealth and power, but also
desires for, and attachment to, ideas and ideals, &iews, opinions, theories, conceptions and beliefs (dhamma2
tanha# 'ccording to the .uddha4s analysis, all the troubles and strife in the world, from little personal
quarrels in families to great wars between nations and countries, arise out of this selfish 3thirst4# (rom this
point of &iew all economic, political, social problems are rooted in this selfish 3thirst4# 's the .uddha told
5attapalaE G/he world lac0s and han0ers, and is ensla&ed to GthirstH (tanhadaso#H (pK<
Qarma and 5ebirth
!&eryone will admit that all the e&ils in the world are produced by selfish desire# /his is not difficult to
understand# .ut how this desire, 3thirst4, can produce re2existence and re2becoming (pono2bha&i0a is a
problem not so easy to grasp# -ere we must ha&e some idea about the theory of 0arma and rebirth# (pK<
/here are four Iutriments (ahara in the sense of 3cause4 or 3condition4 necessary for the existence and
continuity of beingsE
(1 ordinary material food (0abalin0arahara
(; contact of our sense2organs (including mind with the external world (phassahara
(K consiousness (&innanahara and
(L mental &olition or will (manosancetanahara#
$f these four, the last mentioned 3metal &olition4 is the will to li&e, to exist, to re2exist, to continue, to
become more and more# ,t creates the root of existence and continuity, stri&ing forward by way of good and
bad actions (0usala0usala0amma# ,t is the same as 36olition4 (cetana# :e ha&e seen earlier that &olition is
0arma, as the .uddha himself defined it# 5eferring to 38ental 6olition4 )ust mentioned abo&e the .uddha
saysE
3:hen one understands the nutriment of mental &olition one understands the three forms of 3thirst4 (tanha4#
/hus the terms 3thirst4, 3&olition4, 3mental &olition4 and 30arma4 all denote the same thingE they denote the
desire, the will to be, to exist, to re2exist, to become more and more, to grow more and more, to accumulate
more and more# /his is the arising of du00ha, and this is found within the 'ggregate of 8ental (ormations,
one of the (i&e 'ggregates which constitute a being#
-ere is one of the most important and essential points in the .uddha4s teaching# :e must therefore clearly
and carefully mar0 and remember that the cause, the germ, of the arising of du00ha is within du00ha itself,
and not outside+ and we must equally well remember that the cause, the germ, of the cessation of du00ha, of
the destruction of du00ha, is also within du00ha itself, and not outside# /his is what is meant by the well2
0nown formula often found in original Pali textsE
Nam 0inci samudayadhammam sabbam tam nirodhadhammam
3 :hate&er is of the nature of arising, all that is of the nature of cessation#4
' being, thing, or a system, if it has within itself the nature of arising, the nature of coming into being, has
also within itself the nature, the germ, of its own cessation and destruction# /hus du00ha ((i&e 'ggregates
has within itself the nature of its own arising, and has also within itself the nature of its own cessation# (pK12
;
*arma
/he Pali word 0amma or the Sans0rit word 0arma (from the root 0r to do literally means 3action4, 3doing4#
.ut in the .uddhist theory of 0arma it has a specific meaningE it means only 3&olitional action4 not all
action# Ior does it mean the result of 0arma as many people wrongly and loosely use it# ,n .uddhist
terminology 0arma ne&er means its effect+ its effect is 0nown as the 3fruit4 or the 3result4 of 0arma#
6olition may relati&ely be good or bad, )ust as desire may relati&ely be good or bad# So 0arma may be good
or bad relati&ely# ?ood 0arma produces good effects and bad 0arma bad effects# 3/hirst4, &olition, 0arma,
whether good or bad, has one force as its effectE force to continue2 to continue in a good or bad direction#
:hether good or bad it is relati&e, and is within the cycle of continuity (samsara# 'n 'rahant, though he
acts, does not accumulate 0arma, because he is free from the false idea of self, free from the 3thirst4 for
continuity and becoming, free from all other defilements and impurities# (or him there is no rebirth#
idea of moral )ustice, or reward and punishment, arises out of the conception of a supreme being, a ?od,
who sits in )udgement, who is a law2gi&er and who decides what is right and wrong# /he term 3)ustice4 is
ambiguous and dangerous, and in its name more harm than good is done to humanity#
/he theory of 0arma is the theory of cause and effect, of action and reaction+ it is a natural law, which has
power sitting in )udgement of your action, but this is in &irtue of its own nature, its own law#
/his is not difficult to understand# .ut what is difficult is that, according to 0arma theory, the effects of a
&olitional action may continue to manifest themsel&es e&en in a life after death# (pK;
:e ha&e seen earlier that a being is nothing but a combination of physical and mental forces or energies#
:hat we call death is the total non2functioning of the physical body# @o all these forces and energies stop
altogether with the non2functioning of the bodyF .uddhism says 3Io4# :ill, &olition, desire, thirst to exist,
to continue, to become more and more, is a tremendous force that mo&es the whole world# /his is the
greatest force, the greatest energy in the world# 'ccording to .uddhism this force does not stop with the
non2functioning of the body, which is death+ but it continues manifesting itself in another form, producing
re2existence which is called rebirth#
Iow, another question arisesE ,f there is no permanent, unchanging entity or substance li0e Self or Soul
(atman, what is it that can re2exist or be reborn after deathF .efore we go on to life after death, let us
consider what Aife is, and how it continues now# :hat we call life, is the combination of the (i&e
'ggregates, a combination of physical and mental energies# /hese are continously changing# !&ery moment
they are born and they die# /hus e&en now during this lifetime, e&ery moment we are born and die, but we
continue# ,f we can understand that in this life we can continue without a permanent, unchanging substance
li0e Self or Soul, why cant we understand that those forces themsel&es can continue without a Self or a Soul
behind them after the non2functioning of the bodyF
:hen this physical body is no more capable of functioning, energies do not die with it, but continue to ta0e
some other shape or form, which we call another life# ,n a child all the physical, mental and intellectual
faculties are tender and wea0, but they ha&e within them the potentiality of producing a full grown man#
Physical and mental energies which constitute the so2called being ha&e within themsel&es the power to ta0e
a new form, and grow gradually and gather force to the full# (pKK
's there is no permanent, unchanging substance, nothing passes from one moment to the next# So quite
ob&iously, nothing permanent or unchanging can pass or transmigrate from one life to the next# ,t is a series
that continues unbro0en, but changes e&ery moment# /he series is, really spea0ing, nothing but mo&ement#
,t is li0e a flame that burns through the nightE it is not the same flame nor is it another# ' child grows up to
be a man of sixty# *ertainly the man of sixty is not the same as the child of sixty years ago, nor is he another
person# Similarly, a person who dies here and is reborn elsewhere is neither the same person, nor another
(na ca so na ca anno# ,t is the continuity of the same series#
/he difference between death and birth is only a thought2momentE the last thought2moment in this life
conditions the first thought2moment in the so2called next life, which, in fact, is the continuity of the same
series# @uring this life itself too, one thought2moment conditions the next thought2moment# S$ from the
.uddhist point of &iew, the question of life after death is not a great mystery, and a .uddhist is ne&er
worried about this problem#
's long as there is 3thirst4 to be and to become, the cycle of continuity (samsara goes on# ,t can stop only
when its dri&ing force, this 3thirst4, is cut off through wisdom which sees 5eality, /ruth, Iir&ana# (5ahula,
pKL
The Third oble Truth& irodha 1The Cessation of .u==ha1
/he /hird Ioble /ruth is that there is liberation, emancipation, freedom from suffering, from the continuity
of du00ha# /his is called the Ioble /ruth of the *essation of du00ha (@u00hanirodha2ariyasacca, which is
Iibbana, more popularly 0nown in its Sans0rit form of Iir&ana# (pK5
Iow you will as0E .ut what is Iir&anaF
##/he only reasonable reply is that it can ne&er be answered completely and satisfactorily in words, because
human language is too poor to express the real nature of the 'bsolute /ruth or %ltimate 5eality which is
Iir&ana# Aanguage is created and used by masses of human beings to express things and ideas experienced
by their sense organs and their mind# ' supramundane experience li0e that of the 'bsolute /ruth is not of
such a category#
:ords are symbols representing things and ideas 0nown to us+ and these symbols do not and cannot con&ey
the true nature of e&en ordinary things# Aanguage is considered decepti&e and misleading in the matter of
understanding of the /ruth# So the Aan0a&atara2sutra says that ignorant people get stuc0 in words li0e an
elephant in the mud# Ie&ertheless, we cannot do without language# (pK5
ir"ana
Aet us consider a few definitions and descriptions of Iir&ana as found in the original Pali textsE
3,t is the complete cessation of that &ery 3thirst4 (tanha, gi&ing it up, renouncing it, emancipation from it,
detachment from it#4 (8h&g# ('lutgama, 19;;, p#1<+ S 6 p#L;1 (5ahula, p#KJ
3*alming of all conditioned things, gi&ing up of all defilements, extinction of 3thirst4, detachment, cessation,
Iibbana#4
(S ,, p#1KJ (5ahula, p#KJ
3$ bhi00hus, what is the 'bsolute ('sam0hata, %nconditionedF ,t is the extinction of desire (raga00hayo,
the extinction of hatred (dosa00hayo, the extinction of illusion (moha00hayo# /his, $ bhi00hus, is called
the 'bsolute#4 (,bid# ,6, p#K59
3/he cessation of *ontinuity and becoming (.ha&anirodha is Iibbana#4
(:ords of 8usila, disciple of .uddha# S ,, (P/S, p#117 (5ahula, p#K7
Iir&ana is definitely no annihilation of self because there is no self to annihilate# ,f at all, it is the
annihilation of the illusion, of the false idea of self# (pK7
ir"ana as 2bsolute Truth
:e may get some idea of Iir&ana as 'bsolute /ruth from the @hatu&ibhanga2sutta (Io# 1L< of the
8a))hima2ni0aya# /his extremely important discourse was deli&ered by the .uddha to Pu00usati, whom the
8aster found to be intelligent and earnest, in the quiet of night in a potter4s shed#
/he essence of the rele&ant portions of the sutta is as followsE
' man is composed of six elementsE solidity, fluidity, heat, motion, space and consciousness# -e analyses
them and finds that none of them is 3mine4, or 3me4 or 3my self#4 -e understands how consciousness appears
and disappears, how pleasant, unpleasnt and neutral sensations appear and disappear# /hrough this
0nowledge his mind becomes detached# /hen he finds within him a pure equanimity (upe0ha which he can
direct towards the attainment of any high spiritual state# .ut then he thin0sE
3,f , focus this purified and cleansed equanimity on the Sphere of ,nfinite Space and de&elop a mind
conforming thereto, that is a mental creation (sam0hatam# ,f , focus this purified and cleansed equanimity
on the Sphere of ,nfinite *onsciousness, on the Sphere of Iothingness, or on the Sphere of Ieither2
perception nor Ion2perception and de&elop a mind conforming thereto, that is a mental creation#4
/hen he neither mentally creates nor wills continuity and becoming (bha&a or annihilations (&ibha&a# 's
he does not construct or does not will continuity and becoming or annihilation, he does not cling to anything
in the world+ as he does not cling, he is not anxious+ as he is not anxious, he is completely calmed within
(fully gUblown out within paccattam ye&a parinibhayati# 'nd he 0nowsE 3(inished is birth, li&ed is pure
life, what should be done is done, nothing more is left to be done#4 (/his expression means that now he is an
'rahant#
Iow when he experiences a pleasant, unpleasant or neutral sensation, he 0nows that it is impermanent, that
it does not bind him, that it is not experienced with passion# :hate&er may be the sensation, he experiences
it without being bound to it (&isamyutto#
3/herefore, $ bhi00hu, a person so endowed is endowed with the absolute wisdom, for the 0nowledge of the
extinction of all du00ha is the absolute noble wisdom#
/his his deli&erance, founded on /ruth, is unsha0able# $ .hi00hu, that which is unreality (mosadhamma is
false+ that which is reality (amosadhamma is Iibbana, is /ruth (Sacca# /herefore $ .hi00hu, a person so
endowed is endowed with this 'bsolute /ruth# (or, the 'bsolute /ruth (paramam ariyasaccam is Iibbana,
which is 5eality#4
(.uddha, from the @hatu&ibhanga2sutta (Io# 1L< of the 8a))hima2ni0aya (5ahula, pK=29
!lsewhere the .uddha unequi&ocally uses the word /ruth in place of IibbanaE 3, will teach you the /ruth
and the Path leading to the /ruth#4 (S 6 (P/S, p#KJ9 (5ahula, pK9
Iow, what is this 'bsolute /ruthF 'ccording to .uddhism, the 'bsolute /ruth is that there is nothing
absolute in the world, that e&erything is relati&e, conditioned, impermanent, and that there is no unchanging,
e&erlasting, absolute substance li0e Self, Soul or 'tman within or without# /his is the 'bsolute /ruth# (pK9
TT disagree# 'bsolute /ruth comes from 'bsolute Space (what exists, 5eality#
,t is incorrect to thin0 that Iir&ana is the natural result of the extinction of cra&ing# Iir&ana is not the result
of anything# ,f it would be a result, then it would be an effect produced by a cause# ,t would be sam0hata
3produced4 and 3conditioned4# Iir&ana is neither cause nor effect# ,t is not produced li0e a mystic, spiritual,
mental state, such as dhyana or samadhi# /5%/- ,S# I,56'I' ,S# /he only thing you can do is see it,
realise it# /here is a path leading to the realisation of Iir&ana# .ut Iir&ana is not the result of this path# Nou
may get to the mountain along a path, but the mountain is not the result, not an effect of the path# Nou may
see a light, but the light is not a result of your eyesight# (pL<
People often as0E :hat is there after Iir&anaF /his question cannot arise, because Iir&ana is the %ltimate
/ruth# ,f it is %ltimate there can be nothing after it# ,f there is anything after Iir&ana, then that will be the
%ltimate /ruth and not Iir&ana# (5ahula,pL<
'nother question arisesE :hat happens to the .uddha or an 'rahant after his death, parinir&anaF /his
comes under the category of unanswered questions (a&ya0ata# (5ahula, PL<
/here is yet another popular questionE ,f there is no Self, no 'tman, who realises Iir&anaF .efore we go on
to Iir&ana, let us as0 the questionE :ho thin0s now, if there is no SelfF :e ha&e seen earlier that it is the
thought that thin0s, that there is no thin0er behind the thought# ,n the same way, it is wisdom (panna,
realisation, that realises# /here is no other self behind the realisation# ,n the discussion on the origin of
du00ha we saw that whate&er it may be2 whether being, or thing, or system2 if it is of the nature of arising+ it
has within itself the nature, the germ, of its cessation, its destruction# @u00ha arises because of 3thirst4
(tanha and it ceases because of wisdom (panna# 3/hirst4 and :isdom are both within the (i&e 'ggregates#
/hus, the germ of their arising as well as that of their cessation are both within the (i&e 'ggregates# /his is
the real meaning of the .uddhas well20nown statementE
3:ithin this fathom2long sentient body itself, , postulate the world, the arising of the world, the cessation of
the world, and the path leading to the cessation of the world#4 (' (*olumbo, 19;9 p;1=
/his means that all the (our Ioble /ruths are found within the (i&e 'ggregates, i#e# within oursel&es# /his
also means that there is no external power that produces the arising and cessation of du00ha# (pL;
:hen wisdom is de&eloped and culti&ated according to the (ourth Ioble /ruth, it sees the secret of life, the
reality of things as they are# :hen the secret is disco&ered, when the /ruth is seen, all the forces which
fe&erishly produce the continuity of samsara in illusion become calm and incapable of producing any more
0arma2formations, because there is no more illusion, no more 3thirst4 for continuity# ,t is li0e a mental
disease which is cured when the cause or the secret of the malady is disco&ered and seen by the patient#
(pLK
-e who has realised /ruth, Iir&ana, is the happiest being in the world# -e is free from all 3complexes4 and
obsessions, the worries and troubles that torment others# -is mental health is perfect# -e does not repent the
past, nor does he brood o&er the future# -e li&es fully in the present# /herefore he appreciates and en)oys
things in the purest sense without self2pro)ections# -e is )oyful, exultant, en)oying the pure life, his faculties
pleased, free from anxiety, serene and peaceful#
's he is free from selfish desire, hatred, ignorance, conceit, pride, and all such 3defilements4, he is pure and
gentle, full of uni&ersal lo&e, compassion, 0indness, sympathy, understanding and tolerance# -is ser&ice to
others is of the purest, for he has no thought of self# -e gains nothing, accumulated nothing, because he is
free from the illusion of Self and the 3thirst4 of becoming# (pLK
Iir&ana is beyond logic and reasoning (ata00a&acara# (pLK
TT disagree
Iir&ana is 3to be realised by the wise within themsel&es4# (paccattam &editabbo &innuhi (pLL
The Fourth 5oble Truth= &agga ! The Path
##is the :ay leading to the cessation of du00ha#
/his is 0nown as the 38iddle Path4 because it a&oids two extremesE one extreme being the search for
happiness through sense2pleasures, which is 3low, common, unprofitable and the way of ordinary people4+
the other being the search for happiness through self2mortification in different forms of asceticism, which is
3painful, unworthy, unprofitable#4
/he .uddha disco&ered through personal experience the 8iddle Path, 3which gi&es &ision and 0nowledge,
which leads to *alm, ,nsight, !nlightenment, Iir&ana#4 /his 8iddle Path is generally 0nown as the Ioble
!ightfold Path# ('riya2'tthangi0a28agga
5ight %nderstanding
5ight /hought
5ight Speech
5ight 'ction
5ight Ai&elihood
5ight !ffort
5ight 8indfulness
5ight *oncentration
/hey are to be de&eloped more or less simultaneously, as far as possible according to the capacity of each
indi&idual# /hey are all lin0ed together and each helps the culti&ation of the others# (pLJ
/hese eight factors aim at promoting and perfecting the three essentials of .uddhist training and disciplineE
namelyE
(a !thical *onduct (Sila
(b 8ental @iscipline (Samadhi
(c :isdom (panna#
'thical Conduct ((ila) is built on the &ast conception of uni&ersal lo&e and compassion for all li&ing
beings, on which the .uddha4s teaching is based# /he .uddha ga&e his teaching 3for the good of many, for
the happiness of many, out of compassion for the world#4
'ccording to .uddhism, for a man to be perfect there are two qualities that should de&elop equallyE
compassion (0aruna on one side and wisdom (panna on the other# -ere compassion represents lo&e,
charity, 0indness, tolerance and other noble qualities on the emotional side, or qualities of the heart, while
wisdom would stand for the intellectual side or the qualities of the mind# ,f one de&elops the emotional
neglecting the intellectual, one may become a good2hearted fool+ while to de&elop only the intellectual side
neglecting the emotional may turn one into a hard2hearted intellect without feeling for others# /herefore to
be perfect, one has to de&elop both equally# /hat is the aim of the .uddhist way of lifeE in it compassion and
wisdom are inseparably lin0ed together# (pLJ
$ight (peech means abstention
(1 from telling lies
(; from bac0biting and slander and tal0 that may bring hatred, enmity, disunity and disharmony among
indi&iduals or groups of people
(K from harsh, rude, impolite, malicious and abusi&e language
(L and from idle, useless, foolish gossip or babble#
:hen one abstains from these forms of wrong and harmful speech one naturally has to spea0 the truth, has
to use words that are friendly and bene&olent, pleasant and gentle, meaningful and useful# $ne should not
spea0 carelesslyE speech should be at the right time and place# ,f one cannot say something useful, one
should 0eep 3noble silence#4 (pLJ
$ight Action aims at promoting moral, honourable and peaceful conduct# /hat we should also help others
to lead a peaceful and honourable life in the right way# (pL7
$ight "i,elihood means that one should abstain from ma0ing ones li&ing through a profession that brings
harm to others# (pL7
/hese three factors (5ight Speech, 5ight 'ction, 5ight Ai&elihood of the !ightfold Path constitute !thical
*onduct# ,t should be realised that the .uddhist ethical and moral conduct aims at promoting a happy and
harmonious life both for the indi&idual and society# /his moral conduct is considered as the indispensable
foundation for all higher spiritual attainments# Io spiritual de&elopment is possible without this moral basis#
(pL7
&ental 0iscipline ((a-adhi)
$ight 'ffort is the energetic will
(1 to pre&ent e&il and unwholesome states of mind from arising, and (; to get rid of such e&il and
unwholesome states that ha&e already arisen within a person and also (K to produce, to cause to arise, good
and wholesome states of mind not yet arisen, and (L to de&elop and to bring to perfection the good and
wholesome states of mind already present#
$ight &indfulness is to be diligently aware to (1 acti&ities of the body (0aya (; sensations and feelings
(&edana (K the acti&ities of the mind (citta (L ideas, thoughts, conceptions and things# (dhamma
/he practice of concentration on breathing (anapanasati is one of the well20nown exercises, connected with
the body, for mental de&elopment# $ne should be clearly aware of all forms of feeling and sensation, all
mo&ements of the mind, all ideas, thoughts and conceptions2 of their true nature, how they appear and
disappear, how they are de&eloped, suppressed, destroyed and so on ###
/hese four forms of mental culture or meditation are treated in detail in the Satipatthana2sutta (Setting up of
8indfulness#(pL=
$ight Concentration
leading to the four stages of @hyana# ,n the first stage of @hyana, passionate desires and certain
unwholesome thoughts li0e sensuous lust, ill2will, languor, worry, restlessness and s0eptical doubt are
discarded, and feelings of )oy and happiness are maintained, along with certain mental acti&ities# ,n the
second stage, all intellectual acti&ities are suppressed, tranquility and 3one2pointedness4 of mind de&eloped,
and the feelings of )oy and happiness are still retained# ,n the third stage, the feeling of )oy, which is an
acti&e sensation, also disappears, while the disposition of happiness still remains in addition to mindful
equanimity# ,n the fourth stage of @hyana, all sensations, e&en of happiness and unhappiness, of )oy and
sorrow, disappear, only pure equanimity and awareness remaining#
/hus the mind is trained and disciplined and de&eloped through 5ight !ffort, 5ight 8indfulness and 5ight
*oncentration#(pL9
+isdo- (panna)
5ight /hought denotes the thoughts of selfless renunication or detachment, thoughts of lo&e and non2
&iolence, which are extended to all beings# /rue wisdom is endowed with these noble qualities, and that all
thoughts of selfish desire, ill2will, hatred and &iolence are the result of a lac0 of wisdom2 in all spheres of
life whether indi&idual, social or political# (pL9
$ight Understanding understanding of things are they are, of the (our Ioble /ruths#
'ccording to .uddhism there are two sorts of understandingE :hat we generally call understanding is
0nowledge, an accumulated memory, an intellectual grasping of a sub)ect according to certain gi&en data#
/his is called 30nowing accordingly4 (anubodha# ,t is not &ery deep# 5eal deep understanding is called
3penetration4 (pati&edha, seeing a thing in its true nature, without name and label# /his penetration is
possible only when the mind is free from all impurities and is fully de&eloped through meditation# (pL9
(rom this brief account of the Path, one may see that it is a way of life to be followed, practiced and
de&eloped by each indi&idual# ,t is self2discipline in body, word and mind, self2de&elopment and self2
purification# ,t has nothing to do with prayer, belief, worship or ceremony# ,t is a Path leading to the
realisation of %ltimate 5eality, to complete freedom, happiness and peace through moral, spiritual and
intellectual perfection# (pL925<
Free +ill
/he question of (ree :ill has occupied an important place in :estern thought and philosophy# .ut
according to *onditioned ?enesis, this question cannot and does not arise in .uddhist philosophy# ,f the
whole of existence is relati&e, conditioned and interdependent, how can will alone be freeF :ill, li0e any
other thought, is conditioned# So2called 3freedom4 itself is conditioned and relati&e# /here can be nothing
absolutely free, physical or mental, as e&erything is interdependent and relati&e#
,f (ree :ill implies a will independent of conditions, independent of cause and effect, such a thing does not
exist# -ow can a will, or anything for that matter, arise without conditions, away from cause and effect,
when the whole law of existence is conditioned and relati&e, and is within the law of causeF -ere again, the
idea of (ree :ill is basically connected with the ideas of ?od, Soul, Sustice, reward and punishment# Iot
only is so2called free will not free, but e&en the &ery idea of (ree :ill is not free from conditions#
'ccording to the doctrine of *onditioned ?enesis, as well as according to the analysis of being into (i&e
'ggregates, the idea of an abiding, immortal substance in man or outside, whether it is called 'tman, 3,4,
Soul, Self or !go is considered only a false belief, a mental pro)ection# /his is the .uddhist doctrine of
'natta, Io2Soul or Io2Self# (p5L25
,n order to a&oid confusion it should be mentioned here that there are two 0inds of /ruthE con&entional and
ultimate truth# :hen we use such expressions in our daily life as 3,4, 3you4, 3being4, 3,ndi&idual4 etc# we do
not lie because there is no self as such, but we spea0 a truth conforming to the con&ention of the world# .ut
the ultimate truth is that there is no 3,4 or 3being4 in reality#
3' person should be mentioned as existing only in designation (i#e# con&entionally there is a being, but not
in reality (or substance dra&ya4(8ahayana2sutralan0ara, Y6,,, 9;# (p55
'ccording to the .uddha4s teaching, it is wrong to hold the opinion 3, ha&e no self4 (annihilationist as to
hold the opinion 3, ha&e self4 (eternalist, because both are fetters, arising from the false idea 3, '84# /he
correct position with regard to the question of 'natta is not to ta0e hold of any opinions or &iews, but to try
to see things ob)ecti&ely as they are without mental pro)ections, to see that what we call 3,4 or 3being4, is
only a combination of mental and physical aggregates, which are wor0ing together interdependently in a
flux of momentary change within the law of cause and effect, and that there is nothing permanent,
e&erlasting, unchanging and eternal in the whole of existence#
-ere naturally a question arisesE ,f there is no 'tman or Self, who gets the result of 0arma (actionsF Io one
can answer this question better than the .uddha himselfE 3, ha&e taught you to see conditionality e&erywhere
in all things4# (8 ,,, (P/S, p#19+ S ,,,, p#1<K(pJJ
/he teaching of 'natta dispels the dar0ness of false beliefs, and produces the light of wisdom# ,t is not
negati&e, as 'sanga aptly saysE 3/here is the fact of Io2selfness4 (nairatmyastita# (PJJ
&editation or &ental Culture = ;ha,ana
/he .uddha saidE 3$ bhi00hus, there are two 0inds of illness# :hat are these twoF Physical illness and
mental illness# /here seem to be people who en)oy freedom from physical illness e&en for a year or two ##
.ut $ bhi00hus, rare in this world are those who en)oy freedom from mental illness e&en for one moment,
except from those who are free from mental defilements#4(i#e# 'rahants (' (*olombo, 19;9 p# ;7J
(5ahula, pJ7
/he .uddhas teaching, particularly his way of 3meditation4, aims at producing a state of perfect mental
health, equilibrium and tranquility# (pJ7
/he word meditation is a &ery poor substitute for the original term bha&ana, which means 3culture4 or
3de&elopment4 i#e# mental culture or mental de&elopment#
.ha&ana aims at cleansing the mind of impurities and disturbances, such as lustful desires, hatred, ill2will,
indolence, worries and restlessness, s0eptical doubts and culti&ating such qualities as concentration,
awareness, intelligence, will, energy, the analytical faculty, confidence, )oy, tranquility, leading finally to
the attainment of highest wisdom which sees the nature of things as they are, and realises the %ltimate
/ruth, Iir&ana# (pJ=
/here are two forms of meditation# $ne is the de&elopment of mental concentration (samatha or samadhi,
of one2pointedness of mind, by &arious methods prescribed in the texts, leading up to the highest mystic
states# 'll these mystic states, according to the .uddha are mind created, conditioned (sam0hata# /hey
ha&e nothing to do with 5eality, /ruth, Iir&ana# .uddha disco&ered the other form of meditation 0nown as
&ipassana, 3,nsight4 into the nature of things, leading to the complete liberation of the mind, to the
realisation of %ltimate /ruth, Iir&ana# /his is essentially .uddhist 3meditation4, .uddhist mental culture# ,t
is an analytical method based on mindfulness, awareness, &igilance, obser&ation# /he most important
discourse e&er gi&en by the .uddha on mental de&elopment is called the Satipatthana2sutta 3/he Setting2up
of 8indfulness4 (Io# ;; of the @igha2ni0aya, or Io#1< of the 8a))hima2ni0aya# (pJ9
/he 3ways4 of meditation are not cut off from life, nor do they a&oid life, on the contrary, they are all
connected with our life, our daily acti&ities, our sorrow and )oys, our words and thoughts, our moral and
intellectual occupations# (pJ9
/he discourse is di&ided into four main sectionsE the first section deals with our body (0aya, the second
with our feelings and sensations (&edana, the third with the mind (citta, and the fourth with &arious moral
and intellectual sub)ects (dhamma#
:hate&er the form of 3meditation4 may be, the essential thing is mindfulness or awareness (sati, attention
or obser&ation (anupassana# (pJ9
People do not generally li&e in their actions, in the present moment# /hey li&e in the past or in the future#
/hough they seem to be doing something now, here, they li&e somewhere else in their thoughts, in their
imaginary problems and worries, usually in the memories of the past or in desires and speculations about the
future# /herefore they do not li&e in, nor do they en)oy, what they do at the moment# So they are unhappy
and discontented with the present moment, with the wor0 at hand, and naturally cannot gi&e themsel&es
fully to what they appear to be doing# (p71
Nou cannot escape life howe&er you may try# 5eal life is in the present moment2 not in the memories of the
past which are dead and gone, not in the dreams of the future which is not yet born# $ne who li&es in the
present moment li&es the real life, and he is happiest# 's0ed why his disciples where so radiant, who li&ed a
simple and quiet life with one meal a day, the .uddha replied+ 3/hey do not repent the past, nor do they
brood o&er the future# /hey li&e in the present# /herefore they are radiant# .y brooding o&er the future and
repenting the past, fools dry up li0e green reeds cut down in the sun#4(S , (P/S p5# (p7;
##' man who is in anger is not really aware, not really mindful that he is angry# /he moment he becomes
aware of that state of his mind, the moment he sees his anger, it becomes, as it were, shy and ashamed, and
begins to subside# Nou should examine its nature, how it arises, how it disappears# Nou should not thin0 3,
am angry4, or of 3my anger4# Nou should only be aware and mindful of the state of an angry mind# (p7L
/hen there is a form of 3meditation4 on ethical, spiritual and intellectual sub)ects# 'll our studies, reading,
discussions, con&ersation and deliberations on such sub)ects are included in this 3meditation4# /o read this
boo0, and to thin0 deeply about the sub)ects discussed in it, is a form of meditation# (P7L
So according to this form of meditation, you may study, thin0 and deliberate on E
The Fi,e #indrances
1# Austful @esire, ;# ,ll2will, hatred, anger, K# /orpor and Aanguor, L# 5estlessness and worry, 5# S0eptical
@oubts
/hese fi&e are considered as hindrances to any 0ind of clear understanding, to any 0ind of progress# :hen
one is o&er2powered by them and when one does not 0now how to get rid of them, them one cannot
understand right and wrong, or good and bad# (p7L
$ne may also meditate on E
The (e,en Factors of 'nlighten-ent (;ojjhanga)
1# 8indfulness (sati
;# ,n&estigation and research (dhamma2&icaya(all religious, ethical, philosophical studies, reading,
con&ersation
K# !nergy (&iriya(2 to wor0 with determination to the end
L# Soy (piti(the quality quite contrary to the pessimistic, gloomy or melancholic attitude of mind,
5# 5elaxation (passaddhi (2of both body and mind# $ne should not be stiff mentally, physically,
J# *oncentration (samadhi
7# !quanimity (upe00ha(able to face life in all its &icissitudes with calm of mind, tranquility
/o culti&ate these qualities the most essential thing is a genuine wish, will or inclination#
Four (ubli-e (tates (;rah-a!,ihara)
(1 8etta# !xtending uni&ersal, unlimited lo&e and good will to all li&ing beings without any 0ind of
discrimination,
(; Qaruna# *ompassion for all li&ing beings who are suffering, in trouble and affliction,
(K 8udita# Sympanthetic )oy in others success, welfare and happiness,
(L %pe00ha# !quanimity in all &icissitudes of life#
+hat the ;uddha Taught and the +orld Today
,f one understands the .uddha4s teaching, that his teaching is the right Path and tries to follow it, then one is
a .uddhist# .ut according to the unbro0en age2old tradition in .uddhist countries, one is considered
.uddhist if one ta0es the .uddha, the @hamma (/he /eaching and the Sangha (the order of mon0s 21
generally called the /riple ?em2 as one4s refuges and underta0es to obser&e the (i&e Precepts (Panca2sila2
the minimum moral obligations of a lay .uddhistE
(1 not to destroy life
(; not to steal
(K not to commit adultery
(L not to tell lies
(5 not to ta0e intoxicating drin0s2
receiting the formulas gi&en in the ancient texts# (p=<
' man named @igha)anu once &isited the .uddha and saidE
36enerable Sir, we are ordinary lay men, leading the family life with women and children# :ould the
.lessed $ne teach us some doctrines which will be conduci&e to our happiness in this world and hereafter#4
/he .uddha tells him that there are four things which are conduci&e to man4s happiness in this worldE
(1 /o be s0illed, efficient, earnest and energetic in whate&er profession he is engaged# (utthana2sampada
(; Protect his income, which he has earned righteously, with the sweat of his brow# (ara00ha2sampada
(K -a&e good friends (0alyana2mitta who are faithful, learned, &irtuous, liberal and intelligent, who will
help him along the right path away from e&il
(L -e should spend reasonably, in proportion to his income, neither too much or too little# i#e# Iot to hoard
wealth a&ariciously, nor should he be extra&agant, li&e within his means (sama)i&i0ata#
:hile encouraging material progress, .uddhism always lays great stress on the de&elopment of the moral
and spiritual character for a happy, peaceful, contented society# /he @hammapadattha0atha records that the
.uddha directed his attention to the problem of good go&ernment# (or a country to be happy it must ha&e a
)ust go&ernment# -ow this form of )ust go&ernment could be realised is explained by the .uddha in his
teaching of the 3Ten 0uties of a >ing4 (dasa2ra)a2dhamma#
(1 Aiberality, generousity, charity#
(; ' high moral character#
(K Sacrificing e&erything for the good of the people# Prepared to gi&e up all personal comfort, name and
fame in the interest of the people#
(L -onesty and ,ntegrity#
(5 Qindness and ?entleness#
(J 'usterity in habits# Aead a simple life, not indulge in a life of luxury# -a&e self2control#
(7 (reedom from hatred, ill2will, enmity# .ear no grudges#
(= Ion2&iolence (a&ihimsa# Should try to promote peace by a&oiding and pre&enting war and e&erything
which in&ol&es &iolence and destruction of life#
(9 Patience, forebearance, tolerance, understanding# 'ble to bear insults, hardships and difficulties without
losing his temper#
(1< Ion2opposition, non2obstruction# Iot to oppose the will of the people# 5ule in harmony with his
people# (p=5
/he .uddha saysE 3Ie&er by hatred is hatred appeased, but it is appeased by 0indness# /his is an eternal
truth#4 (@hp# ,# 5 (5ahula, p#=J
9niting Metaphysics and Physics
The Metaphysics of )pace and Motion and the #a"e )tructure of Matter
9nites 2lbert /instein1s %elati"ity, Quantum Theory and Cosmology
/hose whose hearts are fixed on $eality itself deser&e the title of Philosophers. (Plato, K=<.*
/he first philosophy (8etaphysics is uni&ersal and is exclusi&ely concerned with primary substance# ###
'nd here we will ha&e the science to study that which is )ust as that which is, both in its essence and in the
properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it has# (Aristotle, KL<.*
-i !&eryone,
/his page is &ery long and was written for publication in a boo0# /he content is good so you are welcome to
read it, but you will find the lin0s on the side of the page present this 0nowledge in shorter, more concise
articles#
'll the best,
?eoff -aselhurst
Contents
,ntroduction 2 Properties of Space 2 ?eneral Aaws (which explain the Iecessary *onnection between :hat
!xists 2 $n the !&olution of Principles in Physics 2 /he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion ('ristotle and
Aeibni7 sol&e Qant 2 Aeibni79s 8onadology 2 /he Solution to -ume9s Problem of *ausation and Popper9s
Problem of ,nduction 2 /he Solution to the Problem of the $ne and the 8any 2 1# !instein9s 5elati&ity 2 1#1
Iewton9s 8echanics (1J=7 2 1#; (araday9s !lectromagnetic (orce (ield (1=K; 2 1#K 8axwell9s !quations
and the (inite &elocity of Aight wa&es (1=7J 2 1#L $n Aorent79s /heory of the !lectron (19<<219<J 2 1#5
!instein9s 5elati&ity (19<5,1915 2 ;# Buantum /heory 2 ;#1 8ax Planc09s @isco&ery of the Particle
(Buantum Properties of Aight (19<< 2 ;#; de .roglie9s @isco&ery of the wa&e Properties of !lectron
,nteractions (19;7 2 ;#K /he Schrodinger :a&e !quations are founded on Standing :a&e ,nteractions
(19;= 2 ;#L !xplaining the (orces of *harge and Aight 2 ;#5 -eisenberg9s %ncertainty Principle R .orn9s
9Probability wa&es9 (19;= 2 ;#J :olff9s explanation of (eynman9s Buantum !lectrodynamics (B!@, 19L5 2
;#7 :olff9s !xplanation of the (amous !instein, Podols0y, 5osen (!P5 and (urther Predictions that can be
*onfirmed by 8odifying the !P5 !xperiment (199K2;<<K 2 K# *osmology 2 K#1 $ur (inite Spherical
%ni&erse Perpetually !xists :ithin an ,nfinite Space 2 K#; /he !quation of the *osmos 2 K#K 'n ,nfinite
Space 2 K#L 8ach9s Principle and -ow the @istant Stars @etermine $ur ,nertial 8ass 2 K#5 !xplaining
!instein9s (amous *osmological *onstant R (urther Prediction 2 K#J !xplaining the 9Buantified9 -ubble
5edshift with @istance 2 K#7 /he Second Aaw of /hermodynamics only applies to *losed Systems 2 K#= $n
the Past Present and (uture and the $ne :ay @irection of /ime 2 K#9 -ow our %ni&erse is Iecessarily
*onnected but not @eterministic 2 *oncluding 5emar0s on *osmology, 5eligion and 8orality 2 Philosophy
as the 9disco&ery of the ob&ious9
Introduction
(or thousands of years philosophers ha&e ga7ed at the stars and 0nown that $ne thing must exist that is
common to and connects the 8any things within the %ni&erse# 's Aeibni7 profoundly says+ 5eality cannot
be found except in $ne single source, because of the interconnection of all things with one another#
(Aeibni7, 1J7<
/hus as matter interacts with all other matter in the uni&erse, to as0 9:hat is matterF9 is no different than
as0ing, 9:hat is the uni&erseF9, or more completely 9:hat exists, what is 5ealityF9# /he solution is found in
$ne Principle which describes the One (ubstance which exists ((pace and its Properties (+a,e!
&ediu- such that we can then explain the necessary connection between the many things which exist#
(rom this $ne Principle we can deduce the following Properties of Space and ?eneral Aaws# (/his is further
explained within this article
Properties of (pace
1# $ne Space must be ,nfinite, !ternal and *ontinuous# ('s boundaries, creation, and particles require two
things#
;# Space is a nearly rigid wa&e2medium#
K# /he wa&e &elocity (&elocity of light c &aries with both the wa&e2amplitude (causes charge"light and
mass2energy density of space (square of wa&e2amplitude, causes mass"gra&ity#
:eneral "a*s
($s -ecessary Consequences of the 0roperties of +pace6 and which eplain
the -ecessary Connection "etween 2hat .ists)
1# /he 9particle9 effect of matter is caused by the wa&e2center of the spherical standing wa&e# ((igE1
;# /ime (and matter are caused by wa&e 8otion# ('s 'ristotle reali7ed, time is either identical to
mo&ement or is some affection of it#
K# Iewton9s Aaw of ,nertia, (orce U 8ass times 'cceleration# ' change in &elocity of the spherical ,n2
wa&es (from one direction changes where these ,n2wa&es meet at their respecti&e wa&e2center which we
9see9 as the accelerated motion of the 9particle9# ((igE ;
L# 8ach9s Principle# /he spherical ,n2wa&es are formed from the -uygens9 *ombination of $ut2wa&es from
'll other matter in our finite spherical uni&erse# ((igE K
5# 8inimum 'mplitude Aaw# :a&e2centers mo&e to minimise total wa&e2amplitude (explains charge#
J# 8aximum @ensity Aaw# :a&e2centers mo&e to maximise total mass2energy density of space (explains
gra&ity# (igE ;#,n2:a&e 2222222222$ut2:a&e222222222,n and $ut2:a&es
T U
(igE1#; 2 8atter !xists as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space, the :a&e2*enter causes the obser&ed
9particle9 effect of 8atter#
(igE ; ?ra&ity is caused by a slowing of the ,n2wa&es (on the right due to a higher mass2energy density of
space where there is more matter# /his changes the shape of the ,n2wa&es from being Spherical to
!llipsoidal and causes the wa&e2center to 9mo&e9 towards this other matter# (See 5elati&ity section#
(igE K $ur Spherical ,n2wa&es are formed from the -uygens9 *ombination of the $ut2wa&es of all the other
matter in the uni&erse# /his explains 8ach9s Principle and deduces the redshift with distance, by explaining
how matter can be finite and yet perpetually exist within an infinite Space# (See *osmology section
Iow , appreciate that this principle and laws which follow will not ma0e much sense when first considered#
/o partly alle&iate this problem , ha&e included a brief summary of the :a&e Structure of 8atter below#
:hat , would emphasise though, is that it simply ta0es time to understand new ideas, particularly if we ha&e
been brought up with the particle conception of matter (as , was# ?i&en time, , can assure you that you will
find the :a&e Structure of 8atter &ery simple and sensible#
On the ',olution of Principles in Physics
experiment# !instein explains this scientific method &ery clearly+
Physics constitutes a logical system of thought which is in a state of e&olution, whose basis (principles
cannot be distilled, as it were, from experience by an inducti&e method, but can only be arri&ed at by free
in&ention# /he )ustification (truth content of the system rests in the &erification of the deri&ed propositions
(a priori"logical truths by sense experiences (a posteriori"empirical truths# ### !&olution is proceeding in
the direction of increasing simplicity of the logical basis (principles# ### :e must always be ready to change
these notions, i#e# the axiomatic basis of physics, in order to do )ustice to percei&ed facts in the most perfect
way logically# C (or the time being we ha&e to admit that we do not possess any general theoretical basis
for physics which can be regarded as its logical foundation# C can we e&er hope to find the right wayF ,
answer without hesitation that there is, in my opinion, a right way, and that we are capable of finding it# ,
hold it true that pure thought can grasp reality, as the ancients dreamed# (Albert 'instein, 195L
$c0ham9s ra7or (and !instein tell us that the better (simpler theory explains more things with less
assumptions, thus the extension of this principle is that the best theory (i#e# most simple description of
5eality must explain all things from $ne thing# /his $ne thing should not only be 9firmly enough
connected with sensory experiences9, as !instein argues, but it must cause our senses, and thus be a priori or
necessary for us to experience the world# 'nd as Qant (below and common sense reali7e, it is Space which
is a priori or necessary for us to be able to experience the world#
The &etaphysics of (pace and &otion.
(Aristotle and "eibni4 sol,e >ant)
:e may agree, perhaps, to understand by 8etaphysics an attempt to 0now reality as against mere
appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or again the effort to comprehend the uni&erse,
not simply piecemeal or by fragments, but somehow as a whole# (;radley, from %rmson, 1991
'll /ruth ultimately comes from 5eality# /hus the past errors and ultimate failure to correctly describe
5eality (which is now belie&ed to be impossible ha&e left modern 8etaphysics and /ruth with an
understandably bad reputation# :ith help from 'ristotle, Aeibni7, and Qant we can now correct these errors
in the following simple way# 's 'ristotle confirms+
The first philosophy (&etaphysics) is uni,ersal and is e)clusi,ely concerned *ith pri-ary substance.
C ,t is the principles and causes of the things that are that we are see0ing, and clearly it is their principles
and causes )ust as things that are# C 'nd here we will ha&e the science to study that which is )ust as that
which is, both in its essence and in the properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it has# (Aristotle, KL<.*
/hus at the heart of 8etaphysics is (ubstance and its Properties, which exists and causes all things, and is
therefore the necessary foundation for all human 0nowledge# 8ost importantly, 'ristotle and Aeibni7 were
correct to reali7e that $ne Substance must ha&e Properties that account for matter9s interconnected acti&ity
and 8otion#
-o,e-ent and rest# 'nd to see0 for this is to see0 for the second 0ind of principle, that from which comes
the beginning of the change# C /here must then be a principle of such a 0ind that its substance is acti&ity#
(Aristotle, KL<.*
, maintain also that substances, whether material or immaterial, cannot be concei&ed in their bare essence
without any acti&ity, acti,ity being of the essence of substance in general# ("eibni4, 1J7<
/he solution is to reali7e that (pace e)ists as a *a,e!-ediu- and contains spherical wa&e2motions that
cause matter and its interconnected acti&ity"change# Aet us now apply this 0nowledge to Qant, who clearly
reali7ed the unique importance of Space as being a priori (necessary for us to be able to experience and
sense the world around us, and that 8etaphysics (and thus Physics depend upon this a priori 0nowledge#
Iatural science (physics contains in itself synthetical )udgments a priori, as principles# C Space then is a
necessary representation a priori, which ser&es for the foundation of all external intuitions# (>ant, 17=1
%nfortunately for -uman 0nowledge, Qant made a simple error when he assumed /ime as the second a
priori existent, rather than the P5$P!5/,!S of Space as a wa&e2medium#
/ime is not an empirical concept# (or neither co2existence nor succession would be percei&ed by us, if the
representation of time did not exist as a foundation a priori# (>ant, 17=1
'nd because Qant could not unite Space and /ime bac0 to $ne common connected thing he assumed that
they must exist merely as ideas or representations of the world# -is error can be clearly seen when he writes
that motion is empirical " a posteriori and first depends upon the a priori existence of time#
-ere , shall add that the concept of change, and with it the concept of motion, as change of place, is possible
only through and in the representation of time# C 8otion, for example, presupposes the perception of
something mo&able# ;ut space considered in itself contains nothing -o,able+ consequently motion must
be something which is found in space only through experience 2in other words, is an empirical datum#
(>ant, 17=1
/he correct answer is that Space in itself must ha&e Properties# i#e# /hat Space exists with the properties of a
wa&e2medium and thus contains wa&e2motions which ultimately cause not only time, but also matter and its
forces# (Qant made the common mista0e of only considering 8otion of matter 9particles9 and not the (wa&e
8otion of Space itself> /hus Space and 8otion are a priori and first necessary for us to experience the
world# /his then explains the current confusion of modern physics due to the incorrect conception of the
98otion of matter particles9 in 9Space and /ime9, rather than the spherical wa&e2motion of Space causing
both matter 9particles9 and 9time9# Significantly, Qant reali7ed the importance of this problem of synthetic a
priori 0nowledge as the foundation of the Sciences and thus of certainty of 0nowledge#
%pon the solution of this problem, or upon sufficient proof of the impossibility of synthetical 0nowledge a
priori, depends the existence or downfall of metaphysics# (>ant, 17=1
"eibni4Ls &onadology, &onad
8onas is a ?ree0 word which signifies unity or that which is one# 's Aeibni7 writes+
, do not concei&e of any reality at all as without genuine unity# (:ottfried "eibni4, 1J7<
,n his 8onadology Aeibni7 describes 5eality (the $ne thing which exists and connects the many things as
$ne Substance (which is acti&e and ?od+
## the ultimate reason of things must lie in a necessary substance, in which the differentiation of the changes
only exists eminently as in their source+ and this is what we call ?od# ## ?od alone is the primary %nity, or
original simple substance, from which all monads, created and deri&ed, are produced# (Aeibni7, 1J7<
without any acti&ity, acti,ity being of the essence of substance in general# (:ottfried "eibni4, 1J7<
?ottfried Aeibni79s 8onadology is largely correct, matter and uni&erse are $ne# .ut we can now better
understand his 8onad as a Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space that determines the si7e of our finite spherical
uni&erse within an infinite Space, and thus interacts with 'AA other matter within our uni&erse#
,t follows from what we ha&e )ust said, that the natural changes of monads come from an internal principle,
and that change is continual in each one# C Iow this connection of all created things with each, and of each
with all the rest, means that each simple substance has relations which express all the others, each created
monad represents the whole uni&erse# ("eibni4, 1J7<
Iow this connection or adaption of all created things with each, and of each with all the rest, means that
each simple substance has relations which express all the others, and that consequently it is a perpetual
li&ing mirror of the uni&erse# (Aeibni7, 1J7<
1# /he monad, of which we shall spea0 here, is nothing but a simple substance which enters into
compounds+ simple, that is to say, without parts#
;# 'nd there must be simple substances, because there are compounds+ for the compound is nothing but a
collection or aggregatum of simples#
K# Iow where there are no parts, there neither extension, nor shape, nor di&isibility is possible# 'nd these
monads are the true atoms of nature and, in a word, the elements of things#
5# /here is no way in which a simple substance could begin in the course of nature, since it cannot be
formed by means of compounding#
9# ,ndeed e&ery monad must be different from e&ery other# (or there are ne&er in nature two beings, which
are precisely ali0e, and in which it is not possible to find some difference which is internal, or based on
some intrinsic quality#
1<# , also ta0e it as granted that e&ery created thing, and consequently the created monad also, is sub)ect to
change, and indeed that this change is continual in each one#
11# ,t follows from what we ha&e )ust said, that the natural changes of monads come from an internal
principle, since an external cause would be unable to influence their inner being# (Aeibni7, 1J7<
;;# 'nd as e&ery state of a simple substance is a natural consequence of its preceding state, so that the
present state of it is big with the future (Aeibni7, 1J7<
:ottfried "eibni4, Philosophical ,n&estigations, 1J7<
The )olution to ;ume1s Problem of Causation and Popper1s Problem of 'nduction
-ume is famous for ma0ing us reali7e that until we 0now the Iecessary *onnection"*ause of things then all
human 0nowledge is uncertain, merely a habit of thin0ing based upon repeated obser&ation (induction, and
which depends upon the future being li0e the past#
cause, and renders the one an infallible consequence of the other# C/here is required a medium, which may
enable the mind to draw such an inference, if indeed it be drawn by reasoning and argument# :hat that
medium is, , must confess, passes my comprehension+ and it is incumbent on those to produce it, who assert
that it really exists, and is the origin of all our conclusions concerning matter of fact# /his question , propose
as much for the sa0e of information, as with an intention of raising difficulties# , cannot find, , cannot
imagine any such reasoning# .ut , 0eep my mind still open to instruction, if any one will &ouchsafe to
bestow it upon me# (#u-e, 17K7
ad&ance -uman 0nowledge# :e can now simply explain this necessary connection of matter (cause and
effect due to the interconnection (and changing &elocity of the spherical ,n and $ut2wa&es with all the
other matter in the uni&erse# (/his will be explained when we discuss Physics#
necessary connection between things (e#g# cause and effect#
/here could easily be a little quarrel about the question which is the deeper problem+ -ume9s Problem of
*ausation, or what , ha&e called the Problem of ,nduction# $ne could argue that if the problem of causation
were positi&ely sol&ed 2 if we could show the existence of a necessary lin0 between cause and effect 2 the
problem of induction would also be sol&ed, and positi&ely# /hus one might say, the proble- of causation
is the deeper proble-# , argue the other way roundE the problem of induction is negati&ely sol&ed+ we can
ne&er )ustify the truth of a belief in a regularity# .ut we constantly use regularities, as con)ectures, as
hypotheses+ and we ha&e good reasons sometimes for preferring certain con)ectures to some of their
competitors# ,t is through the falsification of our suppositions that we actually get in touch with 9reality9# ,t is
the disco&ery and elimination of our errors which alone constitute that 9positi&e9 experience which we gain
from reality# (Popper, 1975
,t is important to explain and sol&e Popper because many scientists belie&e that /ruth is always an
approximation which is constantly e&ol&ing# ,n fact this is not the case, the solution to 8etaphysics (to
explain the $ne thing, Space, which must necessarily connect the 8any things, matter is a final solution, an
'bsolute and !ternal /ruth, as there is nothing more simple than $ne, thus no further e&olution of theories
is possible# /hus Popper9s negati&e solution to the Problem of ,nduction must now be discarded, as he
writes+
The )olution to the Problem of the One and the Many
existence#
(Fritjof Capra, 197;#
/he fundamental problem of the $ne and the 8any (which is at the &ery heart of human conceptual
/he solution to this problem is actually &ery simple# $ne thing, Space, exists (infinite and eternal, the
second thing, 8otion, as the wa&e 8otion of Space, is the property of Space, and is necessarily connected to
Space as it is Space which is mo&ing> 'nd once we ha&e this connection between the $ne thing Space, and
the many things, i#e# matter as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space, then we can in fact form concepts and
logic (which require two necessarily connected things, i#e# the wa&e 8otion of Space#
and thus the solution to this profound problem of the $ne and the 8any+
/he fundamental element of the cosmos is Space# Space is the all2embracing principle of higher unity#
Iothing can exist without Space# Space is the precondition of all that exists, be it material or immaterial
form, because we can neither imagine an ob)ect nor a being without space# C 'ccording to ancient ,ndian
tradition the uni&erse re&eals itself in two fundamental propertiesE as 8otion, and as that in which motion
ta0es place, namely Space# /his Space is called a0asa, and is that through which things step into &isible
appearance, i#e#, through which they possess extension or corporeality# 9'0asa is deri&ed from the root 0as,
9to radiate, to shine9, and has therefore the meaning of 9ether9, which is concei&ed as the medium of
mo&ement# /he principle of mo&ement, howe&er, is prana, the breath of life, the all2powerful, all2per&ading
rhythm of the uni&erse# ("a-a :o,inda, 1977
,n fact, as we shall explain, the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion ('0asa Prana not only unites and sol&es
the Problem of the $ne and the 8any, but also the ,nfinite and the (inite, the !ternal and the /emporal, the
'bsolute and the 5elati&e, the *ontinuous and the @iscrete, and the Simple and the *omplex# i#e# $ne
Space is ,nfinite, !ternal, 'bsolute, *ontinuous and Simple+ 8atter, as 8any spherical standing wa&e
8otions of Space is (inite, /emporal, 5elati&e, @iscrete and *omplex (in its interconnected 8otions#
SeeE
Uni,erse#
So let us now apply this new 8etaphysical foundation to the problems of Physics# :e begin with !instein9s
5elati&ity, then Buantum /heory, and end with *osmology#
6. 'instein?s $elati,ity
/he re&olution which began with the creation of quantum theory and relati&ity theory can only be finished
with their unification into a single theory that can gi&e us a single, comprehensi&e picture of nature#
((-olin, 1997
'ntroduction
,t is important to reali7e that !instein9s 5elati&ity e&ol&ed largely from Iewton9s 8echanics (1J=7,
(araday9s !lectromagnetic (ield /heory (1=K;, 8axwell9s !quations (1=7J and Aorent79s /heory of the
!lectron (19<<219<J# .y applying this new 8etaphysical foundation to these earlier theories we can
correct their errors, and this then leads to a simple solution to the problems of !instein9s 5elati&ity#
383 e!ton1s Mechanics +3?6@-
Iewton famously wrote+
immo&able# (5e*ton, 1J=7
:hile 'bsolute Space is correct, his first error was to assume that Space could not mo&e (i#e# could not
&ibrate due to wa&e2motions 2 the same error as Qant# /his of course leads to the second error of
introducing an absolute /ime, when this is actually caused by the wa&e 8otion of Space# 'nd Iewton
should ha&e reali7ed this close connection of /ime with 8otion, as he writes+
*ommon /ime is some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable measure of duration by the
means of motion# (5e*ton, 1J=7
/o Iewton9s great credit though, he reali7ed that 8etaphysics must be founded on 'bsolute 8otion in
Space rather than 5elati&e 8otion with other matter (which is empirical " a posteriori, as 8etaphysics is
founded on a priori causes, not on empirical " a posteriori effects# ('nd this becomes &ery important when
we shortly consider !instein9s 5elati&ity, which is founded on relati&e motion#
Aet us now briefly consider !instein9s analysis of Iewton9s 8echanicsE
points in space# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/hus the next error of Iewton was to imagine matter as discrete 9particles9 mo&ing about in Space, rather
than matter existing as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space, and that the wa&e2center causes the 9particle9
effect# /his leads to two insurmountable problems+
(irstly, how do these discrete particles gra&itationally act2at2a2distance with other particles separate in
SpaceF Iewton himself was aware of this problem#
So far , ha&e explained the phenomena ### by the force of gra&ity, but , ha&e not yet ascertained the cause of
gra&ity itself ### and , do not arbitrarily in&ent hypotheses# (5e*ton, 1J=7
Secondly, how does matter exist as a discrete particle in Space and mo&e through the Space around itF 's
.orn explains+
to it the great rigidity it must ha&e to account for the high &elocity of wa&es# Such a substance would
necessarily offer resistance to the motion of hea&enly bodies, particularly to that of planets# (;orn, 19;L
:hile .orn is correct that Space is &ery rigid and this explains the high wa&e2&elocity, he (along with most
Space itself can exist as it would resist the motion of these particles# /he ob&ious solution to both these
problems is to replace the concept of matter existing as discrete particles with matter existing as the
Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space# :e then reali7e that forces acting2at2a2distance can now be sensibly
explained as simply the changing &elocities of the spherical ,n2wa&es which cause the wa&e2center to
change its location in Space, and which we obser&e as the accelerated motion of the 9particle9# /his then
leads to a simple explanation of 5e*ton?s "a* of Inertia F F -.a.
:e can now translate the language of physics into the language of the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8#
i#e# :hen we apply a (orce to an ob)ect we are changing the &elocity of the ,n2wa&es (from one direction,
which changes the location of the wa&e2center, and which we see as the accelerated motion of the 9particle9#
*on&ersely, if there is no change in the &elocity of the spherical ,n2wa&es then there can be no change in the
location of the wa&e2center, thus no change in the apparent motion of the 9particle9#
(inally, it is worth explaining here how 9solid bodies9 can form from wa&e2motions as this relates to both the
9rigidity9 of Space and the interconnection of the ,n and $ut wa&es# /he solution is simple as :olff explains+
:e must conclude that the crystal9s rigidity deri&es from fixed standing wa&es propagating in a nearly rigid
wa&e medium# *alculations for diamonds and nuclear structure yields an enormous rigidity# /his is really a
separate argument about the rigidity of space, which is one of its properties# (+olff, 199L
:e also reali7e that because of this slight 9elasticity9 of Space, there can be no absolutely rigid bodies in
Space, as !instein confirms+
/he subtlety of the concept of space was enhanced by the disco&ery that there exist no completely rigid
bodies# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Fig. 6.6 Solid bodies form from fixed standing wa&es propagating in a nearly
rigid wa&e medium#
384 Faraday1s /lectromagnetic Force Field +36E4-
8axwell9s wor0 on electromagnetic field phenomena# ('lbert !instein, 195L
(araday de&eloped the mathematical concept of the 9electromagnetic force field9 as a way of mathematically
describing action2at2a2distance for charged particles (i#e# electrons and protons# /his is a continuous
mathematical 9plotting9 of the effects (forces and thus accelerated motions that matter has on other matter in
the Space around it, thus it is a description of effects (inducti&e " a posteriori rather than cause (deducti&e "
a priori# 'nd as we ha&e explained, this is important because the ultimate Principles of Physics must be a
priori, not a posteriori# ,t is also important to remember that the electromagnetic (e2m field is a &ector
(directional quantity that defines force and direction of acceleration of many charged particles upon one
another# ,t is continuous in the sense that the distance and force between particles can &ary by infinitely
small amounts# 's !instein explains+
a nearby conductorF 'll these electric particles together seemed to create in the surrounding space a
condition which in turn produced a certain order in the filings# /hese spatial states, today called fields,
would, he was con&inced, furnish the clue to the mysterious electromagnetic interactions# -e concei&ed
these fields as states of mechanical stress in an elastically distended body (ether# ('lbert !instein, 195L
38E Ma>!ell1s /Auations and the Finite "elocity of Light #a"es +36@?-
:hen 8axwell used this field theory to assume that light was an electromagnetic wa&e, and then correctly
deduced the finite &elocity of light, it was a powerful logical argument for the existence of the
that propagated with the &elocity of light c through the ether# ,n fact 8axwell was simply confirming that all
wa&e2center to wa&e2center (particle interactions are not instantaneous as Iewton assumed, but are limited
by the &elocity of the ,n2wa&es which is the &elocity of light c#
So while 8axwell misunderstood the true nature of the wa&es (which are real wa&e2motions of Space rather
/he precise formulation of the time space laws of those fields was the wor0 of 8axwell# ,magine his
feelings when the differential equations he had formulated pro&ed to him that the electromagnetic fields
experience been &ouchsafed# $nly after -ert7 (1=== had demonstrated experimentally the existence of
8axwell9s electromagnetic wa&es did resistance to the new theory brea0 down# 'nd what was true for
electrical action could not be denied for gra&itation# !&erywhere Iewton9s (instant actions2at2a2distance
ga&e way to fields spreading with finite &elocity# 't that thrilling moment he surely ne&er guessed that the
riddling nature of light, apparently so completely sol&ed, would continue to baffle succeeding
generations#9 ('lbert !instein, 195L
the Spherical Standing :a&e, they did not anticipate Planc09s disco&ery of the discrete 9quantum9 properties
of light# (or standing wa&e interactions only occur at discrete frequencies, li0e notes on the string of a
guitar, thus while the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter predicts that wa&e interactions will be
discrete, the continuous e2m wa&e does not anticipate this# (/his is explained shortly in the section on
Buantum /heory
38F On Lorent<1s Theory of the /lectron +3C7753C7?-
-endri0 Aorent7 assumed the electron was a charged particle which 9generated9 a spherical spatially
extended electromagnetic field in the ether# /hus inad&ertently he continued this error of assuming both the
9particle9 and the 9field9 to be real (rather than simply being mathematical constructions# 's !instein
explains+ /his field is generated by atomistic electric charges upon which the field in turn exerts
ponderomoti&e forces# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Aorent7 imagined that the ether exists throughout Space and that fields existed as a 9state9 of this ether#
hypothesis that, though the particles may mo&e, the ether always remains at rest# ("orent4, 19<J
's 8ax .orn writes+
Aorent7 proclaimed the ether at rest in absolute space# ,n principle this identifies the ether with absolute
space# 'bsolute space is no &acuum, but something with definite properties whose state is described with
the help of two directed quantities, the electrical field ! and the magnetic field -# (;orn, 19;L
Aorent7 is correct that Space per&ades the particles, and that space is at rest, (i#e# rigid, does not 9flow9, the
error is to assume separate 9particles9 generating a 9field9 in this Space, which as !instein explains, causes
se&eral problems+
/he introduction of the field as an elementary concept ga&e rise to an inconsistency of the theory as a whole#
8axwell9s theory, although adequately describing the beha&ior of electrically charged particles in their
interaction with one another, does not explain the beha&ior of electrical densities, i#e#, it does not pro&ide a
electrodynamics cannot be considered a complete theory# ('lbert !instein, 195L
-istory shows that this problem is insurmountable as 9forces9 must ha&e 9particles9 to act upon, thus the
particle was a necessary part of the e&olution of the field theory#
38F83 The Lorent< Transformation 5 The /lectron Changes /llipsoidal )hape #ith Motion
/he Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter tells us that there is no discrete particle and instead we are
considering the beha&ior of the wa&e2center# /hus we reali7e that the 9motion9 of the 9particle9 through Space
is actually the apparent motion of successi&e wa&e2centers which are determined by where each successi&e
spherical (in reality ellipsoidal ,n2:a&e meets at its respecti&e :a&e2*enter# 's the spherical ,n and $ut
wa&es combine and then cancel one another, the 9particle9 effect of the wa&e2center appears in a discrete
point in Space, then disappears, then re2appears again as the next ,n2wa&es meets at its wa&e2center (roughly
1<
;<
times per second#
's :ertheim explains+
,n the quantum world, subatomic particles lurch about, suddenly disappearing from their starting points and
reappearing as if by magic somewhere else# (+erthei-, 1997
(urther, this apparent motion of the wa&e2center (particle is caused by a difference in &elocity of the ,n2
wa&es from one direction, and this also necessarily changes the spherical shape of the ,n2wa&es (they
become squashed or stretched spheres " ellipsoids
(igE1#L#1 /he !llipsoidal Shape of a 8o&ing wa&e2centerE ,f the ,n2wa&es on the right are slowed down as
they tra&el in through Space then they change ellipsoidal shape (rather than being exactly spherical and
ha&e a shorter wa&elength# ,t is this change in &elocity, ellipsoidal shape and wa&elength of the ,n2wa&e
which causes the apparent motion of the wa&e2center and the Aorent7 /ransformations#
/he Aorent7 /ransformations pro&ide formulas for the change of ellipsoidal shape of matter (SS:s with
the apparent 9motion9 of the 9particle9 (wa&e2center and how this affects 8ass, /ime and Aength "
@imension# /his explains the 9null result9 of the 8ichelson28orley experiment as Aorent7 explains+
the order of &;"c;, when it mo&es through the ether# C (rom this point of &iew it is natural to suppose that,
)ust li0e the electromagnetic forces, the molecular attractions and repulsions are somewhat modified by a
translation imparted to the body, and this may &ery well result in a change of dimensions# C /he electrons
themsel&es become flattened ellipsoids# ## /his would enable us to predict that no experiment made with a
terrestrial source of light will e&er show us an influence of the !arth9s motion# ("orent4, 19<J
Fig= 6.G.D The &ichelson!&orley e)peri-ent# @ue to our dimension being determined by wa&elength, we
shall always measure arm 1 of an interferometer, to be the same length as that of arm ;, irrespecti&e of
which direction we rotate the interferometer# /he arms are both 7 wa&elengths long# /hus it ta0es the same
time for the ellipsoidal ,n2wa&es to propagate in to the center along arm 1 as it does along arm ;# /his must
be true as this is where the ellipsoidal wa&e meets at the wa&e2center to determine the apparent 9motion9 of
the 9particle9# 's there is no time difference for the two paths, no interference is obser&ed# /his explains the
Iull result of the 8ichelson"8orley experiment#
/he 8ichelson 8orley experiment confirms that light ta0es the same time to tra&el each path irrespecti&e of
the motion of the obser&er# /his is a general principle, and is the foundation of !instein9s principle of special
relati&ity and thus his postulate that the &elocity of light is always measured to be the same#
undergo a Aorent7 transformation# ('lbert !instein, 195L
38D /instein1s %elati"ity +3C7D,3C3D-
C /he theory of relati&ity may indeed be said to ha&e put a sort of finishing touch to the mighty intellectual
included# ('lbert !instein, 195L
!instein9s Special 5elati&ity is founded on the !mpirical (a posteriori truth that the laws of Iature are
always measured to be the same for all obser&ers irrespecti&e of their non2accelerated motion relati&e to one
another# /his Principle of 5elati&ity has been 0nown since the se&enteenth century and applied to Iewton9s
8echanics# !instein cle&erly applied this Principle of 5elati&ity to 8axwell9s equations and Aorent79s
!lectromagnetic /heory of the !lectron, and thus the &elocity of Aight, as one of the laws of Iature, must
also be measured to be the same# ,n fact the :a&e Structure of 8atter tells us that the &elocity of light
actually &aries dependent upon the wa&e2amplitude and density of Space# .ut the &elocity is always
measured to be the same because any relati&e difference in the &elocity of the ,n2wa&e from one side of the
wa&e2center to the other, causes a corresponding change in wa&elength and location of the wa&e2center,
such that the same ,n2wa&e always meets at its wa&e2center at the same time# 's &elocity is length " time
then the &elocity of the ,n2wa&e (&elocity of light c is always measured to be the same#
(igE 1#5#1E 8atter is Spherically Spatially !xtendedE Pythagoras9 /heorem is caused by the spherical shape
and thus interaction of matter# (urther, three dimensional space and spherical space are equi&alent, as it
requires three dimensions to define the surface of a sphere#
geometry, but approximately by spherical geometry# ('lbert !instein, 195L
whatsoe&er as to the structure and beha&ior of the electron# ('lbert !instein, 195L
around, thus his 9representation9 of matter as spherical force field#
!instein9s 8etric equation is simply Pythagoras9 /heorem applied to the three spatial co2ordinates, and
equating them to the displacement of a ray of light (the hypotenuse#
Special relati&ity is still based directly on an e-pirical law, that of the constancy of the &elocity of light#
dx
;
T dy
;
T d7
;
U(cdt
;
where cdt is the distance tra&eled by light c in time dt#/he fact that such a metric is
called !uclidean is connected with the following# /he postulation of such a metric in a three dimensional
continuum is fully equi&alent to the postulation of the axioms of !uclidean ?eometry# /he defining
equation of the metric is then nothing but the Pythagorean theorem applied to the differentials of the co2
ordinates# C ,n the special theory of relati&ity those co2ordinate changes (by transformation are permitted
for which also in the new co2ordinate system the quantity (cdt
;
equals the sum of the squares of the co2
ordinate differentials# Such transformations are called Aorent7 transformations# ('lbert !instein, 195L
i Special relati&ity assumes that the &elocity of light is constant, and thus it is true that if there is no change
in the &elocity of the ,n2wa&e then there can be no acceleration of the wa&e2center# /his explains why
special relati&ity is limited to relati&e motion between matter that is non2accelerated# (,nertial reference
frames
ii ,n !instein9s 8etric !quations the displacement of the light beam is determined by cdt, thus it ma0es no
difference, mathematically spea0ing, if the &elocity of light is assumed constant, and thus time is changed to
0eep the metrical equation true (as !instein did or con&ersely, to assume a constant /ime, and that the
&elocity of ,n2wa&es (Aight is different# 's it turns out, it is this latter case which is true, and this different
&elocity of the ,n2wa&es (from one side of the wa&e2center relati&e to the other is the cause of the apparent
motion of wa&e2centers#
Significantly, !instein confirms this &iew that the &elocity of light is not always constant when he writes
that+
Special 5elati&ity is founded on the basis of the law of the constancy of the &elocity of light# .ut the general
theory of relati&ity cannot retain this law# $n the contrary, we arri&ed at the result that according to this
latter theory the &elocity of light must always depend on the co2ordinates when a gra&itational field is
present# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Iow it is this relationship of the change in wa&elength (and thus ellipsoidal dimension with 8otion that is
at the heart of 5elati&ity so it is important to hear what Aorent7 has to say on the sub)ect+
,t is clear that, since the obser&er is unconscious of these changes, (the contraction of a measuring rod in the
what really is an ellipsoid# C
'ttention must now be drawn to a remar0able reciprocity that has been pointed out by !instein# ###
Aet us now imagine that each obser&er (one is mo&ing with constant &elocity relati&e to the other is able to
see the system to which the other belongs, ###
,t will be clear by what has been said that the impressions recei&ed by the two obser&ers would be ali0e in
all respects# ,t would be impossible to tell which of them mo&es or stands still with respect to the ether# C
-is results concerning electromagnetic and optical phenomena agree in the main with those which we ha&e
obtained in the preceding pages, the chief difference being that !instein simply postulates what we ha&e
deduced from the fundamental equations of the electromagnetic field# .y doing so, he may certainly ta0e
credit for ma0ing us see in the negati&e result of experiments li0e those of 8ichelson, 5ayleigh and .race,
not a fortuitous compensation of opposing effects, but the manifestation of a general and fundamental
principle# Net, , thin0, something may also be claimed in the fa&or of the form in which , ha&e presented the
theory# , cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and its
,ibrations, as endowed with a certain degree of substantiality, howe&er different it may be from all
ordinary matter# ("orent4, 19<J
8ost profoundly, Aorent7 first deduced the foundations of !instein9s 5elati&ity from the assumption of a
rigid Space (ether that had the properties of a wa&e2medium (i#e# &ibrations# /hough !instein related
relati&e motions of matter only to other matter and not bac0 to an 'bsolute Space li0e Aorent7 did, (which is
mathematically simpler , suppose the important point is that the logic of 5elati&ity is founded on, and
completely consistent with, an 'bsolute Space# .y only considering relati&e motion !instein effecti&ely
renounced the concept of 'bsolute Space and 8otion and instead tried to represented matter as a spherical
(spatially extended field+
space9 loses its meaning# (!instein, 19J1 Since the field exists e&en in a &acuum, should one concei&e of
the field as state of a 9carrier9, or should it rather be endowed with an independent existence not reducible to
anything elseF ,n other words, is there an 9aether9 which carries the field+ the aether being considered in the
undulatory state, for example, when it carries light wa&esF /he question has a natural answerE .ecause one
cannot dispense with the field concept, it is preferable not to introduce in addition a carrier with hypothetical
properties# C
concept of matter (particles in the theory of Iewton# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/hese quote are worth close attention, for they highlight !instein9s error# :e now reali7e that the continuous
force field is an approximation of many discrete standing wa&e interactions (see Buantum /heory, and
further, the field is an empirically founded (a posteriori concept and thus cannot be fundamental# -ence we
must re)ect the field, thus it is not only preferable, but necessary, to consider the 9carrier with hypothetical
properties9, i#e# Space existing with the properties of a wa&e2medium#
,t is now possible to show that !instein9s ideas need only a slight modification, from his foundation that
matter is a spherical spatially extended 9field9, to a foundation based upon Space rather than matter, and that
matter is caused by Spherical Standing :a&e 8otions of Space# /hus !instein is correct in re)ecting the
concept of the particle and to reali7e the connection between matter and Space+
as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high# ('lbert
!instein, 195L
,t is true that the particle can only appear as a limited region in Space in which the field strength"energy
density is particularly high, for this is simply the high wa&e2amplitude R density of the wa&e2center of the
Spherical Standing :a&e#
/his ob&iously also explains why matter can ne&er exceed the &elocity of light# 's the 9particle9 is the wa&e2
center of the Spherical Standing :a&e (SS:, it is impossible for this wa&e2center to e&er mo&e faster than
the &elocity of the incoming wa&es, which is the &elocity of light# %nfortunately !instein incorrectly
assumed that a mathematical description of effects, the spherical, spatially extended continuous force field,
was the best way of representing reality# ,n fact these force field effects are caused by the changing &elocity
of the ,n2wa&es which determine the future location of the wa&e2center (and thus the apparent force and
accelerated motion of the particle# :e now reali7e that the field theory is a continuous mathematical
approximation of effects which are caused by many discrete (quantum standing wa&e interactions# -ence
the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explains the cause of both the 9field9 and the 9particle effects9#
/hough most of !instein9s discussion of Space is in terms of matter interactions described by fields (a purely
mathematical analysis, it is important to reali7e that !instein also had a reasonable understanding of
metaphysics, thus he reali7ed (particularly in his later life that Space must somehow exist and ha&e
properties that caused these force fields, he )ust did not 0now how they existed and was not inclined to idle
speculation# -e writes+
characteristic of matter, as consisting of parts (9particles9 which may be trac0ed through time# /he idea of
motion may not be applied to it# ('instein, Aeiden Aecture, 19;<
/hus, li0e Qant (and others, !instein assumed that motion only applied to particles, and as he did not
belie&e in particles he also did not belie&e in 8otion, thus he ne&er considered the wa&e 8otion of Space
itself>
38D84 :eneral %elati"ity +On 2ccelerated Motion and :ra"itation8 3C3D-
?eneral 5elati&ity extends Special 5elati&ity to include accelerated 8otion thus it is important to first as0
what causes the acceleration of matter# /he solution is quite simple# .y understanding the spherical ,n and
$ut wa&e structure of matter we deduce that any change in &elocity of the ,n2wa&es (from one direction
causes a change in where the ,n2wa&es meet at their wa&e2centers which we obser&e as the accelerated
8otion of the particle# /his is why acceleration exists and is defined as a change in &elocity 2 because it is
caused by a change in &elocity of the ,n2wa&es> /his change in the &elocity of wa&es in Space is dependent
upon the mass2energy density of space (for ?ra&itational 8ass, and is the true physical cause of ?eneral
5elati&ity and !instein9s gra&itational fields, thus explaining !instein9s comment that+ the &elocity of light
must always depend on the co2ordinates when a gra&itational field is present# ('lbert !instein, 195L
The /Aui"alence of 'nertial Mass and :ra"itational Mass
/he empirical foundation of ?eneral 5elati&ity is the equi&alence of gra&itational and inertial mass, as
!instein explains+ 8ass is defined by the resistance that a body opposes to its acceleration (inert mass# ,t is
also measured by the weight of the body (gra&ity mass# /hat these two radically different definitions lead to
the same &alue for the mass of a body is in itself an astonishing fact# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/he Properties of Space and the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explain the equi&alence of these two
forms of 8ass#
i) Inertial &ass. ,magine the wa&e2center (electron of a Spherical Standing :a&e (SS: in free Space
away from massi&e bodies# 's the mass2energy density of space is the same in all directions, therefore the
&elocity of the ,n2wa&es is the same from all directions and does not change, thus the ,n2wa&es will always
meet at the same point in Space (the wa&e2center# /his is the physical foundation of inertial mass, a body
remains stationary (it does not accelerate if there is no change in the &elocity of the ,n2wa&es (no forces act
upon it#
ii) :ra,itational &ass. *onsider the same stationary wa&e2center (electron of a SS: but now imagine a
massi&e body, such as the !arth, placed to one side of the electron# /he Space that the !arth occupies has a
higher mass2energy density of space, thus the &elocity of ,n2wa&es and $ut2wa&es (&elocity of light will be
slower in this Space# /his causes a change in ellipsoidal shape of the ,n2wa&es and results in the wa&e2
center (electron mo&ing towards the Space of higher mass2energy density of space (the earth#
'nd so we see that it is the same property of Space that causes both gra&itational mass and inertial mass,
thus explaining their equi&alence#
Aet us now consider a simple example of this equi&alence that will ma0e it easier to understand# ,magine
being in a spaceship away from any stars or other massi&e bodies# :e would be weightless in the Space as
there would be no gra&itational effect# Iow if we imagine the spaceship being accelerated upwards,
(relati&e to the floor, at 9#=m"s, we would not be able to tell if we are being accelerated or if we are in the
!arth9s gra&itational field# (urther, if we were standing on scales, our weight could be due either to the
inertia caused by accelerating the spaceship, or to our mass in a gra&itational field# /his is the empirical
equi&alence of gra&itational and inertial mass#
!instein cle&erly used this equi&alence to argue (mathematically that gra&ity could be treated as an
accelerated reference frame+
gra&itational field in relation to uniformly accelerated co2ordinate system# C /here is no reason to exclude
the possibility of interpreting this beha&ior as the effect of a 9true9 gra&itational field (principle of
equi&alence of inertial"gra&itational mass# ('lbert !instein, 195L
change (i#e# the changing ellipsoidal shape of matter if the reference frame is now accelerated, and we can
then use these transformations to describe not only an accelerated reference frame but also a gra&itational
field# !instein is thus forced to use a cur&ed (non2linear co2ordinate system (rather than linear as per
(on cur&ed coordinate systems#
,n order to account for the equality of inert and gra&itational mass within the theory it is necessary to admit
fundamental in&estigations of ?auss and 5iemann# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/o introduce this non2linear transformation, it was necessary for !instein to ad)ust the &elocity of light
dependent upon the energy density (gra&itational field of Space# /his is true, because it is this change in
mass2energy density of space, due to the presence of matter (as Spherical"!llipsoidal :a&e28otions of
Space, that causes a slowing of the wa&e &elocity and a change in its ellipsoidal shape, and this is the
ultimate cause of gra&itational forces and the resultant acceleration of the 9particle9#
(')plaining and (ol,ing the Proble-s of 'instein?s $elati,ity)
Structure of 8atter# :e reali7e that forces are caused by a change in the &elocity of the spherical ,n2wa&e
(from one direction as this changes where these ,n2wa&es meet at the wa&e2center, which we obser&e as a
9force accelerating a particle9# /he change in ellipsoidal shape of the ,n2wa&es is the cause of !instein9s
8etrics and the 5iemannian geometry of ?eneral 5elati&ity# :ith this new understanding let us then briefly
summari7e the problems of !instein9s 5elati&ity, as their solutions become ob&ious once we understand the
Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter#
unsatisfactory#
+nfinite #ields.
195L
('instein, 195L
*enter#
%ausin& ;atter.
('instein, 195L
other matter# /he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion is founded on the a priori fact that Space is first
necessary for matter to be able to exist and mo&e about# !instein is empirically correct, and at the same time
this was his error because 8etaphysics (and thus 5eality is not founded on empirical obser&ations# ,n
reality there is no motion of matter, there is only the spherical wa&e2motion of Space, and the changing
(mass#
of light#
Concluding $e-ar<s
modern physics#
'lbert !instein9s ?eneral /heory of 5elati&ity (?/5 has been summari7ed as, 9/he matter of the uni&erse
determines the properties of Space, and the properties of Space determine the beha&iour of matter#9
symmetry#
of matter in Space#
D. 1uantu- Theory
of the uni&erse# /he mathematical framewor0 of quantum theory has passed countless successful tests and is
now uni&ersally accepted as a consistent and accurate description of all atomic phenomena# /he &erbal
interpretation, on the other hand, i#e# the metaphysics of quantum theory, is on far less solid ground# ,n fact,
in more than forty years physicists ha&e not been able to pro&ide a clear metaphysical model# (Fritjof
Capra, 1975
'ntroduction
/he $ne Principle of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter
pro&ide this 9clear metaphysical model9# /he problem, as we shall explain, has been the conception of the
9particle9 and thus the resulting paradox of the 9particle " wa&e9 duality# /hese problems ha&e caused great
confusion within modern physics o&er the past se&enty years, as both -eisenberg and @a&ies explain+
19K<
wa&e2particle 9duality9 is not in doubt# ## ,t is impossible to &isuali7e a wa&e2particle, so don9t try# ### /he
notion of a particle being 9e&erywhere at once9 is impossible to imagine# (0a,ies, 19=5
/he solution to this apparent paradox is to simply explain how the discrete 9particle9 properties of matter and
light (quanta are in fact caused by the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter#
atoms (photons of the indi&idual energy hf, where h is Planc09s uni&ersal constant# /his disco&ery became
the basis of all twentieth2century research in physics and has almost entirely conditioned its de&elopment
e&er since# :ithout this disco&ery it would not ha&e been possible to establish a wor0able theory of
molecules and atoms and the energy processes that go&ern their transformations# 8oreo&er, it has shattered
the whole framewor0 of classical mechanics and electrodynamics and set science a fresh tas0E that of
finding a new conceptual basis for all physics# @espite remar0able partial gains, the problem is still far from
a satisfactory solution# ('lbert !instein, 195L
showed that the energy ! of e)ected electrons was dependent upon the frequency f of incident light as
described in the equation !Uhf# ,t is ironic that in 19;1 !instein was awarded the Iobel Pri7e for this
discrete energy transfers (photons which were contradictory to his continuous field theory of matter#
!instein as well as a discrete particle"photon (Planc0, !instein# :e can now understand the cause of this
discrete energy 9quanta9 because Standing wa&es only exist and interact at discrete frequencies, li0e notes on
the string of a guitar# /his then leads us to the wor0 of de .roglie and Schrodinger#
484 de Broglie1s .isco"ery of the !a"e Properties of /lectron 'nteractions +3C4@-
aid of current concepts, and hit on a parallel with stationary (standing wa&es, as for instance in the case of
proper frequencies of organ pipes and strings in acoustics# ('lbert !instein, 195L
de .roglie9s reali7ation that standing wa&es exist at discrete frequencies and thus energies is ob&iously true
and important, yet he continued with the error of the particle concept and thus imagined particles mo&ing in
a wa&eli0e manner> Ionetheless, as he was close to the truth he had considerable success with his theory as
!instein confirms+
!xperiments on interference made with particle rays ha&e gi&en brilliant proof that the *a,e character of the
phenomena of -otion as assumed by the theory does, really, correspond to the facts# ('lbert !instein, 195L
matter#
48483 de Broglie1s 'ncorrect 'nterpretation of the )tanding !a"es as the !a"e5Li=e Motion of a
Particle in Orbit +3C4@-
assumed+
are not 9orbits9 but complex standing wa&e patterns#
ii $nly certain orbits are stable# (/his is nearly correct, only certain standing wa&e patterns are resonantly
stable#
another# (/his is nearly correct, the electrons mo&e from one stable standing wa&e pattern to another#
certain orbits were 9allowed9 for the electron, as !instein explains+
stationary (standing character of the corresponding wa&es# ('lbert !instein, 195L
(igE ;#;#1 !lectron $rbits# de .roglie imagined the standing wa&es to be related to discrete wa&elengths and
standing wa&es for certain orbits of the electron 9particle9 about the proton# (5ather than considering the
actual standing wa&e structure of the electron itself#
de .roglie further explains his reasoning for the particle"wa&e duality of matter in his 19;9 Iobel Pri7e
acceptance speech+
@etermination of the stable -otion of electrons in the atom introduces integers, and up to this point the only
phenomena in&ol&ing integers in physics were those of interference and of normal modes of ,ibration#
fre3uency (wa&e properties must be assigned to them also#
48E The )chrodinger #a"e /Auations are founded on )tanding #a"e 'nteractions +3C46-
!rwin Schrodinger disco&ered that when frequency f and de .roglie wa&elength y were substituted into
general wa&e equations it becomes possible to express energy ' and momentum -, as wa&e functions 2
thus a confined particle (e#g# an electron in an atom"molecule with 0nown energy and momentum functions
could be described with a certain wa&e function#
and only then can they resonate at certain frequencies# Significantly, these allowed frequencies
corresponded to the obser&ed discrete frequencies of light emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in
atoms"molecules# /his further confirmed the standing wa&e properties of matter, and that only certain
standing wa&e frequencies could exist which corresponded to certain energy states#
's !instein explains+
-ow can one assign a discrete succession of energy &alues ' to a system specified in the sense of classical
mechanics (the energy function is a gi&en function of the co2ordinates ) and the corresponding momenta
-,F Planc09s constant h relates the frequency f F'Bh to the energy &alues '# ,t is therefore sufficient to
function ' (), -,, where the position ) and time t are independent &ariables# ('lbert !instein, 195L
standing wa&es are scalar wa&es rather than &ector electromagnetic wa&es# /his is an important difference,
&ector e2m wa&es are mathematical wa&es which describe a direction (&ector of force, whereas the wa&e
8otions of Space are scalar wa&es which are simply described by their wa&e2amplitude# :ith de .roglie9s
introduction of the concept of standing wa&es to explain the discrete energy states of atoms and molecules,
and the introduction of scalar wa&es by Schrodinger, they had intuiti&ely grasped important truths of nature
as !instein confirms+
basis of differential equations applying a 0ind of resonance argument# ('lbert !instein, 195L
So let us now explain in more detail this phenomena of light energy being emitted and absorbed in discrete
amounts (photons due to standing wa&e interactions and resonant coupling#
48F />plaining the Forces of Charge and Light
,t is a property of Space that the greater the wa&e2amplitude the greater the wa&e2&elocity (and &ice &ersa
and this then pro&ides a sensible explanation of both charge and light# .ecause wa&e2amplitude is both
positi&e and negati&e, thus interacting wa&e2amplitudes can either increase or decrease (i#e# combine or
cancel out, causing either an increase or decrease in the &elocity of the ,n2wa&es, and a consequent mo&ing
together, or mo&ing apart of the wa&e2centers# /hus when we place two electrons near one another in Space,
then the wa&e2amplitude of Space between them increases because the wa&es are in phase and the wa&e2
amplitudes combine and increase, thus the wa&e2&elocity increases (opposite to gra&ity9s slowing of ,n2
wa&es and this causes the wa&e2centers to mo&e apart# *on&ersely, if we place an electron and a positron
(anti2matter being the opposite phase wa&e2motion to matter, thus a positron is the opposite phase to an
electron then the wa&e2amplitude between the two wa&e2centers tends to cancel out and become smaller,
thus the wa&e2&elocity between the two wa&e2centers decreases (li0e gra&ity and thus causes the wa&e2
centers to mo&e together#(/his explains the 8inimum 'mplitude Aaw and the electrical repulsion of li0e
charges, and attraction of opposite charges#
,n fact this also explains the electron " positron (matter " antimatter annihilation, as the wa&e2centers will
e&entually o&erlap one2another and the wa&e2amplitudes will completely cancel out (due to their equal and
opposite phase and thus disappear# /his explains *harge, but does not explain Aight, which is slightly more
complex#
:e must further reali7e that light is only emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in atoms or molecules,
and these electrons ha&e some complex repeating standing wa&e2motion about the nucleus# /hus the
electrons beha&e as 9oscillating resonators9 and it is common 0nowledge to electrical engineers and
in frequency and the other one increases a corresponding amount# (Ai0e two connected pendulums# /he
coupling pro&ided by the non2linear centers of the resonances (high wa&e2amplitude wa&e2centers where the
wa&e2&elocities change causes them to change &elocity, frequency, and wa&elength, due to the interaction
(modulation of each other9s wa&es# :hen opposite changes of frequency (energy ta0es place between two
resonances, energy seems to be transported from the center of one resonance to another# :e obser&e a loss
of energy where frequency decreases and added energy where it increases# /he exchange appears to tra&el
with the speed of the ,n2wa&es of the recei&ing resonance which is c, the &elocity of light# :hen large
numbers of changes occur together we see a continuous beam of light (i#e# electromagnetic radiation# :hen
single exchanges occur we see 9photons9 as discrete energy exchanges# /he transitory modulated wa&es
tra&eling between two resonances (as the electrons"wa&e2centers mo&e from one standing wa&e pattern to
another create the illusion of the 9photon9# 'n exchange may require 1<
I
to 1<
69
cycles to complete,
Fig= D.G.6 "ight is Caused by the $esonant Coupling of t*o bound *a,e!centers of (pherical (tanding
+a,es (electrons) *ith oscillating *a,e functions. /his diagram is only an approximation, but it gi&es
you some idea of the 9secondary9 wa&elength (the 9electromagnetic9 wa&elength of light caused by the
interactions of the ,n and $ut2wa&es of the two oscillating electrons"wa&e2centers#
/hese standing wa&e patterns cause a cyclical oscillation in the ellipsoidal shape of the ,n and $ut2wa&es
which describes a wa&e function that is ultimately the cause of the 9electromagnetic9 wa&elength and
frequency of light# 's only certain discrete 9orbits9 (standing wa&e functions described by Schrodinger9s
wa&e equations exist for the wa&e2center of the Spherical Standing :a&e, then it can only exchange
frequencies in discrete le&els which correspond to discrete energy exchanges of light 9photons9#
48D ;eisenberg1s 9ncertainty Principle $ Born1s 1Probability !a"es1 +3C46-
(irstly, +erner #eisenberg de&eloped the uncertainty principle which tells us that we (the obser&er can
altered# /hus the obser&ation has a discrete effect on what we measure, limiting how precisely we can
determine both the position and momentum of the particle#
&a) ;orn (19;= was the first to disco&er (by chance and with no theoretical foundation that the square of
the quantum wa&e equations (which is actually the mass2energy density of space could be used to predict
the probability of where the particle would be found# Since it was impossible for both the wa&es and the
particles to be real entities, it became customary to regard the wa&es as unreal 9probability wa&es9 and to
maintain the belief in the 9real9 particle# %nfortunately this maintained the belief in the particle"wa&e duality,
in a new form where the 9quantum9 scalar wa&es had become 9probability wa&es9 for the 9real9 particle#
!instein agreed with this probability wa&e interpretation, as he belie&ed in continuous force fields (not in
wa&es or particles thus to him it was sensible that the wa&es were not real, and were mere descriptions of
probabilities#
relates rather to many systems, to an 9ensemble of systems9 in the sense of statistical mechanics# ('lbert
!instein, 195L
!instein is correct that matter is spherically spatially extended (but as a Spherical Standing :a&e, not as
continuous spherical force fields thus it is true that matter is intimately interconnected to all the other
matter in the uni&erse (by the spherical ,n and $ut2:a&es# ,t is this lac0 of 0nowledge of the system as a
whole that is the ultimate cause of the uncertainty and resultant probability inherent in Buantum /heory#
physical reality that we ha&e in &iew# C , cannot but confess that , attach only a transitory importance to
this interpretation# , still belie&e in the possibility of a model of reality 2 that is to say, of a theory which
represents things themsel&es and not merely the probability of their occurrence# $n the other hand, it seems
to me certain that we must gi&e up the idea of complete locali7ation of the particle in a theoretical model#
/his seems to me the permanent upshot of -eisenberg9s principle of uncertainty# ('lbert !instein, 195L
!instein belie&ed that 5eality was not founded on chance (as .ohr and -eisenberg argued but on necessary
connections between things (thus his comment 9?od does not play dice#9# -e was largely correct, matter is
necessarily connected due to the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter, but due to lac0 of 0nowledge
of the system as a whole (the uni&erse, then this gi&es rise to the chance and uncertainty found in Buantum
/heory# ,t is also true that we must gi&e up the idea of complete locali7ation and 0nowledge of the 9particle9,
which is merely a mathematical concept and is caused by the wa&e2center of the Spherical Standing :a&e#
5emar0ably, Stephen -aw0ing was &ery close to the truth when he wrote+
.ut maybe that is our mista0eE maybe there are no particle positions and &elocities, but only wa&es# ,t is )ust
that we try to fit the wa&es to our preconcei&ed ideas of positions and &elocities# /he resulting mismatch is
the cause of the apparent unpredictability# (#a*<ing, 19==
48? #olff1s e>planation of Feynman1s Quantum /lectrodynamics +Q/., 3CFD-
1'0 is founded on the assumption that charged 9particles9 somehow generate spherical electromagnetic
(&ector ,n and $ut wa&es# /his explains why (eynman had such success and such failure at the same time,
as he had the correct spherical wa&e structure of matter, but he continued with two further errors, the
existence of the particle, and the use of &ector 9electromagnetic9 wa&es (mathematical wa&es of force, rather
than using the correct scalar 9quantum9 wa&es# /he solution to these problems was first found by :olff
(19=J#
+olff reali7ed that there are no solutions for spherical &ector electromagnetic wa&es, and he had the
foresight to try using real 9quantum9 wa&es, which are scalar# -e then disco&ered that when one spherical
standing wa&e was mo&ing relati&e to another the @oppler shifts ga&e rise to .$/- the de .roglie
wa&elength 'I@ the 8ass increase of !instein9s Special 5elati&ity# /hus in the one equation he had
deduced the two obser&ed phenomena due to relati&e motion, which respecti&ely found central parts of both
Buantum /heory and !instein9s Special 5elati&ity# /his then led to his further wor0 on the Spherical :a&e
Structure of 8atter and explanations for the following problems+
48?83 The problem of 1%enormali<ation1
/he electromagnetic field theory of matter gi&es rise to infinitely high fields (singularities at the center of
the point particle electron# /his was a&oided with 9renormali7ation9 whereby infinity is subtracted from
infinity and the correct experimental result was substituted into the equation# Paul @irac wrote+
Sensible mathematics in&ol&es neglecting a quantity when it turns out to be small 2 not neglecting it )ust
because it is infinitely great and you do not want it> (Paul 0irac
5ichard (eynman also 0new this+
### , suspect that renormali7ation is not mathematically legitimate# ($ichard Feyn-an, 19=5
/he solution is to reali7e that scalar spherical 9quantum9 wa&es ha&e a finite wa&e amplitude at the wa&e2
center and thus eliminate the infinities#
48?84 Ma>!ell1s /Auations Cannot describe a )pherical e5m !a"e8
/he failure of the 8#!# in spherical co2ordinates can be imagined by saying, 9Nou cannot comb the hair on a
tennis ball#9 /his means that if you attempt to comb down an ! field (the hair representing the electric
&ector e&erywhere flat onto a tennis ball (a spherical surface, you must create a 9cowlic09 somewhere on
the ball which frustrates your attempt to comb it# /he solution is to replace the &ector e2m wa&es with scalar
9quantum9 wa&es which do in fact ha&e spherical wa&e solutions# (See wor0 of 8ilo :olff
48?8E The pu<<le of the 1photon1
@espite (eynman using spherical electromagnetic wa&es to explain light, he also paradoxically argued that
light must be a particle (thus maintaining the particle"wa&e duality of light#
:hen experiments were made with &ery wea0 light hitting photomultipliers, the wa&e theory collapsedE as
the light got dimmer and dimmer, the photomultipliers 0ept ma0ing full si7ed clic0s 2 there were )ust fewer
of them# Aight beha&es as particles# /his state of confusion was called the 9wa&e"particle duality9 of light#
(Feyn-an, 19=5
,n fact the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter actually demands that all energy exchanges for light
be of discrete amounts due to 95esonant *oupling9 (and for standing wa&e interactions in general#
48?8F The Pu<<le of 2ntimatter and the Positron mo"ing 1bac=!ards in time18
called a positron# /his phenomena is general# !&ery particle in Iature has an amplitude to mo&e bac0wards
in time, and therefore has an anti2particle# (Feyn-an, 19=5
's :olff explains this is simply a mathematical truth caused by the fact that if you substitute a negati&e
time into the spherical wa&e equations, then this changes the phase of the standing wa&es to be equal and
opposite, which corresponds to antimatter# (urther, notice what (eynman says about photons, which are
treated as particles in B!@, and thus by (eynman9s logic there should also be anti2photons, whereas the
:S8 is clear on this point 2 there are anti2electrons (positrons which are opposite phase Spherical Standing
:a&es, but there are no separate photon particles, thus no anti2photons>
(Feyn-an, 19=5
physics, and has led to the self fulfilling belief that we can ne&er correctly describe and understand 5eality,
as (eynman and -eisenberg argued+
the simplest phenomena actually wor0# So theoretical physics has gi&en up on that# (Feyn-an, 19=5
Aight and matter are both single entities, and the apparent duality arises in the limitations of our language#
(#eisenberg, 19K<
,n fact Iature (5eality must be logical (Iecessarily *onnected to explain how we ha&e e&ol&ed a logical
aspect to our minds that allows us to create mathematical physics which correctly describes so many
phenomena#
48@ #olff1s />planation of the Famous /instein, Podols=y, %osen +/P%- and Further
Predictions
,n l9K5, !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen (!P5 put forward a gedan0en (thought experiment whose outcome
they thought was certain to show that there existed natural phenomena that quantum theory could not
account for# /he experiment was based on the concept that two e&ents cannot influence each other if the
the statistical predictions of quantum theory or !instein9s Principle of Aocal !&ents is incorrect# ,t did not
say which one was false but only that both cannot be true, although it was clear that !instein expected the
Principle of Aocal !&ents to be confirmed#
worldF
Figure D.8.6 ')peri-ent to test ;ell?s theore-. Polari4ed photons are e-itted at the center, pass
through the adjustable polari4ation filters on the left and right, and enter detectors on each side.
Coincidences (si-ultaneous detection) are recorded and plotted as a function of the angular
difference bet*een the t*o settings of the polari4ation filters.
-is theorem relates to the results of an experiment li0e the one shown in (igure ;#7#1# ' source of two
paired photons, obtained from the simultaneous decay of two excited atomic states, is at the center# 't
opposite sides, are located two detectors of polari7ed photons# /he polari7ation filters of each detector can
be set parallel to each other, or at some other angle, freely chosen# ,t is 0nown that polari7ations of paired
photons are always parallel to each other, but random with respect to their surroundings# So, if the detector
filters are set parallel, both photons will be detected simultaneously# ,f the filters are at right angles, the two
photons will ne&er be detected together# /he detection pattern for settings at intermediate angles is the
sub)ect of the theorem#
.ell (and !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen assumed that the photons arri&ing at each detector could ha&e no
0nowledge of the setting of the other detector# /his is because they assumed that such information would
ha&e to tra&el faster than the speed of light 2 prohibited by !instein9s Special 5elati&ity# /heir assumption
reflects the Principle of Aocal *auses, that is, only e&ents local to each detector can affect its beha&iour#
detector settings and the detected coincidences of photon pairs was linear, li0e line A in (igure ;#7#;# -is
Figure D.8.D The result of an e)peri-ent to test ;ell?s theore-# @ata points 5 of the experiments are
shown with blac0 dots# /hey agree with the cur&ed line B8, predicted by the quantum mechanics, and do
not agree with the straight line A, predicted by !instein9s concept of causality# /his was a big surprise,
because the failure of causality suggests that the communication is ta0ing place at speeds greater than the
&elocity of light#
/he cur&ed line is the calculation obtained from standard quantum theory# !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen, or
anyone who does not belie&e in superluminal speeds, would expect to find straight line A# ,n fact, the
experiments yielded points 5, which agreed with the cur&ed line statistically predicted by Buantum /heory#
/he predictions of quantum theory had destroyed the assumptions of !instein, Podols0y and 5osen>
0o 5on!local Influences ')istH
/hese results showed that modern physics understanding of the physical world is profoundly deficient#
')plaining the 'P$!;ell ?Instant? Co--unication
resol&e this pu77le so that the appearance of instant communication is understood and yet neither !instein
nor Buantum /heory need be wrong# ,n order to show this, it is necessary to carefully loo0 at the detailed
process of exchanging energy between two atoms, by the action of the ,n and $ut wa&es of both atoms#
with one another# /he passage of both ,n2:a&es through both wa&e2centers precedes the actual frequency
apparatus before the $ut2:a&es cause a 9departing photon9 e&ent# /he ,n2wa&es tra&el with the speed of
light so there is no &iolation of relati&ity#
/hus effecti&ely the electrons in the experiment are already interconnected with one another, and hence are
already 9aware9 of one another9s resonant state and polari7ation, before the paired photons are emitted# ,t is
this subtle interconnection of matter that explains the apparent conflict of the !P5 experiment#
')peri-ental Proof of the (pherical (tanding +a,e (tructure of &atter
(or someone to really belie&e a new theory, an experiment to show the existence of new phenomena not
pre&iously 0nown is most persuasi&e# /o pro&e the existence of the ,n and $ut2wa&es (and thus the pre2
5ogers (19=; except that instead of -a<ing a rando- filter setting during a ?photon?s? passage ti-e,
the filter setting should occur during the ti-e period preceding photon departure. /he purpose is to
/his would be the result originally expected by !instein for the !P5 experiment#
/he Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter is a profound new way of loo0ing at how matter exists
and interacts with other matter in Space# :olff has explained a &ery simple change to a &ery famous
experiment that currently causes Buantum /heory, and -uman intellectual 0nowledge in general, profound
problems and paradoxes# /hus it seems to us absolutely essential that this experiment be re2done as
suggested abo&e# :e sincerely hope that this wor0 on the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the
Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter will ultimately lead to this new 9Paradigm9 being ta0en
seriously, and that this experiment will be performed sooner rather than later>
%nfortunately, it is simply human nature to stubbornly stic0 to our existing beliefs, as Planc0 well reali7ed+
' new scientific truth does not triumph by con&incing its opponents and ma0ing them see the light, but
rather because its opponents e&entually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it# (Planc<,
Scientific 'utobiography, from Quhn, 19J;
Science is founded on experimental &erification of theoretical predictions, which help to brea0 down this
natural resistance to new ideas# /hus one central purpose of this article is to pro&ide enough information to
)ustify scientists re2doing this experiment as proposed# , sincerely as0 for their help in getting this important
experiment re2done as soon as possible>
J. Cos-ology
Suppose we were to accept the natural philosophers9 claim that 9all things were originally together#9 :e are
still left with the same impossible consequence# -ow is e&erything to be set in motion# 8atter is not going
to set itself in motion# ('ristotle, KL<.*
's people9s &iews of the uni&erse are bound up with their &iews of themsel&es and their society, this debate
has implications far beyond the realm of science, for the core of the cosmological debate is a question of
how truth is 0nown# ("erner, 199;
'ntroduction
/o begin we briefly explain how matter, as a Spherical Standing :a&e, determines the si7e of our finite
spherical uni&erse within an infinite Space# (rom this foundation we calculate the 9!quation of the *osmos9
and show how this correctly deduces both 8ach9s Principle and the -ubble redshift with distance (without
assuming a @oppler shift due to receding motion and thus an expanding uni&erse# :e then consider
!instein9s ideas, and with some minor corrections, show how this new foundation sol&es many of the current
Problems of *osmology#
E83 Our Finite )pherical 9ni"erse Perpetually />ists #ithin an 'nfinite )pace
,n fact it is possible for a finite spherical uni&erse to form within an infinite Space# %nfortunately for
your starting point> (' rather abstract and confusing idea> /he solution is far more simple and sensible, and
is found instead from -uygens9 Principle#
*hristiaan -uygens found that a surface containing many separate wa&e sources appeared, from a distance,
as a single wa&e front with the shape of the surface# /his wa&e front is termed a 9-uygens combination9 of
the separate wa&es# /his explains how matter9s spherical ,n2wa&es are formed# /he $ut2wa&es of other
SS:s (spherically distributed in the Space around us combine to form a -uygens9 combination wa&e front
which forms the spherical ,n2wa&e of our wa&e2centers#
(igE K#1 -uygens *ombination and the formation of the ,n2wa&e of a Spherical Standing :a&e (SS:# /his
diagram was constructed by drawing twel&e sets of circles whose centers are themsel&es located on a circle,
such that their circles ha&e begun to form the circle you can see at the center# Ai0ewise with Spherical
Standing :a&es, if many SS:s are spherically distributed in Space around us then their $ut2wa&es form
the Spherical ,n2wa&es of our 8atter#
/hus Smolin is correct+
,t can no longer be maintained that the properties of any one thing in the uni&erse are independent of the
existence or non2existence of e&erything else# ,t is, at last, no longer sensible to spea0 of a uni&erse with
only one thing in it# ((-olin, 1997
8ost importantly, this -uygens9 sharing of wa&es means that once you go out past a certain distance in
Space (the si7e of our finite spherical uni&erse you can no longer count the $ut2wa&es of farther distant
matter as direct contributors to our ,n2wa&es, as these wa&es ha&e already become part of closer wa&e2
center9s ,n and $ut2wa&es and thus ha&e already been counted as contributing to our ,n2wa&es# 's we shall
explain, this sharing of wa&es is a profound disco&ery (:olff, 199L as it leads to the solution of the
connection between the infinite and the finite, explains 8ach9s Principle, and explains the redshift with
distance without assuming an expanding uni&erse#
E84 The /Auation of the Cosmos
So let us now explain, with a little basic mathematics, how we can now deduce the finite si7e of matter
(which determines the si7e of our spherical uni&erse within an infinite Space#
,magine a clear balloon, and you had a 9mar0er pen9 that could ma0e blac0 dots on the surface of the
balloon# ,f you were patient you could co&er the balloon in blac0 dots until the balloon was completely
blac0 and no light could get inside the balloon# /hus if we 0now the si7e of our dots, and how many dots we
are allowed to use, then we could calculate the surface area and si7e of the balloon such that all the dots
would )ust co&er the balloon and bloc0 out the light# /his analogy is &alid with our finite spherical uni&erse
within an infinite Space# /he 9si7e of the balloon9 is the si7e of our uni&erse we wish to calculate# /he si7e of
our blac0 dots is the si7e of the wa&e2centers (9particles9, the number of our blac0 dots is the number of
9particles9 in the uni&erse# (:e assume a 9particle radius $e F 6A
!6G
and number of particles 5 F 6A
IA
as
consistent with current obser&ations of matter in the uni&erse# /hus if we assumed that all matter in the
uni&erse was distributed on the surface of a sphere, such that the wa&e2centers completely filled this surface,
then this means that the $ut2wa&es of any more distant matter would not directly contribute to our ,n2wa&es
as they must flow through (and become part of one of these 9shielding9 wa&e2centers, thus we ha&e already
counted their wa&e contributions# (:hile the real uni&erse ob&iously has some matter closer and some
further out, this approximation is adequate for calculations# $ur equations are+ 'rea of wa&e2center U pi
$e
D
+ area of 5 wa&e2centers U 5 pi $e
D
+ the radius of a spherical uni&erse that has this surface area is G pi
$
D
F 5 pi $e
D
+ which reduces to the !quation for the 5adius of our uni&erse $+
/he !quation of the *osmosE G $
D
F 5 $e
D
Substituting in our &alues for I and 5e we get a 5adius of the uni&erse $ F 6A
D@
m
*urrently the classical calculation for the -ubble radius of the uni&erse is 6A
D@
m so the 8etaphysics of
Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter has deduced the same &alue using the abo&e
simple assumption>
/hese simple calculations suggest that the redshift with distance is actually due to the decreased sharing of
wa&es with distance (as we share less of a common spherical uni&erse and thus distant matter contributes
less to our wa&e2amplitude and mass2energy density of space (the cause of our mass"energy which we see
as a redshift (energy decrease with distance# /his seems to be a most profound solution, for it explains and
sol&es many of the current problems of *osmology (as explained below by finally sol&ing the Problem of
the (inite and the ,nfinite, how matter, with finite mass and spherical si7e, can perpetually exist in a finite
spherical uni&erse within an infinite Space#
E8E 2n 'nfinite )pace
/hroughout history there has been common agreement amongst many philosophers that Space (and time
are most li0ely infinite, as !instein explains+
first answer that suggests itself to us is surely thisE 's regards space (and time the uni&erse is infinite#
-owe&er far we might tra&el through space, we should find e&erywhere an attenuated swarm of fixed stars
of approximately the same 0ind and density# ('lbert !instein, 195L
%nfortunately for !instein an infinite Space led to many problems#
/his &iew of an infinite space is not in harmony with the theory of Iewton# /he latter theory requires that
the uni&erse should ha&e a 0ind of center in which the density of stars is a maximum, and that as we proceed
outwards from this center the group2density of the stars should diminish, until finally, at great distances, it is
succeeded by an infinite region of emptiness# /he stellar uni&erse ought to be a finite island in an infinite
ocean of space# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Iewton9s force laws that as the radius 5 of the spherical uni&erse tended to infinity then if this infinite
mass 2 which it clearly does not#
foundation# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/he Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter in an infinite three dimensional Space now pro&ides this
new theoretical foundation which deduces exactly what !instein and Seeliger required> /here is no 9island9
of masses in an infinite empty Space# ,nstead, matter is distributed uniformly throughout an infinite Space,
but due to the -uygens9 sharing of wa&es it contributes less and less to our ,n2wa&es, and thus our mass,
with increasing distance (and once we reach the si7e of our Spherical Standing :a&es [si7e of our uni&erse\
then farther distant matter does not directly contribute to our ,n2wa&es nor to our gra&itational forces# /hus
the force laws with distance do decrease more rapidly than would result with the in&erse square law#
/his not only pre&ents our mass from becoming infinite, but also sol&es a number of pre&iously pu77ling
problems#
i /his infinite space and matter pre&ents our finite spherical uni&erse from collapsing upon itself due to
gra&itational forces# (/hus there is no need for an expanding uni&erse 2 this is explained when we shortly
consider !instein9s famous antigra&ity cosmological constant#
ii $ur uni&erse is perpetual and does not become 9impo&erished9 o&er time (as it necessarily would if it was
an 9island9 uni&erse as required by Iewton9s Aaw# 's !instein explains+
light emitted by the stars and also indi&idual stars of the stellar system are perpetually passing out into an
infinite space, ne&er to return, and without e&er again coming into interaction with other ob)ects of nature#
Such a finite material uni&erse would be destined to become gradually but systematically impo&erished#
/his problem is now easily sol&ed by reali7ing that due to this matter outside our finite spherical uni&erse
there are as many wa&es flowing into our uni&erse (forming our ,n2wa&es as there are flowing out (our $ut2
wa&es#
iii $lbers9 Paradox#
,n 1=K;, the astronomer -einrich $lbers pointed out that an infinite uni&erse seemed to imply a paradox# ,f
there were an infinite number of stars, if one went far enough in any direction from earth, one would hit a
star# /his implied that the s0y should be uniformly bright, which it ob&iously is not# ("erner, 1991
/he solution to this paradox is the same as for the other problems discussed abo&e# -uygens9 Sharing of
wa&es explains why we only 9see9 the finite number of wa&e2centers (of matter in distant stars within our
finite spherical uni&erse# /hus the number of obser&able stars and the resultant brightness of the night s0y
are finite rather than infinite#
E8F Mach1s Principle and ;o! the .istant )tars .etermine Our 'nertial Mass
8ach (1==K stated that Iewton9s law of ,nertia FF-.a, was established by all the matter of the uni&erse# 't
that time the un0nown origin of Iewton9s inertia law attracted frequent attention# 8ach (&ery cle&erly saw
the connection between inertia and distant matter in the uni&erse from considerations on the following
experiment, which produces two fundamentally different ways of measuring a body9s rotation in SpaceE
D
Br to find circumferential speed ,# /he second way is to compare an
ob)ect9s angular position and circumferential speed & relati&e to the distant fixed stars# 5emar0ably, both
methods gi&e exactly the same result and this was a great mystery at the time# 8ach reali7ed that the inertia
law required a means to lin0 the inertial beha&ior of each body with all other matter (the stars of our
uni&erse#
/he ob&ious problem of the 9particle9 conception of matter is to explain how all the distant matter of the
uni&erse could instantaneously act upon a mo&ing body here on earth# /his paradox is completely resol&ed
by the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 which shows that all distant matter establishes its presence
throughout the uni&erse by their ,n2wa&es and $ut2wa&es which produce a nearly uniform mass2energy
density of space throughout Space# /hus the 9presence9 of distant matter from our uni&erse already exists at
each point in our Space# Iothing is instantaneous and the wa&es only tra&el at speed c# (urther, the !quation
of the *osmos confirms that the mass of an ob)ect is determined by all the other matter in the uni&erse (as it
is their $ut2wa&es that form our ,n2wa&es, and thus our mass2energy density of space and 8ass as required
by 8ach9s Principle# /hus the uni&erse is finite (within an infinite Space, spherical and 8achian, as
required by !instein9s general relati&ity+
been completely reduced to interaction between bodies# C /he results of calculation indicate that the
uni&erse would necessarily be spherical# ('lbert !instein, 195L
E8D />plaining /instein1s Famous Cosmological Constant $ Further Prediction
:e begin with a good summary from -alton 'rp on !instein9s famous 9*osmological *onstant (which is
really )ust an assumed anti2gra&ity force to pre&ent a finite spherical %ni&erse from gra&itationally
collapsing#
time are described by ?# Iow the solution to this equation tells us how these particles beha&e with time#
/he important feature of this solution is &ery simple to &isuali7e, either the initial energy is large and the
ensemble continues to expand or the energy is small and the ensemble collapses under the force of gra&ity#
/his is the unstable uni&erse which distressed !instein and caused him to introduce the cosmological
constant (a special energy term which )ust balanced the uni&erse#
;# /he magnitude (radius of space (finite spherical uni&erse is independent of time#
195L
's we ha&e explained, our finite spherical uni&erse is only part of an infinite Space that continues to be
filled with an a&erage distribution of matter# /hus this matter external to our uni&erse gra&itationally attracts
our matter and thus pre&ents the matter in our uni&erse from collapsing# /his explains !instein9s need for a
cosmological constant 2 but it is not a gra&itationally repulsi&e force as !instein imagined (and which we do
not obser&e, rather, it is simply the normal gra&itational attraction of matter outside our finite spherical
uni&erse which pre&ents our uni&erse from collapsing# Iow this leads the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion
and the :S8 to ma0e a &ery important predictionE
/hat the motion of distant stars beha&es as if there is anti2gra&ity due to the gra&itational influence of matter
outside our finite spherical uni&erse#
(@ue to our increased powers of obser&ing the distant uni&erse perhaps it is now possible to confirm this
prediction# Please email me if you ha&e any information#
I$/! 2 /his was confirmed by obser&ation in ;<<=# See+
httpE""www#spaceandmotion#com"*osmology#htmOpredictions
cosmological constant as 9my greatest mista0e9#
(riedman showed that a different hypothesis was natural from a purely theoretical point of &iew# -e reali7ed
that it was possible to preser&e hypothesis 1 (a&erage density of matter without introducing the less natural
cosmological term into the field equations of gra&itation, if one was ready to drop hypothesis ;# Iamely, the
original field equations admit a solution in which the 9world radius9 (radius of the finite spherical uni&erse
depends on time [expanding space\# ,n that sense one can say, according to (riedman, that the theory
demands an expansion of space# ('instein, 19J1
re)ected this idea, but then a remar0able coincidence occurred which caused him to change his mind#
!instein continues+
('instein, 19J1
particularly applies to the idea that 9-ubble disco&ered that the uni&erse was expanding9# #e did no such
thing>
-ubble disco&ered a relationship between redshift and distance 2 one possible cause of this is the @oppler
shift due to matter mo&ing away from other matter (an expanding uni&erse# Iow this is a profoundly
different thing to say (and it is how a careful scientist li0e !instein expresses it, and yet it is simply
ama7ing as to the number of respected scientists who say that -ubble disco&ered that the uni&erse was
expanding (which is not science> 's !ric Aerner correctly notices+
including most of the scientists of the world, accepts big bang theory as scientific fact#9 ("erner, 1991
measurements should be referred to as apparent &elocities# (&itchell, 1997
.elow , quote a few scientists who ha&e made this error, simply because , wish to strongly ma0e the point
about how we begin to assume things to be true, abo&e and beyond what the obser&ation tells us# (Scientist
ha&e a responsibility to be careful, and should clearly recognise the distinction between empirical facts and
their further interpretations>
distance and speed of the nebulaeE they all mo&e outwards, away from us, and with a &elocity which
increases proportional to the distance# (;orn, 19JL
,n 19;9, !dwin -ubble made the landmar0 obser&ation that where&er you loo0, distant gala)ies are
big bang, when the uni&erse was infinitesimally small and infinitely dense#9 (#a*<ing, 19== $nly after the
astronomer !dwin -ubble had studied the motions of galaxies and independently disco&ered that the
uni,erse *as e)panding# (+erthei-, 1997
,t is also important to reali7e that the modern conception of the 9.ig .ang9 is that Space itself is expanding,
and as the @oppler shift only applies to the motion of matter in Space thus it is unscientific to apply this
empirical obser&ation to the expansion of Space# /hus the 9.ig .ang9 is without both empirical or theoretical
foundations, it is, quite simply, not a scientific theory#
,n conclusion of this argument we should emphasi7e two things+
matter outside our finite spherical uni&erse (within an infinite Space which pre&ents our uni&erse from
gra&itationally collapsing#
ii /hus there is no need for an expanding uni&erse, and then they would ha&e reali7ed, from the Spherical
:a&e Structure of 8atter, that the redshift can be correctly calculated from -uygens9 Principle and the
decreasing wa&e interactions with distance#
E8? />plaining the 1Quantified1 ;ubble %edshift !ith .istance
'nother problem with the expanding uni&erse concept is that the redshift with distance is quanti7ed, as 'rp
clearly explains+ /he fact that measured &alues of redshift do not &ary continuously but come in steps 2
certain preferred &alues 2 is so unexpected that con&entional astronomy has ne&er been able to accept it, in
spite of the o&erwhelming obser&ational e&idence# (Arp, 199=
'rp is also &ery close to the truth when he writes+ ,n addition it appears increasingly useful to &iew particle
masses to be communicated by wa&e li0e carriers in a 8achian uni&erse# /herefore the possibility of beat
frequencies, harmonics, interference and e&olution through resonant states is opened up# (Arp, 199=
/he Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter sensibly explains these 9quantum9 or discrete standing
wa&e interactions#
E8@ The )econd La! of Thermodynamics only applies to Closed )ystems
must, li0e any closed syste- tend toward an equilibrious state of entropyE it will be completely
/he uni&erse will suffer a 9heat death9#
/he uni&erse we obser&e is simply not decaying+ the generali7ation of 9the law of increasing disorder9 to the
entire cosmos is unsupported by obser&ation# ("erner, 1991
/he reason why our uni&erse remains ordered " complex is simply because it is part of an infinite perpetual
system, and the Second Aaw of /hermodynamics only applies to closed systems (not infinite systems#
E86 On the Past Present and Future and the One #ay .irection of Time
Aerner also explains this important problem of why /ime must be directional, contrary to the laws of
modern particle physics+
contradicted# -ence the fundamental questionE ,f 9the laws of the uni&erse9 ha&e no direction in time, why
does the real worldF /he con&entional answer to this question is, strangely, the .ig .ang# /he .ig .ang
started the uni&erse off in a highly orderly and regular state2 a 9perfect9 state of &ery low entropy# Since the
uni&erse must run down through states of increasing disorder, closer to equilibrium (the state in which there
is no flow of energy, the direction of time is defined# /ime is )ust the direction 9away9 from the .ig .ang# ,f
there was no .ig .ang, there would supposedly be no difference between past and future# /he importance
of the answers extends far beyond their role at the center of a consistent cosmology# /hey stri0e at the heart
of some of the greatest mysteries faced by science, philosophy and religion 2 the questions of the nature of
human consciousness, the relation of mind and body, and free will#
/ime9s irre&ersibility is based on the continuity of space, on its infinite di&isibility#9 ("erner, 1991
Aerner is correct, time is related to the continuity of Space, or more precisely, to the finite &elocity of the
wa&e28otions of Space# i#e# ,t is not /ime but 8otion which is fundamental (a priori# 'nd then it becomes
ob&ious why time is directional# 's it ta0es time for the spherical ,n2wa&e to flow into its wa&e2center, thus
the ,n2wa&es are the future, and in 9time9 will meet at their wa&e2center (the present and after flowing
through the wa&e2center become $ut2wa&es (the past# /his explains why time is directional because the ,n
and $ut wa&es tra&el in opposite directions relati&e to the wa&e2center (present# /hus the direction of time
is simply unrelated to the second Aaw of /hermodynamics (which does not apply to an infinite Space nor is
it related to the 9.ig .ang9 (which is simply incorrect#
E8C ;o! our 9ni"erse is ecessarily Connected but not .eterministic
,t is important to appreciate the difference between a Iecessarily *onnected uni&erse, which ours is, (due to
Space and its interconnected wa&e2motions and a @eterministic uni&erse, which requires 0nowledge of the
9initial conditions9 from which things, being necessarily connected, can then be determined# 'gain the
solution is ob&ious, an infinite syste- can ne,er be pre!deter-ined# /his is &ery important as it also
explains why we can ha&e limited free will, and thus li&e as moral creatures creating better futures for
oursel&es and our society# *ertainly our free will is limited by the necessary connection of matter, we do not
things# Qarl Popper intuiti&ely understood this 9balance9 between complete determinism (cloc0s and
complete disorder and chance (clouds when he wrote+
:hat we need for understanding rational human beha&ior 2 and indeed, animal beha&ior 2 is something
Concluding %emar=s on Cosmology and Morality
cosmology to our &iew of nature, to religion, philosophy and society as a whole# ("erner, 1991
' correct understanding of the *osmos is a correct understanding of oursel&es# /hough we see matter as
discrete 9particles9, this is an illusion due to the @arwinian e&olution of our minds (reason tells us that there
must be a connection between things# :e must simply ga7e at the stars and consider how we can see them
to reali7e that we must be connected to them 1 that we are a part of those stars, )ust as those stars are a part
of us> /his is the true 9mystical"religious9 experience, to see beyond the daily illusion of life here on !arth
and reali7e our true existence as structures of the cosmos# /hus the foundations for -uman 8orality, ?To do
unto others as you *ould ha,e done unto yourself? is true, for the 9other9 is in fact a part of the 9self9# /his
morality is at the heart of all world 5eligions (the word religion comes from Aatin 95eligare9 which means
9to bind9, i#e# how we are bound"connected to the cosmos#
*urrently the world suffers great conflicts, not only between people, but also with the destruction of Iature#
(,t was my lo&e of Iature, and despair at its destruction, that first led me to study Philosophy and Physics as
a way of understanding what Iature actually is# 'nd after many years of study, , now write this belie&ing it
to be a true account of how matter and thus oursel&es (as a part of Iature exist in the %ni&erse# , belie&e
that this is important, simply because , am now con&inced that it is true because it explains so many things
so simply and sensibly# ('nd , well realise how unfashionable is my belief in /ruth in our 9enlightened9 age
of Io 'bsolute /ruths>#
'll philosophers though, ha&e reali7ed that -umanity must 0now the truth to be wise, as this necessarily
limits how we may beha&e#
, 0now that my opinion on this is irrele&ant, , simply agree with Schrodinger+
other scientists# ((chrodinger, 19J7
So , sincerely as0 that this 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion be fairly )udged with an open mind to
determine its truth#
Perhaps , am a romantic, but it is my hope that in the future -umanity will li&e by the truth, with greater
harmony between different people, their religions and cultures, and to life in all its complex beauty# 's
!instein profoundly writes+
compassion to embrace all li&ing creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty# /he true &alue of a human
being is determined by the measure and the sense in which they ha&e obtained liberation from the self# :e
shall require a substantially new manner of thin0ing if humanity is to sur&i&e# ('lbert !instein, 195L
)ummary 5 Philosophy as the 1.isco"ery of the Ob"ious1
/hat 8atter exists as the Spherical Standing :a&e28otion of Space now seems ob&ious to me# ,t ob&iously
explains the problem of the Particle":a&e duality of 8atter 2 8atter is a Spherical :a&e Structure whose
:a&e2*enter creates the point 9particle9 effect# ,t also ob&iously explains how matter is interconnected
across the %ni&erse by the ,n and $ut2:a&es# So why has this fairly ob&ious solution of the :a&e Structure
of 8atter (:S8 only recently been consideredF (:olff first disco&ered the :S8 in 19=J, -aselhurst in
1997 , ha&e listed ten reasons below, though , suspect that there are many more due to past errors of
-uman 0nowledge that ha&e confused and decei&ed us#
i/he error of imagining matter as a tiny 9particles9 and thus assuming 9forces9 to connect the 9particles9# ,n
fact 8atter is Spherically Spatially extended# (8atter and %ni&erse are one and the same thing#
ii /he fact that our mind 9represents9 the world that we sense, founded on e&olutionary principles of sur&i&al
(Iai&e 5ealism, thus we see matter as discrete ob)ects"particles (li0e sand on the beach yet reason tells us
that there must be some connection between these ob)ects# (i#e# /here must be $ne thing that connects the
8any things, this being the foundation of ancient ,ndian and ?ree0 philosophy#
iii /he philosophical problems of connecting"uniting the $ne and the 8any and the ,nfinite and the (inite
were belie&ed to be impossible to sol&e#
i& /he error of assuming Space and /ime as a priori, (i#e# necessary for us to experience the world rather
than Space and its Properties as a :a&e28edium (i#e# Space and 8otion, and that the Spherical :a&e
8otion of Space is the *ause of /ime (and 8atter"(orces#
& Io 'bsolute Space 2 Aeibni79s 8onadology and !instein9s 5elati&ity were founded on the 8otion of
matter relati&e to other matter, thus they did not require the !xistence of an 'bsolute Space# (urther,
Iewton9s 8echanics, which did correctly assume an 'bsolute Space, included the errors of an 'bsolute
/ime, and discrete 9particles9 acting instantly at a distance# (i#e# (orces, without explanation and these
ob&ious errors then ga&e his 'bsolute Space a 9bad name9#
&i :rong :a&es# !instein9s 5elati&ity and (eynman9s B!@ used 9electromagnetic9 wa&es (mathematical
&ector wa&es described by both the si7e and direction of force rather than the real wa&es disco&ered by
Buantum /heory (scalar 9quantum9 wa&es described by wa&e amplitude only# (urther, Buantum /heorists
(.orn used the 9quantum9 wa&es as 9probability9 wa&es for determining the location of the 9particle9 (thus
maintaining the confusion of the particle"wa&e duality# ,n fact the scalar quantum wa&es are real :a&e2
8otions of Space#
&ii ,n *osmology, the redshift with distance was assumed to be caused by a @oppler shift due to an
expanding uni&erse, thus it must ha&e expanded from a 9pointli0e beginning9, i#e# the 9.ig .ang9# $ur
calculations show that the redshift with distance is actually caused by decreasing :a&e 8otion interactions
with distance, thus the %ni&erse is not expanding and consequently there was no 9.ig .ang9#
&iii 5eligious beliefs and our -uman emotions# :e sometimes do not want to 0now the /ruth as it pre&ents
us from belie&ing in things that ma0es us feel good# 's the .haga&ad2?ita says+ 8an is made by his belief#
's he belie&es, so he is#
ix -umans ha&e e&ol&ed as social"tribal creatures and are inclined to belie&e famous people of the past
without careful critical analysis of their ideas# 's Quhn writes+ 'lmost always the men who achie&e these
fundamental in&entions of a new paradigm ha&e been either &ery young or &ery new to the field whose
paradigm they change# (>uhn, 19J;
x 'nd due to these past errors, we came to belie&e that it was impossible to describe"understand 5eality,
which was simply beyond the limitations of our language and mind# (Post2modern 5elati&ism#
,n fact these errors ha&e arisen due to an incorrect understanding of the :a&e Structure of 8atter, and once
this is realised then we find that we can perfectly understand and describe how matter (and thus oursel&es
exist in this Space of the %ni&erse#
Plato, Aeibni7, :ittgenstein, and Saul (and many other philosophers understood how things so simple and
ob&ious (li0e Space and 8otion could be ignored, it is simply human nature to ignore that which is normal
and ob&ious (and to abstract to more complex 9specialised9 ideas#
:e are li0e people loo0ing for something they ha&e in their hands all the time+ we9re loo0ing in all
directions except at the thing we want, which is probably why we ha&en9t found it# (Plato, K=<.*
/he fact is, , thin0, that my ob)ection is so simple that its &ery simplicity operated to decei&e him, since he
could not belie&e that a comment which was so easy could ha&e escaped the notice of so many able people#
("eibni4, 1J7<
/he aspects of things that are most important for us are hidden because of their simplicity and familiarity#
(+ittgenstein, 195=
$ne of the specialist9s most successful disco&eries was that he could easily defend his territory by the simple
de&elopment of a speciali7ed language incomprehensible to the nonexperts# ##/he example of philosophy
actually &erges on comedy# Socrates, @escartes, .acon, Aoc0e and 6oltaire did not write in speciali7ed
dialect# /hey wrote in basic ?ree0, (rench and !nglish and they wrote for the general reader of their day#
/heir language is clear, eloquent and often both mo&ing and amusing# /he contemporary philosopher does
not write in the basic language of our day# -e is not accessible to the public# Stranger still, e&en the
contemporary interpreter of earlier philosophy writes in inaccessible dialect# ##:hy, then, would anyone
bother to read these modern obscurings of the original clarityF /he answer is that contemporary uni&ersities
use these interpretations as the expert9s road into the original# /he dead philosophers are thus treated as if
they were amateurs, in need of expert explanation and protection#
/he new speciali7ed terminology amounts to a serious attac0 on language as a tool of common
understanding# *ertainly today, the walls between the boxes of expertise continue to grow thic0er#
/he purpose of language is communication# ,t has no other reason for existence# ' great ci&ili7ation is one
in which there is a rich texture and breadth and ease to that communication# :hen language begins to
pre&ent communication, the ci&ili7ation has entered into serious degeneracy# ((aul, 199;
, completely agree with Saul, specialisation leads to complex language that is ultimately unfounded and
ser&es more to confuse than enlighten# /his is simply human nature, as we li0e to create things (and is in
fact an ancient problem that has become more acute o&er the past century, as 'ristotle explains+
##as they were not sufficient to generate the nature of entities, once again, by the truth itself, as we ha&e said,
they were obliged to see0 out the next principle#
'nd thus we tend to 0eep creating new concepts and entities"existents to explain things we don9t understand#
/he shortcoming of current examinations of these topics is not their failure to be philosophy, but the priority
of substance# (Aristotle, KL<.*
/he language of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion is &ery simple, founded on the basic concept of the
:a&e 8otion of Space (i#e# $ne Substance and its Properties# 'nd as 5eality is ultimately simple (founded
on $ne thing it is correct that our language to describe 5eality must also be simple#
Ac<no*ledge-ents= 8y sincere than0s to 8ilo :olff and Qarene -owie# 8ilo has been a guiding light for
me o&er the past fi&e years# 8y own 0nowledge would be poor indeed without his pioneering wor0 on the
:a&e Structure of 8atter# Qarene is a fine student of Philosophy and her many hundreds of hours of
reading philosophy and physics and selecting ideas for quoting (and typing out the quotes has been
in&aluable# /han0 you>
$eferences= @ates in ( cite when the wor0 was written if different to the date of publishing#
'ristotle 9/he 8etaphysics9 (DKL<.* Penguin 199=
'rp, -alton 9Seeing 5ed9 'peiron 199=
.orn, 8ax 9!instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity9 8ethuen *ompany 19;L
*apra, (rit)of 9/he /ao of Physics9 :ildwood -ouse 1975
*ollinson, Plant and :il0inson 9(ifty !astern /hin0ers9 5outledge ;<<<
@a&ies, Paul, 9Superforce9, Aondon, %nwin Paperbac0s, 19=5
!instein, 'lbert 9,deas and $pinions9 (19192195L *rown /rade Paperbac0s 195L
!instein, 'lbert 95elati&ity9 (191J2195; *rown /rade Paperbac0s 15th !d#19J1
(eynman, 5ichard and :heeler, Sohn 9,nteractions with the 'bsorber as the 8echanism of 5adiation9 Ph@
/hesis2 Palmer Physical Aaboratory, Princeton %ni&ersity, Princeton, Iew Sersey 19L5
(eynman, 5ichard P# 9/he Strange /heory of Aight and 8atter9 Penguin 19=5
-aselhurst, ?eoff 9/he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of
8atter9 httpE""www#spaceandmotion#com (;<<<
-aw0ing, Stephen :# 9' .rief -istory in /ime9 .antam .oo0s 19==
-eisenberg# 9Buantum /heory9 %ni&ersity of *hicago, 19K<
-ume, @a&id 9!nquiries *oncerning /he -uman %nderstanding and *oncerning /he Principles of 8orals9
(17K7 $xford %ni&ersity Press ;nd !d# 1957
Qant, ,mmanuel 9*ritique of Pure 5eason9 (17=1 !&eryman 19K5
Quhn, /homas S# 9/he Structure of Scientific 5e&olutions9 %ni&ersity of *hicago 19J;
Aama 'nagari0a ?o&inda 9(oundations of /ibetan 8ysticism9 5ed :heel " :eiser 19J9
Aeibni7 9Philosophical :ritings9 (1J7< !&eryman 19KL
Aerner, !ric S# 9/he .ig .ang Ie&er -appened9 6intage .oo0s 199;
Aorent7, -endri0 9/he /heory of the !lectron9 19<J
Iewton, ,saac 9/he Principia9 (1J=7 Prometheus .oo0s 1995
Plato 9/he 5epublic9 (DK=<.* Penguin 1955
Popper, Qarl 9$b)ecti&e Qnowledge9 $xford %ni&ersity Press 1975
Saul, Sohn 5alston 96oltaire9s .astards9 Penguin 199;
Smolin, Aee 9/he Aife of the *osmos9 Phoenix 199=
%rmson, S#$# and 5ee, S 9/he *oncise !ncyclopedia of :estern Philosophy and Philosophers9 5outledge
1991
:ertheim, 8argaret 9Pythagoras9 /rousers9 (ourth !state Aimited 1997
Serway, 5# '# 9Physics for Scientists and !ngineers9 Krd !d# Saunders *ollege Publ# 199;
:olff, 8# 9!xploring the Physics of the %n0nown %ni&erse, /echnotran Press, *' 199L
:olff, 8 9(undamental Aaws, 8icrophysics and *osmology,9 Physics !ssays, J, 199K
Tao 5 Taoism %eligion
.iscussion on Metaphysics ( Philosophy of Tao, Taoism
One Thing, Tao, />ists $ Connects the Many Things
Lao T<u, Tao te Ching Quotes, Chuang T<u, Taoism, Tao Quotations
/here is a thing, formless yet complete# .efore hea&en and earth it existed# :ithout sound, without
substance, it stands alone and unchanging# ,t is all2per&ading and unfailing# :e do not 0now its name, but
we call it /ao# ## .eing one with nature, the sage is in accord with the /ao# ("ao T4u
+ntroduction - @hat is Tao 5 Taoism *uotes - Kistory of Taoism - :ao T/u *uotes 5 Tao te %hin& - %huan&
T/u 5 *uotes - :ins 5 Taoism Tao - Top of 6a&e
Introduction to &etaphysics of Tao, Taois- $eligion
Taois-, along with .uddhism and *onfucianism, are the three great
religions " philosophies of 'ncient *hina# ,n LL< .#*# /aoism was adopted
as a state religion of *hina, with Aao /7u (so called founder of /aoism honoured as a deity# State support
of /aoism ended in 1911 with the end of the *h9ing @ynasty and much /aoist heritage was destroyed#
Tao (pronounced 9@ao9 can be defined as 9path9, or 9road9# /he way of the /ao is the way of Iature and of
ultimate reality# /ao is often described as a force that flows through all life# ' happy and &irtuous life is one
that is in harmony with the /ao, with Iature#
So the philosophy of /aoism understands /ao as the $ne /hing which exists and connects the 8any things#
/ao, Iature, 5eality are $ne# /he idea that 9'll is $ne and interconnected9 is not found solely within
*hinese Philosophy# /he ancient ,ndians and ?ree0 Philosophers also understood the uni&erse as a unity, as
ha&e many other philosophers and scientists o&er the past ;5<< years#
's Aeibni7 profoundly says+
5eality cannot be found except in $ne single source, because of the interconnection of all things with one
another# (Aeibni7, 1J7<
'lbert !instein also had a good understanding of humans as an inseparable part of the $ne, as he writes+
' human being is part of the whole called by us uni&erse ### :e experience oursel&es, our thoughts and
feelings as something separate from the rest# ' 0ind of optical delusion of consciousness# /his delusion is a
0ind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us#
$ur tas0 must be to free oursel&es from the prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all
li&ing creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty# /he true &alue of a human being is determined by the
measure and the sense in which they ha&e obtained liberation from the self# :e shall require a substantially
new manner of thin0ing if humanity is to sur&i&e# ('lbert !instein
/he foundation of /aoism is correct, that /ao, Iature, 5eality are $ne# ,t is important to understand that the
ancient *hinese philosophers did not actually 0now how the $ne /hing " /ao caused and connected the
many things, and further that human Aanguage could ne&er directly describe this $ne /hing (which must
therefore remain beyond comprehension and which we called 9/ao9# (?od, .rahman, etc#
's Aao /7u proclaimed+
/he /ao that can be expressed is not the !ternal /ao# ## /here is a thing, formless yet complete#
.efore hea&en and earth it existed# :e do not 0now its name, but we call it /ao# ,t is the
8ystery of 8ysteries#
("ao T4u, /ao te *hing
,f $ne /hing " /ao is all that exists, then there can be no logical concepts, (as logic requires two things, nor
indeed any understanding of how this $ne thing could cause the 8any changing things which we
experience in the world# /he error has been in not correctly realising the properties of the $ne#
5ecent disco&eries on the properties of Space and the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:olff, -aselhurst confirm
that we can understand 5eality (/ao and the interconnection of all things from a logical " scientific
foundation#
/he $ne /hing " /ao, (Space has Properties (:a&e28edium that gi&e rise to the many things (8atter as
the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space# /his then allows us to form the necessary connections for language
and logic (as logic requires a relationship between two things# Space and 8otion exist a priori (necessary
for us to ha&e senses, the cause of our senses#
's -umans ha&e e&ol&ed from Iature (/ao they ultimately depend upon Iature (/ao for their sur&i&al#
%ntil we understand what we are as humans (what matter is and how we are connected to the uni&erse
(5eality, /ao, it is impossible for humanity to be wise, and to be able to e&ol&e cultural 0nowledge that
enables us to li&e in -armony with Iature (/ao#
,f you are interested in the /ao that can be expressed, please see below for a (&ery short introduction to the
8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the :a&e Structure of 8atter#
/his webpage on the metaphysics " philosophy of /ao, /aoism is an 9e&ol&ing wor0 in progress9 with many
quotes needed to be written up and explained from this new metaphysical foundation# So for now we hope
you en)oy the following information and history of /aoism, with quotes from Aao /7u (/ao te *hing,
*huang /7u and many other philosophers " scientists#
:e greatly appreciate any comments on how we can impro&e this website and its content# So please feel
free to write to us#
?eoff -aselhurst, Qarene -owie, Sanuary, ;<<5 !mail
+hat is TaoH Taois- 1uotes
/ao (pronounced 9@ao9 can be defined as 9path9, or 9road9# /he way of the
/ao is the way of Iature and of ultimate reality# /ao is often described as
a force that flows through all life# ' happy and &irtuous life is one that is
in harmony with the /ao, with Iature#
8uch ambiguity has clouded the definition of /ao " /aoism as Aao /7u
proclaimed+
/he /ao that can be expressed is not the !ternal /ao# ### /here is a thing,
formless yet complete# .efore hea&en and earth it existed# :e do not
0now its name, but we call it /ao# ,t is the 8ystery of 8ysteries# ("ao
T4u, /ao te *hing
Taoism Quotes
/he 3this4 is also 3that4# /he 3that4 is also 3this4C /hat the that and the this
cease to be opposites is the &ery essence of the /ao# $nly this essence, an
axis as it were, is the center of the circle responding to endless changes# (Fung u!"ing, ' Short -istory of
*hinese Philosophy, 195=
/aoism is basically indefinable# ,t has to be experienced# ,t refers to a power which en&elops, surrounds and
flows through all things, li&ing and non2li&ing# /he /ao regulates natural processes and nourishes balance in
the %ni&erse# ,t embodies the harmony of opposites (i#e# there would be no lo&e without hate, no light
without dar0, no male without female#
Nin Nang is a well 0nown /aoist symbol# ,t represents the balance of opposites in the uni&erse# :hen they
are equally present, all is calm# :hen one is outweighed by the other, there is confusion and disarray#
/aoists follow the art of Pwu wei,P which is to let nature ta0e its course# (or example, one should allow a
ri&er to flow towards the sea unimpeded+ do not erect a dam which would interfere with its natural flow#
(http=BB***.religioustolerance.orgBtaois-.ht-)
@ifferent *hinese philosophers, writing probably in 52L centuries .#*#, presented some ma)or ideas and a
way of life that are nowadays 0nown under the name of /aoism, the way of correspondence between man
and the tendency or the course of natural world# (Alan +atts, /aoE /he :atercourse :ay
:e belie&e in the formless and eternal /ao, and we recogni7e all personified deities as being mere human
constructs# :e re)ect hatred, intolerance, and unnecessary &iolence, and embrace harmony, lo&e and
learning, as we are taught by Iature# :e place our trust and our li&es in the /ao, that we may li&e in peace
and balance with the %ni&erse, both in this mortal life and beyond# (*reed of the :estern 5eform /aoist
*ongregation
/aoism is a strongly pantheistic religion ## ,ts central focus is the /ao or :ay, concei&ed of as a mysterious
and numinous unity, infinite and eternal, underlying all things and sustaining them#
/he ?reat /ao flows e&erywhere ##
'll things depend on it for life,
and it does not turn away from them#
$ne may thin0 of it as the mother of all beneath -ea&en#
:e do not 0now its name, but we call it /ao ###
@eep and still, it seems to ha&e existed fore&er#
/he ideal of /aoism was to li&e in harmony with the /ao and to
culti&ate a simple and frugal life, a&oiding unnecessary actionE
9.eing one with nature, the sage is in accord with the /ao9
:hen /ung Quo /7u as0ed *huang /7u where the /ao was, he
replied it was in the ant, the grass, the clay tile, e&en in excrement E
9/here is nowhere where it is not ### /here is no single thing without
/ao9# (#arrison, Pantheism, 1999
/he most important characteristic of the !astern world &iew 2 one
could almost say the essence of it 2 is the awareness of the unity and
mutual interrelation of all things and e&ents, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestations
of a basic oneness# 'll things are seen as interdependent and inseparable parts of this cosmic whole+ as
different manifestations of the same ultimate reality# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of Physics, 1975
,n ordinary life, we are not aware of the unity of all things, but di&ide the world into separate ob)ects and
e&ents# /his di&ision is useful and necessary to cope with our e&eryday en&ironment, but it is not a
fundamental feature of reality# ,t is an abstraction de&ised by our discriminating and categorising intellect#
/o belie&e that our abstract concepts of separate 3things4 and 3e&ents4 are realities of nature is an illusion#
(Capra, /he /ao of Physics, 1975
being and disintegrate, transforming themsel&es into one another without end# (Fritjof Capra, /he /ao of
Physics, 1975
#istory of Taois-
/he founder of /aoism is belie&ed by many to be "ao Tse (J<L 2 5K1 .*!, a contemporary of *onfucius#
('lternate spellingsE Ai !rh, Aao /an, Aao /7e, Aao /su, Aao /7u, Aao7i, Aaot7e, etc## -e was searching
for a way that would a&oid the constant feudal warfare and other conflicts that disrupted society during his
lifetime# /he result was his boo0E Tao te Ching (a#0#a# @aode)ing, composed some time between the sixth
and third centuries .#*# Some belie&e that Aao /7u is a mythical character#
/aoism started as a combination of psychology and philosophy but e&ol&ed into a religious faith in LL< *!
when it was adopted as a state religion# 't that time Aao2/se became popularly &enerated as a deity#
/aoism, along with .uddhism and *onfucianism, became one of the three great religions of *hina# :ith the
end of the *h9ing @ynasty in 1911, state support for /aoism ended# 8uch of the /aoist heritage was
destroyed during the next period of warlordism# 'fter the *ommunist &ictory in 19L9, religious freedom
was se&erely restricted# P/he new go&ernment put mon0s to manual labor, confiscated temples, and
plundered treasures# Se&eral million mon0s were reduced to fewer than 5<,<<<P by 19J<# @uring the
cultural re&olution in *hina from 19JJ to 197J, much of the remaining /aoist heritage was destroyed# Some
religious tolerance has been restored under @eng Yiao2ping from 19=; to the present time#
http=BB***.religioustolerance.orgBtaois-.ht-
"ao T4u, Tao te Ching 1uotes
/he /ao that can be expressed is not the !ternal /ao# ("ao TsuBT4u
,f people do not re&ere the Aaw of Iature,
,t will inexorably and ad&ersely affect them#
,f they accept it with 0nowledge and re&erence,
,t will accommodate them with balance and harmony# ("ao T4u
.e still li0e a mountain and flow li0e a great ri&er# ("ao T4u
/here is a thing, formless yet complete#
.efore hea&en and earth it existed#
:ithout sound, without substance,
it stands alone and unchanging#
,t is all2per&ading and unfailing#
$ne may thin0 of it as the mother of all beneath -ea&en#
:e do not 0now its name, but we call it /ao#
@eep and still, it seems to ha&e existed fore&er#
L#
/he ?reat /ao flows e&erywhere#
,t may go left or right#
'll things depend on it for life, and it does not turn away from them#
,t accomplishes its tas0s, but does not claim credit for it#
,t clothes and feeds all things, but does not claim to be master o&er them#
'lways without desires, it may be called the Small#
'll things come to it and it does not master them+
it may be called /he ?reat#
KL#
:e loo0 at it and do not see it+
,ts name is the in&isible#
:e listen to it and do not hear it+
,ts name is the inaudible#
:e touch it and do not find it+
,ts name is the Subtle (formless#
/hese three cannot be further probed,
and hence merge into one # # #
,nfinite and boundless, it cannot be gi&en any name+
,t re&erts to nothingness#
/his is called shape without shape, form without ob)ect#
,t is the &ague and elusi&e#
8eet it and you will not see its head#
(ollow it and you will not see its bac0#
1L#
/he /ao that can be told of is not the eternal /ao+
the name that can be named is not the eternal name#
1#
Ion2.eing is the term gi&en to that from which -ea&en and !arth sprang#
.eing is the term gi&en to the mother that rears all things # # # V.oddeW
/he two are the same,
.ut after they are produced , they ha&e different names#
/he two together we call the 8ystery#
,t is the 8ystery of 8ysteries# V.oddeW#
1#
:hen the people of the world all 0now beauty as beauty,
/here arises the recognition of ugliness#
:hen they 0now the good as the good,
/here arises the perception of e&il#
/herefore .eing and non2.eing produce each other#
;#
/he thing that is called /ao is eluding and &ague#
6ague and eluding, there is in it form#
!luding and &ague, in it are things#
;1#
/ao in&ariably ta0es no action, and yet there is nothing left undone#
K7#
*lay is molded to form a &essel,
.ut it is on its non2being that the usefulness of the utensil depends#
@oors and windows are cut to ma0e a room,
but it is on its non2being that the utility of the room depends#
11#
-ea&en and earth are not humane#
/hey regard all things as straw dogs#
-old on to the /ao of old in order to master the things of the present#
1L#
.eing one with Iature, he is in accord with the /ao#
.eing in accord with the /ao, he is e&erlasting#
1J#
/he sage manages affairs without action
'nd spreads doctrines without words # # #
.y acting without action, all things will be in order#
K#
/o hold and fill to o&erflowing
is not as good as to stop in time#
Sharpen a sword2edge to its &ery sharpest,
'nd the edge will not last long # # #
:ithdraw as soon as your wor0 is done#
Such is -ea&en9s :ay#
9#
/he wea0 and the tender o&ercome the hard and the strong#
KJ#
/o yield is to be preser&ed whole#
/o be bent is to become straight#
/o be empty is to be full # # #
/o ha&e little is to possess#
;;#
/he stiff and the hard are companions of death,
/he tender and the wea0 are companions of life#
7J#
/here is nothing softer and wea0er than water,
'nd yet there is nothing better for attac0ing hard and strong things#
7=#
/he use of force usually brings requital#
:here&er armies are stationed, briers and thorns grow#
?reat wars are always followed by famines#
K<#
:eapons are instruments of e&il, not the instruments of a good ruler#
:hen he uses them una&oidably, he regards calm restraint as the best principle#
!&en when he is &ictorious, he does not regard it as praiseworthy,
(or to praise &ictory is to delight in the slaughter of men#
K1#
, treat those who are good with goodness,
'nd , also treat those who are not good with goodness,
/hus goodness is attained#
L9#
:hether it is big or small, many or few, repay hatred with &irtue#
JK#
'ttain complete emptiness,
8aintain steadfast quietude#
'll things flourish
.ut each one returns to its root#
/his return to its root means tranquility#
1J#
/herefore let people hold on to theseE
8anifest plainness,
!mbrace simplicity,
5educe selfishness,
-a&e few desires#
19#
-e who hoards most will lose hea&ily,
-e who is contented suffers no disgrace#
LL#
/here is no calamity greater than la&ish desires#
/here is no greater guilt than discontentment#
'nd there is no greater disaster than greed#
-e who is contented with contentment is always contented#
/he courts are exceedingly splendid,
while the fields are exceedingly weedy,
and the granaries are exceedingly empty#
!legant clothes are worn,
sharp weapons are carried,
(oods and drin0s are en)oyed beyond limit,
'nd wealth and treasures are accumulated in excess#
/his is robbery and extra&agance#
/his is indeed not the /ao#
5K#
http=BB-e-bers.aol.co-Bhera<lit6Blaot4u.ht-
Chuang T4u
Life ( Biography ( Tao Philosophy of Chuang T<u
*huang /7u li&ed some time around KJ9 2 ;J= .#*# -is dates are uncertain, as are the details of his life#
*huang /7u was a leading thin0er representing the /aoist strain in *hinese thought# %sing parable and
anecdote, allegory and paradox, he set forth the early ideas of what was to become the /aoist school#
*entral in these is the belief that only by understanding /ao (the :ay of Iature and dwelling in unity can
man achie&e true happiness and be truly free, in both life and death# :itty and imaginati&e, enriched by
brilliant imagery, ma0ing sporti&e use of both mythological and historical personages (including e&en
*onfucius, the boo0 which bears *huang /7u9s name has for centuries been sa&oured by *hinese readers#
(http=BB***.coldbacon.co-BchuangBbio.ht-l)
/he boo0, *huang /7u, was probably written by a number of followers of *huang /7u# ,t expresses a
deeply compassionate insight into human wea0nesses and sufferings, and a refreshing concern with
common fol0 and the poor which is unusual in ancient texts#
-e did not belie&e in any creator ?od, or any ?od at all in the :estern sense# .ut he did belie&e in an
underlying /ao, :ay or $ne, from which the -ea&en and !arth deri&ed# /his $ne transfused e&erything in
the uni&erse from the lowest to the highest#
/he indi&idual could attain mystical unity with this $ne by achie&ing complete emptiness or hsf 2 a timeless
state free of worries or selfish desires, open to impressions but transcending all indi&idual material ob)ects#
8uch of the *huang /7u focused on the benefits of inaction# $n this it followed the /ao2te2*hing, but too0
its philosophy to extremes# People should abandon concern for fame, power and wealth and follow a simple
life# /hey should distrust ethical and political schemes and follow their instincts#
(httpE""members#aol#com"-era0lit1"chuang#htm
Chuang T<u Quotes
@o not as0 whether the Principle is in this or in that+ it is in all beings# ,t is on this account that we apply to
it the epithets of supreme, uni&ersal, total ### ,t has ordained that all things should be limited, but is ,tself
unlimited, infinite# 's to what pertains to manifestation, the Principle causes the succession of its phases,
but is not this succession# ,t is the author of cause and effects, but is not the causes and effects# ,t is the
author of condensations and dissipations (birth and death, changes of state, but is not itself condensations
and dissipations# 'll proceeds from ,t and is under its influence# ,t is all things, but is not identical with
beings, for it is neither differentiated nor limited# (Chuang T4u, /he .oo0 of *hang /7u
/he /ao te *hing ne&er spea0s of a transcendent ?od or gods# ,ts central focus is the /ao or :ay,
concei&ed of as a mysterious and numinous unity, infinite and eternal, underlying all things and sustaining
them# :hen /ung Quo /7u as0ed *huang /7u where the /ao was, he replied it was in the ant, the grass, the
clay tileE 9/here is nowhere where it is not ### /here is no single thing without /ao# -ea&en and , were
created together, and all things and , are one# (Chuang T4u,/he .oo0 of *hang /7u
/he sage has the sun and moon by his side and the uni&erse under his arm# -e blends e&erything into a
harmonious whole# (Chuang T4u
$nly the intelligent 0nows how to identify all things as one# # # # :hen one is at ease with himself, one is
near /ao# /his is to let Iature ta0e its own course# (Chuang T4u
-e who 0nows the acti&ities of Iature li&es according to Iature# (Chuang T4u, /he .oo0 of *hang /7u
$nce upon a time, ,, *huang *hou, dreamt , was a butterfly, fluttering hither and thither, to all intents and
purposes a butterfly# , was conscious only of my happiness as a butterfly, unaware that , was *hou# Soon ,
awa0ed, and there , was, &eritably myself again# Iow , do not 0now whether , was then a man dreaming ,
was a butterfly, or whether , am now a butterfly, dreaming , am a man# .etween a man and a butterfly there
is necessarily a distinction# /he transition is called the transformation of material things# (Chuang T4u
-uman life is limited, but 0nowledge is limitless# /o dri&e the limited in pursuit of the limitless is fatal+ and
to presume that one really 0nows is fatal indeed> (Chuang T4u, /he .oo0 of *hang /7u
,n doing good, a&oid fame# ,n doing bad, a&oid disgrace# Pursue a middle course as your principle# /hus you
will guard your body from harm, preser&e your life, fulfil your duties by your parents, and li&e your allotted
span of life# (Chuang T4u, /he .oo0 of *hang /7u httpE""www#edepot#com"taochuang#html
Hin Hang Philosophy
.iscussion on the Metaphysics ( Philosophy of Hin Hang
The Metaphysics of )pace and Motion $ the #a"e )tructure of Matter
On the ;armony of Opposites in the One 9ni"erse +)pace-
Hin Hang Pictures
/he ?reat $ne produces the two poles (-ea&en and !arth, which in turn gi&e rise to the energies of the
dar0 (yin and the light (yang# /hese two energies then transform themsel&es, one rising upwards, and the
other descending downwards+ they merge again and gi&e rise to form# (Au2sih ch9un2ch9iu 2 Spring and
'utumn 'nnals
/he created uni&erse carries the yin at its bac0 and the yang in front+ /hrough the union of the per&ading
principles it reaches harmony# (Aao t7u, /ao2te ching
(:ottfried "eibni4, 1J7< 5eality cannot be found except in $ne single source, because of the
interconnection of all things with one another# ### , maintain also that substances, whether
material or immaterial, cannot be concei&ed in their bare essence without any acti&ity, acti&ity
being of the essence of substance in general#
/ransformation contains both change and stability, plurality and unity, mo&ement
and constancy# ,t has the nature of life, namely, to connect organically the polar
opposites, the stumbling bloc0s of logic, and to unite them in an all embracing rhythm#
("a-a :o,inda)
/he world is gi&en to me only once, not one existing and one percei&ed# Sub)ect and ob)ect are
only one# /he barrier between them cannot be said to ha&e bro0en down as a result of recent
experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist#
('r*in (chrodinger
+ntroduction - Iin Ian& 6hilosophy *uotes >=pposites 5 =ne? - Iin Ian& 6hilosophy :ins - Top of 6a&e
Introduction to &etaphysics of in 2 ang
/he idea of opposites (Nin Nang, the union and harmony of opposites has existed in both !astern and
:estern philosophy since ancient times# $f the 'ncient ?ree0 Philosophers, -eraclitus and Parmenides
both understood that the %ni&erse was $ne and @ynamic# 's .ertrand 5ussell writes on -eraclitus+
(or -eraclitus the unity of things was to be found in their essential structure or arrangement rather than their
material# /his common structure or Aogos, which was not superficially apparent, was chiefly embodied in a
Single 0inetic material, (ire# ,t was responsible both for the regularity of natural changes and for the
essential conne)ion of opposites 2 -eraclitus adopted this traditional analysis of differentiation 2 through
balanced interaction# /he regularity underlying change was for -eraclitus the significant thing ## (.ertrand
5ussell on -eraclitus, /he -istory of :estern Philosophy
,t is also interesting to read the original fragments of -eraclitus9 own writing+
Aistening to the Aogos rather than to me, it is wise to agree that all things are in reality one thing and one
thing only# (-eraclitus
/hings which are put together are both whole and not whole, brought together and ta0en apart, in harmony
and out of harmony+ one thing arises from all things, and all things arise from one thing# (-eraclitus
's a single, unified thing there exists in us both life and death, wa0ing and sleeping, youth and old age,
because the former things ha&ing changed are now the latter, and when those latter things change, they
become the former# (-eraclitus
Parmenides &iewed this $neness in a different manner to -eraclitus+
/he $ne is infinite and indi&isible# ,t is not, as -eraclitus, a union of opposites, since there are no opposites#
Parmenides apparently thought, for instance, that 9cold9 means only 9not hot9 and 9dar09 means only 9not light9#
### Parmenides seems to thin0 of it (the $ne as material and extended, for he spea0s of it as a sphere# .ut it
cannot be di&ided, because of the whole of it is present e&erywhere# ($ussell, 19LJ
-owe&er, it is clear that both Philosophy and 8etaphysics are founded on this @ynamic %nity and $rder "
-armony of 5eality, as Iiet7sche (rather grandly states,
endea&ours to express it better, we find in all philosophies 2 the propositionE e&erything is one>
/his understanding of the %nity of the %ni&erse is also shared by many !astern philosophers (in fact one
could say that this the foundation of the !astern world &iew 2 'll is $ne and @ynamic#
/hough $ne, .rahman is the cause of the many# ## .rahman is the unborn (a)a in whom all existing things
abide# /he $ne manifests as the many, the formless putting on forms# ($ig %eda
/he word .rahman means growth and is suggesti&e of life, motion, progress# ($adha<rishnan
:hile this webpage is on Nin Nang, it is primarily concerned with the metaphysics of Nin Nang, and what
this 0nowledge is telling us about physical reality#
(;radley, 1=LJ219;L :e may agree, perhaps, to understand by 8etaphysics an attempt to
0now reality as against mere appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or
again the effort to comprehend the uni&erse, not simply piecemeal or by fragments, but
somehow as a whole#
,n particular, it is now quite easy to show that the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the :a&e Structure
of 8atter (:S8 pro&ides a simple explanation of these ancient ideas of the uni&erse ('ll is $ne,
,nterconnected, @ynamic# (rom this perspecti&e of describing reality in terms of $ne @ynamic /hing,
Space, and its properties as a :a&e28edium (rather than 9particles and fields in space2time we find simple
sensible solutions to many of the current problems of modern Physics, Philosophy and 8etaphysics#
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter
@escribing 5eality from the 8ost Simple Science (oundation
(rom 9Particles9 R Spherical 9(ield9s in 9Space2/ime9, to Spherical :a&es in Space#
Please see lin0s on the side of this page for the main articles which explain and sol&e many of the problems
of postmodern 8etaphysics, Physics and Philosophy from the new foundation of the 8etaphysics of Space
and 8otion and the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8#
/he 'ncient ?ree0 Philosophers were often &ery close to the truth, as reflected in Parmenides realisation
that the $ne existent is material (substance, extended (Space and a Sphere (caused by matter as Spherical
:a&es in Space# (urther, the :a&e2*enter of the Spherical :a&es, which causes the discrete particle
effect, is not a di&ision, but rather, a production from the $ne %nity, the (ocal2Point of Spherical Standing
:a&es that determine the si7e of our finite spherical %ni&erse within an ,nfinite Space#
/he Spherical ,n and $ut :a&es of the :a&e Structure of 8atter explains the change and harmony of
opposites in the $ne %ni&erse#
:e greatly appreciate any comments on how we can impro&e this website and its content# So please feel
free to write to us#
?eoff -aselhurst, Qarene -owie, !mail
+ntroduction - Iin Ian& 6hilosophy *uotes >=pposites 5 =ne? - Iin Ian& 6hilosophy :ins - Top of 6a&e
Hin Hang Philosophy Quotes
Quotations on +the union of- Opposites, One, Transformation $ .i"ersity
/here is a good principle, which has created order, light and man+ and a bad principle, which has created
chaos, dar0ness and woman# (Pythagoras#
(:ottfried "eibni4, 1J7< 5eality cannot be found except in $ne single source, because of the
interconnection of all things with one another# ### , maintain also that substances, whether material or
immaterial, cannot be concei&ed in their bare essence without any acti&ity, acti&ity being of the essence of
substance in general# ### ,n conclusion, nothing should be ta0en as certain without foundations+ it is therefore
those who manufacture entities and substances without genuine unity to pro&e that there is more to reality
than , ha&e )ust said+ and , am waiting for the notion of a substance, or of an entity, which successfully
comprehends all these things+ after which parts and perhaps e&en dreams will be able one day to lay claim to
reality#
("a-a :o,inda, 1977 /he fundamental element of the cosmos is Space# Space is the all2
embracing principle of higher unity# Iothing can exist without Space# Space is the precondition of all that
exists, be it material or immaterial form, because we can neither imagine an ob)ect nor a being without
space# 'ccording to ancient ,ndian tradition the uni&erse re&eals itself in two fundamental propertiesE as
8otion, and as that in which motion ta0es place, namely Space# /his Space is called a0asa, and is that
through which things step into &isible appearance, i#e#, through which they possess extension or
corporeality#
'0asa is deri&ed from the root 0as, 9to radiate, to shine9, and has therefore the meaning of 9ether9, which is
concei&ed as the medium of mo&ement# /he principle of mo&ement, howe&er, is prana, the breath of life,
the all2powerful, all2per&ading rhythm of the uni&erse#
/ransiency is as necessary to immortality (or to the experience of eternity, as the body is to the soul, or as
matter is to mind# 'nd in saying so, we might note that these are not irreconcilable or totally exclusi&e
opposites, but rather the extreme points in the amplitude of the swinging pendulum, i#e# parts of the same
mo&ement# .y becoming conscious of the inner direction and relationship of our transient life, we disco&er
the eternity in time, immortality in transiency2 and thus we transform the fleeting shapes of phenomena into
timeless symbols of reality#
Aiberation is not escapism, but consists in the conscious transformation of the elements that constitute our
world and our existence# /his is the great secret of the /antras and of the mystics of all time# ("a-a
:o,inda, *reati&e 8editation
/ransformation contains both change and stability, plurality and unity, mo&ement and constancy# ,t has the
nature of life, namely, to connect organically the polar opposites, the stumbling bloc0s of logic, and to
unite them in an all embracing rhythm# ("a-a :o,inda, *reati&e 8editation, p1=L
/he perfect mutual interpenetration of forms, processes, things, beings, etc#, and the presence of the
experiencing sub)ect in all of them 2 in other words, the simultaneity of differentiation and oneness, of
indi&iduality and uni&ersality, of form and emptiness 2 is the main thesis of the great .uddhist philosopher
Iagar)una, who li&ed in the second century of our era#
-is philosophy of the G8iddle :ayH consists in a new orientation of thought, freed from the rigidity of the
concept of GsubstanceH or that of a static uni&erse, in which things and beings were thought of as more or
less independent units, so that concepts li0e GidentityH and Gnon2identityH could be applied to them and form
the basis of discursi&e thought#
:here, howe&er, e&erything is in flux, such concepts 2 and a logic deri&ed from them 2 cannot be adequate
and, therefore, the relationship of form to emptiness and &ice2&ersa cannot be concei&ed as a mutually
exclusi&e nature of as absolute opposites, but only as two aspects of the same reality, co2existing in
continuous co2operation# .ecause GformH (rupa must not be confused with GthingnessH or materiality, since
each form is the expression of a creati&e actor or process in a beginningless and endless mo&ement, whose
precondition, according to Iagar)una is precisely that mysterious GemptinessH (or GPlenum2&oid,H as it has
been aptly called expressed in the term Sunyata#
,n this experience of timeless reality beyond the realm of opposites, the relati&e is not annihilated in fa&our
of the absolute nor is the manifoldness of life sacrificed to an abstract unity, but the indi,idual and the
uni,ersal penetrate and condition each other so co-pletely that the one cannot be separated fro- the
other# /hey are as inseparable as time and space, and li0e these they represent two aspects of the same
realityE time is the dynamic aspect of indi&idual (and therefore incomplete action and experience+ space is
the sum total of all acti&ity in its e&er2complete and therefore timeless aspect# ("a-a :o,inda, *reati&e
8editation, p;=J27
(Fritjof Capra, 197; ,n ,ndian philosophy, the main terms used by -indus and .uddhists
ha&e dynamic connotations# /he word .rahman is deri&ed from the Sans0rit root brih # to grow 2 and thus
suggests a reality which is dynamic and ali&e# ,n the words of S# 5adha0rishnan, /he word .rahman means
growth and is suggesti&e of life, motion, progress#
/he %panishads refer to .rahman as 9this uniformed, immortal, mo&ing9, thus associating it with motion
e&en though it transcends all forms# /he 5ig 6eda uses another term to express the dynamic character of the
uni&erse, the term 5ita# /his word comes from the root ri2 to mo&e+ its original meaning in the 5ig 6eda
being 9the course of all things9, 9the order of nature9#
being and disintegrate, transforming themsel&es into one another without end# ,n its phenomenal aspect, the
cosmic $ne is thus intrinsically dynamic, and the apprehension of its dynamic nature is basic to all schools
of !astern mysticism#
8odern physics then, pictures matter not at all as passi&e and inert, but being in a continuous dancing and
&ibrating motion whose rhythmic patterns are determined by the molecular, atomic and nuclear structures#
/his is also the way in which the !astern mystics see the material world# /hey all emphasise that the
uni&erse has to be grasped dynamically, as it mo&es, &ibrates and dances+ that nature is not a static but
dynamic equilibrium#
/he world is gi&en to me only once, not one existing and one percei&ed# Sub)ect and ob)ect are
only one# /he barrier between them cannot be said to ha&e bro0en down as a result of recent
experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist#
('r*in (chrodinger
i=ola Tesla
Physics 5 Famous )cientists 5 i=ola Tesla
The #a"e )tructure of Matter +#)M- />plains Tesla1s Theories
on %esonance and /nergy Transfer by #a"es in )pace
Pictures of i=ola Tesla 'n"entions
$ne day man will connect his apparatus to the &ery wheel wor0 of the uni&erse ###
and the &ery forces that moti&ate the planets in their orbits and cause them to rotate will rotate his own
machinery# (5i<ola Tesla
P/he scientific man does not aim at an immediate result#
-e does not expect that his ad&anced ideas will be readily ta0en up#
-is wor0 is li0e that of the planter 2 for the future#
-is duty is to lay the foundation for those who are to come, and point the way#
-e li&es and labors and hopes#P (5i<ola Tesla
PPerhaps it is better in this present world of ours that a re&olutionary idea or in&ention instead of being
helped and patted, be hampered and ill2treated in its adolescence 2 by want of means, by selfish interest,
pedantry, stupidity and ignorance+ that it be attac0ed and stifled+ that it pass through bitter trials and
tribulations, through the heartless strife of commercial existence# So do we get our light# So all that was
great in the past was ridiculed, condemned, combated, suppressed 2 only to emerge all the more powerfully,
all the more triumphantly from the struggle#P (5i<ola Tesla
+ntroduction - Tesla +nventions 5 6ictures 9 8escriptions - @S; Froup 8iscussion on Eiola Tesla 5
<esonance - :ins 5 Tesla - Top of 6a&e
'ntroduction
,t is characteristic of fundamental disco&eries, of great achie&ements of the intellect, that they retain an
undiminished power upon the imagination of the thin0er# /he memorable experiment of (araday with a disc
rotating between two poles of a magnet, which has borne such magnificent fruit, has long passed into e&ery2
day experience+ yet there are certain features about this embryo of the present dynamos and motors which
e&en today appear to us stri0ing, and are worthy of the most careful study#
(5i<ola Tesla, 1=91, Iew Nor0 *ity, Iew Nor0
Ii0ola /esla was greatly influenced by 6edic philosophy, and thus the
realisation that 5eality is a @ynamic %nity# -e found ways to transfer energy
through Space using resonance, based upon his belief that Space existed and
propagated wa&es# 's /esla wrote+
P8y wireless transmitter does not use -ert7ian wa&es, which are a grie&ous
myth, but sound wa&es in the aether###P (Ii0ola /esla
%nfortunately Ii0ola /esla9s wor0 was ne&er fully understood, and because
claims of extracting 9free energy9 from Space ('ether sounded rather
9crac0pot9 2 and !instein9s 5elati&ity suggested (incorrectly that it was
8atter, not Space that fundamentally existed 2 his wor0 remained on the
fringe of Science for the past 1<< years#
$nly recently has interest been popularly renewed in /esla9s wor0, largely because a number of
experimental scientists from around the world ha&e now confirmed many of /esla9s ideas and in&entions#
/he final step for -umanity is to understand this 5eality that allows us to transfer energy through Space
using resonance# /his wa&e acti&ity and interconnection of matter in Space can now be understood with the
8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the :a&e Structure of 8atter#
/here is also a good quote from Ii0ola /esla about the deception of mathematical physics# -e writes+
Sadly, our present state of mathematical physics shows )ust how correct /esla was, where mathematical
concepts li0e the .ig .ang, :ormholes and time tra&el, String /heory, etc# now dominate physics (and
ha&e no relation to physical reality#
.elow are some pictures and descriptions of /esla in&entions# , ha&e also included a discussion on Ii0ola
/esla and 5esonance from the :a&e Structure of 8atter group#
?eoff -aselhurst
PS 2 , )ust found ((eb# ;<<= a &ery cool /esla site in 'ustralia (yes, , am biased as , li&e in the bush in
'ustralia and lo&e it# /he images are fantastic>
httpE""tesladownunder#com"index#html
'nd there is a nice &ideo from an $rson :elles mo&ie on Ii0ola /esla at my Nou/ube page#
Tesla In,entions B Pictures 2 0escriptions
Ii0ola /esla ,n&ention 2 :orld9s (irst '* ?enerator
Ii0ola /esla ,n&ention 2 /he second largest *olorado Springs oscillator in
an early stage of de&elopment#

Ii0ola /esla9s experimental station at *olorado Springs# ,nterior close up, of
oscillator components including condensers, regulating coil, and
:estinghouse high tension transformer# @ecember 1=99#

Ii0ola /esla9s Iew Nor0 laboratory# ' demonstration of his system for
the transmission of electrical energy through natural media ^ a &iew of his
magnifying oscillation transformer in action# 'ctual width of space
tra&ersed by the luminous streamers issuing from the single circular
terminal terminating the extra coil is o&er 1J feet+ the area co&ered is
approximately ;<< square feet# !stimated pressure is ; 1"; million &olts, the safe limit for this laboratory# ,t
was here that /esla disco&ered extraordinary conducti&e properties of the atmosphere, and to pursue these
in&estigations further he sought to establish an experimental station at a remote location where he would be
unrestricted in producing &astly greater &oltages# *irca 1=9J21=9=#

' %#S# Ia&y shipboard transmitter manufactured by the
Aowenstein 5adio *ompany, licensed under J of Ii0ola
/esla9s patents# /his fi&e 0ilowatt set, capable of 1,5<<2mile
transmission, was used during ::1#

Ii0ola /esla9s Static !liminator 2 a &ariable coupling radio2
frequency transformer#

Ii0ola /esla seated inside a circular framewor0 51 feet in
diameter, which supported the primary and secondary
conductors of the largest /esla coil e&er built, at his *olorado
Springs experimental station in 1=99# /he oscillator is
operating at 1<< 0h7, and the discharges occur with a
deafening roar stri0ing an unconnected, comparati&ely
smaller diameter coil ;; feet away# /he acti&ity of the
oscillator created earth currents of such magnitude that
spar0s an inch long could be drawn from a water main at a
distance of K<< feet from the station# /he inscription on the
photograph is addressed to Sir :illiam *roo0es and reads+
/o my illustrious friend Sir :illiam *roo0es of whom ,
always thin0 and whose letters , ne&er answer# Sune 17, 19<1
Ii0ola /esla#
#a"e )tructure of Matter +#)M- :roup .iscussion on i=ola Tesla
-i Pete (8ountainman,
Nour /esla article is interesting#
'n article written by /oby ?rot7 entitledE MThe Influence of %edic philosophy on 5i<ola Tesla?s
understanding of free energy.M
, copied some below+
9.ut where did /esla learn 6edic concepts and Sans0rit terminologyF ' re&iew of the well 0nown
biographies by *heney, -unt and @raper, and $9Ieil re&eal no mention of /esla9s 0nowledge of Sans0rit#
$9Ieal howe&er includes the following excerpt from an unpublished article called 8an9s ?reatest
'chie&ementE9
P/here manifests itself in the fully de&eloped being , 8an, a desire mysterious, inscrutable and irresistibleE
to imitate nature, to create, to wor0 himself the wonders he percei&es#### Aong ago he recogni7ed that all
perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, or tenuity beyond conception, filling all space, the
'0asha or luminiferous ether, which is acted upon by the life gi&ing Prana or creati&e force, calling into
existence, in ne&er ending cycles all things and phenomena# /he primary substance, thrown into
infinitesimal whirls of prodigious &elocity, becomes gross matter+ the force subsiding, the motion ceases and
matter disappears, re&erting to the primary substance#P
(httpE""www#mountainman#com#au"aethera1#html
?eoff 2 /his is consistent with the following quote from Aama ?o&inda+
Iothing can exist without Space# ### 'ccording to ancient ,ndian tradition the %ni&erse re&eals itself in two
fundamental propertiesE as 8otion and as that in which motion ta0es place, namely Space# /his (pace is
called A<asa (/ibetanE nam2m0hah and is that through which things step into &isible appearance, i#e#,
through which they possess extension or corporeality#
'0asa is deri&ed from the root 0as, 9to radiate, to shine9, and has therefore the meaning of ether which is
concei&ed as the medium of mo&ement#
/he principle of &o,e-ent, howe&er, is Prana, (/ibetanE sugs, the breath of life, the all2powerful, all2
per&ading rhythm of the uni&erse, in which world2creations and world2destructions follow each other li0e
inhalation and exhalation in the human body, and in which the course of suns and planets plays a similar
role as the circulation of the blood and the currents of psychic energy in the human organism# 'll forces of
the uni&erse, li0e those of the human mind, from the highest consciousness to the depths of the
subconscious, are modifications of prana# (Aama ?o&inda 19J9
?eoff 2 ,t is interesting 6edic Philosophy and its influence on /esla 2 and &ery rele&ant to :S8#
' wroteE , don9t 0now if you9&e heard of 6alerie -unt who has come up with all manner of insights into
human &ibrational energy, although she is unsure what the nature of this energy is, e&en though she
measures it with electromagnetic detectors# She belie&es it is something more complicated (or un0nown
than simple electromagnetism# MInfinite &ind = (cience of the #u-an %ibrations of ConsciousnessM is a
boo0 ,9&e had on my wish list for some time# 'nyway, she highly recommends the use of a /eslar :atch
(named after /esla of course which emits = -7 and is said to (partly at least nullify the &ibrations that
come off electronic pollutants in our modern2day en&ironment# 8aybe it isn9t = -7, but 7#JF
'lso, ,9m fascinated by the insights you post on this list, and wonder whether you too ha&e had the thought
that &ibrations of some sort ma0e thin0ing difficult in our modern en&ironment# ,s it a coincidence that
?eoff -aselhurst li&es out in the wilds of $7, and you in relati&ely noise2free north of IM, and *aroline in
:ales far away from it all, and that a &isit to Aondon (only K<miles away dri&es me nuts for reasons that ,
cannot explainF :hy is it that the most interesting posts on the internet that , read Xne&erX come from Iew
Nor0F 'nd that Seattle and Iew Mealand figure so prominentlyF
-i ' 2 , had not heard of 6alerie -unt before so had a loo0 on the web# She appears to ha&e been quite a
trail bla7er# /he idea that there are other subtler fields than e"m is certainly one that we should entertain# ,t is
clear to me that any field that has a wa&e nature (that means all , expect can therefore support spherical
standing wa&es (i#e# particle2li0e thingies# Such PparticlesP can then interact and this leads to a new domain
(field that will ha&e much slower wa&e speed and a possibly quite different set of rules (e#g# the sort of
differences between charge, colour in particle physics and gra&ity# 'gain such a field can produce new
wa&es that ma0e a new field and so on#
/hese ideas are new but not at all fanciful# :e 0now that e"m interaction of atoms allows a new field of
sound# Sound also is quantised as phonons# , ha&e identified a series of at least 5 such ma)or fields with
possibly se&eral more and with fainter in between ones# 'ccording to /heosophy there are 7 main layers
(aren9t there alwaysF and that there is a more subtle field beyond e"m and after that mind# /hat would be the
fastest one with my estimate of about K#Jx1<Z19 cm"s wa&e &elocity# /here are many sources of other
frequencies in the !A( (extra low frequency range which can ha&e an effect on humans, presumably
through stimulating some brain wa&es by resonance# *ertainly there are de&ices that emit sound or light (or
e"mF that are used in an effort to affect state of mind# , do 0now that people9s reaction times are slowed by
low !A( frequencies (e#g# K -7 and impro&ed by faster !A( frequencies (e#g# 1< to 1; -7# 'lso that
people ha&e more accidents when the low DK -7 !A( wa&es are stronger (.udapest research#
(rom my own experience , 0now that as a young man , felt uncomfortable in the city and attributed it to
claustrophobia, but it seems to me now that it is sensiti&ity to unpleasant &ibrations, which may be
machinery or more li0ely mass human &ibrations# 8y earlier rushed off post was probably not &ery clear#
:hat , intended to say is that some places, li0e IN, ha&e a business en&ironment and therefore are more
conduci&e to that, while others may ha&e an entirely different feel# $f course any large city will li0ely ha&e
a lot more noise and not be conduci&e to peaceful thought# .ut , li&e in sight of central 'uc0land, a city of 1
million, which although it isn9t Aondon or IN is still a reasonable si7e# -owe&er IM has often been a social
experiment for the world, leading in new ideas, some great ones later adopted in other places and some
disasters which do not spread# /heosophists seem to thin0 that IM, 'ustralia and *alifornia are the places
where the new age"race of man is de&eloping# ,t might )ust be that they were some of the last places on the
planet to be settled by !uropeans, and so got a decent helping of people who wanted to ma0e a new life
away from places that they didn9t feel comfortable#
5egards,
5ay /omes
' number of people ha&e been mentioning /esla# , don9t 0now a great deal about /esla9s wor0, but did come
across a part where he was building de&ices to transmit power (not through wires at 1=<,<<< -7# /hat
greatly interested me because when , disco&ered the series of uni&ersal structures at distance ratios near
KL5J< it wentE -ubble scale, galaxies, stars, planets, moons, Y, N, cells, atoms, nucleons# /here was nothing
ob&ious at Y or N but they corresponded to about 1#7 0m and 5 cm# $r expressed another way, 1#7 0m is
about 175 0-7 or rather near /esla9s &alue# Aater , found that in some anomalous experiments a series of
frequencies were found and , saw immediately that all were sub harmonics of about 17;,=<< -7# /hat figure
is also interesting because the Schumann resonance or 7#5 -7 times KL5J< gi&es ;59,;<< -7 which is
exactly 1#5 times the other figure# $r expressed another way, the !arth si7e is related to uni&ersal harmonics
rather closely#
:hile here , will also mention about cold fusion and other such extracting of energy from the &acuum# (irst
off, , thin0 that it is extremely unwise because we do not 0now the effects on the interconnections of energy
at many le&els and if practiced it would li0ely result in earthqua0es and other disasters#
-a&ing said that, , belie&e that the existing experiments ha&e been &ery mixed in results because they do not
understand the interconnecting web of frequencies, apparatus si7e, heat sound and light speed in relationship
to de&ices as well as chemical &ibration rates# /hat is why se&eral laboratories ha&e been blown up when
they accidentally drifted into perfect tuning# /a0e care# 5ay
-ello ?eoffrey,
, )ust disco&ered your web page# , would li0e to tell you that it loo0s great and is &ery useful# , am sending it
off to a few other /esla people# ,4ll get bac0 to you after , use your page a little more# Probably in a wee0 or
so# Short &ersion is that , am a practicing $rganic *hemist (8erc0 %S' with a !! bac0ground and
electricity has ne&er been fully explained# Nour site is an excellent reference point# /han0s# /ony
Sorry , ha&e ta0en so long to get bac0 but ,4m &ery busy much of the time# , recei&ed &ilo +olffLs boo0
?')ploring the Physics of the Un<no*n Uni,erse? on /hursday and am in the process of reading it# 'll of
the intro stuff (general physics , am already familiar with# /he Space 5esonance /heory " :a&e Structure
of 8atter (:S8 is where ,4ll focus#
, ha&e most of /esla4s unclassified patents (%S#
$ne question for you isE @o you 0now of anyone who has been able to duplicate his wor0 in any wayF
'pparently most if not all his wor0 had deep ties with resonance theory# 'nother boo0 , ha&e recently read
is The ',olution of &atter by 0r. :usta,e "e ;on 19<9 also strongly connected to resonance# ?oes to
show what people were thin0ing bac0 then# ,4ll get bac0 to you after , ha&e read 8ilo# /
-i /,
' couple of comments+
1# 8ilo :olff9s boo0 was written in 199< (re&ised edition 199L# Since then 8ilo and , ha&e discussed
many things o&er 5 years 2 particularly gra&ity as a change " slowing of in2wa&e &elocity in space of higher
mass2energy density, and that space must be one thing, and thus both infinite " eternal# -is boo0 does not
reflect this 0nowledge 2 , ha&e some of his later papers on my website (some with my comments added ,
thin0# ,t is important to read our latest ideas as , thin0 his boo0 has errors " omissions that cause confusion#
, thin0 8ilo accepts this 2 and part of the reason he is writing another boo0 at the moment#
, should add that , learnt far more from 8ilo :olff (and 'lbert !instein than from anywhere else ( and ,
ha&e read a lot of good philosophers>
;# , ha&e only read a little on /esla (others on extracting energy from space and resonance is central to what
they are doing# /he :S8 explains this 2 but there is still a lot to learn# , do not 0now of anyone who has
duplicated his wor0# .ut o&er time , plan on studying " researching this more and will 0eep you informed
(and greatly impro&e the webpage on /esla and 'lternati&e !nergy#
, will chase up Ae .on, sounds interesting# Aoo0 forward to your further comments,
?eoff -aselhurst
1uantu- Physics
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 and Spherical Standing
:a&e ,nteractions explains @iscrete !nergy States of Buantum
/heory " :a&e 8echanics# ' Simple Solution to the Particle "
:a&e @uality of Aight and 8atter, !P5, Ion Aocality R Buantum
!ntanglement#
5ote= /his article was written se&eral years ago# ,t is long (by internet standards and basically explains the
main sub)ects of quantum theory from a :a&e Structure of 8atter foundation (wa&e mechanics# ,f you
prefer shorter summaries )ust browse the quantum physics lin0s on the right side of this page#
/o begin, a few nice quotes on Buantum Physics#
$n the one hand the 3uantu- theory of light cannot be considered satisfactory since it defines the energy
of a light particle (photon by the equation !Uhf containing the frequency f# Iow a purely particle theory
phenomena in&ol&ing integers in physics were those of interference and of nor-al -odes of ,ibration#
frequency (*a,e properties must be assigned to them also# ("ouis de ;roglie, Iobel Pri7e Speech,
Buantum Physics, 19;9
directly contradict each other+ but they seem little adapted to fusion into one unified theory# ### !xperiments
on interference made with particle rays ha&e gi&en brilliant proof that the *a,e character of the
pheno-ena of -otion as assumed by the theory do, really, correspond to the facts# ### de .roglie concei&ed
an electron re&ol&ing about the atomic nucleus as being connected with a hypothetical wa&e train, and made
intelligible to some extent the discrete character of .ohr9s 9permitted9 paths by the stationary (standing)
character of the corresponding *a,es# (Albert 'instein, $n Buantum 8echanics, 19L<
$n Buantum /heory
Introduction to 1uantu- Physics
1uantu- Theory B +a,e &echanics
(rom 19<< to 19K< there was a re&olution in the foundations of our understanding of light and matter
interactions# ,n 19<< Planc0 showed that light energy must be emitted and absorbed in discrete 9quanta9 to
explain blac0body radiation# /hen in 19<5 !instein showed that the energy of light is determined by its
frequency, where !Uhf# (inally, in the late 19;<s, de .roglie and Schrodinger introduced the concept of
Standing :a&es to explain these discrete frequency and energy states of light and matter (standing wa&es
only exist at discrete frequencies and thus energy states#
So it is clear that :a&es are central to Buantum Physics and our understanding of the structure and discrete
energy states of 8atter (which explains why Buantum /heory is also called Buantum :a&e 8echanics# 's
we shall explain, the problems and absurdities of quantum theory ha&e been caused by the continuing
assumption of the discrete 9particle9 concept for both light and matter, and thus the resulting paradox of the
9Particle " :a&e9 duality#
's we are dealing with a scientific theory, it is necessary to begin by stating the central Principles of the
?&etaphysics of (pace and &otion and the +a,e (tructure of &atter?, which describe how 8atter
exists in Space as a Spherical Standing :a&e and interacts with other 8atter in the Space around it# (rom
this foundation we can then deduce the solutions to many problems currently found in Buantum /heory
caused by this ancient concept that matter exists as 9particles9#
(or example, the ob&ious solution to the paradox of the particle " wa&e duality of matter is to realise that the
:a&e2*enter of the Spherical Standing :a&e causes the obser&ed 9particle9 effects of 8atter (see wa&e
diagram below# Ai0ewise, the discrete 9particle9 properties of Aight (quanta " photons are caused by
Standing :a&e interactions which only occur at discrete frequencies and thus energy states#
, thin0 it is useful to end this quantum physics introduction with two &ery important quotes# (irstly from
!rwin Schrodinger+
:hat we obser&e as material bodies and forces are nothing but shapes and &ariations in the structure of
space# Particles are )ust schaum0ommen (appearances# /he world is gi&en to me only once, not one
existing and one percei&ed# Sub)ect and ob)ect are only one# /he barrier between them cannot be said to
ha&e bro0en down as a result of recent experience in the physical sciences, for this barrier does not exist#
(!rwin Schrodinger, on Buantum /heory
.ecause Schrodinger belie&ed in real wa&es, he was ne&er happy with 8ax .orn9s statistical " probability
interpretation of the wa&es that became commonly accepted (and was acti&ely promoted by -eisenberg and
.ohr in Buantum /heory " 8echanics#
Aet me say at the outset, that in this discourse, , am opposing not a few special statements of quantum
mechanics " quantum theory held today (195<s, , am opposing as it were the whole of it, , am opposing its
basic &iews that ha&e been shaped ;5 years ago, when 8ax .orn put forward his probability interpretation,
which was accepted by almost e&erybody# (Schrbdinger !, /he ,nterpretation of Buantum 8echanics# $x
.ow Press, :oodbridge, *I, 1995
, don9t li0e it, and ,9m sorry , e&er had anything to do with it# (!rwin Schrodinger tal0ing about quantum
theory#
'nd , &ery strongly agree with Schrodinger (and greatly respect him when he writes+
other scientists# ((chrodinger
Secondly, @a&id .ohm pro&ides a clear account of how this incorrect 9particle9 conception of matter not
only causes harm to the Sciences, but also to the way we thin0 and li&e, and thus to our &ery society and its
future e&olution#
/he notion that all these fragments is separately existent is e&idently an illusion, and this illusion cannot do
other than lead to endless conflict and confusion# ,ndeed, the attempt to li&e according to the notion that the
fragments are really separate is, in essence, what has led to the growing series of extremely urgent crises
that is confronting us today# /hus, as is now well 0nown, this way of life has brought about pollution,
destruction of the balance of nature, o&er2population, world2wide economic and political disorder and the
creation of an o&erall en&ironment that is neither physically nor mentally healthy for most of the people who
li&e in it# ,ndi&idually there has de&eloped a widespread feeling of helplessness and despair, in the face of
what seems to be an o&erwhelming mass of disparate social forces, going beyond the control and e&en the
comprehension of the human beings who are caught up in it#
(0a,id ;oh-, :holeness and the ,mplicate $rder, 19=<
Principle One 5 On #hat />ists and its Properties
i $ne /hing, Space (,nfinite and !ternal !xists as a :a&e28edium and contains :a&e28otions which
Propagate at the 6elocity of Aight c#
ii 8atter !xists as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space (which determines the Si7e of our (inite Spherical
%ni&erse within an ,nfinite Space#
T U /his (&ery rough> diagram shows how the Spherical ,n and $ut :a&es form a
Standing :a&e around the :a&e2*enter 9particle9#
Principle T!o 5 On the ecessary Connections bet!een #hat />ists
*ause of 'll (orces, i#e# Iewton9s Aaw of ,nertia (Um#a, see (igE;#1 below
space of an ob)ect is determined by all the other matter in the %ni&erse# See (igE;#; below
Fig= D.6 :ra,ity is Caused by the (lo*ing of the In!+a,es. IoteE 6ery approximate wa&e diagram, only
shows ,n2:a&es (does not show $ut2:a&es and the ellipsoidal shape is not accurate# .ut the basic idea of
gra&ity being caused by slower wa&e &elocity in higher mass2energy density space is important# 'n ob&ious
example of this is light cur&ing past the sun#
Fig= D.D #uygens? Theory e)plains ho* our In!+a,es are created by other &atter?s Out!+a,es
interactions#
NUh"mc U ;#LKX1<
21;
m#
383 Quantum Physics Foundations& Ma> Planc=1s .isco"ery of Particle ( Quantum Properties
of Light +3C77-
,n 19<< 8ax Planc0 made a profound disco&ery# -e showed (from purely formal " mathematical
foundations that light must be emitted and absorbed in discrete amounts if it was to correctly describe
obser&ed phenomena (i#e# .lac0body radiation#
'bout fifteen years ago (1=99 nobody had yet doubted that a correct account of the electrical, optical, and
showed that the energy ' of e)ected electrons was dependent upon the frequency f of incident light as
described in the equation 'Fhf# ,t is ironic that in 19;1 'lbert !instein was awarded the Iobel Pri7e for this
discrete energy transfers (photons which were contradictory to his continuous field theory of matter>
'instein, 195L
'lbert !instein is correct that there are no discrete particles, and that the particle can only appear as a
'instein
,t is certainly true that the particle and its forces " fields are &ery useful mathematical concepts,
unfortunately, they also cause many problems and paradoxes because they are approximations to reality and
do not physically exist#
thus while the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter predicts that energy exchanges will be discrete,
as obser&ed, the continuous e2m wa&e does not anticipate this#
384 Quantum Theory ( Mechanics& de Broglie1s .isco"ery of the #a"e Properties of /lectrons
+3C4@-
195L
matter#
38483 de Broglie1s 'nterpretation of the )tanding #a"es as the #a"e5Li=e Motion of a Particle
in Orbit +3C4@-
stable
Planc0 in 19<<#
the case of light, to introduce the idea of a particle and that of frequency simultaneously#
$n the other hand, determination of the stable motion of electrons in the atom introduces integers, and up to
this point the only phenomena in&ol&ing integers in physics were those of interference and of normal modes
of &ibration# /his fact suggested to me the idea that electrons too could not be considered simply as
particles, but that frequency (wa&e properties must be assigned to them also# (de ;roglie, 19;9
;
of Special
5elati&ity#
foundation>
38E Quantum Theory& The Compton #a"elength 48FEG37
534
m of the /lectron HIh(mc +3C4E-
the *ompton :a&elength N of the !lectron as follows+ !UhfUmc
;
and fUc"N, thus hc"NU mc
;
resulting in
21;
m#
38F Quantum #a"e Mechanics& The )chrodinger #a"e /Auations ( )tanding #a"e
'nteractions +3C46-
;
NUh"mc
38F83 Quantum Physics& On the Forces of Charge and Light
attracti&e#
of the ,n2:a&es, and a consequent mo&ing together, or mo&ing apart of the :a&e2*enters#
,t is this property of Space that causes *harge " !lectromagnetic (ields and in a slightly more complex
manner, Aight#
/hus when we place two electrons near one another in Space, then the :a&e2'mplitude of Space between
them increases because the :a&es are in phase and the :a&e2'mplitudes combine and increase, thus the
:a&e26elocity increases (opposite to gra&ity9s slowing of ,n2:a&es and this causes the :a&e2*enters to
mo&e apart# /his explains the electrical repulsion of li0e charges#
38F84 Quantum Physics& On %esonant Coupling as the Cause of Light
=
to 1<
15
resonance#
;
"h is about 1<
;K
time were 1<
2=
15
opposite changes in oscillator frequency, and the conser&ation of energy
38D83 Quantum Theory& ;eisenberg1s 9ncertainty Principle
$n *hance and Probability in a Iecessarily ,nterconnected finite spherical %ni&erse within a Ion2
@etermined ,nfinite Space
discrete particle>
obser&ed#
38D84 Quantum Mechanics& Born1s 1Probability #a"es1 'nterpretation of QT +3C46-
'instein, 19KJ
technology allowed its experimental testing, it confirmed quantum theory9s entanglement# 'lbert !instein
assumed this interconnectedness was due to the spherical spatially extended field structure of matter,
instead, it is due to the interaction of the spherical spatially extended Standing :a&es of matter with other
matter9s :a&e2*enters distant in Space# !xplaining this Standing :a&e interaction of matter with other
matter in the Space around it (action2at2a2distance is largely the purpose of this 'rticle and is one of the
great powers of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter#
upshot of -eisenberg9s principle of uncertainty# (Albert 'instein, 19KL
Buantum /heory#
38? Quantum Physics& 2 Brief 2nalysis of Feynman1s Quantum /lectrodynamics +Q/., 3CFD-
of the :S8#
5eality#
this>
duality#
Space#
(Feyn-an, 19=5
38@ Quantum Theory& #olff1s />planation of the /instein, Podols=y, %osen +/P%-
/>periment $ Further Predictions
9/he %ltimate Paradox 2 .ell9s /heorem9 by 8ilo :olff, !xploring the Physics of the %n0nown %ni&erse,
199L
worldF
Figure 6.8.6 ')peri-ent to test ;ell?s theore- Polari7ed photons are emitted at the center, pass through
the ad)ustable polari7ation filters on the left and right, and enter detectors on each side# *oincidences
beha&iour#
Figure 6.8.D The result of an e)peri-ent to test ;ell?s theore- @ata points 5 of the experiments are
shown with blac0 dots# /hey agree with the line B8, predicted by the quantum mechanics, and do not agree
with the line A, predicted by 'lbert !instein9s concept of causality#
/he cur&ed line is the calculation obtained from standard quantum theory#
.ell, 'lbert !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen, or anyone who does not belie&e in superluminal speeds, would
expect to find line A#
!instein nor B8 need be wrong# ,n order to show this, it is necessary to carefully loo0 at the detailed
process of exchanging energy between two atoms, by the action of the ,I"$%/ wa&es of both atoms#
with one another# /he passage of both ,n2:a&es through both :a&e2*enters precedes the actual frequency
apparatus before the $ut2:a&es cause a departing photon e&ent# /he ,I2wa&es tra&el with the speed of light
so there is no &iolation of relati&ity#
5ogers (19=; except that instead of ma0ing a random filter setting during a photon9s passage time, the
filter setting should occur during the ti-e period preceding photon departure# /he purpose is to
/his would be the result originally expected by 'lbert !instein for the !P5 experiment#
(u--ary
.roglie
these phenomena+
electrons#
:a&e2*enter of a Spherical Standing :a&e# $nce this is understood then it explains how matter is subtly
interconnected with other matter in the Space around it (by the ,n and $ut2:a&es and leads to a minor
change in the experiment which will confirm the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e
Structure of 8atter as a sensible and ob&ious solution to the problems and paradoxes of not only Buantum
/heory, but also of 'lbert !instein9s 5elati&ity and *osmology#
/han0 you for reading our wor0# Please feel free to write to us if you wish to discuss any of this article, or if
you are able to help in getting this experiment performed#
?eoff -aselhurst, 8ilo :olff
@uring VtheseW periods of relaxation after concentrated intellectual acti&ity, the intuiti&e mind seems to ta0e
o&er and can produce the sudden clarifying insights which gi&e so much )oy and delight#
Fritjof Capra, physicist
/he fact that modern physics, the manifestation of an
extreme specialisation of the rational mind, is now ma0ing
contact with mysticism, the essence of religion and
manifestation of an extreme specialisation of the intuiti&e
mind, shows &ery beautifully the unity and complementary
nature of the rational and intuiti&e modes of consciousness+
of the yang and the yin#
1 up, 1 down
(rit)of *apra quotes
5eligion quotes Physics quotes ,ntuition quotes *onsciousness quotes
fa&orite

Show *omments
(<
/he fact that modern physics, the manifestation of an
extreme specialisation of the rational mind, is now ma0ing
contact with mysticism, the essence of religion and
manifestation of an extreme specialisation of the intuiti&e
mind, shows &ery beautifully the unity and complementary
nature of the rational and intuiti&e modes of consciousness+
of the yang and the yin#
; up, < down
(rit)of *apra quotes
Fritjof Capra Quotes
:hene&er the essential nature of things is analysed by the intellect, it must seem absurd
or paradoxical# /his has always been recogni7ed by the mystics, but has become a
problem in science only &ery recently#
(rit)of *apra

8ystics understand the roots of the ao but not its branches+ scientists understand its
branches but not its roots# Science does not need mysticism and mysticism does not need
science+ but man needs both#
(rit)of *apra

.oth the physicist and the mystic want to communicate their 0nowledge, and when they
do so with words their statements are paradoxical and full of logical contradictions#
(rit)of *apra
:autama Buddha Quotes
,n the end these things matter mostE -ow well did you lo&eF -ow fully did you li&eF
-ow deeply did you let goF
?autama .uddha

/his is deathless, the liberation of the mind through lac0 of clinging#
?autama .uddha

:hate&er is sub)ect to origination is all sub)ect to cessation#
?autama .uddha

@o not belie&e in anything simply because you ha&e heard it#
?autama .uddha

'll that we are is the result of what we ha&e thought# ,f a man spea0s or acts with an e&il
thought, pain follows him# ,f a man spea0s or acts with a pure thought, happiness
follows him, li0e a shadow that ne&er lea&es him#
?autama .uddha

'll compounded things are sub)ect to decay#
?autama .uddha

' )ug fills drop by drop#
?autama .uddha

:e are what we thin0# 'll that we are arises with our thoughts# :ith our thoughts we
ma0e the world#
?autama .uddha

/here is no way to happiness, happiness is the way#
?autama .uddha

-a&ing torn the ties, ha&ing bro0en the net as a fish in the water, being li0e a fire not
returning to the burnt places -a&ing torn the ties, ha&ing bro0en the net as a fish in the
water, being li0e a fire not returning to the burnt places, let one wander alone li0e a
rhinoceros#
?autama .uddha

/he secret of health for both mind and body is not to mourn for the past, nor to worry
about the future, but to li&e the present moment wisely and earnestly#
?autama .uddha

,f a tra&eler does not meet with one who is better, or his equal, let him 0eep to his
solitary )ourney+ there is no companionship with a fool#
?autama .uddha

-owe&er many holy words you read, howe&er many you spea0, what good will they do
you if you do not act on upon them#
?autama .uddha

Aet us rise up and be than0ful, for if we didn9t learn a lot at least we learned a little, and
if we didn9t learn a little, at least we didn9t get sic0, and if we got sic0, at least we didn9t
die+ so, let us all be than0ful#
?autama .uddha

'fter obser&ation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is
conduci&e to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and li&e up to it#
?autama .uddha
Io one sa&es us but oursel&es, no one can and no one may# :e oursel&es must wal0 the path but .uddhas
clearly show the way#
?autama .uddha

(orm is emptiness and the &ery emptiness is form#
?autama .uddha

'll wrong2doing arises because of mind# ,f mind is transformed can wrong2doing remainF
?autama .uddha

Nou only lose what you cling to#
?autama .uddha

-olding on to anger is li0e grasping a hot coal with the intent of throwing it at someone else+ you are the
one who gets burned#
?autama .uddha

Peace comes from within# @o not see0 it without#
?autama .uddha

'n insincere and e&il friend is more to be feared than a wild beast+ a wild beast may wound your body, but
an e&il friend will wound your mind#
?autama .uddha

!&ery morning we are born again# :hat we do today is what matters most#
?autama .uddha

,f your compassion does not include yourself, it is incomplete#
?autama .uddha

Nour purpose in life is to find your purpose and gi&e your whole heart and soul to it#
?autama .uddha

@oubt e&erything# (ind your own light#
?autama .uddha

:hen the student is ready, the teacher will appear#
?autama .uddha

/housands of candles can be lit from a single candle, and the life of the candle will not be shortened#
-appiness ne&er decreases by being shared#
?autama .uddha

,t is better to conquer yourself than to win a thousand battles# /hen the &ictory is yours# ,t cannot be ta0en
from you, not by angels or by demons, hea&en or hell#
?autama .uddha

,f you truly lo&ed yourself, you could ne&er hurt another#
?autama .uddha
/he tongue li0e a sharp 0nife### it 0ills without drawing blood#
?autama .uddha

Nou will not be punished for your anger, you will be punished by your anger#
?autama .uddha

/he whole secret of existence is to ha&e no fear# Ie&er fear what will become of you, depend on no one#
$nly the moment you re)ect all help are you freed#
?autama .uddha

,f we could see the miracle of a single flower clearly our whole life would change#
?autama .uddha

Pain is certain, suffering is optional#
?autama .uddha

5age is a powerful energy that with diligent practice can be transformed into fierce compassion#
?autama .uddha

Iothing e&er exists entirely alone+ e&erything is in relation to e&erything else#
?autama .uddha

/he past is already gone, the future is not yet here# /here9s only one moment for you to li&e, and that is the
present moment#
?autama .uddha

,n the s0y, there is no distinction of east and west+ people create distinctions out of their own minds and then
belie&e them to be true#
?autama .uddha

Set your heart on doing good# @o it o&er and o&er again, and you will be filled with )oy#
?autama .uddha

,f you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading#
?autama .uddha

's rain falls equally on the )ust and the un)ust, do not burden your heart with )udgments but rain your
0indness equally on all#
?autama .uddha

*onquer anger by lo&e, e&il by good+ conquer the miser with liberality, and the liar with truth#
?autama .uddha

's a solid roc0 is not sha0en by the wind, the wise are not mo&ed by praise or blame#
?autama .uddha

/hose who ha&e failed to wor0 toward the truth ha&e missed the purpose of li&ing#
?autama .uddha
' spoon of salt in a glass of water ma0es the water undrin0able# ' spoon of salt in a la0e is almost
unnoticed#
?autama .uddha

,n separateness lies the world9s greatest misery+ in compassion lies the world9s true strength#
?autama .uddha

' dog is not considered a good dog because he is a good bar0er# a man is not considered a good man
because he is a good tal0er#
?autama .uddha

/here are only two mista0es one can ma0e along the road to truth+ not going all the way, and not starting#
?autama .uddha

/he greatest prayer is patience#
?autama .uddha

-e is able who thin0s he is able#
?autama .uddha

(riendship is the only cure for hatred, the only guarantee of peace#
?autama .uddha

Praise and blame, gain and loss, pleasure and sorrow come and go li0e the wind# /o be happy, rest li0e a
giant tree in the midst of them all#
?autama .uddha

Nou throw thorns, falling in my silence they become flowers#
?autama .uddha

,f you light a lamp for somebody, it will also brighten your path#
?autama .uddha

-ealth is the greatest gift, contentment the greatest wealth, faithfulness the best relationship#
?autama .uddha

/he one who has conquered himself is a far greater hero than he who has defeated a thousand times a
thousand men#
?autama .uddha

'nger will ne&er disappear so long as thoughts of resentment are cherished in the mind#
?autama .uddha

/hough one should li&e a hundred years without wisdom and control, yet better, indeed, is a single day4s life
of one who is wise and meditati&e#
?autama .uddha

People with opinions )ust go around bothering one another#
?autama .uddha
:hen you reali7e how perfect e&erything is you will tilt your head bac0 and laugh at the s0y#
?autama .uddha

'll things appear and disappear because of the concurrence of causes and conditions# Iothing e&er exists
entirely alone+ e&erything is in relation to e&erything else#
?autama .uddha

, ne&er see what has been done+ , only see what remains to be done#
?autama .uddha

/he foot feels the foot when it feels the ground#
?autama .uddha

Nou cannot tra&el the path until you ha&e become the path itself#
?autama .uddha

:hoe&er sees me sees the teaching#
?autama .uddha

Aearn this from waterE loud splashes the broo0 but the oceans depth are calm#
?autama .uddha

:hat you are is what you ha&e been# :hat you9ll be is what you do now#
?autama .uddha

/o become &egetarian is to step into the stream which leads to nir&ana#
?autama .uddha

,t is a man9s own mind, not his enemy or foe, that lures him to e&il ways#
?autama .uddha

'll descriptions of reality are temporary hypotheses#
?autama .uddha

.e where you are+ otherwise you will miss your life#
?autama .uddha

Aong is the night to him who is awa0e+ long is a mile to him who is tired+ long is life to the foolish who do
not 0now the true law#
?autama .uddha

Aife is a ri&er always flowing# do not hold onto things#
?autama .uddha

(ew among men are they who cross to the further shore# /he others merely run up and down the ban0 on
this side#
?autama .uddha
To insist on a spiritual practice that served you in the past is to carry the raft on your bac after you have
crossed the river.
Fautama Buddha
2lbert Camus Quotes
/ime will prolong time, and life will ser&e life#
'lbert *amus

/o ha&e time was at once the most magnificent and the most dangerous of experiments#
,dleness is fatal only to the mediocre#
'lbert *amus

'utumn is a second Spring when e&ery leaf is a flower#
'lbert *amus

/here is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide#
'lbert *amus

/he absurd is born of this confrontation between the human need and the unreasonable
silence of the world#
'lbert *amus

$ne recogni7es one9s course by disco&ering the paths that stray from it#
'lbert *amus

!&ery ideology is contrary to human psychology#
'lbert *amus

,f absolute truth belongs to anyone in this world, it certainly does not belong to the man
or party that claims to possess it#
'lbert *amus

/he world e&ades us because it becomes itself again# /hat stage scenery mas0ed by habit
becomes what it is# ,t withdraws at a distance from us#
'lbert *amus

/here is always a philosophy for lac0 of courage#
'lbert *amus

/here always comes a time in history when the person who dares to say that ;T;UL is
punished by death# 'nd the issue is not what reward or what punishment will be the
outcome of that reasoning# /he issue is simply whether or not ;T;UL#
'lbert *amus

/he sla&e begins by demanding )ustice and ends by wanting to wear a crown# -e must
dominate in his turn#
'lbert *amus

,f time frightens us, this is because it wor0s out the problem and the solution comes
afterwards#
'lbert *amus

Nour success and happiness are forgi&en you only if you generously consent to share
them# .ut to be happy it is essential not to be too concerned with others# *onsequently,
there is no escape# -appy and )udged, or absol&ed and wretched#
'lbert *amus

,t ta0es time to li&e# Ai0e any wor0 of art, life needs to be thought about#
'lbert *amus
(ate is not in man but around him#
'lbert *amus

Nou will ne&er be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of# Nou will ne&er li&e if you
are loo0ing for the meaning of life#
'lbert *amus

$nly it ta0es time to be happy# ' lot of time# -appiness, too, is a long patience#
'lbert *amus

@on9t wal0 behind me+ , may not lead# @on9t wal0 in front of me+ , may not follow# Sust wal0 beside me and
be my friend#
'lbert *amus#

Ai&e to the point of tears#
'lbert *amus

8an is the only creature who refuses to be what he is#
'lbert *amus

,f the world were clear, art would not exist#
'lbert *amus

' profound thought is in a constant state of becoming+ it adopts the experience of a life and assumes its
shape#
'lbert *amus

Nou 0now what charm isE a way of getting the answer yes without ha&ing as0ed any clear question#
'lbert *amus

Should , 0ill myself, or ha&e a cup of coffeeF
'lbert *amus

.lessed are the hearts that can bend+ they shall ne&er be bro0en#
'lbert *amus

/here are causes worth dying for, but none worth 0illing for#
'lbert *amus

/he absurd is the essential concept and the first truth#
'lbert *amus

(or if there is a sin against life, it consists perhaps not so much in despairing of life as in hoping for another
life and in eluding the implacable grandeur of this life#
'lbert *amus
@o not wait for the Aast Sudgment# ,t ta0es place e&ery day#
'lbert *amus

' lo&eless world is a dead world#
'lbert *amus

:here there is no hope, it is incumbent on us to in&ent it#
'lbert *amus

, do not belie&e in ?od and , am not an atheist#
'lbert *amus

:e only 0now of one duty, and that is to lo&e#
'lbert *amus

8an is always prey to his truths# $nce he has admitted them, he cannot free himself from them#
'lbert *amus

See0ing what is true is not see0ing what is desirable#
'lbert *amus

.ut in the end one needs more courage to li&e than to 0ill himself#
'lbert *amus

/he only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so absolutely free that your &ery existence is an act
of rebellion#
'lbert *amus

(iction is the lie through which we tell the truth#
'lbert *amus

' man wants to earn money in order to be happy, and his whole effort and the best of a life are de&oted to
the earning of that money# -appiness is forgotten+ the means are ta0en for the end#
'lbert *amus

Peace is the only battle worth waging#
'lbert *amus

People hasten to )udge in order not to be )udged themsel&es#
'lbert *amus

-a&ing money is a way of being free of money#
'lbert *amus

Nou can9t create experience, you undergo it#
'lbert *amus
-e who despairs of the human condition is a coward, but he who has hope for it is a fool#
'lbert *amus

Iobody reali7es that some people expend tremendous energy merely to be normal#
'lbert *amus

,n order to understand the world, one has to turn away from it on occasion#
'lbert *amus

?ood intentions may do as much harm as male&olence if they lac0 understanding#
'lbert *amus

:hat is called a reason for li&ing is also an excellent reason for dying#
'lbert *amus

:hen you ha&e once seen the glow of happiness on the face of a belo&ed person, you 0now that a man can
ha&e no &ocation but to awa0en that light on the faces surrounding him#
'lbert *amus

'll men ha&e a sweetness in their life# /hat is what helps them go on# ,t is towards that they turn when they
feel too worn out#
'lbert *amus

!&erything considered, a determined soul will always manage#
'lbert *amus

,f , try to sei7e this self of which , feel sure, if , try to define and to summari7e it, it is nothing but water
slipping through my fingers# , can s0etch one by one all the aspects it is able to assume, all those li0ewise
that ha&e been attributed to it, this upbringing, this origin, this ardor or these silences, this nobility or this
&ileness# .ut aspects cannot be added up#
'lbert *amus

Nou always get exaggerated notions about things you don9t 0now anything about#
'lbert *amus

.elie&e me, for certain men at least, not ta0ing what one doesn9t desire is the hardest thing in the world#
'lbert *amus

/he absurd is lucid reason noting its limits#
'lbert *amus

/here is not lo&e of life without despair about life#
'lbert *amus

, rebel+ therefore , exist# /o 0now oneself, one should assert oneself#
'lbert *amus

, loo0ed up at the mass of signs and stars in the night s0y and laid myself open for the first time to the
benign indifference of the world#
'lbert *amus
't any street corner the feeling of absurdity can stri0e any man in the face#
'lbert *amus

-ere li&es a free man# Iobody ser&es him#
'lbert *amus

5eal generosity toward the future lies in gi&ing all to the present#
'lbert *amus

,ntegrity has no need of rules#
'lbert *amus

'll great deeds and all great thoughts ha&e a ridiculous beginning# ?reat wor0s are often born on a street
corner or in a restaurant9s re&ol&ing door#
'lbert *amus

Iothing can discourage the appetite for di&inity in the heart of man#
'lbert *amus

,n the depths of winter, , finally learned that within me there lay an in&incible summer#
'lbert *amus

.elie&e me, there is no such thing as great suffering, great regret, great memory###!&erything is forgotten,
e&en great lo&e#
'lbert *amus

, en)oyed my own nature to the fullest, and we all 0now there lies happiness, although, to soothe one another
mutually, we occasionally pretend to condemn such )oys as selfishness#
'lbert *amus

/he absurd hero9s refusal to hope becomes his singular ability to li&e in the present with passion#
'lbert *amus

/he struggle itself towards the heights is enough to fill a man9s heart# $ne must imagine Sisyphus happy#
'lbert *amus

8en are ne&er really willing to die except for the sa0e of freedomE therefore they do not belie&e in dying
completely#
'lbert *amus

:hat is a rebelF ' man who says no#
'lbert *amus

/here is no frontier between being and appearing#
'lbert *amus

/he truth is that e&eryone is bored, and de&otes himself to culti&ating habits#
'lbert *amus
Since we9re all going to die, it9s ob&ious that when and how don9t matter#
'lbert *amus

(or who would dare to assert that eternal happiness can compensate for a single moment9s human suffering#
'lbert *amus

:e are all born mad, some remain so#
'lbert *amus

:ho taught you all this, doctorF /he reply came promptlyE Suffering#
'lbert *amus

:hat , belie&e to be true , must therefore preser&e# :hat seems to me so ob&ious, e&en against me, , must
support#
'lbert *amus

, don4t 0now whether this world has a meaning that transcends it# .ut , 0now that , cannot 0now that
meaning and that it is impossible for me )ust now to 0now it#
'lbert *amus

:e rarely confide in those who are better than we# 8ost often, on the other hand, we confess to those who
are li0e us and who share our wea0nesses# -ence we don9t want to impro&e oursel&es and be bettered, for
we should first ha&e to be )udged in default# :e merely wish to be pitied and encouraged in the course we
ha&e chosen#
'lbert *amus

/he best are led to ma0e greater demands upon themsel&es# 's for those who succumb, they did not deser&e
to sur&i&e#
'lbert *amus

:hate&er pre&ents you from doing your wor0 has become your wor0#
'lbert *amus

'n achie&ement is a bondage# ,t obliges one to a higher achie&ement#
'lbert *amus

'nd then came human beings+ humans wanted to cling but there was nothing to cling to#
'lbert *amus

,9&e seen of enough of people who die for an idea# , don9t belie&e in heroism+ , 0now it9s easy and ,9&e
learned it can be murderous# :hat interests me is li&ing and dying for what one lo&es#
'lbert *amus

,t is normal to gi&e away a little of one9s life in order not to lose it all#
'lbert *amus

, 0now simply that the s0y will last longer than ,#
'lbert *amus

/ruth, li0e light, blinds# (alsehood, on the contrary, is a beautiful twilight that enhances e&ery ob)ect#
'lbert *amus
@e are all special cases.
,lbert %amus
Fritjof Capra
A 1uote by Fritjof Capra on ecological cycles, carbon dio)ide,
organic co-pounds, plants, green, photosynthesis, and
respiration
in
carbon dioxide
ecolo&ical cycles
&reen
or&anic compounds
photosynthesis
plants
respiration
@issipati&e Structures 2 *hapter = 1 excerpt from page 17=%reen plants play a vital role in the flow of
energy through all ecological cycles. &heir roots take in water and mineral salts from the earth, and the
resulting juices rise up to the to the leaves, where they combine with carbon dioxide !'()$ from the air to
form sugars and other organic compounds. !&hese include cellulose, the main structural element of cell
walls.$ *n this marvelous process, known as photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into chemical
energy and bound in the organic substances, while oxygen is released into the air to be taken up again by
other plants, and by animals, in the process of respiration.
+y blending water and minerals from below with sunlight and '() from above, green plants link the
earth to the sky. ,e tend to believe that plants grow out of the soil, but in fact most of their substance
comes from the air. &he bulk of the cellulose and the other organic compounds produced through
photosynthesis consists of heavy carbon and oxygen atoms, which plants take directly from the air in the
form of '(). &hus the weight of a wooden log comes almost entirely from the air. ,hen we burn a log in
a fireplace, oxygen and carbon combine once more into '(), and in the light and heat of the fire we
recover part of the solar energy that went into making the wood.
(rit)of *apra
SourceE /he :eb of AifeE ' Iew Scientific %nderstanding of Ai&ing Systems, PagesE 17=
*ontributed byE -annes
6ermalin
A 1uote by Fritjof Capra on needs and aspirations, di-inishing the
chances, further generations, ,aluable lessons fro- the study of
ecosyste-s, ecologically literate, sustainable, co--unities,
ecoliterate, ecosyste-s, re,itali4e, education, -anage-ent, a
in
communities
diminishin& the chances
ecoliterate
ecolo&ically literate
ecosystems
education
further &enerations
mana&ement
needs and aspirations
politics
revitali/e
sustainable
valuable lessons from the study of ecosystems
'pilogue N 'cological "iteracy N e)cerpt fro- page D78
-econnecting with the web of life means building and nurturing sustainable communities in which we
can satisfy our needs and aspirations without diminishing the chances of further generations. .or this
task we can learn valuable lessons from the study of ecosystems, which are sustainable communities of
plants, animals and microorganisms. &o understand these lessons, we need to learn the basic principles
of ecology. ,e need to become, as it were, ecologically literate. +eing ecologically literate, or
/ecoliterate,0 means understanding the principles of organi#ation of ecological communities
!ecosystems$ and using those principles creating sustainable human communities. ,e need to revitali#e
our communities 1 including our educational communities, business communities, and political
communities 1 so that the principles of ecology become manifest in them as principles of education,
management, and politics.
(rit)of *apra
SourceE /he :eb of AifeE ' Iew Scientific %nderstanding of Ai&ing Systems, PagesE ;97
*ontributed byE -annes
6ermalin
A 1uote by Fritjof Capra on har-onious interrelatedness, dyna-ic
balance, and sur,i,al of our *hole ci,ilisation
in
dynamic balance
harmonious interrelatedness
survival of our whole civilisation
I #elieve that the world view implied #y modern physics is inconsistent with our present society0 which does
;O reflect the HA-2(3*(4" *3&--5A&63"" we o#serve in nature. o achieve such a state of
673A2*' +A5A3', a radically different !O/I-" and E/O;O%I/ !C:/:CE will #e needed( a
cultural revolution in the true sense of the word. he survival of our whole civilisation may depend on
whether we can #ring a#out such change. *& ,*55 6P36, ultimately0 on our ability to adopt some of
the 7*3 attitudes of A"&-3 mysticism8 to e)perience the wholeness of nature and the A-& of
5*9*3% with it in HA-2(37
;5th 'nni&ersary !dition !pilogue ....
(rit)of *apra
SourceE /he /ao of Physics, PagesE K<7
*ontributed byE 8ichael
6ermalin
A 1uote by Fritjof Capra on life, nature, sustainability, and earth
in
earth
life
nature
sustainability
:e do not need to in&ent sustainable human communities# :e can learn from societies that ha&e li&ed
sustainably for centuries# :e can also model communities after nature9s ecosystems, which are sustainable
communities of plants, animals, and microorganisms# Since the outstanding characteristic of the biosphere is
its inherent ability to sustain life, a sustainable human community must be designed in such a manner that
its technologies and social institutions honor, support, and cooperate with nature9s inherent ability to sustain
life#
(rit)of *apra
Chuang T<u Translated by Hutang Lin
%huan& T/u - Translator' Iutan& :in
$ ,appy .cursion (Chapter 1)
+n the northern ocean there is a fish, called the 'un, + do not now how many thousand li in si/e. This 'un
chan&es into a bird, called the p'en&. +ts bac is + do not now how many thousand li in breadth. @hen it is
moved, it flies, its win&s obscurin& the sy lie clouds.
@hen on a voya&e, this bird prepares to start for the Southern =cean, the %elestial :ae. ,nd in the
<ecords of ;arvels we read that when the p'en& flies southwards, the water is smitten for a space of three
thousand li around, while the bird itself mounts upon a &reat wind to a hei&ht of ninety thousand li, for a
fli&ht of six months' duration.
There mountin& aloft, the bird saw the movin& white mists of sprin&, the dust-clouds, and the livin& thin&s
blowin& their breaths amon& them. +t wondered whether the blue of the sy was its real color, or only the
result of distance without end, and saw that the thin&s on earth appeared the same to it.
+f there is not sufficient depth, water will not float lar&e ships. 7pset a cupful into a hole in the yard, and a
mustard-seed will be your boat. Try to float the cup, and it will be &rounded, due to the disproportion
between water and vessel.
So with air. +f there is not sufficient a depth, it cannot support lar&e win&s. ,nd for this bird, a depth of ninety
thousand li is necessary to bear it up. Then, &lidin& upon the wind, with nothin& save the clear sy above,
and no obstacles in the way, it starts upon its $ourney to the south.
, cicada and a youn& dove lau&hed, sayin&, -Eow, when + fly with all my mi&ht, 'tis as much as + can do to
&et from tree to tree. ,nd sometimes + do not reach, but fall to the &round midway. @hat then can be the
use of &oin& up ninety thousand li to start for the southH-
Ke who &oes to the countryside tain& three meals with him comes bac with his stomach as full as when
he started. But he who travels a hundred li must tae &round rice enou&h for an overni&ht stay. ,nd he who
travels a thousand li must supply himself with provisions for three months. Those two little creatures, what
should they nowH
Small nowled&e has not the compass of &reat nowled&e any more than a short year has the len&th of a
lon& year. Kow can we tell that this is soH The fun&us plant of a mornin& nows not the alternation of day
and ni&ht. The cicada nows not the alternation of sprin& and autumn. Theirs are short years. But in the
south of %h'u there is a min&lin& >tree? whose sprin& and autumn are each of five hundred years' duration.
,nd in former days there was a lar&e tree which had a sprin& and autumn each of ei&ht thousand years.
Iet, 6'en& Tsu>(? is nown for reachin& a &reat a&e and is still, alasJ an ob$ect of envy to allJ
+t was on this very sub$ect that the Amperor T'an&>2? spoe to %hi, as follows' -,t the north of %h'iun&ta,
there is a 8ar Sea, the %elestial :ae. +n it there is a fish several thousand li in breadth, and + now not
how many in len&th. +t is called the 'un. There is also a bird, called the p'en&, with a bac lie ;ount T'ai,
and win&s lie clouds across the sy. +t soars up upon a whirlwind to a hei&ht of ninety thousand li, far
above the re&ion of the clouds, with only the clear sy above it. ,nd then it directs its fli&ht towards the
Southern =cean.
-,nd a lae sparrow lau&hed, and said' 6ray, what may that creature be &oin& to doH + rise but a few yards
in the air and settle down a&ain, after flyin& around amon& the reeds. That is as much as any one would
want to fly. Eow, wherever can this creature be &oin& toH- Such, indeed, is the difference between small
and &reat.
Tae, for instance, a man who creditably fills some small office, or whose influence spreads over a villa&e,
or whose character pleases a certain prince. Kis opinion of himself will be much the same as that lae
sparrow's. The philosopher Iun& of Sun& would lau&h at such a one. +f the whole world flattered him, he
would not be affected thereby, nor if the whole world blamed him would he be dissuaded from what he was
doin&. #or Iun& can distin&uish between essence and superficialities, and understand what is true honor
and shame. Such men are rare in their &eneration. But even he has not established himself.
Eow :iehtse>1? could ride upon the wind. Sailin& happily in the cool bree/e, he would &o on for fifteen days
before his return. ,mon& mortals who attain happiness, such a man is rare. Iet althou&h :iehtse could
dispense with walin&, he would still have to depend upon somethin&>)?.
,s for one who is charioted upon the eternal fitness of Keaven and Aarth, drivin& before him the chan&in&
elements as his team to roam throu&h the realms of the +nfinite, upon what, then, would such a one have
need to dependH Thus it is said, -The perfect man i&nores selfD the divine man i&nores achievementD the
true Sa&e i&nores reputation.-
The Amperor Iao>3? wished to abdicate in favor of Ksu' Iu, sayin&, -+f, when the sun and moon are
shinin&, the torch is still li&hted, would it be not difficult for the latter to shineH +f, when the rain has fallen,
one should still continue to water the fields, would this not be a waste of laborH Eow if you would assume
the reins of &overnment, the empire would be well &overned, and yet + am fillin& this office. + am conscious
of my own deficiencies, and + be& to offer you the Ampire.-
-Iou are rulin& the Ampire, and the Ampire is already well ruled,- replied Ksu' Iu. -@hy should + tae your
placeH Should + do this for the sae of a nameH , name is but the shadow of reality, and should + trouble
myself about the shadowH The tit, buildin& its nest in the mi&hty forest, occupies but a sin&le twi&. The
beaver slaes its thirst from the river, but drins enou&h only to fill its belly. + would rather &o bac' + have no
use for the empireJ +f the coo is unable to prepare the funeral sacrifices, the representative of the
worshipped spirit and the officer of prayer may not step over the wines and meats and do it for him.-
%hien @u said to :ien Shu, -+ heard %hieh Iu' tal on hi&h and fine sub$ects endlessly. + was &reatly
startled at what he said, for his words seemed interminable as the ;ily @ay, but they are quite detached
from our common human experience.-
-@hat was itH- ased :ien Shu.
-Ke declared,- replied %hien @u, -that on the ;iao-u-yi mountain there lives a divine one, whose sin is
white lie ice or snow, whose &race and ele&ance are lie those of a vir&in, who eats no &rain, but lives on
air and dew, and who, ridin& on clouds with flyin& dra&ons for his team, roams beyond the limit's of the
mortal re&ions. @hen his spirit &ravitates, he can ward off corruption from all thin&s, and brin& &ood crops.
That is why + call it nonsense, and do not believe it.-
-@ell,- answered :ien Shu, -you don't as a blind man's opinion of beautiful desi&ns, nor do you invite a
deaf man to a concert. ,nd blindness and deafness are not physical only. There is blindness and deafness
of the mind. Kis words are lie the unspoiled vir&in. The &ood influence of such a man with such a character
fills all creation. Iet because a paltry &eneration cries for reform, you would have him busy himself about
the details of an empireJ
-=b$ective existences cannot harm. +n a flood which reached the sy, he would not be drowned. +n a
drou&ht, thou&h metals ran liquid and mountains were scorched up, he would not be hot. =ut of his very
dust and siftin&s you mi&ht fashion two such men as Iao and Shun>B?. ,nd you would have him occupy
himself with ob$ectivesJ-
, man of the Sun& State carried some ceremonial caps to the Iu'eh tribes for sale. But the men of Iu'eh
used to cut off their hair and paint their bodies, so that they had no use for such thin&s.
The Amperor Iao ruled all under heaven and &overned the affairs of the entire country. ,fter he paid a visit
to the four sa&es of the ;iao-u-yi ;ountain, he felt on his return to his capital at #enyan& that the empire
existed for him no more.
Kueitse>C? said to %huan&tse, -The 6rince of @ei &ave me a seed of a lar&e-si/ed ind of &ourd. + planted
it, and it bore a fruit as bi& as a five bushel measure. Eow had + used this for holdin& liquids, it would have
been too heavy to liftD and had + cut it in half for ladles, the ladles would have been too flat for such purpose.
%ertainly it was a hu&e thin&, but + had no use for it and so broe it up.-
-+t was rather you did not now how to use lar&e thin&s,- replied %huan&tse. -There was a man of Sun& who
had a recipe for salve for chapped hands, his family havin& been sil-washers for &enerations. , stran&er
who had heard of it came and offered him a hundred ounces of silver for this recipeD whereupon he called
to&ether his clansmen and said, '@e have never made much money by sil-washin&. Eow, we can sell the
recipe for a hundred ounces in a sin&le day. :et the stran&er have it.'
-The stran&er &ot the recipe, and went and had an interview with the 6rince of @u. The Iu'eh State was in
trouble, and the 6rince of @u sent a &eneral to fi&ht a naval battle with Iu'eh at the be&innin& of winter.
The latter was totally defeated, and the stran&er was rewarded with a piece of the Nin&'s territory. Thus,
while the efficacy of the salve to cure chapped hands was in both cases the same, its applications were
different. Kere, it secured a titleD there, the people remained sil-washers.
-Eow as to your five-bushel &ourd, why did you not mae a float of it, and float about over river and laeH
,nd you complain of its bein& too flat for holdin& thin&sJ + fear your mind is stuffy inside.-
Kueitse said to %huan&tse, -+ have a lar&e tree, called the ailanthus. +ts trun is so irre&ular and notty that
it cannot be measured out for plansD while its branches are so twisted that they cannot be cut out into discs
or squares. +t stands by the roadside, but no carpenter will loo at it. Iour words are lie that tree -- bi& and
useless, of no concern to the world.-
-Kave you never seen a wild cat,- re$oined %huan&tse, -crouchin& down in wait for its preyH <i&ht and left
and hi&h and low, it sprin&s about, until it &ets cau&ht in a trap or dies in a snare. =n the other hand, there
is the ya with its &reat hu&e body. +t is bi& enou&h in all conscience, but it cannot catch mice. Eow if you
have a bi& tree and are at a loss what to do with it, why not plant it in the Lilla&e of Eowhere, in the &reat
wilds, where you mi&ht loiter idly by its side, and lie down in blissful repose beneath its shadeH There it
would be safe from the ax and from all other in$ury. #or bein& of no use to others, what could worry its
mindH-
1n &eveling $ll Things
Tsech'i of Eanuo sat leanin& on a low table. Fa/in& up to heaven, he si&hed and looed as thou&h he had
lost his mind.
Iench'en& Tseyu, who was standin& by him, exclaimed, -@hat are you thinin& about that your body should
become thus lie dead wood, your mind lie burnt-out cindersH Surely the man now leanin& on the table is
not he who was here $ust now.-
-;y friend,- replied Tsech'i, -your question is apposite. Today + have lost my Self.... 8o you understandH ...
6erhaps you only now the music of man, and not that of Aarth. =r even if you have heard the music of
Aarth, perhaps you have not heard the music of Keaven.-
-6ray explain,- said Tseyu.
-The breath of the universe,- continued Tsech'i, -is called wind. ,t times, it is inactive. But when active, all
crevices resound to its blast. Kave you never listened to its deafenin& roarH
-%aves and dells of hill and forest, hollows in hu&e trees of many a span in &irth -- some are lie nostrils,
and some lie mouths, and others lie ears, beam-socets, &oblets, mortars, or lie pools and puddles. ,nd
the wind &oes rushin& throu&h them, lie swirlin& torrents or sin&in& arrows, bellowin&, sousin&, trillin&,
wailin&, roarin&, purlin&, whistlin& in front and echoin& behind, now soft with the cool blow, now shrill with
the whirlwind, until the tempest is past and silence rei&ns supreme. Kave you never witnessed how the
trees and ob$ects shae and quae, and twist and twirlH-
-@ell, then,- inquired Tseyu, -since the music of Aarth consists of hollows and apertures, and the music of
man of pipes and flutes, of what consists the music of KeavenH-
-The effect of the wind upon these various apertures,- replied Tsech'i, -is not uniform, but the sounds are
produced accordin& to their individual capacities. @ho is it that a&itates their breastsH
-Freat wisdom is &enerousD petty wisdom is contentious. Freat speech is impassioned, small speech
cantanerous.
-#or whether the soul is loced in sleep or whether in wain& hours the body moves, we are strivin& and
stru&&lin& with the immediate circumstances. Some are easy-&oin& and leisurely, some are deep and
cunnin&, and some are secretive. Eow we are fri&htened over petty fears, now disheartened and dismayed
over some &reat terror. Eow the mind flies forth lie an arrow from a cross-bow, to be the arbiter of ri&ht and
wron&. Eow it stays behind as if sworn to an oath, to hold on to what it has secured. Then, as under autumn
and winter's bli&ht, comes &radual decay, and submer&ed in its own occupations, it eeps on runnin& its
course, never to return. #inally, worn out and imprisoned, it is choed up lie an old drain, and the failin&
mind shall not see li&ht a&ain>0?.
-Roy and an&er, sorrow and happiness, worries and re&rets, indecision and fears, come upon us by turns,
with ever-chan&in& moods, lie music from the hollows, or lie mushrooms from damp. 8ay and ni&ht they
alternate within us, but we cannot tell whence they sprin&. ,lasJ ,lasJ %ould we for a moment lay our fin&er
upon their very %auseH
-But for these emotions + should not be. Iet but for me, there would be no one to feel them. So far we can
&oD but we do not now by whose order they come into play. +t would seem there was a soulD>.? but the clue
to its existence is wantin&. That it functions is credible enou&h, thou&h we cannot see its form. 6erhaps it
has inner reality without outward form.
-Tae the human body with all its hundred bones, nine external cavities and six internal or&ans, all
complete. @hich part of it should + love bestH 8o you not cherish all equally, or have you a preferenceH 8o
these or&ans serve as servants of someone elseH Since servants cannot &overn themselves, do they serve
as master and servants by turnH Surely there is some soul which controls them all.
-But whether or not we ascertain what is the true nature of this soul, it matters but little to the soul itself. #or
once comin& into this material shape, it runs its course until it is exhausted. To be harassed by the wear
and tear of life, and to be driven alon& without possibility of arrestin& one's course, -- is not this pitiful
indeedH To labor without ceasin& all life, and then, without livin& to en$oy the fruit, worn out with labor, to
depart, one nows not whither, -- is not this a $ust cause for &riefH-
-;en say there is no death -- to what availH The body decomposes, and the mind &oes with it. +s this not a
&reat cause for sorrowH %an the world be so dull as not to see thisH =r is it + alone who am dull, and others
not soH-
Eow if we are to be &uided by our pre$udices, who shall be without a &uideH @hat need to mae
comparisons of ri&ht and wron& with othersH ,nd if one is to follow one's own $ud&ments accordin& to his
pre$udices, even the fools have themJ But to form $ud&ments of ri&ht and wron& without first havin& a mind
at all is lie sayin&, -+ left for Iu'eh today, and &ot there yesterday.- =r, it is lie assumin& somethin& which
does not exist to exist. The >illusions of? assumin& somethin& which does not exist to exist could not be
fathomed even by the divine Iu'D how much less could weH
#or speech is not mere blowin& of breath. +t is intended to say some thin&, only what it is intended to say
cannot yet be determined. +s there speech indeed, or is there notH %an we, or can we not, distin&uish it
from the chirpin& of youn& birdsH
Kow can Tao be obscured so that there should be a distinction of true and falseH Kow can speech be so
obscured that there should be a distinction of ri&ht and wron&H>(4? @here can you &o and find Tao not to
existH @here can you &o and find that words cannot be provedH Tao is obscured by our inadequate
understandin&, and words are obscured by flowery expressions. Kence the affirmations and denials of the
%onfucian and ;otsean>((? schools, each denyin& what the other affirms and affirmin& what the other
denies. Aach denyin& what the other affirms and affirmin& what the other denies brin&s us only into
confusion.
There is nothin& which is not thisD there is nothin& which is not that. @hat cannot be seen by what >the other
person? can be nown by myself. Kence + say, this emanates from thatD that also derives from this. This is
the theory of the interdependence of this and that >relativity of standards?.
Eevertheless, life arises from death, and vice versa. 6ossibility arises from impossibility, and vice versa.
,ffirmation is based upon denial, and vice versa. @hich bein& the case, the true sa&e re$ects all distinctions
and taes his refu&e in Keaven >Eature?. #or one may base it on this, yet this is also that and that is also
this. This also has its 'ri&ht' and 'wron&', and that also has its 'ri&ht' and 'wron&.' 8oes then the distinction
between this and that really exist or notH @hen this >sub$ective? and that >ob$ective? are both without their
correlates, that is the very ',xis of Tao.' ,nd when that ,xis passes throu&h the center at which all +nfinities
conver&e, affirmations and denials alie blend into the infinite =ne. Kence it is said that there is nothin& lie
usin& the :i&ht.
To tae a fin&er in illustration of a fin&er not bein& a fin&er is not so &ood as to tae somethin& which is not
a fin&er to illustrate that a fin&er is not a fin&er. To tae a horse in illustration of a horse not bein& a horse is
not so &ood as to tae somethin& which is not a horse to illustrate that a horse is not a horse>(2?. So with
the universe which is but a fin&er, but a horse. The possible is possible' the impossible is impossible. Tao
operates, and the &iven results followD thin&s receive names and are said to be what they are. @hy are they
soH They are said to be soJ @hy are they not soH They are said to be not soJ Thin&s are so by themselves
and have possibilities by themselves. There is nothin& which is not so and there is nothin& which may not
become so.
Therefore tae, for instance, a twi& and a pillar, or the u&ly person and the &reat beauty, and all the stran&e
and monstrous transformations. These are all leveled to&ether by Tao. 8ivision is the same as creationD
creation is the same as destruction. There is no such thin& as creation or destruction, for these conditions
are a&ain leveled to&ether into =ne.
=nly the truly intelli&ent understand this principle of the levelin& of all thin&s into =ne. They discard the
distinctions and tae refu&e in the common and ordinary thin&s. The common and ordinary thin&s serve
certain functions and therefore retain the wholeness of nature. #rom this wholeness, one comprehends, and
from comprehension, one to the Tao. There it stops. To stop without nowin& how it stops -- this is Tao.
But to wear out one's intellect in an obstinate adherence to the individuality of thin&s, not reco&ni/in& the
fact that all thin&s are =ne, -- that is called -Three in the ;ornin&.- @hat is -Three in the ;ornin&H- ,
eeper of moneys said with re&ard to their rations of nuts that each money was to have three in the
mornin& and four at ni&ht. ,t this the moneys were very an&ry. Then the eeper said they mi&ht have four
in the mornin& and three at ni&ht, with which arran&ement they were all well pleased. The actual number of
nuts remained the same, but there was a difference owin& to >sub$ective evaluations of? lies and dislies. +t
also derives from this >principle of sub$ectivity?. @herefore the true Sa&e brin&s all the contraries to&ether
and rests in the natural Balance of Keaven. This is called >the principle of followin&? two courses >at once?.
The nowled&e of the men of old had a limit. @hen was the limitH +t extended bac to a period when matter
did not exist. That was the extreme point to which their nowled&e reached. The second period was that of
matter, but of matter unconditioned >undefined?. The third epoch saw matter conditioned >defined?, but
$ud&ments of true and false were still unnown. @hen these appeared, Tao be&an to decline. ,nd with the
decline of Tao, individual bias >sub$ectivity? arose.
Besides, did Tao really rise and declineH>(1? +n the world of >apparent? rise and decline, the famous
musician %hao @en did play the strin& instrumentD but in respect to the world without rise and decline, %hao
@en did not play the strin& instrument. @hen %hao @en stopped playin& the strin& instrument, Shih N'uan&
>the music master? laid down his drum-stic >for eepin& time?, and Kueitse >the sophist? stopped ar&uin&,
they all understood the approach of Tao. These people are the best in their arts, and therefore nown to
posterity. They each loved his art, and wanted to excel in his own line. ,nd because they loved their arts,
they wanted to mae them nown to others. But they were tryin& to teach what >in its nature? could not be
nown. %onsequently Kueitse ended in the obscure discussions of the -hard- and -white-D and %hao @en's
son tried to learn to play the strin&ed instrument all his life and failed. +f this may be called success, then +,
too, have succeeded. But if neither of them could be said to have succeeded, then neither + nor others have
succeeded. Therefore the true Sa&e discards the li&ht that da//les and taes refu&e in the common and
ordinary. Throu&h this comes understandin&.
Suppose here is a statement. @e do not now whether it belon&s to one cate&ory or another. But if we put
the different cate&ories in one, then the differences of cate&ory cease to exist. Kowever, + must explain. +f
there was a be&innin&, then there was a time before that be&innin&, and a time before the time which was
before the time of that be&innin&. +f there is existence, there must have been non-existence. ,nd if there
was a time when nothin& existed, then there must have been a time when even nothin& did not exist. ,ll of
a sudden, nothin& came into existence. %ould one then really say whether it belon&s to the cate&ory of
existence or of non-existenceH Aven the very words + have $ust now uttered, -- + cannot say whether they
say somethin& or not.
There is nothin& under the canopy of heaven &reater than the tip of a bird's down in autumn, while the T'ai
;ountain is small. Eeither is there any lon&er life than that of a child cut off in infancy, while 6'en& Tsu
himself died youn&. The universe and + came into bein& to&etherD + and everythin& therein are =ne.
+f then all thin&s are =ne, what room is there for speechH =n the other hand, since + can say the word 'one'
how can speech not existH +f it does exist, we have =ne and speech -- twoD and two and one -- three>()?
from which point onwards even the best mathematicians will fail to reach >the ultimate?D how much more
then should ordinary people failH
Kence, if from nothin& you can proceed to somethin&, and subsequently reach there, it follows that it would
be still easier if you were to start from somethin&. Since you cannot proceed, stop here. Eow Tao by its very
nature can never be defined. Speech by its very nature cannot express the absolute. Kence arise the
distinctions. Such distinctions are' -ri&ht- and -left,- -relationship- and -duty,- -division- and -discrimination,
-emulation and contention. These are called the Ai&ht 6redicables.
Beyond the limits of the external world, the Sa&e nows that it exists, but does not tal about it. @ithin the
limits of the external world, the Sa&e tals but does not mae comments. @ith re&ard to the wisdom of the
ancients, as embodied in the canon of Sprin& and ,utumn, the Sa&e comments, but does not expound. ,nd
thus, amon& distinctions made, there are distinctions that cannot be madeD amon& thin&s expounded, there
are thin&s that cannot be expounded.
Kow can that beH it is ased. The true Sa&e eeps his nowled&e within him, while men in &eneral set forth
theirs in ar&ument, in order to convince each other. ,nd therefore it is said that one who ar&ues does so
because he cannot see certain points.
Eow perfect Tao cannot be &iven a name. , perfect ar&ument does not employ words. 6erfect indness
does not concern itself with >individual acts of? indness>(3?. 6erfect inte&rity is not critical of others>(B?.
6erfect coura&e does not push itself forward.
#or the Tao which is manifest is not Tao. Speech which ar&ues falls short of its aim. Nindness which has
fixed ob$ects loses its scope. +nte&rity which is obvious is not believed in. %oura&e which pushes itself
forward never accomplishes anythin&. These five are, as it were, round >mellow? with a stron& bias towards
squareness >sharpness?. Therefore that nowled&e which stops at what it does not now, is the hi&hest
nowled&e.
@ho nows the ar&ument which can be ar&ued without words, and the Tao which does not declare itself as
TaoH Ke who nows this may be said to enter the realm of the spirit >(C?. To be poured into without
becomin& full, and pour out without becomin& empty, without nowin& how this is brou&ht about, -- this is
the art of -%oncealin& the :i&ht.-
=f old, the Amperor Iao said to Shun, -+ would smite the Tsun&s, and the Nueis, and the Ksu'-aos. Since +
have been on the throne, this has ever been on my mind. @hat do you thinH-
-These three States,- replied Shun, -lie in wild undeveloped re&ions. @hy can you not shae off this ideaH
=nce upon a time, ten suns came out to&ether, and all thin&s were illuminated thereby. Kow much &reater
should be the power of virtue which excels the sunsH-
Ieh %h'u'eh ased @an& Ii, sayin&, -8o you now for certain that all thin&s are the sameH-
-Kow can + nowH- answered @an& Ii. -8o you now what you do not nowH-
-Kow can + nowJ- replied Ieh %h'u'eh. -But then does nobody nowH-
-Kow can + nowH- said @an& Ii. -Eevertheless, + will try to tell you. Kow can it be nown that what + call
nowin& is not really not nowin& and that what + call not nowin& is not really nowin&H Eow + would as
you this, +f a man sleeps in a damp place, he &ets lumba&o and dies. But how about an eelH ,nd livin& up in
a tree is precarious and tryin& to the nerves. But how about moneysH =f the man, the eel, and the
money, whose habitat is the ri&ht one, absolutelyH Kuman bein&s feed on flesh, deer on &rass, centipedes
on little snaes, owls and crows on mice. =f these four, whose is the ri&ht taste, absolutelyH ;oney mates
with the do&-headed female ape, the buc with the doe, eels consort with fishes, while men admire ;ao
%h'ian& and :i %hi, at the si&ht of whom fishes plun&e deep down in the water, birds soar hi&h in the air,
and deer hurry away. Iet who shall say which is the correct standard of beautyH +n my opinion, the
doctrines of humanity and $ustice and the paths of ri&ht and wron& are so confused that it is impossible to
now their contentions.-
-+f you then,- ased Ieh %h'u'eh, -do not now what is &ood and bad, is the 6erfect ;an equally without
this nowled&eH-
-The 6erfect ;an,- answered @an& Ii, -is a spiritual bein&. @ere the ocean itself scorched up, he would
not feel hot. @ere the &reat rivers fro/en hard, he would not feel cold. @ere the mountains to be cleft by
thunder, and the &reat deep to be thrown up by storm, he would not tremble with fear. Thus, he would
mount upon the clouds of heaven, and drivin& the sun and the moon before him, pass beyond the limits of
this mundane existence. 8eath and life have no more victory over him. Kow much less should he concern
himself with the distinctions of profit and lossH-
%hu' %h'iao addressed %h'an& @utse as follows' -+ heard %onfucius say, 'The true Sa&e pays no heed to
worldly affairs. Ke neither sees &ain nor avoids in$ury. Ke ass nothin& at the hands of man and does not
adhere to ri&id rules of conduct. Sometimes he says somethin& without speain& and sometimes he speas
without sayin& anythin&. ,nd so he roams beyond the limits of this mundane world.
'These,' commented %onfucius, 'are futile fantasies.' But to me they are the embodiment of the most
wonderful Tao. @hat is your opinionH-
-These are thin&s that perplexed even the Iellow Amperor,- replied %h'an& @utse. -Kow should %onfucius
nowH Iou are &oin& too far ahead. @hen you see a hen's e&&, you already expect to hear a coc crow.
@hen you see a slin&, you are already expected to have broiled pi&eon. + will say a few words to you at
random, and do you listen at random.
-Kow does the Sa&e seat himself by the sun and moon, and hold the universe in his &raspH Ke blends
everythin& into one harmonious whole, re$ectin& the confusion of this and that. <an and precedence, which
the vul&ar sedulously cultivate, the Sa&e stolidly i&nores, amal&amatin& the disparities of ten thousand
years into one pure mold. The universe itself, too, conserves and blends all in the same manner.
-Kow do + now that love of life is not a delusion after allH Kow do + now but that he who dreads death is
not as a child who has lost his way and does not now his way homeH
-The :ady :i %hi was the dau&hter of the frontier officer of ,i. @hen the 8ue of %hin first &ot her, she wept
until the bosom of her dress was drenched with tears. But when she came to the royal residence, shared
with the 8ue his luxurious couch, and ate rich food, she repented of havin& wept. Kow then do + now but
that the dead may repent of havin& previously clun& to lifeH
-Those who dream of the banquet, wae to lamentation and sorrow. Those who dream of lamentation and
sorrow wae to $oin the hunt. @hile they dream, they do not now that they are dreamin&. Some will even
interpret the very dream they are dreamin&D and only when they awae do they now it was a dream. By
and by comes the &reat awaenin&, and then we find out that this life is really a &reat dream. #ools thin
they are awae now, and flatter themselves they now -- this one is a prince, and that one is a shepherd.
@hat narrowness of mindJ %onfucius and you are both dreamsD and + who say you are dreams -- + am but a
dream myself. This is a paradox. Tomorrow a Sa&e may arise to explain itD but that tomorrow will not be
until ten thousand &enerations have &one by. Iet you may meet him around the corner.
-Frantin& that you and + ar&ue. +f you &et the better of me, and not + of you, are you necessarily ri&ht and +
wron&H =r if + &et the better of you and not you of me, am + necessarily ri&ht and you wron&H =r are we
both partly ri&ht and partly wron&H =r are we both wholly ri&ht and wholly wron&H Iou and + cannot now
this, and consequently we all live in darness.
-@hom shall + as as arbiter between usH +f + as someone who taes your view, he will side with you. Kow
can such a one arbitrate between usH +f + as someone who taes my view, he will side with me. Kow can
such a one arbitrate between usH +f + as someone who differs from both of us, he will be equally unable to
decide between us, since he differs from both of us. ,nd if + as someone who a&rees with both of us, he
will be equally unable to decide between us, since he a&rees with both of us. Since then you and + and
other men cannot decide, how can we depend upon anotherH The words of ar&uments are all relativeD if we
wish to reach the absolute, we must harmoni/e them by means of the unity of Fod, and follow their natural
evolution, so that we may complete our allotted span of life.
-But what is it to harmoni/e them by means of the unity of FodH +t is this. The ri&ht may not be really ri&ht.
@hat appears so may not be really so. Aven if what is ri&ht is really ri&ht, wherein it differs from wron&
cannot be made plain by ar&ument. Aven if what appears so is really so, wherein it differs from what is not
so also cannot be made plain by ar&ument.
-Tae no heed of time nor of ri&ht and wron&. 6assin& into the realm of the +nfinite, tae your final rest
therein.-
The 6enumbra said to the 7mbra, -,t one moment you move' at another you are at rest. ,t one moment
you sit down' at another you &et up. @hy this instability of purposeH-
-6erhaps + depend,- replied the 7mbra, -upon somethin& which causes me to do as + doD and perhaps that
somethin& depends in turn upon somethin& else which causes it to do as it does. =r perhaps my
dependence is lie >the unconscious movements? of a snae's scales or of a cicada's win&s. Kow can + tell
why + do one thin&, or why + do not do anotherH-
=nce upon a time, +, %huan& %hou >(0?, dreamt + was a butterfly, flutterin& hither and thither, to all intents
and purposes a butterfly. + was conscious only of my happiness as a butterfly, unaware that + was %hou.
Soon + awaed, and there + was, veritably myself a&ain. Eow + do not now whether + was then a man
dreamin& + was a butterfly, or whether + am now a butterfly, dreamin& + am a man. Between a man and a
butterfly there is necessarily a distinction. The transition is called the transformation of material thin&s >(.?.
The 0reservation of &ife
Kuman life is limited, but nowled&e is limitless. To drive the limited in pursuit of the limitless is fatalD and to
presume that one really nows is fatal indeedJ
+n doin& &ood, avoid fame. +n doin& bad, avoid dis&race. 6ursue a middle course as your principle. Thus
you will &uard your body from harm, preserve your life, fulfill your duties by your parents, and live your
allotted span of life.
6rince Kuei's coo was cuttin& up a bulloc. Avery blow of his hand, every heave of his shoulders, every
tread of his foot, every thrust of his nee, every whshh of rent flesh, every chh of the chopper, was in
perfect rhythm, --lie the dance of the ;ulberry Frove, lie the harmonious chords of %hin& Shou.
-@ell doneJ- cried the 6rince. -Iours is sill indeedJ-
-Sire,- replied the coo layin& down his chopper, -+ have always devoted myself to Tao, which is hi&her than
mere sill. @hen + first be&an to cut up bullocs, + saw before me whole bullocs. ,fter three years' practice,
+ saw no more whole animals. ,nd now + wor with my mind and not with my eye. ;y mind wors alon&
without the control of the senses. #allin& bac upon eternal principles, + &lide throu&h such &reat $oints or
cavities as there may be, accordin& to the natural constitution of the animal. + do not even touch the
convolutions of muscle and tendon, still less attempt to cut throu&h lar&e bones.
-, &ood coo chan&es his chopper once a year, -- because he cuts. ,n ordinary coo, one a month, --
because he hacs. But + have had this chopper nineteen years, and althou&h + have cut up many thousand
bullocs, its ed&e is as if fresh from the whetstone. #or at the $oints there are always interstices, and the
ed&e of a chopper bein& without thicness, it remains only to insert that which is without thicness into such
an interstice. +ndeed there is plenty of room for the blade to move about. +t is thus that + have ept my
chopper for nineteen years as thou&h fresh from the whetstone.
-Eevertheless, when + come upon a notty part which is difficult to tacle, + am all caution. #ixin& my eye on
it, + stay my hand, and &ently apply my blade, until with a hwah the part yields lie earth crumblin& to the
&round. Then + tae out my chopper and stand up, and loo around, and pause with an air of triumph. Then
wipin& my chopper, + put it carefully away.-
-BravoJ- cried the 6rince. -#rom the words of this coo + have learned how to tae care of my life.-
@hen Ksien, of the Nun&wen family, beheld a certain official, he was horrified, and said, -@ho is that manH
Kow came he to lose a le&H +s this the wor of Fod, or of manH-
-@hy, of course, it is the wor of Fod, and not of man,- was the reply. -Fod made this man one-le&&ed. The
appearance of men is always balanced. #rom this it is clear that Fod and not man made him what he is.-
, pheasant of the marshes may have to &o ten steps to &et a pec, a hundred to &et a drin. Iet pheasants
do not want to be fed in a ca&e. #or althou&h they mi&ht have less worries, they would not lie it. @hen
:aotse died, %h'in Ii went to the funeral. Ke uttered three yells and departed. , disciple ased him sayin&,
-@ere you not our ;aster's friendH-
-+ was,- replied %h'in Ii.
-,nd if so, do you consider that a sufficient expression of &rief at his deathH- added the disciple.
-+ do,- said %h'in Ii. -+ had thou&ht he was a >mortal? man, but now + now that he was not. @hen + went in
to mourn, + found old persons weepin& as if for their children, youn& ones wailin& as if for their mothers.
@hen these people meet, they must have said words on the occasion and shed tears without any intention.
>To cry thus at one's death? is to evade the natural principles >of life and death? and increase human
attachments, for&ettin& the source from which we receive this life. The ancients called this 'evadin& the
retribution of Keaven.' The ;aster came, because it was his time to be bornD Ke went, because it was his
time to &o away. Those who accept the natural course and sequence of thin&s and live in obedience to it
are beyond $oy and sorrow. The ancients spoe of this as the emancipation from bonda&e. The fin&ers may
not be able to supply all the fuel, but the fire is transmitted, and we now not when it will come to an end.-
This ,u!an 2orld
Ien huei >24? went to tae leave of %onfucius. -@hither are you boundH- ased the ;aster.
-+ am &oin& to the State of @ei,- was the reply.
-,nd what do you propose to do thereH- continued %onfucius.
-+ hear,- answered Ien Kuei, -that the 6rince of @ei is of mature a&e, but of an unmana&eable disposition.
Ke behaves as if the people were of no account, and will not see his own faults. Ke disre&ards human lives
and the people perishD and their corpses lie about lie so much under &rowth in a marsh. The people do not
now where to turn for help. ,nd + have heard you say that if a state be well &overned, it may be passed
overD but that if it be badly &overned, then we should visit it. ,t the door of physicians there are many sic
people. + would test my nowled&e in this sense, that perchance + may do some &ood at that state.-
-,lasJ- cried %onfucius, -you will be only &oin& to your doom. #or Tao must not bustle about. +f it does it will
have diver&ent aims. #rom diver&ent aims come restlessnessD from restlessness comes worry, and from
worry one reaches the sta&e of bein& beyond hope. The Sa&es of old first stren&thened their own character
before they tried to stren&then that of others. Before you have stren&thened your own character, what
leisure have you to attend to the doin&s of wiced menH Besides, do you now into what virtue evaporates
by motion and where nowled&e endsH Lirtue evaporates by motion into desire for fame and nowled&e
ends in contentions. +n the stru&&le for fame men crush each other, while their wisdom but provoes rivalry.
Both are instruments of evil, and are not proper principles of livin&.
-Besides, if before one's own solid character and inte&rity become an influence amon& men and before
one's own disre&ard for fame reaches the hearts of men, one should &o and force the preachin& of charity
and duty and the rules of conduct on wiced men, he would only mae these men hate him for his very
&oodness. Such a person may be called a messen&er of evil. , messen&er of evil will be the victim of evil
from others. That, alasJ will be your end.
-=n the other hand, if the 6rince loves the &ood and hates evil, what ob$ect will you have in invitin& him to
chan&e his waysH Before you have opened your mouth, the 6rince himself will have sei/ed the opportunity
to wrest the victory from you. Iour eyes will be da//led, your expression fade, your words will hed&e about,
your face will show confusion, and your heart will yield within you. +t will be as thou&h you too fire to quell
fire, water to quell water, which is nown as a&&ravation. ,nd if you be&in with concessions, there will be no
end to them. +f you ne&lect this sound advice and tal too much, you will die at the hands of that violent
man.
-=f old, %hieh murdered Nuanlun& 6'an&, and %hou slew 6rince 6ian. Their victims were both men who
cultivated themselves and cared for the &ood of the people, and thus offended their superiors. Therefore,
their superiors &ot rid of them, because of their &oodness. This was the result of their love for fame.
-=f old, Iao attaced the Ts'un&-chih and Ksu'-ao countries, and Ia attaced the Iu-hus. The countries
were laid waste, their inhabitants slau&htered, their rulers illed. Iet they fou&ht without ceasin&, and strove
for material ob$ects to the last. These are instances of strivin& for fame or for material ob$ects. Kave you not
heard that even Sa&es cannot overcome this love of fame and this desire for material ob$ects >in rulers?H
,re you then liely to succeedH But of course you have a plan. Tell it to me.-
-Fravity of demeanor and humilityD persistence and sin&leness of purpose, -- will this doH- replied Ien Kuei.
-,las, no,- said %onfucius, -how can itH The 6rince is a hau&hty person, filled with pride, and his moods are
ficle. Eo one opposes him, and so he has come to tae actual pleasure in tramplin& upon the feelin&s of
others. ,nd if he has thus failed in the practice of routine virtues, do you expect that he will tae readily to
hi&her onesH Ke will persist in his ways, and thou&h outwardly he may a&ree with you, inwardly he will not
repent. Kow then will you mae him mend his waysH-
-@hy, then,- >replied Ien Kuei? -+ can be inwardly strai&ht, and outwardly yieldin&, and + shall substantiate
what + say by appeals to antiquity. Ke who is inwardly strai&ht is a servant of Fod. ,nd he who is a servant
of Fod nows that the Son of Keaven and himself are equally the children of Fod >2(?. Shall then such a
one trouble whether his words are approved or disapproved by manH Such a person is commonly re&arded
as an >innocent? child. This is to be a servant of Fod. Ke who is outwardly yieldin& is a servant of man. Ke
bows, he neels, he folds his hands -- such is the ceremonial of a minister. @hat all men do, shall + not do
alsoH @hat all men do, none will blame me for doin&. This is to be a servant of man. Ke who substantiates
his words by appeals to antiquity is a servant of the Sa&es of old. ,lthou&h + utter the words of warnin& and
tae him to tas, it is the Sa&es of old who spea, and not +. Thus + shall not receive the blame for my
upri&htness. This is to be the servant of the Sa&es of old. @ill this doH-
-EoJ Kow can itH- replied %onfucius. -Iour plans are too many. Iou are firm, but lacin& in prudence.
Kowever, you are only narrow minded, but you will not &et into troubleD but that is all. Iou will still be far
from influencin& him because your own opinions are still too ri&id.-
-Then,- said Ien Kuei, -+ can &o no further. + venture to as for a method.-
%onfucius said, -Neep fast, and + shall tell you. @ill it be easy for you when you still have a narrow mindH
Ke who treats thin&s as easy will not be approved by the bri&ht heaven.-
-;y family is poor,- replied Ien Kuei, -and for many months we have tasted neither wine nor flesh. +s that
not fastin&H-
-That is a fast accordin& to the reli&ious observances,- answered %onfucius, -but not the fastin& of the
heart.-
-,nd may + as,- said Ien Kuei, -in what consists the fastin& of the heartH-
-%oncentrate your will. Kear not with your ears, but with your mindD not with your mind, but with your spirit.
:et your hearin& stop with the ears, and let your mind stop with its ima&es. :et your spirit, however, be lie
a blan, passively responsive to externals. +n such open receptivity only can Tao abide. ,nd that open
receptivity is the fastin& of the heart.-
-Then,- said Ien Kuei, -the reason + could not use this method was because of consciousness of a self. +f +
could apply this method, the assumption of a self would have &one. +s this what you mean by the receptive
stateH-
-Axactly so,- replied the ;aster. -:et me tell you. Anter this man's service, but without idea of worin& for
fame. Tal when he is in a mood to listen, and stop when he is not. 8o without any sort of labels or self-
advertisements. Neep to the =ne and let thin&s tae their natural course. Then you may have some chance
of success. +t is easy to stop walin&' the trouble is to wal without touchin& the &round. ,s an a&ent of
man, it is easy to use artificial devicesD but not as an a&ent of Fod. Iou have heard of win&ed creatures
flyin&. Iou have never heard of flyin& without win&s. Iou have heard of men bein& wise with nowled&e.
Iou have never heard of men wise without nowled&e -:oo at that emptiness. There is bri&htness in an
empty room. Food luc dwells in repose. +f there is not >inner? repose, your mind will be &allopin& about
thou&h you are sittin& still. :et your ears and eyes communicate within but shut out all nowled&e from the
mind. Then the spirits will come to dwell therein, not to mention man. This is the method for the
transformation >influencin&? of all %reation. +t was the ey to the influence of Iu and Shun, and the secret of
the success of #u Ksi and %hi %hu. Kow much more should the common man follow the same ruleH-
OTwo Sections ,re =mitted KereP
, certain carpenter Shih was travelin& to the %h'i State. =n reachin& Shady %ircle, he saw a sacred li tree
in the temple to the Fod of Aarth. +t was so lar&e that its shade could cover a herd of several thousand
cattle. +t was a hundred spans in &irth, towerin& up ei&hty feet over the hilltop, before it branched out. ,
do/en boats could be cut out of it. %rowds stood &a/in& at it, but the carpenter too no notice, and went on
his way without even castin& a loo behind. Kis apprentice however too a &ood loo at it, and when he
cau&ht up with his master, said, -Aver since + have handled an ad/ in your service, + have never seen such
a splendid piece of timber. Kow was it that you, ;aster, did not care to stop and loo at itH-
-#or&et about it. +t's not worth talin& about,- replied his master. -+t's &ood for nothin&. ;ade into a boat, it
would sinD into a coffin, it would rotD into furniture, it would brea easilyD into a door, it would sweatD into a
pillar, it would be worm-eaten. +t is wood of no quality, and of no use. That is why it has attained its present
a&e.-
@hen the carpenter reached home, he dreamt that the spirit of the tree appeared to him in his sleep and
spoe to him as follows' -@hat is it you intend to compare me withH +s it with fine-&rained woodH :oo at the
cherry-apple, the pear, the oran&e, the pumelo, and other fruit bearersH ,s soon as their fruit ripens they
are stripped and treated with indi&nity. The &reat bou&hs are snapped off, the small ones scattered abroad.
Thus do these trees by their own value in$ure their own lives. They cannot fulfill their allotted span of years,
but perish prematurely because they destroy themselves for the >admiration of? the world. Thus it is with all
thin&s. ;oreover, + tried for a lon& period to be useless. ;any times + was in dan&er of bein& cut down, but
at len&th + have succeeded, and so have become exceedin&ly useful to myself. Kad + indeed been of use, +
should not be able to &row to this hei&ht. ;oreover, you and + are both created thin&s. Kave done then with
this criticism of each other. +s a &ood-for-nothin& fellow in imminent dan&er of death a fit person to tal of a
&ood-for-nothin& treeH- @hen the carpenter Shih awaed and told his dream, his apprentice said, -+f the
tree aimed at uselessness, how was it that it became a sacred treeH-
-KushJ- replied his master. -Neep quiet. +t merely too refu&e in the temple to escape from the abuse of
those who do not appreciate it. Kad it not become sacred, how many would have wanted to cut it downJ
;oreover, the means it adopts for safety is different from that of others, and to critici/e it by ordinary
standards would be far wide of the mar.-
Tsech'i of Ean-po was travelin& on the hill of Shan& when he saw a lar&e tree which astonished him very
much. , thousand chariot teams of four horses could find shelter under its shade. -@hat tree is thisH- cried
Tsech'i. -Surely it must be unusually fine timber.- Then looin& up, he saw that its branches were too
crooed for raftersD and looin& down he saw that the trun's twistin& loose &rain made it valueless for
coffins. Ke tasted a leaf, but it too the sin off his lipsD and its odor was so stron& that it would mae a man
intoxicated for three days to&ether. -,hJ- said Tsech'i, -this tree is really &ood for nothin&, and that is how it
has attained this si/e. , spiritual man mi&ht well follow its example of uselessness.-
+n the State of Sun& there is a land belon&in& to the %hin&s, where thrive the catalpa, the cedar, and the
mulberry. Such as are of one span or so in &irth are cut down for money ca&es. Those of two or three
spans are cut down for the beams of fine houses. Those of seven or ei&ht spans are cut down for the solid
>un$ointed? sides of rich men's coffins. Thus they do not fulfill their allotted span of years, but perish youn&
beneath the ax. Such is the misfortune which overtaes worth. #or the sacrifices to the <iver Fod, neither
bulls with white foreheads, nor pi&s with hi&h snouts, nor men sufferin& from piles, can be used. This is
nown to all the soothsayers, for these are re&arded as inauspicious. The wise, however, would re&ard
them as extremely auspicious >to themselves?.
There was a hunchbac named Su. Kis $aws touched his navel. Kis shoulders were hi&her than his head.
Kis nec bone stuc out toward the sy. Kis viscera were turned upside down. Kis buttocs were where his
ribs should have been. By tailorin&, or washin&, he was easily able to earn his livin&. By siftin& rice he could
mae enou&h to support a family of ten. @hen orders came down for a conscription, the hunchbac waled
about unconcerned amon& the crowd. ,nd similarly, in &overnment conscription for public wors, his
deformity saved him from bein& called. =n the other hand, when it came to &overnment donations of &rain
for the disabled, the hunchbac received as much as three chun& and of firewood, ten fa&&ots. ,nd if
physical deformity was thus enou&h to preserve his body until the end of his days, how much more should
moral and mental deformity availJ
@hen %onfucius was in the %h'u State, the eccentric %hieh Iu passed his door, sayin&, -= phoenixJ =
phoenixJ Kow has thy virtue fallenJ @ait not for the comin& years, nor haner bac to the past. @hen the
ri&ht principles prevail on earth, prophets will fulfill their mission. @hen the ri&ht principles prevail not, they
will but preserve themselves. ,t the present day, they are but tryin& to eep out of $ailJ The &ood fortunes of
this world are li&ht as feathers, yet none estimates them at their true value. The misfortunes of this life are
wei&hty as the earth, yet none nows how to eep out of their reach. Eo more, no more, show off your
virtue. Beware, beware, move cautiously onJ = brambles, = brambles, wound not my stepsJ + pic my way
about, hurt not my feetJ- >22?
The mountain trees invite their own cuttin& downD lamp oil invites its own burnin& up. %innamon bar can be
eatenD therefore the tree is cut down. :acquer can be used, therefore the tree is scraped. ,ll men now the
utility of useful thin&sD but they do not now the utility of futility.
3efor!ities6 or .vidence of a Full Character (:;)
+n the state of :u there was a man, named @an& T'ai, who had had one of his le&s cut off. Kis disciples
were as numerous as those of %onfucius. %h'an& %hi ased %onfucius, sayin&, -This @an& T'ai has been
mutilated, yet he has as many followers in the :u State as you. Ke neither stands up to preach nor sits
down to &ive discourseD yet those who &o to him empty, depart full. +s he the ind of person who can teach
without words and influence people's minds without material meansH @hat manner of man is thisH-
-Ke is a sa&e,- replied %onfucius, -+ wanted to &o to him, but am merely behind the others. Aven + will &o
and mae him my teacher, -- why not those who are lesser than +H ,nd + will lead, not only the State of :u,
but the whole world to follow him.-
-The man has been mutilated,- said %h'an& %hi, -and yet people call him ';aster.' Ke must be very different
from the ordinary men. +f so, how does he train his mindH-
-:ife and 8eath are indeed chan&es of &reat moment,- answered %onfucius, -but they cannot affect his
mind. Keaven and earth may collapse, but his mind will remain. Bein& indeed without flaw, it will not share
the fate of all thin&s. +t can control the transformation of thin&s, while preservin& its source intact.-
-Kow soH- ased %h'an& %hi. -#rom the point of view of differentiation of thin&s,- replied %onfucius, -we
distin&uish between the liver and the &all, between the %h'u State and the Iueh State. #rom the point of
view of their sameness, all thin&s are =ne. Ke who re&ards thin&s in this li&ht does not even trouble about
what reaches him throu&h the senses of hearin& and si&ht, but lets his mind wander in the moral harmony
of thin&s. Ke beholds the unity in thin&s, and does not notice the loss of particular ob$ects. ,nd thus the loss
of his le& is to him as would be the loss of so much dirt.-
-But he cultivates only himself,- said %h'an& %hi. -Ke uses his nowled&e to perfect his mind, and develops
his mind into the ,bsolute ;ind. But how is it that people floc around himH-
-, man,- replied %onfucius, -does not see to see himself in runnin& water, but in still water. #or only what
is itself still can instill stillness into others. The &race of earth has reached only the pines and cedarsD winter
and summer alie, they are &reen. The &race of Fod has reached to Iao and to Shun, who alone attained
rectitude. Kappily he was able to rectify himself and thus become the means throu&h which all were
rectified. #or the possession of one's ori&inal >nature? is evidenced in true coura&e.
, man will, sin&le-handed, brave a whole army. ,nd if such a result can be achieved by one in search of
fame throu&h self control, how much &reater coura&e can be shown by one who extends his sway over
heaven and earth and &ives shelter to all thin&s, who, lod&in& temporarily within the confines of a body with
contempt for the superficialities of si&ht and sound, brin&s his nowled&e to level all nowled&e and whose
mind never diesJ Besides, he >@an& T'ai? is only awaitin& his appointed hour to &o up to Keaven. ;en
indeed floc to him of their own accord. Kow can he tae seriously the affairs of this worldH-
Shent'u %hia had only one le&. Ke studied under 6ohun @u$en >;uddle-Kead Eo-Such-6erson-? to&ether
with Tsech'an >2)? of the %hen& State. The latter said to him, -@hen + leave first, do you remain behind.
@hen you leave first, + will remain behind.- Eext day, when they were a&ain to&ether sittin& on the same
mat in the lecture-room, Tsech'an said, -@hen + leave first, do you remain behind. =r if you leave first, + will
remain behind. + am now about to &o. @ill you remain or notH + notice you show no respect to a hi&h
persona&e. 6erhaps you thin yourself my equalH-
-+n the house of the ;aster,- replied Shent'u %hia, -there is already a hi&h persona&e >the ;aster?. 6erhaps
you thin that you are the hi&h persona&e and therefore should tae precedence over the rest. Eow + have
heard that if a mirror is perfectly bri&ht, dust will not collect on it, and that if it does, the mirror is no lon&er
bri&ht. Ke who associates for lon& with the wise should be without fault. Eow you have been seein& the
&reater thin&s at the feet of our ;aster, yet you can utter words lie these. 8on't you thin you are main& a
mistaeH-
-Iou are already mutilated lie this.- retorted Tsech'an, -yet you are still seein& to compete in virtue with
Iao. To loo at you, + should say you had enou&h to do to reflect on your past misdeedsJ-
-Those who cover up their sins,- said Shent'u %hia, -so as not to lose their le&s, are many in number. Those
who for&et to cover up their misdemeanors and so lose their le&s >throu&h punishment? are few. But only
the virtuous man can reco&ni/e the inevitable and remain unmoved. 6eople who waled in front of the
bull's-eye when Kou Ii >the famous archer? was shootin&, would be hit. Some who were not hit were $ust
lucy. There are many people with sound le&s who lau&h at me for not havin& them. This used to mae me
an&ry. But since + came to study under our ;aster, + have stopped worryin& about it. 6erhaps our ;aster
has so far succeeded in washin& >purifyin&? me with his &oodness. ,t any rate, + have been with him
nineteen years without bein& aware of my deformity. Eow you and + are roamin& in the realm of the spiritual,
and you are $ud&in& me in the realm of the physical. >23? ,re you not committin& a mistaeH- ,t this
Tsech'an be&an to fid&et and his countenance chan&ed, and he bade Shent'u %hia to spea no more.
There was a man of the :u State who had been mutilated, by the name of Shushan Eo-toes. Ke came
walin& on his heels to see %onfuciusD but %onfucius said, -Iou were careless, and so brou&ht this
misfortune upon yourself. @hat is the use of comin& to me nowH- -+t was because + was inexperienced and
careless with my body that + hurt my feet,- replied Eo-toes. -Eow + have come with somethin& more
precious than feet, and it is that which + am seein& to preserve. There is no man, but Keaven shelters himD
and there is no man, but the Aarth supports him. + thou&ht that you, ;aster, would be lie Keaven and
Aarth. + little expected to hear these words from you.-
-6ardon my stupidity,- said %onfucius. -@hy not come inH + shall discuss with you what + have learned.- But
Eo-toes left. @hen Eo-toes had left, %onfucius said to his disciples, -Tae a &ood lesson. Eo-toes is one-
le&&ed, yet he is seein& to learn in order to mae atonement for his previous misdeeds. Kow much more
should those who have no misdeeds for which to atoneH-
Eo-toes went off to see :ao Tan >:aotse? and said, -+s %onfucius a 6erfect =ne or is he not quiteH Kow is it
that he is so anxious to learn from youH Ke is seein& to earn a reputation by his abstruse and stran&e
learnin&, which is re&arded by the 6erfect =ne as mere fetters.-
-@hy do you not mae him re&ard life and death, and possibility and impossibility as alternations of one and
the same principle,- answered :ao Tan, -and so release him from these fettersH-
-+t is Fod who has thus punished him,- replied Eo-toes. -Kow could he be releasedH-
8ue ,i of the :u State said to %onfucius, -+n the @ei State there is an u&ly person, named ,it'ai >7&ly? T'o.
The men who have lived with him cannot stop thinin& about him. @omen who have seen him, would say to
their parents, '<ather than be another man's wife, + would be this man's concubine.' There are scores of
such women. Ke never tries to lead others, but only follows them. Ke wields no power of a ruler by which he
may protect men's lives. Ke has no hoarded wealth by which to &ratify their bellies, and is besides fri&htfully
loathsome. Ke follows but does not lead, and his name is not nown outside his own State. Iet men and
women alie all see his company. So there must be some thin& in him that is different from other people. +
sent for him, and saw that he was indeed fri&htfully u&ly. Iet we had not been many months to&ether before
+ be&an to see there was somethin& in this man. , year had not passed before + be&an to trust him. ,s my
State wanted a 6rime ;inister, + offered him the post. Ke looed sullenly before he replied and appeared as
if he would much rather have declined. 6erhaps he did not thin me &ood enou&h for himJ ,t any rate, +
&ave the post to himD but in a very short time he left me and went away. + &rieved for him as for a lost friend,
as thou&h there were none left with whom + could en$oy havin& my in&dom. @hat manner of man is thisH-
-@hen + was on a mission to the %h'u State,- replied %onfucius, -+ saw a litter of youn& pi&s sucin& their
dead mother. ,fter a while they looed at her, and then all left the body and went off. #or their mother did
not loo at them any more, nor did she seem any more to have been of their ind. @hat they loved was
their motherD not the body which contained her, but that which made the body what it was. @hen a man is
illed in battle, his coffin is not covered with a square canopy. , man whose le& has been cut off does not
value a present of shoes. +n each case, the ori&inal purpose of such thin&s is &one. The concubines of the
Son of Keaven do not cut their nails or pierce their ears. Those >servants? who are married have to live
outside >the palace? and cannot be employed a&ain. Such is the importance attached to preservin& the
body whole. Kow much more valued is one who has preserved his virtue wholeH -Eow 7&ly T'o has said
nothin& and is already trusted. Ke has achieved nothin& and is sou&ht after, and is offered the &overnment
of a country with the only fear that he mi&ht decline. +ndeed he must be the one whose talents are perfect
and whose virtue is without outward formJ-
@hat do you mean by his talents bein& perfectH- ased the 8ue. :ife and 8eath, ' replied %onfucius,
-possession and loss, success and failure, poverty and wealth, virtue and vice, &ood and evil report hun&er
and thirst, heat and cold -- these are chan&es of thin&s in the natural course of events. 8ay and ni&ht they
follow upon one another, and no man can say where they sprin& from. Therefore they must not be allowed
to disturb the natural harmony, nor enter into the soul's domain. =ne should live so that one is at ease and
in harmony with the world, without loss of happiness, and by day and by ni&ht, share the >peace of? sprin&
with the created thin&s. Thus continuously one creates the seasons in one's own breast. Such a person
may be said to have perfect talents.-
-,nd what is virtue without outward formH-
-@hen standin& still,- said %onfucius, -the water is in the most perfect state of repose. :et that be your
model. +t remains quietly within, and is not a&itated without. +t is from the cultivation of such harmony that
virtue results. ,nd if virtue taes no outward form, man will not be able to eep aloof from it.-
Some days afterwards 8ue ,i told ;intse sayin&, -@hen first + too over the reins of &overnment, + thou&ht
that in &uidin& the people and carin& for their lives, + had done all my duty as a ruler. But now that + have
heard the words of a perfect man, + fear that + have not achieved it, but am foolishly squanderin& my bodily
ener&y and brin&in& ruin to my country. %onfucius and + are not prince and minister, but friends in spirit.'
Kunchbac-8eformed-Eo-:ips spoe with 8ue :in& of @ei and the 8ue too a fancy to him. ,s for the
well- formed men, he thou&ht their necs were too scra&&y. Bi&-Rar-Foiter spoe with 8ue Kuan of %h'i,
and the 8ue too a fancy to him. ,s for the well-formed men, he thou&ht their necs were too scra&&y.
Thus it is that when virtue excels, the outward form is for&otten. But manind for&ets not that which is to be
for&otten, for&ettin& that which is not to be for&otten. This is for&etfulness indeedJ
,nd thus the Sa&e sets his spirit free, while nowled&e is re&arded as extraneous &rowths - a&reements are
for cementin& relationships, &oods are only for social dealin&s, and the handicrafts are only for servin&
commerce. #or the Sa&e does not contrive, and therefore has no use for nowled&eD he does not cut up the
world, and therefore requires no cementin& of relationshipsD he has no loss, and therefore has no need to
acquireD he sells nothin&, and therefore has no use for commerce. These four qualifications are bestowed
upon him by Fod, that is to say, he is fed by Fod. ,nd he who is thus fed by Fod has little need to be fed
by man.
Ke wears the human form without human passions. Because he wears the human form he associates with
men. Because he has not human passions the questions of ri&ht and wron& do not touch him. +nfinitesimal
indeed is that which belon&s to the humanD infinitely &reat is that which is completed in Fod.
Kueitse said to %huan&tse, -8o men indeed ori&inally have no passionsH-
-%ertainly,- replied %huan&tse.
-But if a man has no passions,- ar&ued Kueitse, -what is it that maes him a manH-
-Tao,- replied %huan&tse, -&ives him his expressions, and Fod &ives him his form. Kow should he not be a
manH-
-+f then he is a man,- said Kueitse, -how can he be without passionsH-
-<i&ht and wron& >approval and disapproval?,- answered %huan&tse, -are what + mean by passions. By a
man without passions + mean one who does not permit lies and dislies to disturb his internal economy,
but rather falls in line with nature and does not try to improve upon >the materials of? livin&.-
-But how is a man to live this bodily life,- ased Kueitse.
-Ke does not try to improve upon >the materials of? his livin&H-
-Tao &ives him his expression,- said %huan&tse, -and Fod &ives him his form. Ke should not permit lies
and dislies to disturb his internal economy. But now you are devotin& your intelli&ence to externals, and
wearin& out your vital spirit. :ean a&ainst a tree and sin&D or sit a&ainst a table and sleepJ Fod has made
you a shapely si&ht, yet your only thou&ht is the hard and white.- >2B?
The %reat +upre!e
Ke who nows what is of Fod and who nows what is of ;an has reached indeed the hei&ht >of wisdom?.
=ne who nows what is of Fod patterns his livin& after Fod. =ne who nows what is of ;an may still use
his nowled&e of the nown to develop his nowled&e of the unnown, livin& till the end of his days and not
perishin& youn&. This is the fullness of nowled&e. Kerein, however, there is a flaw. %orrect nowled&e is
dependent on ob$ects, but the ob$ects of nowled&e are relative and uncertain >chan&in&?. Kow can one
now that the natural is not really of man, and what is of man is not really naturalH @e must, moreover,
have true men before we can have true nowled&e.
But what is a true manH The true men of old did not override the wea, did not attain their ends by brute
stren&th, and did not &ather around them counsellors. Thus, failin& they had no cause for re&retD
succeedin&, no cause for self-satisfaction. ,nd thus they could scale hei&hts without tremblin&, enter water
without becomin& wet, and &o throu&h fire without feelin& hot. That is the ind of nowled&e which reaches
to the depths of Tao.
The true men of old slept without dreams and waed up without worries. They ate with indifference to
flavour, and drew deep breaths. #or true men draw breath from their heels, the vul&ar only from their
throats. =ut of the crooed, words are retched up lie vomit. @hen man's attachments are deep, their divine
endowments are shallow.
The true men of old did not now what it was to love life or to hate death. They did not re$oice in birth, nor
strive to put off dissolution. 7nconcerned they came and unconcerned they went. That was all. They did not
for&et whence it was they had sprun&, neither did they see to inquire their return thither. %heerfully they
accepted life, waitin& patiently for their restoration >the end?. This is what is called not to lead the heart
astray from Tao, and not to supplement the natural by human means. Such a one may be called a true
man. Such men are free in mind and calm in demeanor, with hi&h fore heads. Sometimes disconsolate lie
autumn, and sometimes warm lie sprin&, their $oys and sorrows are in direct touch with the four seasons in
harmony with all creation, and none now the limit thereof. ,nd so it is that when the Sa&e wa&es war, he
can destroy a in&dom and yet not lose the affection of the peopleD he spreads blessin& upon all thin&s, but
it is not due to his >conscious? love of fellow men. Therefore he who deli&hts in understandin& the material
world is not a Sa&e. Ke who has personal attachments is not humane. Ke who calculates the time of his
actions is not wise. Ke who does not now the interaction of benefit and harm is not a superior man. Ke
who pursues fame at the ris of losin& his self is not a scholar. Ke who loses his life and is not true to
himself can never be a master of man. Thus Ku 6uhsieh, @u Nuan&, 6o Ii, Shu %hi, %hi Tse, Ksu Iu, %hi
T'o, and Shent'u Ti, were the servants of rulers, and did the behests of others, not their own. >2C?
The true men of old appeared of towerin& stature and yet could not topple down. They behaved as thou&h
wantin& in themselves, but without looin& up to others. Eaturally independent of mind, they were not
severe. :ivin& in unconstrained freedom, yet they did not try to show off. They appeared to smile as if
pleased, and to move only in natural response to surroundin&s. Their serenity flowed from the store of
&oodness within. +n social relationships, they ept to their inner character. Broad-minded, they appeared
&reatD towerin&, they seemed beyond control. %ontinuously abidin&, they seemed lie doors ept shutD
absent-minded, they seemed to for&et speech. They saw in penal laws an outward formD in social
ceremonies, certain meansD in nowled&e, tools of expediencyD in morality, a &uide. +t was for this reason
that for them penal laws meant a merciful administrationD social ceremonies, a means to &et alon& with the
worldD nowled&e a help for doin& what they could not avoidD and morality, a &uide that they mi&ht wal
alon& with others to reach a hill. >20? ,nd all men really thou&ht that they were at pains to mae their lives
correct.
#or what they cared for was =EA, and what they did not care for was =EA also. That which they re&arded
as =EA was =EA, and that which they did not re&ard as =EA was =EA liewise. +n that which was =EA,
they were of FodD in that which was not =EA, they were of man. ,nd so between the human and the divine
no conflict ensued. This was to be a true man.
:ife and 8eath are a part of 8estiny. Their sequence, lie day and ni&ht, is of Fod, beyond the interference
of man. These all lie in the inevitable nature of thin&s. Ke simply loos upon Fod as his fatherD if he loves
him with what is born of the body, shall he not love him also with that which is &reater than the bodyH , man
loos upon a ruler of men as one superior to himselfD if he is willin& to sacrifice his body >for his ruler?, shall
he not then offer his pure >spirit? alsoH
@hen the pond dries up and the fishes are left upon the dry &round, rather than leave them to moisten each
other with their damp and spittle it would be far better to let them for&et themselves in their native rivers -
and laes. ,nd it would be better than praisin& Iao and blamin& %hieh to for&et both >the &ood and bad?
and lose oneself in Tao.
The Freat >universe? &ives me this form, this toil in manhood, this repose in old a&e, this rest in death. ,nd
surely that which is such a ind arbiter of my life is the best arbiter of my death.
, boat may be hidden in a cree, or concealed in a bo&, which is &enerally considered safe. But at midni&ht
a stron& man may come and carry it away on his bac. Those dull of understandin& do not perceive that
however you conceal small thin&s in lar&er ones, there will always be a chance of losin& them. But if you
entrust that which belon&s to the universe to the whole universe, from it there will be no escape. #or this is
the &reat law of thin&s.
To have been cast in this human form is to us already a source of $oy. Kow much &reater $oy beyond our
conception to now that that which is now in human form may under&o countless transitions, with only the
infinite to loo forward toH Therefore it is that the Sa&e re$oices in that which can never be lost, but endures
always. #or if we emulate those who can accept &raciously lon& a&e or short life and the vicissitudes of
events, how much more that which informs all creation on which all chan&in& phenomena dependH
#or Tao has its inner reality and its evidences. +t is devoid of action and of form. +t may be transmitted, but
cannot be receivedD +t may be obtained, but cannot be seen. +t is based in itself, rooted in itself. Before
heaven and earth were, Tao existed by itself from all time. +t &ave the spirits and rulers their spiritual
powers, and &ave Keaven and Aarth their birth. To Tao, the /enith is not hi&h, nor the nadir lowD no point in
time is lon& a&o, nor by the lapse of a&es has it &rown old.
Ksi @ei obtained Tao, and so set the universe in order. #u Ksi >2.? obtained it, and was able to steal the
secrets of eternal principles. The Freat Bear obtained it, and has never erred from its course. The sun and
moon obtained it, and have never ceased to revolve. N'an 6'i >14? obtained it, and made his abode in the
N'unlun mountains. 6'in& + >1(? obtained it, and rules over the streams. %hien @u >12? obtained it, and
dwells on ;ount T'ai. The Iellow Amperor >11? obtained it, and soared upon the clouds to heaven. %huan
Ksu >1)? obtained it, and dwells in the 8ar 6alace. Iu %h'ian& >13? obtained it, and established himself at
the Eorth 6ole. The @estern >#airy? *ueen ;other obtained it, and settled at Shao Nuan&, since when and
until when, no one nows. 6'en& Tsu obtained it, and lived from the time of Shun until the time of the #ive
6rinces. #u Iueh obtained it, and as the ;inister of @u Tin& >1B? extended his rule to the whole empire.
,nd now, charioted upon the Tun&wei >one constellation? and drawn by the %hiwei >another constellation?,
he has taen his station amon& the stars of heaven.
Eanpo Tse'uei said to Eu' Iu >or #emale Iu?, -Iou are of a hi&h a&e, and yet you have a child's
complexion. Kow is thisH- Eu' Iu replied, -+ have learned Tao.-
-%ould + &et Tao by studyin& itH- ased the other. -EoJ Kow can youH- said Eu' Iu. -Iou are not the type of
person. There was 6ulian& +. Ke had all the mental talents of a sa&e, but not Tao of the sa&e. Eow + had
Tao, thou&h not those talents. But do you thin + was able to teach him to become indeed a sa&eH Kad it
been so, then to teach Tao to one who has a sa&e's talents would be an easy matter. +t was not so, for + had
to wait patiently to reveal it to him. +n three days, he could transcend this mundane world. ,&ain + waited for
seven days more, then he could transcend all material existence. ,fter he could transcend all material
existence, + waited for another nine days, after which he could transcend all life. ,fter he could transcend all
life, then he had the clear vision of the mornin&, and after that, was able to see the Solitary >=ne?. ,fter
seein& the Solitary, he could abolish the distinctions of past and present. ,fter abolishin& the past and
present, he was able to enter there where life and death are no more, where illin& does not tae away life,
nor does &ivin& birth add to it. Ke was ever in accord with the exi&encies of his environment, acceptin& all
and welcomin& all, re&ardin& everythin& as destroyed, and everythin& as in completion. This is to be 'secure
amidst confusion,' reachin& security throu&h chaos.-
-@here did you learn this fromH- ased Eanpo Tse'uei. -+ learned it from the Son of +n,- replied Eu Iu,
-and the Son of +n learned it from the Frandson of :earnin&, the Frandson of :earnin& from
7nderstandin&, and 7nderstandin& from +nsi&ht, +nsi&ht learned it from 6ractice, 6ractice from #ol Son&,
and #ol Son& from Silence, Silence from the Loid, and the Loid learned it from the Seemin& Be&innin&.-
#our men' Tses/e, Tseyu, Tseli, and Tselai, were conversin& to&ether, sayin&, -@hoever can mae Eot-
bein& the head, :ife the bacbone, and 8eath the tail, and whoever reali/es that death and life and bein&
and non-bein& are of one body, that man shall be admitted to friendship with us.- The four looed at each
other and smiled, and completely understandin& one another, became friends accordin&ly. By-and-by,
Tseyu fell ill, and Tses/e went to see him. -Lerily the %reator is &reatJ- said the sic man. -See how Ke has
doubled me up.- Kis bac was so hunched that his viscera were at the top of his body. Kis chees were
level with his navel, and his shoulders were hi&her than his nec. Kis nec bone pointed up towards the
sy. The whole economy of his or&anism was deran&ed, but his mind was calm as ever. Ke dra&&ed
himself to a well, and said, -,las, that Fod should have doubled me up lie thisJ-
-8o you dislie itH- ased Tses/e. - Eo, why should lH- replied Tseyu. -+f my left arm should become a coc,
+ should be able to herald the dawn with it. +f my ri&ht arm should become a slin&, + should be able to shoot
down a bird to broil with it. +f my buttocs should become wheels, and my spirit become a horse, + should be
able to ride in it -- what need would + have of a chariotH + obtained life because it was my time, and + am
now partin& with it in accordance with Tao. %ontent with the comin& of thin&s in their time and livin& in
accord with Tao, $oy and sorrow touch me not. This is, accordin& to the ancients, to be freed from bonda&e.
Those who cannot be freed from bonda&e are so because they are bound by the trammels of material
existence. But man has ever &iven way before FodD why, then, should + dislie itH-
By-and-by, Tselai fell ill, and lay &aspin& for breath, while his family stood weepin& around. Tseli went to
see him, and cried to the wife and children' -Fo awayJ Iou are impedin& his dissolution.- Then, leanin&
a&ainst the door, he said, -Lerily, Fod is &reatJ + wonder what Ke will mae of you now, and whither Ke will
send you. 8o you thin he will mae you into a rat's liver or into an insect le&H-
-, son,- answered Tselai, -must &o whithersoever his parents bid him, Aast, @est, Eorth, or South. Iin and
Ian& are no other than a man's parents. +f Iin and Ian& bid me die quicly, and + demur, then the fault is
mine, not theirs. The Freat >universe? &ives me this form, this toil in manhood, this repose in old a&e, this
rest in death. Surely that which is such a ind arbiter of my life is the best arbiter of my death.
-Suppose that the boilin& metal in a smeltin&-pot were to bubble up and say, ';ae of me a ;oyehJ' >1C?
thin the master caster would re$ect that metal as uncanny. ,nd if simply because + am cast into a human
form, + were to say, '=nly a manJ only a manJ' + thin the %reator too would re$ect me as uncanny. +f + re&ard
the universe as the smeltin& pot, and the %reator as the ;aster %aster, how should + worry wherever + am
sentH- Then he san into a peaceful sleep and waed up very much alive.
Tsesan& Ku, ;en&tse #an, and Tsech'in %han&, were conversin& to&ether, sayin&, -@ho can live to&ether
as if they did not live to&etherH @ho can help each other as if they did not help each otherH @ho can mount
to heaven, and roamin& throu&h the clouds, leap about to the 7ltimate +nfinite, oblivious of existence, for
ever and ever without endH- The three looed at each other and smiled with a perfect understandin& and
became friends accordin&ly. Shortly afterwards, Tsesan& Ku died, whereupon %onfucius sent Tseun& to
attend the mournin&. But Tseun& found that one of his friends was arran&in& the cocoon sheets and the
other was playin& strin&ed instruments and >both were? sin&in& to&ether as follows'
-=hJ come bac to us, San& Ku,
=hJ come bac to us, San& Ku,
Thou hast already returned to thy true state,
@hile we still remain here as menJ =hJ-
Tseun& hurried in and said, -Kow can you sin& in the presence of a corpseH +s this &ood mannersH-
The two men looed at each other and lau&hed, sayin&, -@hat should this man now about the meanin& of
&ood manners indeedH-
Tseun& went bac and told %onfucius, asin& him, -@hat manner of men are theseH Their ob$ect is to
cultivate nothin&ness and that which lies beyond their corporeal frames. They can sit near a corpse and
sin&, unmoved. There is no name for such persons. @hat manner of men are theyH-
-These men,'' replied %onfucius, -play about beyond the material thin&sD + play about within them.
%onsequently, our paths do not meet, and + was stupid to have sent you to mourn. They consider
themselves as companions of the %reator, and play about within the =ne Spirit of the universe. They loo
upon life as a hu&e &oiter or excrescence, and upon death as the breain& of a tumor. Kow could such
people be concerned about the comin& of life and death or their sequenceH They borrow their forms from
the different elements, and tae temporary abode in the common forms, unconscious of their internal
or&ans and oblivious of their senses of hearin& and vision. They &o throu&h life bacwards and forwards as
in a circle without be&innin& or end, strollin& for&etfully beyond the dust and dirt of mortality, and playin&
about with the affairs of inaction. Kow should such men bustle about the conventionalities of this world, for
the people to loo atH-
-But if such is the case,- said Tseun&, -which world >the corporeal or the spiritual? would you followH-
-+ am one condemned by Fod,- replied %onfucius. -Eevertheless, + will share with you >what + now?.-
-;ay + as what is your methodH- ased Tseun& -#ishes live their full life in water. ;en live their full life in
Tao,- replied %onfucius. -Those that live their full li9 in water thrive in ponds. Those that live their full life in
Tao achieve reali/ation of their nature in inaction. Kence the sayin& '#ish lose themselves >are happy? in
waterD man loses himself >is happy? in Tao.' - -;ay + as,- said Tseun&, -about >those? stran&e peopleH-
->Those? stran&e people,- replied %onfucius, -are stran&e in the eyes of man, but normal in the eyes of Fod.
Kence the sayin& that the meanest thin& in heaven would be the best on earthD and the best on earth, the
meanest in heaven.
Ien Kuei said to %hun&ni >10? >%onfucius?, -@hen ;en&sun Ts'ai's mother died, he wept, but without
snivellin&D his heart was not &rievedD he wore mournin& but without sorrow. Iet althou&h wantin& in these
three points, he is considered the best mourner in the State of :u. %an there be really people with a hollow
reputationH + am astonished.-
-;r. ;en&sun,- said %hun&ni, -has really mastered >the Tao?. Ke has &one beyond the wise ones. There
are still certain thin&s he cannot quite &ive up, but he has already &iven up some thin&s. ;r. ;en&sun
nows not whence we come in life nor whither we &o in death. Ke nows not which to put first and which to
put last. Ke is ready to be transformed into other thin&s without carin& into what he may be transformed --
that is all. Kow could that which is chan&in& say that it will not chan&e, and how could that which re&ards
itself as permanent reali/e that it is chan&in& alreadyH Aven you and + are perhaps dreamers who have not
yet awaened. ;oreover, he nows his form is sub$ect to chan&e, but his mind remains the same. Ke
believes not in real death, but re&ards it as movin& into a new house. Ke weeps only when he sees others
weep, as it comes to him naturally.
-Besides, we all tal of 'me.' Kow do you now what is this 'me' that we spea ofH Iou dream you are a bird,
and soar to heaven, or dream you are a fish, and dive into the ocean's depths. ,nd you cannot tell whether
the man now speain& is awae or in a dream. -, man feels a pleasurable sensation before he smiles, and
smiles before he thins how he ou&ht to smile. <esi&n yourself to the sequence of thin&s, for&ettin& the
chan&es of life, and you shall enter into the pure, the divine, the =ne.-
Ii-erh-tse went to see Ksu Iu. The latter ased him, sayin&, -@hat have you learned from IaoH-
-Ke bade me,- replied the former, -practice charity and do my duty, and distin&uish clearly between ri&ht
and wron&.-
-Then what do you want hereH- said Ksu Iu. -+f Iao has already branded you with charity of heart and duty,
and cut off your nose with ri&ht and wron&, what are you doin& here in this free-and-easy, unfettered, tae-
what- comes nei&hborhoodH-
-Eevertheless,- replied Ii-erh-tse. -+ should lie to loiter on its confines.-
-+f a man has lost his eyes,- retorted Ksu Iu, -it is impossible for him to $oin in the appreciation of beauty of
face and complexion or to tell a blue sacrificial robe from a yellow one.-
-@u %huan&'s >Eo-8ecorum's? disre&ard of her beauty,- answered Ii-erh-tse, -%hu :ian&'s disre&ard of his
stren&th, the Iellow Amperor's abandonment of his wisdom, --all these came from a process of pur&in& and
purification. ,nd how do you now but that the %reator would rid me of my brandin&s, and &ive me a new
nose, and mae me fit to become a disciple of yourselfH-
-,hJ- replied Ksu Iu, -that cannot be nown. But + will &ive you an outline. ,hJ my ;aster, my ;asterJ Ke
trims down all created thin&s, and does not account it $ustice. Ke causes all created thin&s to thrive and
does not account it indness. 8atin& bac further than the remotest antiquity, Ke does not account himself
old. %overin& heaven, supportin& earth, and fashionin& the various forms of thin&s, Ke does not account
himself silled. +t is Kim you should see.-
Ien Kuei spoe to %hun&ni >%onfucius?, -+ am &ettin& on.-
-Kow soH- ased the latter.
-+ have &ot rid of charity and duty,- replied the former.
-Lery &ood,- replied %hun&ni, -but not quite perfect.-
,nother day, Ien Kuei met %hun&ni and said, -+ am &ettin& on.
-Kow soH-
-+ have &ot rid of ceremonies and music,- answered Ien Kuei.
-Lery &ood,- said %hun&ni, -but not quite perfect.-
,nother day, Ien Kuei a&ain met %hun&ni and said, -+ am &ettin& on.
-Kow soH-
-+ can for&et myself while sittin&,- replied Ien Kuei.
-@hat do you mean by thatH- said %hun&ni, chan&in& his countenance.
-+ have freed myself from my body,- answered Ien Kuei. + have discarded my reasonin& powers. ,nd by
thus &ettin& rid of my body and mind, + have become =ne with the +nfinite. This is what + mean by for&ettin&
myself while sittin&.-
-+f you have become =ne,- said %hun&ni, -there can be no room for bias. +f you have lost yourself, there
can be no more hindrance. 6erhaps you are really a wise one. + trust to be allowed to follow in your steps.
Tseyu and Tsesan& were friends. =nce when it had rained for ten days, Tseyu said, -Tsesan& is probably
ill.- So he paced up some food and went to see him. ,rrivin& at the door, he heard somethin& between
sin&in& and weepin&, accompanied with the sound of a strin&ed instrument, as follows' -= #atherJ =
motherJ +s this due to FodH +s this due to manH- +t was as if his voice was broen and his words faltered
@hereupon Tseyu went in and ased, -@hy are you sin&in& in such mannerH-
-+ was tryin& to thin who could have brou&ht me to this extreme,- replied Tsesan&, -but + could not &uess it.
;y father and mother would hardly wish me to be poor. Keaven covers all equally Aarth supports all
equally. Kow can they mae me in particular so poorH + was seein& to find out who was responsible for
this, but without success. Surely then + am brou&ht to this extreme by 8estiny.-
8oined Toes
Roined toes and extra fin&ers seem to come from nature, yet, functionally speain& they are superfluous.
Foiters and tumors seem to come from the body, yet in their nature, they are superfluous. ,nd >similarly?, to
have many extraneous doctrines of charity and duty and re&ard them in practice as parts of a man's natural
sentiments is not the true way of Tao. #or $ust as $oined toes are but useless lumps of flesh, and extra
fin&ers but useless &rowths, so are the many artificial developments of the natural sentiments of men and
the extrava&ances of charitable and dutiful conduct but so many superfluous uses of intelli&ence. 6eople
with superfluous eenness of vision put into confusion the five colors, lose themselves in the forms and
desi&ns, and in the distinctions of &reens and yellows for sacrificial robcs. +s this not soH =f such was :i
%hu >the clear-si&hted?. 6eople with superfluous eenness of hearin& put into confusion the five notes,
exa&&erate the tonic differences of the six pitch-pipes, and the various timbres of metal, stone, sil, and
bamboo of the Kuan&-chun&, and the Ta-lu. >1.? +s this not soH =f such was Shih N'uan& >the music
master?. 6eople who abnormally develop charity exalt virtue and suppress nature in order to &ain a
reputation, mae the world noisy with their discussions and cause it to follow impractical doctrines. +s this
not soH =f such were Tsen& and Shih. >)4? 6eople who commit excess in ar&uments, lie pilin& up brics
and main& nots, analy/in& and inquirin& into the distinctions of hard and white, identities and differences,
wear themselves out over mere vain, useless terms. +s this not soH =f such were Ian& and ;o >)(?. ,ll
these are superfluous and devious &rowths of nowled&e and are not the correct &uide for the world. Ke
who would be the ultimate &uide never loses si&ht of the inner nature of life. Therefore with him, the united
is not lie $oined toes, the separated is not lie extra fin&ers, what is lon& is not considered as excess, and
what is short is not re&arded as wantin&. #or duc's le&s, thou&h short, cannot be len&thened without
dismay to the duc, and a crane's le&s, thou&h lon&, cannot be shortened without misery to the crane. That
which is lon& in nature must not be cut off, and that which is short in nature must not be len&thened. Thus
will all sorrow be avoided. + suppose charity and duty are surely not included in human nature. Iou see how
many worries and dismays the charitable man hasJ Besides, divide your $oined toes and you will howl' bite
off your extra fin&er and you will scream. +n the one case, there is too much, and in the other too littleD but
the worries and dismays are the same. Eow the charitable men of the present a&e &o about with a loo of
concern sorrowin& over the ills of the a&e, while the non-charitable let loose the desire of their nature in
their &reed after position and wealth. Therefore + Suppose charity and duty are not included in human
nature. Iet from the time of the Three 8ynasties downwards what a commotion has been raised about
themJ ;oreover, those who rely upon the arc, the line, compasses, and the square to mae correct forms
in$ure the natural constitution of thin&s Those who use cords to bind and &lue to piece to&ether interfere
with the natural character of thin&s. Those who see to satisfy the mind of man by hamperin& it with
ceremonies and music and affectin& charity and devotion have lost their ori&inal nature. There is an ori&inal
nature in thin&s. Thin&s in their ori&inal nature are curved without the help of arcs, strai&ht without lines,
round without compasses, and rectan&ular without squaresD they are $oined to&ether without &lue. and hold
to&ether without cords. +n this manner all thin&s live and &row from an inner ur&e and none can tell how
they come to do so. They all have a place in the scheme of thin&s and none can tell how they come to have
their proper place. #rom time immemorial this has always been so, and it may not be tampered with. @hy
then should the doctrines of charity and duty continue to remain lie so much &lue or cords, in the domain of
Tao and virtue, to &ive rise to confusion and doubt amon& manindH Eow the lesser doubts chan&e man's
purpose, and the &reater doubts chan&e man's nature. Kow do we now thisH Aver since the time when
Shun made a bid for charity and duty and threw the world into confusion, men have run about and
exhausted themselves in the pursuit thereof. +s it not then charity and duty which have chan&ed the nature
of manH Therefore + have tried to show >)2? that from the time of the Three 8ynasties onwards, there is not
one who has not chan&ed his nature throu&h certain external thin&s. +f a common man, he will die for &ain.
+f a scholar, he will die for fame. +f a ruler of a township, he will die for his ancestral honors. +f a Sa&e, he will
die for the world. The pursuits and ambitions of these men differ, but the in$ury to their nature resultin& in
the sacrifice of their lives is the same. Tsan& and Nu were shepherds, and both lost their sheep. =n inquiry
it appeared that Tsan& had been en&a&ed in readin& with a shepherd's stic under his arm, while Nu had
&one to tae part in some trials of stren&th. Their pursuits were different, but the result in each case was the
loss of the sheep. 6o Ii died for fame at the foot of ;ount Shouyan&. >)1? <obber %heh died for &ain on the
;ount Tun&lin&. They died for different reasons, but the in$ury to their lives and nature was in each case the
same. @hy then must we applaud the former and blame the latterH ,ll men die for somethin&, and yet if a
man dies for charity and duty the world calls him a &entlemanD but if he dies for &ain, the world calls him a
low fellow. The dyin& bein& the same, one is nevertheless called a &entleman and the other called a low
character. But in point of in$ury to their lives and nature, <obber %heh was $ust another 6o Ii. =f what use
then is the distinction of '&entleman' and 'low fellow' between themH Besides, were a man to apply himself
to charity and duty until he were the equal of Tsen& or Shih, + would not call it &ood. =r to savors, until he
were the equal of Shu Arh >famous coo?, + would not call it &ood. =r to sound, until he were the equal of
Shih N'uan&, + would not call it &ood. =r to colors, until he were the equal of :i %hu, + would not call it &ood.
@hat + call &ood is not what is meant by charity and duty, but tain& &ood care of virtue. ,nd what + call
&ood is not the so-called charity and duty, but followin& the nature of life. @hat + call &ood at hearin& is not
hearin& others but hearin& oneself. @hat + call &ood at vision is not seein& others but seein& oneself. #or a
man who sees not himself but others, or taes possession not of himself but of others, possessin& only
what others possess and possessin& not his own self, does what pleases others instead of pleasin& his own
nature. Eow one who pleases others, instead of pleasin& one's own nature, whether he be <obber %heh or
6o Ii, is $ust another one &one astray. %onscious of my own deficiencies in re&ard to Tao, + do not venture
to practise the principles of charity and duty on the one hand, nor to lead the life of extrava&ance on the
other.
,orses4 ,ooves
Korses have hooves to carry them over frost and snow, and hair to protect them from wind and cold. They
eat &rass and drin water, and flin& up their tails and &allop. Such is the real nature of horses. %eremonial
halls and bi& dwellin&s are of no use to them. =ne day 6olo >famous horse-trainer?, >))? appeared, sayin&,
-+ am &ood at mana&in& horses.- So he burned their hair and clipped them, and pared their hooves and
branded them. Ke put halters around their necs and shacles around their le&s and numbered them
accordin& to their stables. The result was that two or three in every ten died. Then he ept them hun&ry and
thirsty, trottin& them and &allopin& them, and tau&ht them to run in formations, with the misery of the
tasselled bridle in front and the fear of the notted whip behind, until more than half of them died. The potter
says, -+ am &ood at mana&in& clay. +f + want it round, + use compassesD if rectan&ular, a square.- The
carpenter says, -+ am &ood at mana&in& wood. +f + want it curved, + use an arcD if strai&ht, a line.- But on
what &rounds can we thin that the nature of clay and wood desires this application of compasses and
square, and arc and lineH Eevertheless, every a&e extols 6olo for his sill in trainin& horses, and potters
and carpenters for their sill with clay and wood. Those who mana&e >&overn? the affairs of the empire
mae the same mistae. + thin one who nows how to &overn the empire should not do so. #or the people
have certain natural instincts -- to weave and clothe themselves, to till the fields and feed themselves. This
is their common character, in which all share. Such instincts may be called -Keaven born.- So in the days of
perfect nature, men were quiet in their movements and serene in their loos. ,t that time, there were no
paths over mountains, no boats or brid&es over waters. ,ll thin&s were produced each in its natural district.
Birds and beasts multipliedD trees and shrubs thrived. Thus it was that birds and beasts could be led by the
hand, and one could climb up and peep into the ma&pie's nest. #or in the days of perfect nature, man lived
to&ether with birds and beasts, and there was no distinction of their ind. @ho could now of the distinctions
between &entlemen and common peopleH Bein& all equally without nowled&e, their virtue could not &o
astray. Bein& all equally without desires, they were in a state of natural inte&rity. +n this state of natural
inte&rity, the people did not lose their >ori&inal? nature. ,nd then when Sa&es appeared, crawlin& for charity
and limpin& with duty, doubt and confusion entered men's minds. They said they must mae merry by
means of music and enforce distinctions by means of ceremony, and the empire became divided a&ainst
itself. @ere the uncarved wood not cut up, who could mae sacrificial vesselsH @ere white $ade left uncut,
who could mae the re&alia of courtsH @ere Tao and virtue not destroyed, what use would there be for
charity and dutyH @ere men's natural instincts not lost, what need would there be for music and
ceremoniesH @ere the five colors not confused, who would need decorationsH @ere the five notes not
confused, who would adopt the six pitch-pipesH 8estruction of the natural inte&rity of thin&s for the
production of articles of various inds -- this is the fault of the artisan. 8estruction of Tao and virtue in order
to introduce charity and duty -- this is the error of the Sa&es. Korses live on dry land, eat &rass and drin
water. @hen pleased, they rub their necs to&ether. @hen an&ry, they turn round and ic up their heels at
each other. Thus far only do their natural instincts carry them. But bridled and bitted, with a moon-shaped
metal plate on their foreheads, they learn to cast vicious loos, to turn their heads to bite, to nud&e at the
yoe, to cheat the bit out of their mouths or steal the bridle off their heads. Thus their minds and &estures
become lie those of thieves. This is the fault of 6olo. +n the days of Ko Ksu' >)3? the people did nothin& in
particular at their homes and went nowhere in particular in their wals. Kavin& food, they re$oicedD tappin&
their bellies, they wandered about. Thus far the natural capacities of the people carried them.
The Sa&es came then to mae them bow and bend with ceremonies and music, in order to re&ulate the
external forms of intercourse, and dan&led charity and duty before them, in order to eep their minds in
submission. Then the people be&an to labor and develop a taste for nowled&e, and to stru&&le with one
another in their desire for &ain, to which there is no end. This is the error of the Sa&es.
1pening Trun)s6 or a 0rotest against Civili'ation
The precautions taen a&ainst thieves who open truns, search ba&s, or ransac tills, consist in securin&
with cords and fastenin& with bolts and locs. This is what the world calls wit. But a stron& thief comes and
carries off the till on his shoulders, with box and ba&, and runs away with them. Kis only fear is that the
cords and locs should not be stron& enou&hJ Therefore, does not what the world used to call wit simply
amount to savin& up for the stron& thiefH ,nd + venture to state that nothin& of that which the world calls wit
is otherwise than savin& up for stron& thievesD and nothin& of that which the world calls sa&e wisdom is
other than hoardin& up for stron& thieves. Kow can this be shownH +n the State of %h'i, the nei&hborin&
towns overlooed one another and one could hear the barin& of do&s and crowin& of cocs in the
nei&hborin& town. #ishermen cast their nets and plou&hmen plou&hed the land in a territory of over two
thousand li. @ithin its four boundaries, was there a temple or shrine dedicated, a &od worshipped, or a
hamlet, county or a district &overned, but in accordance with the rules laid down by the Sa&esH
Iet one mornin& >)B? T'ien %h'en&tse slew the ruler of %h'i, and stole his in&dom. ,nd not his in&dom
only, but the wisdom-trics which he had &ot from the Sa&es as well, so that althou&h T'ien %h'en&tse
acquired the reputation of a thief, he lived as securely and comfortably as ever did either Iao or Shun. The
small States did not venture to blame, nor the &reat States to punish him, and for twelve &enerations his
descendants ruled over %h'i. >)C?
@as this not a stealin& the State of %h'i and its wisdom-trics of the Sa&es in order to preserve their thieves'
livesH + venture to as, was there ever anythin& of what the world esteems as &reat wit otherwise than
savin& up for stron& thieves, and was there ever anythin& of what the world calls sa&e wisdom other than
hoardin& up for stron& thievesH
Kow can this be shownH =f old, :un&fen& was beheaded, 6ian was disemboweled, %han&hun& was sliced
to death, Tsehsu' was thrown to the waves. ,ll these four were learned ones, but they could not preserve
themselves from death by punishment.
,n apprentice to <obber %heh ased him sayin&, -+s there then Tao >moral principles? amon& thievesH-
-Tell me if there is anythin& in which there is not Tao,- %heh replied.
-There is the sa&e character of thieves by which booty is located, the coura&e to &o in first, and the chivalry
of comin& out last. There is the wisdom of calculatin& success, and indness in the equal division of the
spoil. There has never yet been a &reat robber who was not possessed of these five qualities.- +t is seen
therefore that without the teachin&s of the Sa&es, &ood men could not eep their position, and without the
teachin&s of the Sa&es, <obber %heh could not accomplish his ends. Since &ood men are scarce and bad
men are the ma$ority, the &ood the Sa&es do to the world is little and the evil &reat. Therefore it has been
said -+f the lips are turned up, the teeth will be cold. +t was the thinness of the wines of :u which caused the
sie&e of Kantan. >)0?
@hen the Sa&es arose, &an&sters appeared. =verthrow the Sa&es and set the &an&sters free, and then will
the empire be in order. @hen the stream ceases, the &ully dries up, and when the hill is leveled the chasm
is filled. @hen the Sa&es are dead, &an&sters will not show up, but the empire will rest in peace. =n the
other hand, if the Sa&es do not pop off neither will the &an&sters drop off. Eor if you double the number of
Sa&es wherewith to &overn the empire will you do more than double the profits of <obber %heh.
+f pecs and bushels are used for measurement, the pecs and bushels themselves will also be stolen,
alon& with the rice. +f scales and steel yards are used for wei&hin&, the scales and steel yards themselves
will also be stolen alon& with the &oods. +f tallies and si&nets are used for &ood faith, the tallies and si&nets
will also be stolen. +f charity and duty are used for moral principles, charity and duty will also be stolen. Kow
is this soH Steal a hoo and you han& as a crooD steal a in&dom and you are made a due. >The
teachin&s of? charity and duty remain in the due's domain. +s it not true, then, that they are thieves of
charity and duty and of the wisdom of the Sa&esH
So it is that those who follow the way of bri&anda&e are promoted into princes and dues. Those who are
bent on stealin& charity and duty to&ether with the measures, scales, tallies, and si&nets can be dissuaded
by no rewards of official re&alia and uniform, nor deterred by fear of sharp instruments of punishment. This
doublin& the profits of robbers lie %heh, main& it impossible to &et rid of them, is the fault of the Sa&es.
Therefore it has been said, -#ishes must be left in the waterD the sharp weapons of a state must be left
where none can see them.- >).? These Sa&es are the sharp weapons of the worldD they must not be shown
to the world.
Banish wisdom, discard nowled&e, >34? and &an&sters will stopJ #lin& away $ade and destroy pearls, and
petty thieves will cease. Burn tallies and brea si&nets, and the people will revert to their uncouth inte&rity.
Split measures and smash scales, and the people will not fi&ht over quantities. Trample down all the
institutions of Sa&es, and the people will be&in to be fit for discussin& >Tao?. %onfuse the six pitch-pipes,
confine lutes and strin&ed instruments to the flames, stuff up the ears of Blind Shih N'uan&, and each man
will eep his own sense of hearin&. 6ut an end to decorations, confuse the five colors, &lue up the eyes of :i
%hu, and each man will eep his own sense of si&ht. 8estroy arcs and lines, flin& away squares and
compasses, snap off the fin&ers of %h'ui the ,rtisan, and each man will use his own natural sill. @herefore
the sayin&, -Freat sill appears lie clumsiness.- >3l? %ut down the activities of Tsen& and Shih >32? pinch
the mouths of Ian& %hu and ;otse, discard charity and duty, and the virtue of the people will arrive at
;ystic 7nity. >31?
+f each man eeps his own sense of si&ht, the world will escape bein& burned up. +f each man eeps his
own sense of hearin&, the world will escape entan&lements. +f each man eeps his intelli&ence, the world
will escape confusion. +f each man eeps his own virtue, the world will avoid deviation from the true path.
Tsen&, Shih, Ian&, ;o, Shih N'uan&, %h'ui, and :i %hu were all persons who developed their external
character and involved the world in the present confusion so that the laws and statutes are of no avail. Kave
you never heard of the ,&e of 6erfect EatureH
+n the days of Iun&ch'en&, Tat'in&, 6ohuan&, %hun&yan&, :ilu, :ihsu', Ksienyu'an, Kohsu', Tsunlu,
%huyun&, #uhsi, and Shennun&, >3)? the people tied nots for reconin&. They en$oyed their food,
beautified their clothin&, were satisfied with their homes, and deli&hted in their customs. Eei&hborin&
settlements overlooed one another, so that they could hear the barin& of do&s and crowin& of cocs of
their nei&hbors, and the people till the end of their days had never been outside their own country. >33? +n
those days there was indeed perfect peace.
But nowadays any one can mae the people strain their necs and stand on tiptoes by sayin&, -+n such and
such a place there is a Sa&e.- +mmediately they put to&ether a few provisions and hurry off, ne&lectin& their
parents at home and their masters' business abroad, &oin& on foot throu&h the territories of the 6rinces,
and ridin& to hundreds of miles away. Such is the evil effect of the rulers' desire for nowled&e @hen the
rulers desire nowled&e and ne&lect Tao, the empire is overwhelmed with confusion.
Kow can this be shownH @hen the nowled&e of bows and cross-bows and hand-nets and tailed arrows
increases, then they carry confusion amon& the birds of the air. @hen the nowled&e of hoos and bait and
nets and traps increases, then they carry confusion amon& the fishes of the deep. @hen the nowled&e of
fences and nets and snares increases, then they carry confusion amon& the beasts of the field. @hen
cunnin& and deceit and flippancy and the sophistries of the -hard- and white' and identities and differences
increase in number and variety, then they overwhelm the world with lo&ic.
Therefore it is that there is often chaos in the world, and the love of nowled&e is ever at the bottom of it.
#or all men strive to &rasp what they do not now, while none strive to &rasp what they already nowD and
all strive to discredit what they do not excel in, while none strive to discredit what they do excel in. That is
why there is chaos. Thus, above, the splendor of the heavenly bodies is dimmedD below, the power of land
and water is burned up, while in between the influence of the four seasons is upset. There is not one tiny
worm that moves on earth or insect that flies in the air but has lost its ori&inal nature. Such indeed is the
world chaos caused by the desire for nowled&eJ Aver since the time of the Three 8ynasties downwards, it
has been lie this. The simple and the &uileless have been set asideD the specious and the cunnin& have
been exalted. Tranquil inaction has &iven place to love of disputationD and disputation alone is enou&h to
brin& chaos upon the world.
1n Tolerance
There has been such a thin& as lettin& manind alone and toleranceD there has never been such a thin& as
&overnin& manind. :ettin& alone Sprin&s from the fear lest men's natural dispositions be perverted and
tolerance sprin&s from the fear lest their character be corrupted. But if their natural dispositions be not
perverted, nor their character corrupted, what need is there left for &overnmentH
=f old, when Iao &overned the empire, he made the people live happilyD consequently the people stru&&led
to be happy and became restless. @hen %hieh &overned the empire he made the people live miserablyD
consequently the people re&arded life as a burden and were discontented. <estlessness and discontent are
subversive of virtueD and without virtue there has never been such a thin& as stability.
@hen man re$oices &reatly, he &ravitates towards yan& >the positive pole?. @hen he is in &reat an&er, he
&ravitates towards yin >the ne&ative pole?. +f the equilibrium of positive and ne&ative is disturbed, the four
seasons are upset, and the balance of heat and cold is destroyed, man himself suffers physically thereby. +t
causes men to re$oice and sorrow inordinately, to live disorderly lives, to be vexed in their thou&hts, and to
lose their balance and form of conduct. @hen that happens, then the whole world seethes with revolt and
discontent, and we have such men as <obber %heh, Tsen&, and Shih. =ffer the entire world as rewards for
the &ood or threaten the wiced with the dire punishments of the entire world, and it is still insufficient >to
reform them?. %onsequently, with the entire world, one cannot furnish sufficient inducements or deterrents
to action. #rom the Three 8ynasties downwards, the world has lived in a helter-selter of promotions and
punishments. @hat chance have the people left for livin& the even tenor of their livesH
Besides, love >over-refinement? of vision leads to debauchery in colorD love of hearin& leads to debauchery
in soundD love of charity leads to confusion in virtueD love of duty leads to perversion of principlesD love of
ceremonies >li? leads to a common fashion for technical sillD love of music leads to common lewdness of
thou&htD love of wisdom leads to a fashion for the artsD and love of nowled&e leads to a fashion for criticism
+f the people are allowed to live out the even tenor of their lives, the above ei&ht may or may not beD it
matters not. But if the people are not allowed to live out the even tenor of their lives, then these ei&ht cause
discontent and contention and strife, and throw the world into chaos.
Iet the world worships and cherishes them. +ndeed deep-seated is the mental chaos of the world. +s it
merely a passin& mistae that can be simply removedH Iet they observe fasts before their discussion, bend
down on their nees to practise them, and sin& and beat the drum and dance to celebrate them. @hat can +
do about itH
Therefore, when a &entleman is unavoidably compelled to tae char&e of the &overnment of the empire,
there is nothin& better than inaction >lettin& alone?. By means of inaction only can he allow the people to live
out the even tenor of their lives. Therefore he who values the world as his own self may then be entrusted
with the &overnment of the world and he who loves the world as his own self may then be entrusted with the
care of the world. >3B? Therefore if the &entleman can refrain from disturbin& the internal economy of man,
and from &lorifyin& the powers of si&ht and hearin&, he can sit still lie a corpse or sprin& into action lie a
dra&on, be silent as the deep or tal with the voice of thunder, the movements of his spirit callin& forth the
natural mechanism of Keaven. Ke can remain calm and leisurely doin& nothin&, while all thin&s are brou&ht
to maturity and thrive. @hat need then would have + to set about &overnin& the worldH
Ts'ui %hu' ased :ao Tan >3C? , sayin&, -+f the empire is not to be &overned, how are men's hearts to be
ept &oodH-
-Be careful,- replied :ao Tan, -not to interfere with the natural &oodness of the heart of man. ;an's heart
may be forced down or stirred up. +n each case the issue is fatal. By &entleness, the hardest heart may be
softened. But try to cut and polish it, and it will &low lie fire or free/e lie ice. +n the twinlin& of an eye it will
pass beyond the limits of the #our Seas. +n repose, it is profoundly stillD in motion, it flies up to the sy. :ie
an unruly horse, it cannot be held in chec. Such is the human heart.-
=f old, the Iellow Amperor first interfered with the natural &oodness of the heart of man, by means of
charity and duty. +n consequence, Iao and Shun wore the hair off their le&s and the flesh off their arms in
endeavorin& to feed their people's bodies. They tortured the people's internal economy in order to conform
to charity and duty. They exhausted the people's ener&ies to live in accordance with the laws and statutes.
Aven then they did not succeed. Thereupon, Iao >had to? confine Kuantou on ;ount Ts'un&, exile the
chiefs of the Three ;iaos and their people into the Three @eis, and banish the ;inister of @ors to Iutu,
which shows he had not succeeded. @hen it came to the times of the Three Nin&s, >30? the empire was in a
state of foment. ,mon& the bad men were %hieh and %hehD amon& the &ood were Tsen& and Shih. By and
by, the %onfucianists and the ;otseanists aroseD and then came confusion between $oy and an&er, fraud
between the simple and the cunnin&, recrimination between the virtuous and the evil-minded, slander
between the honest and the liars, and the world order collapsed. Then the &reat virtue lost its unity, men's
lives were frustrated. @hen there was a &eneral rush for nowled&e, the people's desires ever went beyond
their possessions. The next thin& was then to invent axes and saws, to ill by laws and statutes, to disfi&ure
by chisels and awls. The empire seethed with discontent, the blame for which rests upon those who would
interfere with the natural &oodness of the heart of man.
+n consequence, virtuous men sou&ht refu&e in mountain caves, while rulers of &reat states sat tremblin& in
their ancestral halls. Then, when dead men lay about pillowed on each other's corpses, when can&ued
prisoners $ostled each other in crowds and condemned criminals were seen everywhere, then the
%onfucianists and the ;otseanists bustled about and rolled up their sleeves in the midst of &yves and
fettersJ ,las, they now not shame, nor what it is to blushJ
7ntil + can say that the wisdom of Sa&es is not a fastener of can&ues, and that charity of heart and duty to
one's nei&hbor are not bolts for &yves, how should + now that Tsen& and Shih were not the sin&in& arrows
>3.? >forerunners? of >the &an&sters? %hieh and %hehH Therefore it is said, -,bandon wisdom and discard
nowled&e, and the empire will be at peace.-
The Iellow Amperor sat on the throne for nineteen years, and his laws obtained all over the empire.
Kearin& that Nuan&ch'en&tse was livin& on ;ount N'un&t'un&, he went there to see him, and said, -+ am told
that you are in possession of perfect Tao. ;ay + as what is the essence of this perfect TaoH + desire to
obtain the essence of the universe to secure &ood harvests and feed my people. + should lie also to control
the yin and yan& principles to fulfill the life of all livin& thin&s.-
-@hat you are asin& about,- replied Nuan&ch'en&tse, -is merely the dre&s of thin&s. @hat you wish to
control are the disinte&rated factors thereof. Aver since the empire was &overned by you, the clouds have
rained before thicenin&, the folia&e of trees has fallen before turnin& yellow, and the bri&htness of the sun
and moon has increasin&ly paled. Iou have the shallowness of mind of a &lib taler. Kow then are you fit to
spea of perfect TaoH-
The Iellow Amperor withdrew. Ke resi&ned the Throne. Ke built himself a solitary hut, and sat upon white
straw. #or three months he remained in seclusion, and then went a&ain to see Nuan&ch'en&tse.
The latter was lyin& with his head towards the south. The Iellow Amperor approached from below upon his
nees. Nowtowin& twice upon the &round, he said, -+ am told that you are in possession of perfect Tao. ;ay
+ as how to order one's life so that one may have lon& lifeH-
Nuan&ch'en&tse $umped up with a start. -, &ood question indeedJ- cried he. -%ome, and + will spea to you
of perfect Tao. The essence of perfect Tao is profoundly mysteriousD its extent is lost in obscurity. -See
nothin&D hear nothin&D &uard your spirit in quietude and your body will &o ri&ht of its own accord.
-Be quiet, be pureD toil not your body, perturb not your vital essence, and you will live for ever.
-#or if the eye sees nothin&, and the ear hears nothin&, and the mind thins nothin&, your spirit will stay in
your body, and the body will thereby live for ever.
-%herish that which is within you, and shut off that which is without for much nowled&e is a curse.
-Then + will tae you to that abode of Freat :i&ht to reach the 6lateau of ,bsolute Ian&. + will lead you
throu&h the 8oor of the 8ar 7nnown to the 6lateau of the ,bsolute Iin.
-The Keaven and Aarth have their separate functions. The yin and yan& have their hidden root. Fuard
carefully your body, and material thin&s will prosper by themselves.
-+ &uard the ori&inal =ne, and rest in harmony with externals. Therefore + have been able to live for twelve
hundred years and my body has not &rown old.-
The Iellow Amperor owtowed twice and said, -Nuan&ch'en&tse is surely Fod.
-%ome,- said Nuan&ch'en&tse, -+ will tell you. That thin& is eternalD yet all men thin it mortal. That thin& is
infiniteD yet all men thin it finite. Those who possess my Tao are princes in this life and rulers in the
hereafter. Those who do not possess my Tao behold the li&ht of day in this life and become clods of earth in
the hereafter.
-Eowadays, all livin& thin&s sprin& from the dust and to the dust return. But + will lead you throu&h the
portals of Aternity to wander in the &reat wilds of +nfinity. ;y li&ht is the li&ht of sun and moon. ;y life is the
life of Keaven and Aarth. Before me all is nebulousD behind me all is dar, unnown. ;en may all die, but +
endure for ever.-
@hen Feneral %louds was &oin& eastwards, he passed throu&h the branches of #uyao >a ma&ic tree? and
happened to meet Freat Eebulous. The latter was slappin& his thi&hs and hoppin& about. @hen Feneral
%louds saw him, he stopped lie one lost and stood still, sayin&, -@ho are you, old man, and what are you
doin& hereH-
-Strollin&J- replied Freat Eebulous, still slappin& his thi&hs and hoppin& about.
-+ want to as about somethin&,- said Feneral %louds.
-=u&hJ- uttered Freat Eebulous.
-The spirits of Keaven are out of harmony,- said Feneral %loudsD -the spirits of the Aarth are smotheredD
the six influences >B(? of the weather do not wor to&ether, and the four seasons are no lon&er re&ular. +
desire to blend the essence of the six influences and nourish all livin& bein&s. @hat am + to doH-
-+ do not nowJ + do not nowJ- cried Freat Eebulous, shain& his head, while still slappin& his thi&hs and
hoppin& about.
So Feneral %louds did not press his question. Three years later, when passin& eastwards throu&h the
plains of the Sun&s, he a&ain fell in with Freat Eebulous. The former was over$oyed, and hurryin& up, said,
-Kas your Koliness >B2? for&otten meH Kas your Koliness for&otten meH- Ke then owtowed twice and
desired to be allowed to interro&ate Freat EebulousD but the latter said, -+ wander on without nowin& what +
want. + rush about without nowin& whither + am &oin&. + simply stroll about, watchin& unexpected events.
@hat should + nowH-
-+ too re&ard myself as rushin& about,- answered Feneral %loudsD -but the people follow my movements. +
cannot escape the people and what + do they follow. + would &ladly receive some advice.-
-That the scheme of empire is in confusion,- said Freat Eebulous, -that the conditions of life are violated,
that the will of the 8ar Keaven is not accomplished, that the beasts of the field are scattered, that the birds
of the air cry at ni&ht, that bli&ht stries the trees and herbs, that destruction spreads amon& the creepin&
thin&s, -- this, alasJ is the fault of those who would rule others.-
-True,- replied Feneral %louds, -but what am + to doH-
-,hJ- cried Freat Eebulous, -eep quiet and &o home in peaceJ-
-+t is not often,- ur&ed Feneral %louds, -that + meet with your Koliness. + would &ladly receive some advice.-
-,h,- said Freat Eebulous, -nourish your heart. <est in inaction, and the world will be reformed of itself.
#or&et your body and spit forth intelli&ence. +&nore all differences and become one with the +nfinite. <elease
your mind, and free your spirit. Be vacuous, be devoid of soul. Thus will thin&s &row and prosper and return
to their <oot. <eturnin& to their <oot without their nowin& it, the result will be a formless whole which will
never be cut up. To now it is to cut it up. ,s not about its name, inquire not into its nature, and all thin&s
will flourish of themselves.-
-Iour Koliness,- said Feneral %louds, -has informed me with power and tau&ht me silence. @hat + had lon&
sou&ht, + have now found.- Thereupon he owtowed twice and too leave.
The people of this world all re$oice in others bein& lie themselves, and ob$ect to others bein& different from
themselves. Those who mae friends with their lies and do not mae friends with their unlies, are
influenced by a desire to be above the others. But how can those who desire to be above the others ever be
above the othersH <ather than base one's Rud&ment on the opinions of the many, let each loo after his
own affairs. But those who desire to &overn in&doms clutch at the advanta&es of >the systems of? the
Three Nin&s >B1? without seein& the troubles involved. +n fact, they are trustin& the fortunes of a country to
luc, but what country will be lucy enou&h to escape destructionH Their chances of preservin& it do not
amount to one in ten thousand, while their chances of destroyin& it are ten thousand to nothin& and even
more. Such, alasJ is the i&norance of rulers.
#or to have a territory is to have somethin& &reat. Ke who has some thin& &reat must not re&ard the
material thin&s as material thin&s. =nly by not re&ardin& material thin&s as material thin&s can one be the
lord of thin&s. The principle of looin& at material thin&s as not real thin&s is not confined to mere
&overnment of the empire. Such a one may wander at will between the six limits of space or travel over the
Eine %ontinents unhampered and free. This is to be the 7nique =ne. The 7nique =ne is the hi&hest amon&
men.
The doctrine of the &reat man is >fluid? as shadow to form, as echo to sound. ,s and it responds, fulfillin&
its abilities as the help-mate of humanity. Eoiseless in repose, ob$ectless in motion, he brin&s you out of the
confusion of your comin& and &oin& to wander in the +nfinite. #ormless in his movements, he is eternal with
the sun. +n respect of his bodily existence, he conforms to the universal standards. Throu&h conformance to
the universal standards, he for&ets his own individuality. But if he for&ets his individuality, how can he
re&ard his possessions as possessionsH Those who see possessions in possessions were the wise men of
old. Those who re&ard not possessions as possessions are the friends of Keaven and Aarth.
That which is low, but must be let alone, is matter. That which is humble, but still must be followed, is the
people. That which is always there but still has to be attended to, is affairs. That which is inadequate, but
still has to be set forth, is the law. That which is remote from Tao, but still claims our attention, is duty. That
which is biassed, but must be broadened, is charity. Trivial, but requirin& to be stren&thened from within,
that is ceremony. %ontained within, but requirin& to be uplifted, that is virtue. =ne, but not to be without
modification, that is Tao. Spiritual, yet not to be devoid of action, that is Fod. Therefore the Sa&e loos up
to Fod, but does not offer to aid. Ke perfects his virtue, but does not involve himself. Ke &uides himself by
Tao, but maes no plans. Ke identifies himself with charity, but does not rely on it. Ke performs his duties
towards his nei&hbors, but does not set store by them. Ke responds to ceremony, without avoidin& it. Ke
undertaes affairs without declinin& them, and metes out law without confusion. Ke relies on the people and
does not mae li&ht of them. Ke accommodates himself to matter and does not i&nore it. Thin&s are not
worth attendin& to, yet they have to be attended to. Ke who does not understand Fod will not be pure in
character. Ke who has not clear apprehension of Tao will not now where to be&in. ,nd he who is not
enli&htened by Tao, --alas indeed for himJ @hat then is TaoH There is the Tao of Fod, and there is the Tao
of man. Konour throu&h inaction comes from the Tao of Fod' entan&lement throu&h action comes from the
Tao of man. The Tao of Fod is fundamental' the Tao of man is accidental. The distance which separates
them is &reat. :et us all tae heed theretoJ
$utu!n Floods (<=)
+n the time of autumn floods, a hundred streams poured into the river. +t swelled in its turbid course, so that
it was impossible to tell a cow from a horse on the opposite bans or on the islets. Then the Spirit of the
<iver lau&hed for $oy that all the beauty of the earth was &athered to himself. 8own the stream he $ourneyed
east, until he reached the Eorth Sea. There, looin& eastwards and seein& no limit to its wide expanse, his
countenance be&an to chan&e. ,nd as he &a/ed over the ocean, he si&hed and said to Eorth-Sea Ro, -,
vul&ar proverb says that he who has heard a &reat many truths thins no one equal to himself. ,nd such a
one am +. #ormerly when + heard people detractin& from the learnin& of %onfucius or underratin& the
heroism of 6o Ii, + did not believe it. But now that + have looed upon your inexhaustibility -- alas for me J
had + not reached your abode, + should have been for ever a lau&hin& stoc to those of &reat
enli&htenmentJ-
To this Eorth-Sea Ro >the Spirit of the =cean? replied, -Iou cannot spea of ocean to a well-fro&, which is
limited by his abode. Iou cannot spea of ice to a summer insect, which is limited by his short life. Iou
cannot spea of Tao to a peda&o&ue, who is limited in his nowled&e. But now that you have emer&ed from
your narrow sphere and have seen the &reat ocean, you now your own insi&nificance, and + can spea to
you of &reat principles.
-There is no body of water beneath the canopy of heaven which is &reater than the ocean. ,ll streams pour
into it without cease, yet it does not overflow. +t is bein& continually drained off at the Tail-Fate >B3? yet it is
never empty. Sprin& and autumn brin& no chan&eD floods and drou&hts are equally unnown. ,nd thus it is
immeasurably superior to mere rivers and streams. Iet + have never ventured to boast on this account. #or
+ count myself, amon& the thin&s that tae shape from the universe and receive life from the yin and yan&,
but as a pebble or a small tree on a vast mountain. =nly too conscious of my own insi&nificance, how can +
presume to boast of my &reatnessH
-,re not the #our Seas to the universe but lie ant-holes in a marshH +s not the ;iddle Nin&dom to the
surroundin& ocean lie a tare-seed in a &ranaryH =f all the myriad created thin&s, man is but one. ,nd of all
those who inhabit the Eine %ontinents, live on the fruit of the earth, and move about in cart and boat, an
individual man is but one. +s not he, as compared with all creation, but as the tip of a hair upon a horse's
bodyH
-The succession of the #ive <ulers >BB?, the contentions of the Three Nin&s, the concerns of the ind-
hearted, the labors of the administrators, are but this and nothin& more. 6o Ii refused the throne for fame.
%hun&ni >%onfucius? discoursed to &et a reputation for learnin&. This over-estimation of self on their part --
was it not very much lie your own previous self-estimation in reference to waterH-
-Lery well,- replied the Spirit of the <iver, -am + then to re&ard the universe as &reat and the tip of a hair as
smallH-
-Eot at all,- said the Spirit of the =cean. -8imensions are limitlessD time is endless. %onditions are not
constantD terms are not final. Thus, the wise man loos into space, and does not re&ard the small as too
little, nor the &reat as too muchD for he nows that there is no limit to dimensions. Ke loos bac into the
past, and does not &rieve over what is far off, nor re$oice over what is nearD for he nows that time is without
end. Ke investi&ates fullness and decay, and therefore does not re$oice if he succeeds, nor lament if he
failsD for he nows that conditions are not constant. Ke who clearly apprehends the scheme of existence
does not re$oice over life, nor repine at deathD for he nows that terms are not final.
-@hat man nows is not to be compared with what he does not now. The span of his existence is not to be
compared with the span of his non-existence. To strive to exhaust the infinite by means of the infinitesimal
necessarily lands him in confusion and unhappiness. Kow then should one be able to say that the tip of a
hair is the ne plus ultra of smallness, or that the universe is the ne plus ultra of &reatnessH-
-8ialecticians of the day,- replied the Spirit of the <iver, -all say that the infinitesimal has no form, and that
the infinite is beyond all measurement. +s that trueH-
-+f we loo at the &reat from the standpoint of the small,- said the Spirit of the =cean, -we cannot reach its
limitD and if we loo at the small from the standpoint of the &reat, it eludes our si&ht. The infinitesimal is a
subdivision of the smallD the colossal is an extension of the &reat. +n this sense the two fall into different
cate&ories. This lies in the nature of circumstances. Eow smallness and &reatness presuppose form. That
which is without form cannot be divided by numbers, and that which is above measurement cannot be
measured. The &reatness of anythin& may be a topic of discussion, and the smallness of anythin& may be
mentally ima&ined. But that which can be neither a topic of discussion nor ima&ined mentally cannot be said
to have &reatness or smallness.
-Therefore, the truly &reat man does not in$ure others and does not credit himself with charity and mercy.
Ke sees not &ain, but does not despise the servants who do. Ke stru&&les not for wealth, but does not lay
&reat value on his modesty. Ke ass for help from no man, but is not proud of his self-reliance, neither does
he despise the &reedy. Ke acts differently from the vul&ar crowd, but does not place hi&h value on bein&
different or eccentricD nor because he acts with the ma$ority does he despise those that flatter a few. The
rans and emoluments of the world are to him no cause for $oyD its punishments and shame no cause for
dis&race. Ke nows that ri&ht and wron& cannot be distin&uished, that &reat and small cannot be defined.
-+ have heard say, 'The man of Tao has no >concern? reputationD the truly virtuous has no >concern for?
possessionsD the truly &reat man i&nores self.' This is the hei&ht of self-discipline.-
-But how then,- ased the Spirit of the <iver, -arise the distinctions of hi&h and low, of &reat and small in the
material and immaterial aspects of thin&sH-
-#rom the point of view of Tao,- replied the Spirit of the =cean, -there are no such distinctions of hi&h and
low. #rom the point of view of individuals, each holds himself hi&h and holds others low. #rom the vul&ar
point of view, hi&h and low >honors and dishonor? are some thin& conferred by others. -+n re&ard to
distinctions, if we say that a thin& is &reat or small by its own standard of &reat or small, then there is
nothin& in all creation which is not &reat, nothin& which is not small. To now that the universe is but as a
tare-seed, and the tip of a hair is >as bi& as? a mountain, -- this is the expression of relativity >BC?
-+n re&ard to function, if we say that somethin& exists or does not exist, by its own standard of existence or
non- existence, then there is nothin& which does not exist, nothin& which does not perish from existence. +f
we now that east and west are convertible and yet necessary terms in relation to each other, then such
>relative? functions may be determined.
-+n re&ard to man's desires or interests, if we say that anythin& is &ood or bad because it is either &ood or
bad accordin& to our individual >sub$ective? standards, then there is nothin& which is not &ood, nothin& --
which is not bad. +f we now that Iao and %hieh each re&arded himself as &ood and the other as bad, then
the >direction of? their interests becomes apparent.
-=f old Iao and Shun abdicated >in favor of worthy successors? and the rule was maintained, while Nuei
>6rince of Ien? abdicated >in favor of Tsechih? and the latter failed. T'an& and @u &ot the empire by fi&htin&,
while by fi&htin&, 6o Nun& lost it. #rom this it may be seen that the value of abdicatin& or fi&htin&, of actin&
lie Iao or lie %hieh, varies accordin& to time, and may not be re&arded as a constant principle. -,
batterin&-ram can noc down a wall, but it cannot repair a breach. 8ifferent thin&s are differently applied.
%h'ichi and Kualiu >famous horses? could travel (,444 li in one day, but for catchin& rats they were not equal
to a wild cat. 8ifferent animals possess different aptitudes. ,n owl can catch fleas at ni&ht, and see the tip
of a hair, but if it comes out in the daytime it can open wide its eyes and yet fail to see a mountain. 8ifferent
creatures are differently constituted.
-Thus, those who say that they would have ri&ht without its correlate, wron&D or &ood &overnment without its
correlate, misrule, do not apprehend the &reat principles of the universe, nor the nature of all creation. =ne
mi&ht as well tal of the existence of Keaven without that of Aarth, or of the ne&ative principle without the
positive, which is clearly impossible. Iet people eep on discussin& it without stopD such people must be
either fools or naves.
-<ulers abdicated under different conditions, and the Three 8ynasties succeeded each other under different
conditions. Those who came at the wron& time and went a&ainst the tide are called usurpers. Those who
came at the ri&ht time and fitted in with their a&e are called defenders of <i&ht. Kold your peace, 7ncle
<iver. Kow can you now the distinctions of hi&h and low and of the houses of the &reat and smallH'
-+n this case,- replied the Spirit of the <iver, -what am + to do about declinin& and acceptin&, followin& and
abandonin& >courses of action?H-
-#rom the point of view of Tao,- said the Spirit of the =cean.
-Kow can we call this hi&h and that lowH #or there is >the process of? reverse evolution >unitin& opposites?.
To follow one absolute course would involve &reat departure from Tao. @hat is muchH @hat is littleH Be
thanful for the &ift. To follow a one-sided opinion is to diver&e from Tao. Be exalted, as the ruler of a State
whose administration is impartial. Be at ease, as the 8eity of the Aarth, whose dispensation is impartial. Be
expansive, lie the points of the compass, boundless without a limit. Ambrace all creation, and none shall
be more sheltered or helped than another. This is to be without bias. ,nd all thin&s bein& equal, how can
one say which is lon& and which is shortH Tao is without be&innin&, without end. The material thin&s are
born and die, and no credit is taen for their development. Amptiness and fullness alternate, and their
relations are not fixed. 6ast years cannot be recalledD time cannot be arrested. The succession of &rowth
and decay, of increase and diminution, &oes in a cycle, each end becomin& a new be&innin&. +n this sense
only may we discuss the ways of truth and the principles of the universe. The life of thin&s passes by lie a
rushin&, &allopin& horse, chan&in& at every turn, at every hour. @hat should one do, or what should one not
doH :et the >cycle of? chan&es &o on by themselvesJ-
-+f this is the case,- said the Spirit of the <iver, -what is the value of TaoH-
-Those who understand Tao,- answered the Spirit of the =cean >B0? -must necessarily apprehend the
eternal principles and those who apprehend the eternal principles must understand their application. Those
who understand their application do not suffer material thin&s to in$ure them. -The man of perfect virtue
cannot be burnt by fire, nor drowned by water, nor hurt by the cold of winter or the heat of summer, nor torn
by bird or beast. Eot that he maes li&ht of theseD but that he discriminates between safety and dan&er, is
happy under prosperous and adverse circumstances alie, and cautious in his choice of action, so that
none can harm him.
-Therefore it has been said that Keaven >the natural? abides within man >the artificial? without. Lirtue abides
in the natural. Nnowled&e of the action of the natural and of the artificial has its basis in the natural its
destination in virtue. Thus, whether movin& forward or bacwards whether yieldin& or assertin&, there is
always a reversion to the essential and to the ultimate.-
-@hat do you mean,- inquired the Spirit of the <iver, -by the natural and the artificialH-
-Korses and oxen,- answered the Spirit of the =cean, -have four feet. That is the natural. 6ut a halter on a
horse's head, a strin& throu&h a bulloc's nose. That is the artificial.
-Therefore it has been said, do not let the artificial obliterate the naturalD do not let will obliterate destinyD do
not let virtue be sacrificed to fame. 8ili&ently observe these precepts without fail, and thus you will revert to
the True.-
The walrus >B.? envies the centipedeD the centipede envies the snaeD the snae envies the windD the wind
envies the eyeD and the eye envies the mind. The walrus said to the centipede, -+ hop about on one le& but
not very successfully. Kow do you mana&e all those le&s you haveH-
-+ don't mana&e them,- replied the centipede. -Kave you never seen salivaH @hen it is e$ected, the bi&
drops are the si/e of pearls, the small ones lie mist. ,t random they fall, in countless numbers. So, too,
does my natural mechanism move, without my nowin& how + do it.-
The centipede said to the snae, -@ith all my le&s + do not move as fast as you with none. Kow is thatH-
-=ne's natural mechanism,- replied the snae, -is not a thin& to be chan&ed. @hat need have + for le&sH-
The snae said to the wind, -+ wri&&le about by movin& my spine, as if + had le&s. Eow you seem to be
without form, and yet you come blusterin& down from the Eorth Sea to bluster away to the South Sea Kow
do you do itH-
-'Tis true,- replied the wind, -that + bluster as you say. But anyone who stics his fin&er or his foot into me,
excels me. =n the other hand, + can tear away hu&e trees and destroy lar&e buildin&s. This power is &iven
only to me. =ut of many minor defeats + win the bi& victory >C4?. ,nd to win a bi& victory is &iven only to the
Sa&es.-
@hen %onfucius visited N'uan&, the men of Sun& surrounded him by several cordons. Iet he went on
sin&in& to his &uitar without stop. -Kow is it, ;aster,- inquired Tselu, -that you are so cheerfulH-
-%ome here,- replied %onfucius, -and + will tell you. #or a lon& time + have not been willin& to admit failure,
but in vain. #ate is a&ainst me. #or a lon& time + have been seein& success, but in vain. The hour has not
come. +n the days of Iao and Shun, no man throu&hout the empire was a failure, thou&h this was not due to
their cleverness. +n the days of %hieh and %hou, no man throu&hout the empire was a success, thou&h this
was not due to their stupidity. The circumstances happened that way.
-To travel by water without fear of sea-serpents and dra&ons, -- this is the coura&e of the fisherman. To
travel by land without fear of the wild buffaloes and ti&ers, -- this is the coura&e of hunters. @hen bri&ht
blades cross, to loo on death as on life, -- this is the coura&e of the warrior. To now that failure is fate and
that success is opportunity, and to remain fearless in times of &reat dan&er, -- this is the coura&e of the
Sa&e. Stop bustlin&, IuJ ;y destiny is controlled >by someone?.
Shortly afterwards, the captain of the troops came in and apolo&i/ed, sayin&, -@e thou&ht you were Ian&
KuD that was why we surrounded you. @e find we have made a mistae.- @hereupon he apolo&i/ed and
retired.
Nun&sun :un& >C(? said to ;ou of @ei, -@hen youn& + studied the teachin&s of the elders. @hen + &rew up,
+ understood the morals of charity and duty. + learned to level to&ether similarities and differences, to
confound ar&uments on -hardness- and -whiteness-, to affirm what others deny, and $ustify what others
dispute. + vanquished the wisdom of all the philosophers, and overcame the ar&uments of all people. +
thou&ht that + had indeed understood everythin&. But now that + have heard %huan&tse, + am lost in
astonishment. + now not whether it is in ar&uin& or in nowled&e that + am not equal to him. + can no lon&er
open my mouth. ;ay + as you to impart to me the secretH-
6rince ;ou leaned over the table and si&hed. Then he looed up to heaven and lau&hed, sayin&, -Kave you
never heard of the fro& in the shallow wellH The fro& said to the turtle of the Aastern Sea, '@hat a &reat time
+ am havin&J + hop to the rail around the well, and retire to rest in the hollow of some broen brics.
Swimmin&, + float on my armpits, restin& my $aws $ust above the water. 6lun&in& into the mud, + bury my feet
up to the foot-arch, and not one of the cocles, crabs or tadpoles + see around me are my match. Besides,
to occupy such a pool all alone and possess a shallow well is to be as happy as anyone can be. @hy do
you not come and pay me a visitH'
-Eow before the turtle of the Aastern Sea had &ot its left le& down its ri&ht nee had already stuc fast, and
it shran bac and be&&ed to be excused. +t then told the fro& about the sea, sayin&, ', thousand li would
not measure its breadth, nor a thousand fathoms its depth. +n the days of the Freat Iu', there were nine
years of flood out of tenD but this did not add to its bul. +n the days of T'an&, there were seven years of
drou&ht out of ei&htD but this did not mae its shores recede. Eot to be affected by the passin& of time, and
not to be affected by increase or decrease of water, -- such is the &reat happiness of the Aastern Sea.' ,t
this the fro& of the shallow well was considerably astonished and felt very small, lie one lost.
-#or one whose nowled&e does not yet appreciate the niceties of true and false to attempt to understand
%huan&tse, is lie a mosquito tryin& to carry a mountain, or an insect tryin& to swim a river. =f course he
will fail. ;oreover, one whose nowled&e does not reach to the subtlest teachin&s, yet is satisfied with
temporary success, -- is not he lie the fro& in the wellH
-%huan&tse is now climbin& up from the realms below to reach hi&h heaven. #or him no north or southD
li&htly the four points are &one, en&ulfed in the unfathomable. #or him no east or west - startin& from the
;ystic 7nnown, he returns to the Freat 7nity. ,nd yet you thin you are &oin& to find his truth by do&&ed
inquiries and ar&umentsJ This is lie looin& at the sy throu&h a tube, or pointin& at the earth with an awl.
+s not this bein& pettyH
-Kave you never heard how a youth of Shoulin& went to study the walin& &ait at KantanH >C2? Before he
could learn the Kantan &ait, he had for&otten his own way of walin&, and crawled bac home on all fours. +f
you do not &o away now, you will for&et what you have and lose your own professional nowled&e.-
Nun&sun :un&'s $aw hun& open, his ton&ue clave to his palate, and he slun away.
%huan&tse was fishin& on the 6'u <iver when the 6rince of %h'u sent two hi&h officials to see him and said,
-=ur 6rince desires to burden you with the administration of the %h'u State.- %huan&tse went on fishin&
without turnin& his head and said, -+ have heard that in %h'u there is a sacred tortoise which died when it
was three thousand >years? old. The prince eeps this tortoise carefully enclosed in a chest in his ancestral
temple. Eow would this tortoise rather be dead and have its remains venerated, or would it rather be alive
and wa&&in& its tail in the mudH-
-+t would rather be alive,- replied the two officials, and wa&&in& its tail in the mud.-
-Be&oneJ- cried %huan&tse. -+ too will wa& my tail in the mud.
Kueitse was 6rime ;inister in the :ian& State, and %huan&tse was on his way to see him. Someone
remared, -%huan&tse has come. Ke wants to be minister in your place.- Thereupon Kueitse was afraid,
and searched all over the country for three days and three ni&hts to find him.
Then %huan&tse went to see him, and said, -+n the south there is a bird. +t is a ind of phoenix. 8o you
now itH @hen it starts from the South Sea to fly to the Eorth Sea, it would not ali&ht except on the wu-t'un&
tree. +t eats nothin& but the fruit of the bamboo, drins nothin& but the purest sprin& water. ,n owl which
had &ot the rotten carcass of a rat, looed up as the phoenix flew by, and screeched. ,re you not
screechin& at me over your in&dom of :ian&H-
%huan&tse and Kueitse had strolled on to the brid&e over the Kao, when the former observed, -See how
the small fish are dartin& aboutJ That is the happiness of the fish.-
-Iou not bein& a fish yourself,- said Kueitse, -how can you now the happiness of the fishH-
-,nd you not bein& +,- retorted %huan&tse, -how can you now that + do not nowH-
-+f +, not bein& you, cannot now what you now,- ur&ed Kueitse, -it follows that you, not bein& a fish, cannot
now the happiness of the fish.-
-:et us &o bac to your ori&inal question,- said %huan&tse. -Iou ased me how + new the happiness of the
fish. Iour very question shows that you new that + new. + new it >from my own feelin&s? on this brid&e.-
Translator4s -otes
>(? - Ke is reputed to have lived 044 years.
>2? - (C01 B.%.
>1? - 6hilosopher about whose life nothin& is nown. The boo :iehtse is considered a later compilation.
See the section -6arables of ,ncient 6hilosophers.-
>)? - The wind.
>3? - 213C B.%.
>B? - Sa&e emperors
>C? - , sophist and friend of %huan&tse who often carried on debates with him.
>0? - ,&itations of the soul >music of Keaven? compared to the a&itations of the forest >music of Aarth?.
>.? - :it. -true lord.-
>(4? - Shih and fei mean &eneral moral $ud&ments and mental distinctionsD -ri&ht- and -wron&,- -true- and
-false,- -is- and -is not,- -affirmative- and -ne&ative,- also -to $ustify- and -condemn,- -to affirm- and -deny.-
>((? - The followers of ;otse were powerful rivals of the %onfucianists in %huan&tse's days. See the
selections from ;otse.
>(2? - The meanin& of these two sentences is made clear by a line below. -But if we put the different
cate&ories in one. then the differences of cate&ory cease to exist.-
>(1? - %h'en& and 'uei, lit. -whole- and -deficient.-
-@holeness- refers to unspoiled unity of Tao. +n the followin& sentences, ch'en& is used in the sense of
-success - +t is explained by commentators that the -wholeness- of music exists only in silence, and that as
soon as one note is struc, other notes are necessarily held in abeyance. The same thin& is true of
ar&uments' when we ar&ue, we necessarily cut up truth by emphasi/in& certain aspects of it.
>()? - See :aotse, %h. )2.
>(3? - See :aotse, %h. 3.
>(B? - See :aotse, %h. 30.
>(C? - :it. in the -6alace of Keaven.-
>(0? - 6ersonal name of %huan&tse. -tse- bein& the equivalent of -;aster.-
>(.? - ,n important idea that recurs frequently in %huan&tse, all thin&s are in constant flow and chan&e, but
are different aspects of the =ne.
>24? - Best disciple of %onfucius.
>2(? - :it. -re&arded as sons >ie. fathered? by Keaven.-
>22? - The first part of this son& is found in the ,nalects.
>21? - This chapter deals entirely with deformitiesa literary device for emphasi/in& the contrast of the inner
and the outer man.
>2)? - , well-nown historical person, a model minister referred to in the ,nalects.
>23? - :it. -The outside of frame and bones.-
>2B? - Kueitse often discusses the nature of attributes, lie the -hardness- and -whiteness- of ob$ects.
>2C? - ,ll of these historical and semi-historical persons were &ood men who lost their lives, by drownin& or
starvin& themselves, or pretendin& insanity, in protest a&ainst a wiced world, or $ust to avoid bein& called
into office.
>20? - Feneral attitude of fluidity towards life.
>2.? - ;ythical emperor >2032 B.%.? said to have discovered the principles of mutations of Iin and Ian&.
>14? - @ith a man's head but a beast's body.
>1(? - , river spirit.
>12? - , mountain &od.
>11? - , semi-mythical ruler, who ruled in 2B.0-23.C B.%.
>1)? - , semi-mythical ruler, who ruled in 23+)-2)(C B.%., shortly before Amperor Iao.
>13? - , water &od with a human face and a bird's body.
>1B? - , monarch of the Shan& 8ynasty, (12)-l2BB B.%.(44
>1C? - , famous sword.
>10? - 6ersonal name of %onfucius.
>1.? - Kuan&-chun& and ta-lu' were the standard pitchpipes.
>)4? - Tsen& Ts'an and Shih Iu', disciples of %onfucius.
>)(? - + Ian& chu and ;otse >;o Ti?.
>)2? - Be&innin& with this phrase there is a mared chan&e in style and vocabulary in this part.
>)1? - Because he refused to serve the new dynasty.
>))? - Sun Ian&, B30-B(. B.%.
>)3? - , mythical ruler.
>)B? - )0( B.%.
>)C? - There is an anachronism here for %huan&tse lived to see only the ninth &eneration of T'iens, ,t least
the number -twelve- must have been slipped in by a later scribe. This evidence is not sufficient to vitiate the
whole chapter, as some -textual critics- claim.
>)0? - <eference to a story. The states :u and %hao both presented wine to the Nin& of %h'u. By the tricery
of a servant, the flass were exchan&ed, and %hao was blamed for presentin& bad wine, and its city Kantan
was besei&ed.
>).? - See :aotse, %h. 1B.
>34? - See :aotse, %h. (..
>3(? - See :aotse, %h. )3.
>32? - See Eote >)4?.
>31? - See :aotse, %h. (.
>3)? - ,ll le&endary ancient rulers.
>33? - %f. :aotse, %h. 04.
>3B? - See :aotse, %h. (1.
>3C? - :aotse, Tan bein& one of the personal names of :aotse >:i Tan, or :i Arh?. -:ao- means -old,- while
-:i- is the family name.
>30? - The founders of the three dynasties, Ksia, Shan& and %hou >2243-222 B.%.?
>3.? - Si&nal for attac.
>B4? - :it. -Keaven.-
>B(? - Iin, yan&, wind, rain, li&ht and darness.
>B2? - Freat Eebulous is here addressed as -Keaven.- See Eote >B4?.
>B1? - See Eote >30?.
>B)? - This chapter further develops the ideas in %hapter -=n :evelin& ,ll Thin&s- and contains the
important philosophical concept of relativity.
>B3? - @ei-:u', a mythical hole in the bottom or end of the ocean.
>BB? - ;ythical rulers before the Three Nin&s.
>BC? - :it. -levelin& of rans or distinctions.-
>B0? - #rom here on to the end of this para&raph, most of the passa&es are rhymed.
>B.? - N'uei, a mythical, one-le&&ed animal.
>C4? - Eow a slo&an used in %hina in the war a&ainst Rapan.
>C(? - , Eeo-;otseanist >of the Sophist school? who lived after %huan&tse. This section must have been
added by the latter's disciples, as is easy to see from the three stories about %huan&tse which follow.
>C2? - %apital of %hao.
9niting Metaphysics and Physics
The Metaphysics of )pace and Motion and the #a"e )tructure of Matter
9nites 2lbert /instein1s %elati"ity, Quantum Theory and Cosmology
/hose whose hearts are fixed on $eality itself deser&e the title of Philosophers. (Plato, K=<.*
/he first philosophy (8etaphysics is uni&ersal and is exclusi&ely concerned with primary substance# ###
'nd here we will ha&e the science to study that which is )ust as that which is, both in its essence and in the
properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it has# (Aristotle, KL<.*
-i !&eryone,
/his page is &ery long and was written for publication in a boo0# /he content is good so you are welcome to
read it, but you will find the lin0s on the side of the page present this 0nowledge in shorter, more concise
articles#
'll the best,
?eoff -aselhurst
Contents
,ntroduction 2 Properties of Space 2 ?eneral Aaws (which explain the Iecessary *onnection between :hat
!xists 2 $n the !&olution of Principles in Physics 2 /he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion ('ristotle and
Aeibni7 sol&e Qant 2 Aeibni79s 8onadology 2 /he Solution to -ume9s Problem of *ausation and Popper9s
Problem of ,nduction 2 /he Solution to the Problem of the $ne and the 8any 2 1# !instein9s 5elati&ity 2 1#1
Iewton9s 8echanics (1J=7 2 1#; (araday9s !lectromagnetic (orce (ield (1=K; 2 1#K 8axwell9s !quations
and the (inite &elocity of Aight wa&es (1=7J 2 1#L $n Aorent79s /heory of the !lectron (19<<219<J 2 1#5
!instein9s 5elati&ity (19<5,1915 2 ;# Buantum /heory 2 ;#1 8ax Planc09s @isco&ery of the Particle
(Buantum Properties of Aight (19<< 2 ;#; de .roglie9s @isco&ery of the wa&e Properties of !lectron
,nteractions (19;7 2 ;#K /he Schrodinger :a&e !quations are founded on Standing :a&e ,nteractions
(19;= 2 ;#L !xplaining the (orces of *harge and Aight 2 ;#5 -eisenberg9s %ncertainty Principle R .orn9s
9Probability wa&es9 (19;= 2 ;#J :olff9s explanation of (eynman9s Buantum !lectrodynamics (B!@, 19L5 2
;#7 :olff9s !xplanation of the (amous !instein, Podols0y, 5osen (!P5 and (urther Predictions that can be
*onfirmed by 8odifying the !P5 !xperiment (199K2;<<K 2 K# *osmology 2 K#1 $ur (inite Spherical
%ni&erse Perpetually !xists :ithin an ,nfinite Space 2 K#; /he !quation of the *osmos 2 K#K 'n ,nfinite
Space 2 K#L 8ach9s Principle and -ow the @istant Stars @etermine $ur ,nertial 8ass 2 K#5 !xplaining
!instein9s (amous *osmological *onstant R (urther Prediction 2 K#J !xplaining the 9Buantified9 -ubble
5edshift with @istance 2 K#7 /he Second Aaw of /hermodynamics only applies to *losed Systems 2 K#= $n
the Past Present and (uture and the $ne :ay @irection of /ime 2 K#9 -ow our %ni&erse is Iecessarily
*onnected but not @eterministic 2 *oncluding 5emar0s on *osmology, 5eligion and 8orality 2 Philosophy
as the 9disco&ery of the ob&ious9
Introduction
(or thousands of years philosophers ha&e ga7ed at the stars and 0nown that $ne thing must exist that is
common to and connects the 8any things within the %ni&erse# 's Aeibni7 profoundly says+ 5eality cannot
be found except in $ne single source, because of the interconnection of all things with one another#
(Aeibni7, 1J7<
/hus as matter interacts with all other matter in the uni&erse, to as0 9:hat is matterF9 is no different than
as0ing, 9:hat is the uni&erseF9, or more completely 9:hat exists, what is 5ealityF9# /he solution is found in
$ne Principle which describes the One (ubstance which exists ((pace and its Properties (+a,e!
&ediu- such that we can then explain the necessary connection between the many things which exist#
(rom this $ne Principle we can deduce the following Properties of Space and ?eneral Aaws# (/his is further
explained within this article
Properties of (pace
1# $ne Space must be ,nfinite, !ternal and *ontinuous# ('s boundaries, creation, and particles require two
things#
;# Space is a nearly rigid wa&e2medium#
K# /he wa&e &elocity (&elocity of light c &aries with both the wa&e2amplitude (causes charge"light and
mass2energy density of space (square of wa&e2amplitude, causes mass"gra&ity#
:eneral "a*s
($s -ecessary Consequences of the 0roperties of +pace6 and which eplain
the -ecessary Connection "etween 2hat .ists)
1# /he 9particle9 effect of matter is caused by the wa&e2center of the spherical standing wa&e# ((igE1
;# /ime (and matter are caused by wa&e 8otion# ('s 'ristotle reali7ed, time is either identical to
mo&ement or is some affection of it#
K# Iewton9s Aaw of ,nertia, (orce U 8ass times 'cceleration# ' change in &elocity of the spherical ,n2
wa&es (from one direction changes where these ,n2wa&es meet at their respecti&e wa&e2center which we
9see9 as the accelerated motion of the 9particle9# ((igE ;
L# 8ach9s Principle# /he spherical ,n2wa&es are formed from the -uygens9 *ombination of $ut2wa&es from
'll other matter in our finite spherical uni&erse# ((igE K
5# 8inimum 'mplitude Aaw# :a&e2centers mo&e to minimise total wa&e2amplitude (explains charge#
J# 8aximum @ensity Aaw# :a&e2centers mo&e to maximise total mass2energy density of space (explains
gra&ity# (igE ;#,n2:a&e 2222222222$ut2:a&e222222222,n and $ut2:a&es
T U
(igE1#; 2 8atter !xists as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space, the :a&e2*enter causes the obser&ed
9particle9 effect of 8atter#
(igE ; ?ra&ity is caused by a slowing of the ,n2wa&es (on the right due to a higher mass2energy density of
space where there is more matter# /his changes the shape of the ,n2wa&es from being Spherical to
!llipsoidal and causes the wa&e2center to 9mo&e9 towards this other matter# (See 5elati&ity section#
(igE K $ur Spherical ,n2wa&es are formed from the -uygens9 *ombination of the $ut2wa&es of all the other
matter in the uni&erse# /his explains 8ach9s Principle and deduces the redshift with distance, by explaining
how matter can be finite and yet perpetually exist within an infinite Space# (See *osmology section
Iow , appreciate that this principle and laws which follow will not ma0e much sense when first considered#
/o partly alle&iate this problem , ha&e included a brief summary of the :a&e Structure of 8atter below#
:hat , would emphasise though, is that it simply ta0es time to understand new ideas, particularly if we ha&e
been brought up with the particle conception of matter (as , was# ?i&en time, , can assure you that you will
find the :a&e Structure of 8atter &ery simple and sensible#
On the ',olution of Principles in Physics
experiment# !instein explains this scientific method &ery clearly+
Physics constitutes a logical system of thought which is in a state of e&olution, whose basis (principles
cannot be distilled, as it were, from experience by an inducti&e method, but can only be arri&ed at by free
in&ention# /he )ustification (truth content of the system rests in the &erification of the deri&ed propositions
(a priori"logical truths by sense experiences (a posteriori"empirical truths# ### !&olution is proceeding in
the direction of increasing simplicity of the logical basis (principles# ### :e must always be ready to change
these notions, i#e# the axiomatic basis of physics, in order to do )ustice to percei&ed facts in the most perfect
way logically# C (or the time being we ha&e to admit that we do not possess any general theoretical basis
for physics which can be regarded as its logical foundation# C can we e&er hope to find the right wayF ,
answer without hesitation that there is, in my opinion, a right way, and that we are capable of finding it# ,
hold it true that pure thought can grasp reality, as the ancients dreamed# (Albert 'instein, 195L
$c0ham9s ra7or (and !instein tell us that the better (simpler theory explains more things with less
assumptions, thus the extension of this principle is that the best theory (i#e# most simple description of
5eality must explain all things from $ne thing# /his $ne thing should not only be 9firmly enough
connected with sensory experiences9, as !instein argues, but it must cause our senses, and thus be a priori or
necessary for us to experience the world# 'nd as Qant (below and common sense reali7e, it is Space which
is a priori or necessary for us to be able to experience the world#
The &etaphysics of (pace and &otion.
(Aristotle and "eibni4 sol,e >ant)
:e may agree, perhaps, to understand by 8etaphysics an attempt to 0now reality as against mere
appearance, or the study of first principles or ultimate truths, or again the effort to comprehend the uni&erse,
not simply piecemeal or by fragments, but somehow as a whole# (;radley, from %rmson, 1991
'll /ruth ultimately comes from 5eality# /hus the past errors and ultimate failure to correctly describe
5eality (which is now belie&ed to be impossible ha&e left modern 8etaphysics and /ruth with an
understandably bad reputation# :ith help from 'ristotle, Aeibni7, and Qant we can now correct these errors
in the following simple way# 's 'ristotle confirms+
The first philosophy (&etaphysics) is uni,ersal and is e)clusi,ely concerned *ith pri-ary substance.
C ,t is the principles and causes of the things that are that we are see0ing, and clearly it is their principles
and causes )ust as things that are# C 'nd here we will ha&e the science to study that which is )ust as that
which is, both in its essence and in the properties which, )ust as a thing that is, it has# (Aristotle, KL<.*
/hus at the heart of 8etaphysics is (ubstance and its Properties, which exists and causes all things, and is
therefore the necessary foundation for all human 0nowledge# 8ost importantly, 'ristotle and Aeibni7 were
correct to reali7e that $ne Substance must ha&e Properties that account for matter9s interconnected acti&ity
and 8otion#
-o,e-ent and rest# 'nd to see0 for this is to see0 for the second 0ind of principle, that from which comes
the beginning of the change# C /here must then be a principle of such a 0ind that its substance is acti&ity#
(Aristotle, KL<.*
without any acti&ity, acti,ity being of the essence of substance in general# ("eibni4, 1J7<
/he solution is to reali7e that (pace e)ists as a *a,e!-ediu- and contains spherical wa&e2motions that
cause matter and its interconnected acti&ity"change# Aet us now apply this 0nowledge to Qant, who clearly
reali7ed the unique importance of Space as being a priori (necessary for us to be able to experience and
sense the world around us, and that 8etaphysics (and thus Physics depend upon this a priori 0nowledge#
Iatural science (physics contains in itself synthetical )udgments a priori, as principles# C Space then is a
necessary representation a priori, which ser&es for the foundation of all external intuitions# (>ant, 17=1
%nfortunately for -uman 0nowledge, Qant made a simple error when he assumed /ime as the second a
priori existent, rather than the P5$P!5/,!S of Space as a wa&e2medium#
/ime is not an empirical concept# (or neither co2existence nor succession would be percei&ed by us, if the
representation of time did not exist as a foundation a priori# (>ant, 17=1
'nd because Qant could not unite Space and /ime bac0 to $ne common connected thing he assumed that
they must exist merely as ideas or representations of the world# -is error can be clearly seen when he writes
that motion is empirical " a posteriori and first depends upon the a priori existence of time#
-ere , shall add that the concept of change, and with it the concept of motion, as change of place, is possible
only through and in the representation of time# C 8otion, for example, presupposes the perception of
something mo&able# ;ut space considered in itself contains nothing -o,able+ consequently motion must
be something which is found in space only through experience 2in other words, is an empirical datum#
(>ant, 17=1
/he correct answer is that Space in itself must ha&e Properties# i#e# /hat Space exists with the properties of a
wa&e2medium and thus contains wa&e2motions which ultimately cause not only time, but also matter and its
forces# (Qant made the common mista0e of only considering 8otion of matter 9particles9 and not the (wa&e
8otion of Space itself> /hus Space and 8otion are a priori and first necessary for us to experience the
world# /his then explains the current confusion of modern physics due to the incorrect conception of the
98otion of matter particles9 in 9Space and /ime9, rather than the spherical wa&e2motion of Space causing
both matter 9particles9 and 9time9# Significantly, Qant reali7ed the importance of this problem of synthetic a
priori 0nowledge as the foundation of the Sciences and thus of certainty of 0nowledge#
%pon the solution of this problem, or upon sufficient proof of the impossibility of synthetical 0nowledge a
priori, depends the existence or downfall of metaphysics# (>ant, 17=1
"eibni4Ls &onadology, &onad
8onas is a ?ree0 word which signifies unity or that which is one# 's Aeibni7 writes+
, do not concei&e of any reality at all as without genuine unity# (:ottfried "eibni4, 1J7<
,n his 8onadology Aeibni7 describes 5eality (the $ne thing which exists and connects the many things as
$ne Substance (which is acti&e and ?od+
## the ultimate reason of things must lie in a necessary substance, in which the differentiation of the changes
only exists eminently as in their source+ and this is what we call ?od# ## ?od alone is the primary %nity, or
original simple substance, from which all monads, created and deri&ed, are produced# (Aeibni7, 1J7<
without any acti&ity, acti,ity being of the essence of substance in general# (:ottfried "eibni4, 1J7<
?ottfried Aeibni79s 8onadology is largely correct, matter and uni&erse are $ne# .ut we can now better
understand his 8onad as a Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space that determines the si7e of our finite spherical
uni&erse within an infinite Space, and thus interacts with 'AA other matter within our uni&erse#
,t follows from what we ha&e )ust said, that the natural changes of monads come from an internal principle,
and that change is continual in each one# C Iow this connection of all created things with each, and of each
with all the rest, means that each simple substance has relations which express all the others, each created
monad represents the whole uni&erse# ("eibni4, 1J7<
Iow this connection or adaption of all created things with each, and of each with all the rest, means that
each simple substance has relations which express all the others, and that consequently it is a perpetual
li&ing mirror of the uni&erse# (Aeibni7, 1J7<
1# /he monad, of which we shall spea0 here, is nothing but a simple substance which enters into
compounds+ simple, that is to say, without parts#
;# 'nd there must be simple substances, because there are compounds+ for the compound is nothing but a
collection or aggregatum of simples#
K# Iow where there are no parts, there neither extension, nor shape, nor di&isibility is possible# 'nd these
monads are the true atoms of nature and, in a word, the elements of things#
5# /here is no way in which a simple substance could begin in the course of nature, since it cannot be
formed by means of compounding#
9# ,ndeed e&ery monad must be different from e&ery other# (or there are ne&er in nature two beings, which
are precisely ali0e, and in which it is not possible to find some difference which is internal, or based on
some intrinsic quality#
1<# , also ta0e it as granted that e&ery created thing, and consequently the created monad also, is sub)ect to
change, and indeed that this change is continual in each one#
11# ,t follows from what we ha&e )ust said, that the natural changes of monads come from an internal
principle, since an external cause would be unable to influence their inner being# (Aeibni7, 1J7<
;;# 'nd as e&ery state of a simple substance is a natural consequence of its preceding state, so that the
present state of it is big with the future (Aeibni7, 1J7<
:ottfried "eibni4, Philosophical ,n&estigations, 1J7<
The )olution to ;ume1s Problem of Causation and Popper1s Problem of 'nduction
-ume is famous for ma0ing us reali7e that until we 0now the Iecessary *onnection"*ause of things then all
human 0nowledge is uncertain, merely a habit of thin0ing based upon repeated obser&ation (induction, and
which depends upon the future being li0e the past#
cause, and renders the one an infallible consequence of the other# C/here is required a medium, which may
enable the mind to draw such an inference, if indeed it be drawn by reasoning and argument# :hat that
medium is, , must confess, passes my comprehension+ and it is incumbent on those to produce it, who assert
that it really exists, and is the origin of all our conclusions concerning matter of fact# /his question , propose
as much for the sa0e of information, as with an intention of raising difficulties# , cannot find, , cannot
imagine any such reasoning# .ut , 0eep my mind still open to instruction, if any one will &ouchsafe to
bestow it upon me# (#u-e, 17K7
ad&ance -uman 0nowledge# :e can now simply explain this necessary connection of matter (cause and
effect due to the interconnection (and changing &elocity of the spherical ,n and $ut2wa&es with all the
other matter in the uni&erse# (/his will be explained when we discuss Physics#
necessary connection between things (e#g# cause and effect#
/here could easily be a little quarrel about the question which is the deeper problem+ -ume9s Problem of
*ausation, or what , ha&e called the Problem of ,nduction# $ne could argue that if the problem of causation
were positi&ely sol&ed 2 if we could show the existence of a necessary lin0 between cause and effect 2 the
problem of induction would also be sol&ed, and positi&ely# /hus one might say, the proble- of causation
is the deeper proble-# , argue the other way roundE the problem of induction is negati&ely sol&ed+ we can
ne&er )ustify the truth of a belief in a regularity# .ut we constantly use regularities, as con)ectures, as
hypotheses+ and we ha&e good reasons sometimes for preferring certain con)ectures to some of their
competitors# ,t is through the falsification of our suppositions that we actually get in touch with 9reality9# ,t is
the disco&ery and elimination of our errors which alone constitute that 9positi&e9 experience which we gain
from reality# (Popper, 1975
,t is important to explain and sol&e Popper because many scientists belie&e that /ruth is always an
approximation which is constantly e&ol&ing# ,n fact this is not the case, the solution to 8etaphysics (to
explain the $ne thing, Space, which must necessarily connect the 8any things, matter is a final solution, an
'bsolute and !ternal /ruth, as there is nothing more simple than $ne, thus no further e&olution of theories
is possible# /hus Popper9s negati&e solution to the Problem of ,nduction must now be discarded, as he
writes+
The )olution to the Problem of the One and the Many
existence#
(Fritjof Capra, 197;#
/he fundamental problem of the $ne and the 8any (which is at the &ery heart of human conceptual
/he solution to this problem is actually &ery simple# $ne thing, Space, exists (infinite and eternal, the
second thing, 8otion, as the wa&e 8otion of Space, is the property of Space, and is necessarily connected to
Space as it is Space which is mo&ing> 'nd once we ha&e this connection between the $ne thing Space, and
the many things, i#e# matter as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space, then we can in fact form concepts and
logic (which require two necessarily connected things, i#e# the wa&e 8otion of Space#
and thus the solution to this profound problem of the $ne and the 8any+
Iothing can exist without Space# Space is the precondition of all that exists, be it material or immaterial
form, because we can neither imagine an ob)ect nor a being without space# C 'ccording to ancient ,ndian
tradition the uni&erse re&eals itself in two fundamental propertiesE as 8otion, and as that in which motion
ta0es place, namely Space# /his Space is called a0asa, and is that through which things step into &isible
appearance, i#e#, through which they possess extension or corporeality# 9'0asa is deri&ed from the root 0as,
9to radiate, to shine9, and has therefore the meaning of 9ether9, which is concei&ed as the medium of
mo&ement# /he principle of mo&ement, howe&er, is prana, the breath of life, the all2powerful, all2per&ading
rhythm of the uni&erse# ("a-a :o,inda, 1977
,n fact, as we shall explain, the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion ('0asa Prana not only unites and sol&es
the Problem of the $ne and the 8any, but also the ,nfinite and the (inite, the !ternal and the /emporal, the
'bsolute and the 5elati&e, the *ontinuous and the @iscrete, and the Simple and the *omplex# i#e# $ne
Space is ,nfinite, !ternal, 'bsolute, *ontinuous and Simple+ 8atter, as 8any spherical standing wa&e
8otions of Space is (inite, /emporal, 5elati&e, @iscrete and *omplex (in its interconnected 8otions#
SeeE
Uni,erse#
So let us now apply this new 8etaphysical foundation to the problems of Physics# :e begin with !instein9s
5elati&ity, then Buantum /heory, and end with *osmology#
6. 'instein?s $elati,ity
/he re&olution which began with the creation of quantum theory and relati&ity theory can only be finished
with their unification into a single theory that can gi&e us a single, comprehensi&e picture of nature#
((-olin, 1997
'ntroduction
,t is important to reali7e that !instein9s 5elati&ity e&ol&ed largely from Iewton9s 8echanics (1J=7,
(araday9s !lectromagnetic (ield /heory (1=K;, 8axwell9s !quations (1=7J and Aorent79s /heory of the
!lectron (19<<219<J# .y applying this new 8etaphysical foundation to these earlier theories we can
correct their errors, and this then leads to a simple solution to the problems of !instein9s 5elati&ity#
383 e!ton1s Mechanics +3?6@-
Iewton famously wrote+
immo&able# (5e*ton, 1J=7
:hile 'bsolute Space is correct, his first error was to assume that Space could not mo&e (i#e# could not
&ibrate due to wa&e2motions 2 the same error as Qant# /his of course leads to the second error of
introducing an absolute /ime, when this is actually caused by the wa&e 8otion of Space# 'nd Iewton
should ha&e reali7ed this close connection of /ime with 8otion, as he writes+
*ommon /ime is some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable measure of duration by the
means of motion# (5e*ton, 1J=7
/o Iewton9s great credit though, he reali7ed that 8etaphysics must be founded on 'bsolute 8otion in
Space rather than 5elati&e 8otion with other matter (which is empirical " a posteriori, as 8etaphysics is
founded on a priori causes, not on empirical " a posteriori effects# ('nd this becomes &ery important when
we shortly consider !instein9s 5elati&ity, which is founded on relati&e motion#
Aet us now briefly consider !instein9s analysis of Iewton9s 8echanicsE
points in space# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/hus the next error of Iewton was to imagine matter as discrete 9particles9 mo&ing about in Space, rather
than matter existing as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space, and that the wa&e2center causes the 9particle9
effect# /his leads to two insurmountable problems+
(irstly, how do these discrete particles gra&itationally act2at2a2distance with other particles separate in
SpaceF Iewton himself was aware of this problem#
So far , ha&e explained the phenomena ### by the force of gra&ity, but , ha&e not yet ascertained the cause of
gra&ity itself ### and , do not arbitrarily in&ent hypotheses# (5e*ton, 1J=7
Secondly, how does matter exist as a discrete particle in Space and mo&e through the Space around itF 's
.orn explains+
to it the great rigidity it must ha&e to account for the high &elocity of wa&es# Such a substance would
necessarily offer resistance to the motion of hea&enly bodies, particularly to that of planets# (;orn, 19;L
:hile .orn is correct that Space is &ery rigid and this explains the high wa&e2&elocity, he (along with most
Space itself can exist as it would resist the motion of these particles# /he ob&ious solution to both these
problems is to replace the concept of matter existing as discrete particles with matter existing as the
Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space# :e then reali7e that forces acting2at2a2distance can now be sensibly
explained as simply the changing &elocities of the spherical ,n2wa&es which cause the wa&e2center to
change its location in Space, and which we obser&e as the accelerated motion of the 9particle9# /his then
leads to a simple explanation of 5e*ton?s "a* of Inertia F F -.a.
:e can now translate the language of physics into the language of the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8#
i#e# :hen we apply a (orce to an ob)ect we are changing the &elocity of the ,n2wa&es (from one direction,
which changes the location of the wa&e2center, and which we see as the accelerated motion of the 9particle9#
*on&ersely, if there is no change in the &elocity of the spherical ,n2wa&es then there can be no change in the
location of the wa&e2center, thus no change in the apparent motion of the 9particle9#
(inally, it is worth explaining here how 9solid bodies9 can form from wa&e2motions as this relates to both the
9rigidity9 of Space and the interconnection of the ,n and $ut wa&es# /he solution is simple as :olff explains+
:e must conclude that the crystal9s rigidity deri&es from fixed standing wa&es propagating in a nearly rigid
wa&e medium# *alculations for diamonds and nuclear structure yields an enormous rigidity# /his is really a
separate argument about the rigidity of space, which is one of its properties# (+olff, 199L
:e also reali7e that because of this slight 9elasticity9 of Space, there can be no absolutely rigid bodies in
Space, as !instein confirms+
/he subtlety of the concept of space was enhanced by the disco&ery that there exist no completely rigid
bodies# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Fig. 6.6 Solid bodies form from fixed standing wa&es propagating in a nearly
rigid wa&e medium#
384 Faraday1s /lectromagnetic Force Field +36E4-
8axwell9s wor0 on electromagnetic field phenomena# ('lbert !instein, 195L
(araday de&eloped the mathematical concept of the 9electromagnetic force field9 as a way of mathematically
describing action2at2a2distance for charged particles (i#e# electrons and protons# /his is a continuous
mathematical 9plotting9 of the effects (forces and thus accelerated motions that matter has on other matter in
the Space around it, thus it is a description of effects (inducti&e " a posteriori rather than cause (deducti&e "
a priori# 'nd as we ha&e explained, this is important because the ultimate Principles of Physics must be a
priori, not a posteriori# ,t is also important to remember that the electromagnetic (e2m field is a &ector
(directional quantity that defines force and direction of acceleration of many charged particles upon one
another# ,t is continuous in the sense that the distance and force between particles can &ary by infinitely
small amounts# 's !instein explains+
a nearby conductorF 'll these electric particles together seemed to create in the surrounding space a
condition which in turn produced a certain order in the filings# /hese spatial states, today called fields,
would, he was con&inced, furnish the clue to the mysterious electromagnetic interactions# -e concei&ed
these fields as states of mechanical stress in an elastically distended body (ether# ('lbert !instein, 195L
38E Ma>!ell1s /Auations and the Finite "elocity of Light #a"es +36@?-
:hen 8axwell used this field theory to assume that light was an electromagnetic wa&e, and then correctly
deduced the finite &elocity of light, it was a powerful logical argument for the existence of the
that propagated with the &elocity of light c through the ether# ,n fact 8axwell was simply confirming that all
wa&e2center to wa&e2center (particle interactions are not instantaneous as Iewton assumed, but are limited
by the &elocity of the ,n2wa&es which is the &elocity of light c#
So while 8axwell misunderstood the true nature of the wa&es (which are real wa&e2motions of Space rather
/he precise formulation of the time space laws of those fields was the wor0 of 8axwell# ,magine his
feelings when the differential equations he had formulated pro&ed to him that the electromagnetic fields
experience been &ouchsafed# $nly after -ert7 (1=== had demonstrated experimentally the existence of
8axwell9s electromagnetic wa&es did resistance to the new theory brea0 down# 'nd what was true for
electrical action could not be denied for gra&itation# !&erywhere Iewton9s (instant actions2at2a2distance
ga&e way to fields spreading with finite &elocity# 't that thrilling moment he surely ne&er guessed that the
riddling nature of light, apparently so completely sol&ed, would continue to baffle succeeding
generations#9 ('lbert !instein, 195L
the Spherical Standing :a&e, they did not anticipate Planc09s disco&ery of the discrete 9quantum9 properties
of light# (or standing wa&e interactions only occur at discrete frequencies, li0e notes on the string of a
guitar, thus while the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter predicts that wa&e interactions will be
discrete, the continuous e2m wa&e does not anticipate this# (/his is explained shortly in the section on
Buantum /heory
38F On Lorent<1s Theory of the /lectron +3C7753C7?-
-endri0 Aorent7 assumed the electron was a charged particle which 9generated9 a spherical spatially
extended electromagnetic field in the ether# /hus inad&ertently he continued this error of assuming both the
9particle9 and the 9field9 to be real (rather than simply being mathematical constructions# 's !instein
explains+ /his field is generated by atomistic electric charges upon which the field in turn exerts
ponderomoti&e forces# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Aorent7 imagined that the ether exists throughout Space and that fields existed as a 9state9 of this ether#
hypothesis that, though the particles may mo&e, the ether always remains at rest# ("orent4, 19<J
's 8ax .orn writes+
Aorent7 proclaimed the ether at rest in absolute space# ,n principle this identifies the ether with absolute
space# 'bsolute space is no &acuum, but something with definite properties whose state is described with
the help of two directed quantities, the electrical field ! and the magnetic field -# (;orn, 19;L
Aorent7 is correct that Space per&ades the particles, and that space is at rest, (i#e# rigid, does not 9flow9, the
error is to assume separate 9particles9 generating a 9field9 in this Space, which as !instein explains, causes
se&eral problems+
/he introduction of the field as an elementary concept ga&e rise to an inconsistency of the theory as a whole#
8axwell9s theory, although adequately describing the beha&ior of electrically charged particles in their
interaction with one another, does not explain the beha&ior of electrical densities, i#e#, it does not pro&ide a
electrodynamics cannot be considered a complete theory# ('lbert !instein, 195L
-istory shows that this problem is insurmountable as 9forces9 must ha&e 9particles9 to act upon, thus the
particle was a necessary part of the e&olution of the field theory#
38F83 The Lorent< Transformation 5 The /lectron Changes /llipsoidal )hape #ith Motion
/he Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter tells us that there is no discrete particle and instead we are
considering the beha&ior of the wa&e2center# /hus we reali7e that the 9motion9 of the 9particle9 through Space
is actually the apparent motion of successi&e wa&e2centers which are determined by where each successi&e
spherical (in reality ellipsoidal ,n2:a&e meets at its respecti&e :a&e2*enter# 's the spherical ,n and $ut
wa&es combine and then cancel one another, the 9particle9 effect of the wa&e2center appears in a discrete
point in Space, then disappears, then re2appears again as the next ,n2wa&es meets at its wa&e2center (roughly
1<
;<
times per second#
's :ertheim explains+
,n the quantum world, subatomic particles lurch about, suddenly disappearing from their starting points and
reappearing as if by magic somewhere else# (+erthei-, 1997
(urther, this apparent motion of the wa&e2center (particle is caused by a difference in &elocity of the ,n2
wa&es from one direction, and this also necessarily changes the spherical shape of the ,n2wa&es (they
become squashed or stretched spheres " ellipsoids
(igE1#L#1 /he !llipsoidal Shape of a 8o&ing wa&e2centerE ,f the ,n2wa&es on the right are slowed down as
they tra&el in through Space then they change ellipsoidal shape (rather than being exactly spherical and
ha&e a shorter wa&elength# ,t is this change in &elocity, ellipsoidal shape and wa&elength of the ,n2wa&e
which causes the apparent motion of the wa&e2center and the Aorent7 /ransformations#
/he Aorent7 /ransformations pro&ide formulas for the change of ellipsoidal shape of matter (SS:s with
the apparent 9motion9 of the 9particle9 (wa&e2center and how this affects 8ass, /ime and Aength "
@imension# /his explains the 9null result9 of the 8ichelson28orley experiment as Aorent7 explains+
the order of &;"c;, when it mo&es through the ether# C (rom this point of &iew it is natural to suppose that,
)ust li0e the electromagnetic forces, the molecular attractions and repulsions are somewhat modified by a
translation imparted to the body, and this may &ery well result in a change of dimensions# C /he electrons
themsel&es become flattened ellipsoids# ## /his would enable us to predict that no experiment made with a
terrestrial source of light will e&er show us an influence of the !arth9s motion# ("orent4, 19<J
Fig= 6.G.D The &ichelson!&orley e)peri-ent# @ue to our dimension being determined by wa&elength, we
shall always measure arm 1 of an interferometer, to be the same length as that of arm ;, irrespecti&e of
which direction we rotate the interferometer# /he arms are both 7 wa&elengths long# /hus it ta0es the same
time for the ellipsoidal ,n2wa&es to propagate in to the center along arm 1 as it does along arm ;# /his must
be true as this is where the ellipsoidal wa&e meets at the wa&e2center to determine the apparent 9motion9 of
the 9particle9# 's there is no time difference for the two paths, no interference is obser&ed# /his explains the
Iull result of the 8ichelson"8orley experiment#
/he 8ichelson 8orley experiment confirms that light ta0es the same time to tra&el each path irrespecti&e of
the motion of the obser&er# /his is a general principle, and is the foundation of !instein9s principle of special
relati&ity and thus his postulate that the &elocity of light is always measured to be the same#
undergo a Aorent7 transformation# ('lbert !instein, 195L
38D /instein1s %elati"ity +3C7D,3C3D-
C /he theory of relati&ity may indeed be said to ha&e put a sort of finishing touch to the mighty intellectual
included# ('lbert !instein, 195L
!instein9s Special 5elati&ity is founded on the !mpirical (a posteriori truth that the laws of Iature are
always measured to be the same for all obser&ers irrespecti&e of their non2accelerated motion relati&e to one
another# /his Principle of 5elati&ity has been 0nown since the se&enteenth century and applied to Iewton9s
8echanics# !instein cle&erly applied this Principle of 5elati&ity to 8axwell9s equations and Aorent79s
!lectromagnetic /heory of the !lectron, and thus the &elocity of Aight, as one of the laws of Iature, must
also be measured to be the same# ,n fact the :a&e Structure of 8atter tells us that the &elocity of light
actually &aries dependent upon the wa&e2amplitude and density of Space# .ut the &elocity is always
measured to be the same because any relati&e difference in the &elocity of the ,n2wa&e from one side of the
wa&e2center to the other, causes a corresponding change in wa&elength and location of the wa&e2center,
such that the same ,n2wa&e always meets at its wa&e2center at the same time# 's &elocity is length " time
then the &elocity of the ,n2wa&e (&elocity of light c is always measured to be the same#
(igE 1#5#1E 8atter is Spherically Spatially !xtendedE Pythagoras9 /heorem is caused by the spherical shape
and thus interaction of matter# (urther, three dimensional space and spherical space are equi&alent, as it
requires three dimensions to define the surface of a sphere#
geometry, but approximately by spherical geometry# ('lbert !instein, 195L
whatsoe&er as to the structure and beha&ior of the electron# ('lbert !instein, 195L
around, thus his 9representation9 of matter as spherical force field#
!instein9s 8etric equation is simply Pythagoras9 /heorem applied to the three spatial co2ordinates, and
equating them to the displacement of a ray of light (the hypotenuse#
Special relati&ity is still based directly on an e-pirical law, that of the constancy of the &elocity of light#
dx
;
T dy
;
T d7
;
U(cdt
;
where cdt is the distance tra&eled by light c in time dt#/he fact that such a metric is
called !uclidean is connected with the following# /he postulation of such a metric in a three dimensional
continuum is fully equi&alent to the postulation of the axioms of !uclidean ?eometry# /he defining
equation of the metric is then nothing but the Pythagorean theorem applied to the differentials of the co2
ordinates# C ,n the special theory of relati&ity those co2ordinate changes (by transformation are permitted
for which also in the new co2ordinate system the quantity (cdt
;
equals the sum of the squares of the co2
ordinate differentials# Such transformations are called Aorent7 transformations# ('lbert !instein, 195L
i Special relati&ity assumes that the &elocity of light is constant, and thus it is true that if there is no change
in the &elocity of the ,n2wa&e then there can be no acceleration of the wa&e2center# /his explains why
special relati&ity is limited to relati&e motion between matter that is non2accelerated# (,nertial reference
frames
ii ,n !instein9s 8etric !quations the displacement of the light beam is determined by cdt, thus it ma0es no
difference, mathematically spea0ing, if the &elocity of light is assumed constant, and thus time is changed to
0eep the metrical equation true (as !instein did or con&ersely, to assume a constant /ime, and that the
&elocity of ,n2wa&es (Aight is different# 's it turns out, it is this latter case which is true, and this different
&elocity of the ,n2wa&es (from one side of the wa&e2center relati&e to the other is the cause of the apparent
motion of wa&e2centers#
Significantly, !instein confirms this &iew that the &elocity of light is not always constant when he writes
that+
Special 5elati&ity is founded on the basis of the law of the constancy of the &elocity of light# .ut the general
theory of relati&ity cannot retain this law# $n the contrary, we arri&ed at the result that according to this
latter theory the &elocity of light must always depend on the co2ordinates when a gra&itational field is
present# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Iow it is this relationship of the change in wa&elength (and thus ellipsoidal dimension with 8otion that is
at the heart of 5elati&ity so it is important to hear what Aorent7 has to say on the sub)ect+
,t is clear that, since the obser&er is unconscious of these changes, (the contraction of a measuring rod in the
what really is an ellipsoid# C
'ttention must now be drawn to a remar0able reciprocity that has been pointed out by !instein# ###
Aet us now imagine that each obser&er (one is mo&ing with constant &elocity relati&e to the other is able to
see the system to which the other belongs, ###
,t will be clear by what has been said that the impressions recei&ed by the two obser&ers would be ali0e in
all respects# ,t would be impossible to tell which of them mo&es or stands still with respect to the ether# C
-is results concerning electromagnetic and optical phenomena agree in the main with those which we ha&e
obtained in the preceding pages, the chief difference being that !instein simply postulates what we ha&e
deduced from the fundamental equations of the electromagnetic field# .y doing so, he may certainly ta0e
credit for ma0ing us see in the negati&e result of experiments li0e those of 8ichelson, 5ayleigh and .race,
not a fortuitous compensation of opposing effects, but the manifestation of a general and fundamental
principle# Net, , thin0, something may also be claimed in the fa&or of the form in which , ha&e presented the
theory# , cannot but regard the ether, which can be the seat of an electromagnetic field with its energy and its
,ibrations, as endowed with a certain degree of substantiality, howe&er different it may be from all
ordinary matter# ("orent4, 19<J
8ost profoundly, Aorent7 first deduced the foundations of !instein9s 5elati&ity from the assumption of a
rigid Space (ether that had the properties of a wa&e2medium (i#e# &ibrations# /hough !instein related
relati&e motions of matter only to other matter and not bac0 to an 'bsolute Space li0e Aorent7 did, (which is
mathematically simpler , suppose the important point is that the logic of 5elati&ity is founded on, and
completely consistent with, an 'bsolute Space# .y only considering relati&e motion !instein effecti&ely
renounced the concept of 'bsolute Space and 8otion and instead tried to represented matter as a spherical
(spatially extended field+
space9 loses its meaning# (!instein, 19J1 Since the field exists e&en in a &acuum, should one concei&e of
the field as state of a 9carrier9, or should it rather be endowed with an independent existence not reducible to
anything elseF ,n other words, is there an 9aether9 which carries the field+ the aether being considered in the
undulatory state, for example, when it carries light wa&esF /he question has a natural answerE .ecause one
cannot dispense with the field concept, it is preferable not to introduce in addition a carrier with hypothetical
properties# C
concept of matter (particles in the theory of Iewton# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/hese quote are worth close attention, for they highlight !instein9s error# :e now reali7e that the continuous
force field is an approximation of many discrete standing wa&e interactions (see Buantum /heory, and
further, the field is an empirically founded (a posteriori concept and thus cannot be fundamental# -ence we
must re)ect the field, thus it is not only preferable, but necessary, to consider the 9carrier with hypothetical
properties9, i#e# Space existing with the properties of a wa&e2medium#
,t is now possible to show that !instein9s ideas need only a slight modification, from his foundation that
matter is a spherical spatially extended 9field9, to a foundation based upon Space rather than matter, and that
matter is caused by Spherical Standing :a&e 8otions of Space# /hus !instein is correct in re)ecting the
concept of the particle and to reali7e the connection between matter and Space+
as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high# ('lbert
!instein, 195L
,t is true that the particle can only appear as a limited region in Space in which the field strength"energy
density is particularly high, for this is simply the high wa&e2amplitude R density of the wa&e2center of the
Spherical Standing :a&e#
/his ob&iously also explains why matter can ne&er exceed the &elocity of light# 's the 9particle9 is the wa&e2
center of the Spherical Standing :a&e (SS:, it is impossible for this wa&e2center to e&er mo&e faster than
the &elocity of the incoming wa&es, which is the &elocity of light# %nfortunately !instein incorrectly
assumed that a mathematical description of effects, the spherical, spatially extended continuous force field,
was the best way of representing reality# ,n fact these force field effects are caused by the changing &elocity
of the ,n2wa&es which determine the future location of the wa&e2center (and thus the apparent force and
accelerated motion of the particle# :e now reali7e that the field theory is a continuous mathematical
approximation of effects which are caused by many discrete (quantum standing wa&e interactions# -ence
the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explains the cause of both the 9field9 and the 9particle effects9#
/hough most of !instein9s discussion of Space is in terms of matter interactions described by fields (a purely
mathematical analysis, it is important to reali7e that !instein also had a reasonable understanding of
metaphysics, thus he reali7ed (particularly in his later life that Space must somehow exist and ha&e
properties that caused these force fields, he )ust did not 0now how they existed and was not inclined to idle
speculation# -e writes+
characteristic of matter, as consisting of parts (9particles9 which may be trac0ed through time# /he idea of
motion may not be applied to it# ('instein, Aeiden Aecture, 19;<
/hus, li0e Qant (and others, !instein assumed that motion only applied to particles, and as he did not
belie&e in particles he also did not belie&e in 8otion, thus he ne&er considered the wa&e 8otion of Space
itself>
38D84 :eneral %elati"ity +On 2ccelerated Motion and :ra"itation8 3C3D-
?eneral 5elati&ity extends Special 5elati&ity to include accelerated 8otion thus it is important to first as0
what causes the acceleration of matter# /he solution is quite simple# .y understanding the spherical ,n and
$ut wa&e structure of matter we deduce that any change in &elocity of the ,n2wa&es (from one direction
causes a change in where the ,n2wa&es meet at their wa&e2centers which we obser&e as the accelerated
8otion of the particle# /his is why acceleration exists and is defined as a change in &elocity 2 because it is
caused by a change in &elocity of the ,n2wa&es> /his change in the &elocity of wa&es in Space is dependent
upon the mass2energy density of space (for ?ra&itational 8ass, and is the true physical cause of ?eneral
5elati&ity and !instein9s gra&itational fields, thus explaining !instein9s comment that+ the &elocity of light
must always depend on the co2ordinates when a gra&itational field is present# ('lbert !instein, 195L
The /Aui"alence of 'nertial Mass and :ra"itational Mass
/he empirical foundation of ?eneral 5elati&ity is the equi&alence of gra&itational and inertial mass, as
!instein explains+ 8ass is defined by the resistance that a body opposes to its acceleration (inert mass# ,t is
also measured by the weight of the body (gra&ity mass# /hat these two radically different definitions lead to
the same &alue for the mass of a body is in itself an astonishing fact# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/he Properties of Space and the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explain the equi&alence of these two
forms of 8ass#
i) Inertial &ass. ,magine the wa&e2center (electron of a Spherical Standing :a&e (SS: in free Space
away from massi&e bodies# 's the mass2energy density of space is the same in all directions, therefore the
&elocity of the ,n2wa&es is the same from all directions and does not change, thus the ,n2wa&es will always
meet at the same point in Space (the wa&e2center# /his is the physical foundation of inertial mass, a body
remains stationary (it does not accelerate if there is no change in the &elocity of the ,n2wa&es (no forces act
upon it#
ii) :ra,itational &ass. *onsider the same stationary wa&e2center (electron of a SS: but now imagine a
massi&e body, such as the !arth, placed to one side of the electron# /he Space that the !arth occupies has a
higher mass2energy density of space, thus the &elocity of ,n2wa&es and $ut2wa&es (&elocity of light will be
slower in this Space# /his causes a change in ellipsoidal shape of the ,n2wa&es and results in the wa&e2
center (electron mo&ing towards the Space of higher mass2energy density of space (the earth#
'nd so we see that it is the same property of Space that causes both gra&itational mass and inertial mass,
thus explaining their equi&alence#
Aet us now consider a simple example of this equi&alence that will ma0e it easier to understand# ,magine
being in a spaceship away from any stars or other massi&e bodies# :e would be weightless in the Space as
there would be no gra&itational effect# Iow if we imagine the spaceship being accelerated upwards,
(relati&e to the floor, at 9#=m"s, we would not be able to tell if we are being accelerated or if we are in the
!arth9s gra&itational field# (urther, if we were standing on scales, our weight could be due either to the
inertia caused by accelerating the spaceship, or to our mass in a gra&itational field# /his is the empirical
equi&alence of gra&itational and inertial mass#
!instein cle&erly used this equi&alence to argue (mathematically that gra&ity could be treated as an
accelerated reference frame+
gra&itational field in relation to uniformly accelerated co2ordinate system# C /here is no reason to exclude
the possibility of interpreting this beha&ior as the effect of a 9true9 gra&itational field (principle of
equi&alence of inertial"gra&itational mass# ('lbert !instein, 195L
change (i#e# the changing ellipsoidal shape of matter if the reference frame is now accelerated, and we can
then use these transformations to describe not only an accelerated reference frame but also a gra&itational
field# !instein is thus forced to use a cur&ed (non2linear co2ordinate system (rather than linear as per
(on cur&ed coordinate systems#
,n order to account for the equality of inert and gra&itational mass within the theory it is necessary to admit
fundamental in&estigations of ?auss and 5iemann# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/o introduce this non2linear transformation, it was necessary for !instein to ad)ust the &elocity of light
dependent upon the energy density (gra&itational field of Space# /his is true, because it is this change in
mass2energy density of space, due to the presence of matter (as Spherical"!llipsoidal :a&e28otions of
Space, that causes a slowing of the wa&e &elocity and a change in its ellipsoidal shape, and this is the
ultimate cause of gra&itational forces and the resultant acceleration of the 9particle9#
(')plaining and (ol,ing the Proble-s of 'instein?s $elati,ity)
Structure of 8atter# :e reali7e that forces are caused by a change in the &elocity of the spherical ,n2wa&e
(from one direction as this changes where these ,n2wa&es meet at the wa&e2center, which we obser&e as a
9force accelerating a particle9# /he change in ellipsoidal shape of the ,n2wa&es is the cause of !instein9s
8etrics and the 5iemannian geometry of ?eneral 5elati&ity# :ith this new understanding let us then briefly
summari7e the problems of !instein9s 5elati&ity, as their solutions become ob&ious once we understand the
Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter#
unsatisfactory#
+nfinite #ields.
195L
('instein, 195L
*enter#
%ausin& ;atter.
('instein, 195L
other matter# /he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion is founded on the a priori fact that Space is first
necessary for matter to be able to exist and mo&e about# !instein is empirically correct, and at the same time
this was his error because 8etaphysics (and thus 5eality is not founded on empirical obser&ations# ,n
reality there is no motion of matter, there is only the spherical wa&e2motion of Space, and the changing
(mass#
of light#
Concluding $e-ar<s
modern physics#
'lbert !instein9s ?eneral /heory of 5elati&ity (?/5 has been summari7ed as, 9/he matter of the uni&erse
determines the properties of Space, and the properties of Space determine the beha&iour of matter#9
symmetry#
of matter in Space#
D. 1uantu- Theory
of the uni&erse# /he mathematical framewor0 of quantum theory has passed countless successful tests and is
now uni&ersally accepted as a consistent and accurate description of all atomic phenomena# /he &erbal
interpretation, on the other hand, i#e# the metaphysics of quantum theory, is on far less solid ground# ,n fact,
in more than forty years physicists ha&e not been able to pro&ide a clear metaphysical model# (Fritjof
Capra, 1975
'ntroduction
/he $ne Principle of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter
pro&ide this 9clear metaphysical model9# /he problem, as we shall explain, has been the conception of the
9particle9 and thus the resulting paradox of the 9particle " wa&e9 duality# /hese problems ha&e caused great
confusion within modern physics o&er the past se&enty years, as both -eisenberg and @a&ies explain+
19K<
wa&e2particle 9duality9 is not in doubt# ## ,t is impossible to &isuali7e a wa&e2particle, so don9t try# ### /he
notion of a particle being 9e&erywhere at once9 is impossible to imagine# (0a,ies, 19=5
/he solution to this apparent paradox is to simply explain how the discrete 9particle9 properties of matter and
light (quanta are in fact caused by the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter#
atoms (photons of the indi&idual energy hf, where h is Planc09s uni&ersal constant# /his disco&ery became
the basis of all twentieth2century research in physics and has almost entirely conditioned its de&elopment
e&er since# :ithout this disco&ery it would not ha&e been possible to establish a wor0able theory of
molecules and atoms and the energy processes that go&ern their transformations# 8oreo&er, it has shattered
the whole framewor0 of classical mechanics and electrodynamics and set science a fresh tas0E that of
finding a new conceptual basis for all physics# @espite remar0able partial gains, the problem is still far from
a satisfactory solution# ('lbert !instein, 195L
showed that the energy ! of e)ected electrons was dependent upon the frequency f of incident light as
described in the equation !Uhf# ,t is ironic that in 19;1 !instein was awarded the Iobel Pri7e for this
discrete energy transfers (photons which were contradictory to his continuous field theory of matter#
!instein as well as a discrete particle"photon (Planc0, !instein# :e can now understand the cause of this
discrete energy 9quanta9 because Standing wa&es only exist and interact at discrete frequencies, li0e notes on
the string of a guitar# /his then leads us to the wor0 of de .roglie and Schrodinger#
484 de Broglie1s .isco"ery of the !a"e Properties of /lectron 'nteractions +3C4@-
aid of current concepts, and hit on a parallel with stationary (standing wa&es, as for instance in the case of
proper frequencies of organ pipes and strings in acoustics# ('lbert !instein, 195L
de .roglie9s reali7ation that standing wa&es exist at discrete frequencies and thus energies is ob&iously true
and important, yet he continued with the error of the particle concept and thus imagined particles mo&ing in
a wa&eli0e manner> Ionetheless, as he was close to the truth he had considerable success with his theory as
!instein confirms+
!xperiments on interference made with particle rays ha&e gi&en brilliant proof that the *a,e character of the
phenomena of -otion as assumed by the theory does, really, correspond to the facts# ('lbert !instein, 195L
matter#
48483 de Broglie1s 'ncorrect 'nterpretation of the )tanding !a"es as the !a"e5Li=e Motion of a
Particle in Orbit +3C4@-
assumed+
are not 9orbits9 but complex standing wa&e patterns#
ii $nly certain orbits are stable# (/his is nearly correct, only certain standing wa&e patterns are resonantly
stable#
another# (/his is nearly correct, the electrons mo&e from one stable standing wa&e pattern to another#
certain orbits were 9allowed9 for the electron, as !instein explains+
stationary (standing character of the corresponding wa&es# ('lbert !instein, 195L
(igE ;#;#1 !lectron $rbits# de .roglie imagined the standing wa&es to be related to discrete wa&elengths and
standing wa&es for certain orbits of the electron 9particle9 about the proton# (5ather than considering the
actual standing wa&e structure of the electron itself#
de .roglie further explains his reasoning for the particle"wa&e duality of matter in his 19;9 Iobel Pri7e
acceptance speech+
@etermination of the stable -otion of electrons in the atom introduces integers, and up to this point the only
phenomena in&ol&ing integers in physics were those of interference and of normal modes of ,ibration#
fre3uency (wa&e properties must be assigned to them also#
48E The )chrodinger #a"e /Auations are founded on )tanding #a"e 'nteractions +3C46-
!rwin Schrodinger disco&ered that when frequency f and de .roglie wa&elength y were substituted into
general wa&e equations it becomes possible to express energy ' and momentum -, as wa&e functions 2
thus a confined particle (e#g# an electron in an atom"molecule with 0nown energy and momentum functions
could be described with a certain wa&e function#
and only then can they resonate at certain frequencies# Significantly, these allowed frequencies
corresponded to the obser&ed discrete frequencies of light emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in
atoms"molecules# /his further confirmed the standing wa&e properties of matter, and that only certain
standing wa&e frequencies could exist which corresponded to certain energy states#
's !instein explains+
-ow can one assign a discrete succession of energy &alues ' to a system specified in the sense of classical
mechanics (the energy function is a gi&en function of the co2ordinates ) and the corresponding momenta
-,F Planc09s constant h relates the frequency f F'Bh to the energy &alues '# ,t is therefore sufficient to
function ' (), -,, where the position ) and time t are independent &ariables# ('lbert !instein, 195L
standing wa&es are scalar wa&es rather than &ector electromagnetic wa&es# /his is an important difference,
&ector e2m wa&es are mathematical wa&es which describe a direction (&ector of force, whereas the wa&e
8otions of Space are scalar wa&es which are simply described by their wa&e2amplitude# :ith de .roglie9s
introduction of the concept of standing wa&es to explain the discrete energy states of atoms and molecules,
and the introduction of scalar wa&es by Schrodinger, they had intuiti&ely grasped important truths of nature
as !instein confirms+
basis of differential equations applying a 0ind of resonance argument# ('lbert !instein, 195L
So let us now explain in more detail this phenomena of light energy being emitted and absorbed in discrete
amounts (photons due to standing wa&e interactions and resonant coupling#
48F />plaining the Forces of Charge and Light
,t is a property of Space that the greater the wa&e2amplitude the greater the wa&e2&elocity (and &ice &ersa
and this then pro&ides a sensible explanation of both charge and light# .ecause wa&e2amplitude is both
positi&e and negati&e, thus interacting wa&e2amplitudes can either increase or decrease (i#e# combine or
cancel out, causing either an increase or decrease in the &elocity of the ,n2wa&es, and a consequent mo&ing
together, or mo&ing apart of the wa&e2centers# /hus when we place two electrons near one another in Space,
then the wa&e2amplitude of Space between them increases because the wa&es are in phase and the wa&e2
amplitudes combine and increase, thus the wa&e2&elocity increases (opposite to gra&ity9s slowing of ,n2
wa&es and this causes the wa&e2centers to mo&e apart# *on&ersely, if we place an electron and a positron
(anti2matter being the opposite phase wa&e2motion to matter, thus a positron is the opposite phase to an
electron then the wa&e2amplitude between the two wa&e2centers tends to cancel out and become smaller,
thus the wa&e2&elocity between the two wa&e2centers decreases (li0e gra&ity and thus causes the wa&e2
centers to mo&e together#(/his explains the 8inimum 'mplitude Aaw and the electrical repulsion of li0e
charges, and attraction of opposite charges#
,n fact this also explains the electron " positron (matter " antimatter annihilation, as the wa&e2centers will
e&entually o&erlap one2another and the wa&e2amplitudes will completely cancel out (due to their equal and
opposite phase and thus disappear# /his explains *harge, but does not explain Aight, which is slightly more
complex#
:e must further reali7e that light is only emitted and absorbed by electrons bound in atoms or molecules,
and these electrons ha&e some complex repeating standing wa&e2motion about the nucleus# /hus the
electrons beha&e as 9oscillating resonators9 and it is common 0nowledge to electrical engineers and
in frequency and the other one increases a corresponding amount# (Ai0e two connected pendulums# /he
coupling pro&ided by the non2linear centers of the resonances (high wa&e2amplitude wa&e2centers where the
wa&e2&elocities change causes them to change &elocity, frequency, and wa&elength, due to the interaction
(modulation of each other9s wa&es# :hen opposite changes of frequency (energy ta0es place between two
resonances, energy seems to be transported from the center of one resonance to another# :e obser&e a loss
of energy where frequency decreases and added energy where it increases# /he exchange appears to tra&el
with the speed of the ,n2wa&es of the recei&ing resonance which is c, the &elocity of light# :hen large
numbers of changes occur together we see a continuous beam of light (i#e# electromagnetic radiation# :hen
single exchanges occur we see 9photons9 as discrete energy exchanges# /he transitory modulated wa&es
tra&eling between two resonances (as the electrons"wa&e2centers mo&e from one standing wa&e pattern to
another create the illusion of the 9photon9# 'n exchange may require 1<
I
to 1<
69
cycles to complete,
Fig= D.G.6 "ight is Caused by the $esonant Coupling of t*o bound *a,e!centers of (pherical (tanding
+a,es (electrons) *ith oscillating *a,e functions. /his diagram is only an approximation, but it gi&es
you some idea of the 9secondary9 wa&elength (the 9electromagnetic9 wa&elength of light caused by the
interactions of the ,n and $ut2wa&es of the two oscillating electrons"wa&e2centers#
/hese standing wa&e patterns cause a cyclical oscillation in the ellipsoidal shape of the ,n and $ut2wa&es
which describes a wa&e function that is ultimately the cause of the 9electromagnetic9 wa&elength and
frequency of light# 's only certain discrete 9orbits9 (standing wa&e functions described by Schrodinger9s
wa&e equations exist for the wa&e2center of the Spherical Standing :a&e, then it can only exchange
frequencies in discrete le&els which correspond to discrete energy exchanges of light 9photons9#
48D ;eisenberg1s 9ncertainty Principle $ Born1s 1Probability !a"es1 +3C46-
(irstly, +erner #eisenberg de&eloped the uncertainty principle which tells us that we (the obser&er can
altered# /hus the obser&ation has a discrete effect on what we measure, limiting how precisely we can
determine both the position and momentum of the particle#
&a) ;orn (19;= was the first to disco&er (by chance and with no theoretical foundation that the square of
the quantum wa&e equations (which is actually the mass2energy density of space could be used to predict
the probability of where the particle would be found# Since it was impossible for both the wa&es and the
particles to be real entities, it became customary to regard the wa&es as unreal 9probability wa&es9 and to
maintain the belief in the 9real9 particle# %nfortunately this maintained the belief in the particle"wa&e duality,
in a new form where the 9quantum9 scalar wa&es had become 9probability wa&es9 for the 9real9 particle#
!instein agreed with this probability wa&e interpretation, as he belie&ed in continuous force fields (not in
wa&es or particles thus to him it was sensible that the wa&es were not real, and were mere descriptions of
probabilities#
relates rather to many systems, to an 9ensemble of systems9 in the sense of statistical mechanics# ('lbert
!instein, 195L
!instein is correct that matter is spherically spatially extended (but as a Spherical Standing :a&e, not as
continuous spherical force fields thus it is true that matter is intimately interconnected to all the other
matter in the uni&erse (by the spherical ,n and $ut2:a&es# ,t is this lac0 of 0nowledge of the system as a
whole that is the ultimate cause of the uncertainty and resultant probability inherent in Buantum /heory#
physical reality that we ha&e in &iew# C , cannot but confess that , attach only a transitory importance to
this interpretation# , still belie&e in the possibility of a model of reality 2 that is to say, of a theory which
represents things themsel&es and not merely the probability of their occurrence# $n the other hand, it seems
to me certain that we must gi&e up the idea of complete locali7ation of the particle in a theoretical model#
/his seems to me the permanent upshot of -eisenberg9s principle of uncertainty# ('lbert !instein, 195L
!instein belie&ed that 5eality was not founded on chance (as .ohr and -eisenberg argued but on necessary
connections between things (thus his comment 9?od does not play dice#9# -e was largely correct, matter is
necessarily connected due to the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter, but due to lac0 of 0nowledge
of the system as a whole (the uni&erse, then this gi&es rise to the chance and uncertainty found in Buantum
/heory# ,t is also true that we must gi&e up the idea of complete locali7ation and 0nowledge of the 9particle9,
which is merely a mathematical concept and is caused by the wa&e2center of the Spherical Standing :a&e#
5emar0ably, Stephen -aw0ing was &ery close to the truth when he wrote+
.ut maybe that is our mista0eE maybe there are no particle positions and &elocities, but only wa&es# ,t is )ust
that we try to fit the wa&es to our preconcei&ed ideas of positions and &elocities# /he resulting mismatch is
the cause of the apparent unpredictability# (#a*<ing, 19==
48? #olff1s e>planation of Feynman1s Quantum /lectrodynamics +Q/., 3CFD-
1'0 is founded on the assumption that charged 9particles9 somehow generate spherical electromagnetic
(&ector ,n and $ut wa&es# /his explains why (eynman had such success and such failure at the same time,
as he had the correct spherical wa&e structure of matter, but he continued with two further errors, the
existence of the particle, and the use of &ector 9electromagnetic9 wa&es (mathematical wa&es of force, rather
than using the correct scalar 9quantum9 wa&es# /he solution to these problems was first found by :olff
(19=J#
+olff reali7ed that there are no solutions for spherical &ector electromagnetic wa&es, and he had the
foresight to try using real 9quantum9 wa&es, which are scalar# -e then disco&ered that when one spherical
standing wa&e was mo&ing relati&e to another the @oppler shifts ga&e rise to .$/- the de .roglie
wa&elength 'I@ the 8ass increase of !instein9s Special 5elati&ity# /hus in the one equation he had
deduced the two obser&ed phenomena due to relati&e motion, which respecti&ely found central parts of both
Buantum /heory and !instein9s Special 5elati&ity# /his then led to his further wor0 on the Spherical :a&e
Structure of 8atter and explanations for the following problems+
48?83 The problem of 1%enormali<ation1
/he electromagnetic field theory of matter gi&es rise to infinitely high fields (singularities at the center of
the point particle electron# /his was a&oided with 9renormali7ation9 whereby infinity is subtracted from
infinity and the correct experimental result was substituted into the equation# Paul @irac wrote+
Sensible mathematics in&ol&es neglecting a quantity when it turns out to be small 2 not neglecting it )ust
because it is infinitely great and you do not want it> (Paul 0irac
5ichard (eynman also 0new this+
### , suspect that renormali7ation is not mathematically legitimate# ($ichard Feyn-an, 19=5
/he solution is to reali7e that scalar spherical 9quantum9 wa&es ha&e a finite wa&e amplitude at the wa&e2
center and thus eliminate the infinities#
48?84 Ma>!ell1s /Auations Cannot describe a )pherical e5m !a"e8
/he failure of the 8#!# in spherical co2ordinates can be imagined by saying, 9Nou cannot comb the hair on a
tennis ball#9 /his means that if you attempt to comb down an ! field (the hair representing the electric
&ector e&erywhere flat onto a tennis ball (a spherical surface, you must create a 9cowlic09 somewhere on
the ball which frustrates your attempt to comb it# /he solution is to replace the &ector e2m wa&es with scalar
9quantum9 wa&es which do in fact ha&e spherical wa&e solutions# (See wor0 of 8ilo :olff
48?8E The pu<<le of the 1photon1
@espite (eynman using spherical electromagnetic wa&es to explain light, he also paradoxically argued that
light must be a particle (thus maintaining the particle"wa&e duality of light#
:hen experiments were made with &ery wea0 light hitting photomultipliers, the wa&e theory collapsedE as
the light got dimmer and dimmer, the photomultipliers 0ept ma0ing full si7ed clic0s 2 there were )ust fewer
of them# Aight beha&es as particles# /his state of confusion was called the 9wa&e"particle duality9 of light#
(Feyn-an, 19=5
,n fact the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter actually demands that all energy exchanges for light
be of discrete amounts due to 95esonant *oupling9 (and for standing wa&e interactions in general#
48?8F The Pu<<le of 2ntimatter and the Positron mo"ing 1bac=!ards in time18
called a positron# /his phenomena is general# !&ery particle in Iature has an amplitude to mo&e bac0wards
in time, and therefore has an anti2particle# (Feyn-an, 19=5
's :olff explains this is simply a mathematical truth caused by the fact that if you substitute a negati&e
time into the spherical wa&e equations, then this changes the phase of the standing wa&es to be equal and
opposite, which corresponds to antimatter# (urther, notice what (eynman says about photons, which are
treated as particles in B!@, and thus by (eynman9s logic there should also be anti2photons, whereas the
:S8 is clear on this point 2 there are anti2electrons (positrons which are opposite phase Spherical Standing
:a&es, but there are no separate photon particles, thus no anti2photons>
(Feyn-an, 19=5
physics, and has led to the self fulfilling belief that we can ne&er correctly describe and understand 5eality,
as (eynman and -eisenberg argued+
the simplest phenomena actually wor0# So theoretical physics has gi&en up on that# (Feyn-an, 19=5
Aight and matter are both single entities, and the apparent duality arises in the limitations of our language#
(#eisenberg, 19K<
,n fact Iature (5eality must be logical (Iecessarily *onnected to explain how we ha&e e&ol&ed a logical
aspect to our minds that allows us to create mathematical physics which correctly describes so many
phenomena#
48@ #olff1s />planation of the Famous /instein, Podols=y, %osen +/P%- and Further
Predictions
,n l9K5, !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen (!P5 put forward a gedan0en (thought experiment whose outcome
they thought was certain to show that there existed natural phenomena that quantum theory could not
account for# /he experiment was based on the concept that two e&ents cannot influence each other if the
the statistical predictions of quantum theory or !instein9s Principle of Aocal !&ents is incorrect# ,t did not
say which one was false but only that both cannot be true, although it was clear that !instein expected the
Principle of Aocal !&ents to be confirmed#
worldF
Figure D.8.6 ')peri-ent to test ;ell?s theore-. Polari4ed photons are e-itted at the center, pass
through the adjustable polari4ation filters on the left and right, and enter detectors on each side.
Coincidences (si-ultaneous detection) are recorded and plotted as a function of the angular
difference bet*een the t*o settings of the polari4ation filters.
-is theorem relates to the results of an experiment li0e the one shown in (igure ;#7#1# ' source of two
paired photons, obtained from the simultaneous decay of two excited atomic states, is at the center# 't
opposite sides, are located two detectors of polari7ed photons# /he polari7ation filters of each detector can
be set parallel to each other, or at some other angle, freely chosen# ,t is 0nown that polari7ations of paired
photons are always parallel to each other, but random with respect to their surroundings# So, if the detector
filters are set parallel, both photons will be detected simultaneously# ,f the filters are at right angles, the two
photons will ne&er be detected together# /he detection pattern for settings at intermediate angles is the
sub)ect of the theorem#
.ell (and !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen assumed that the photons arri&ing at each detector could ha&e no
0nowledge of the setting of the other detector# /his is because they assumed that such information would
ha&e to tra&el faster than the speed of light 2 prohibited by !instein9s Special 5elati&ity# /heir assumption
reflects the Principle of Aocal *auses, that is, only e&ents local to each detector can affect its beha&iour#
detector settings and the detected coincidences of photon pairs was linear, li0e line A in (igure ;#7#;# -is
Figure D.8.D The result of an e)peri-ent to test ;ell?s theore-# @ata points 5 of the experiments are
shown with blac0 dots# /hey agree with the cur&ed line B8, predicted by the quantum mechanics, and do
not agree with the straight line A, predicted by !instein9s concept of causality# /his was a big surprise,
because the failure of causality suggests that the communication is ta0ing place at speeds greater than the
&elocity of light#
/he cur&ed line is the calculation obtained from standard quantum theory# !instein, Podols0y, and 5osen, or
anyone who does not belie&e in superluminal speeds, would expect to find straight line A# ,n fact, the
experiments yielded points 5, which agreed with the cur&ed line statistically predicted by Buantum /heory#
/he predictions of quantum theory had destroyed the assumptions of !instein, Podols0y and 5osen>
0o 5on!local Influences ')istH
/hese results showed that modern physics understanding of the physical world is profoundly deficient#
')plaining the 'P$!;ell ?Instant? Co--unication
resol&e this pu77le so that the appearance of instant communication is understood and yet neither !instein
nor Buantum /heory need be wrong# ,n order to show this, it is necessary to carefully loo0 at the detailed
process of exchanging energy between two atoms, by the action of the ,n and $ut wa&es of both atoms#
with one another# /he passage of both ,n2:a&es through both wa&e2centers precedes the actual frequency
apparatus before the $ut2:a&es cause a 9departing photon9 e&ent# /he ,n2wa&es tra&el with the speed of
light so there is no &iolation of relati&ity#
/hus effecti&ely the electrons in the experiment are already interconnected with one another, and hence are
already 9aware9 of one another9s resonant state and polari7ation, before the paired photons are emitted# ,t is
this subtle interconnection of matter that explains the apparent conflict of the !P5 experiment#
')peri-ental Proof of the (pherical (tanding +a,e (tructure of &atter
(or someone to really belie&e a new theory, an experiment to show the existence of new phenomena not
pre&iously 0nown is most persuasi&e# /o pro&e the existence of the ,n and $ut2wa&es (and thus the pre2
5ogers (19=; except that instead of -a<ing a rando- filter setting during a ?photon?s? passage ti-e,
the filter setting should occur during the ti-e period preceding photon departure. /he purpose is to
/his would be the result originally expected by !instein for the !P5 experiment#
/he Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter is a profound new way of loo0ing at how matter exists
and interacts with other matter in Space# :olff has explained a &ery simple change to a &ery famous
experiment that currently causes Buantum /heory, and -uman intellectual 0nowledge in general, profound
problems and paradoxes# /hus it seems to us absolutely essential that this experiment be re2done as
suggested abo&e# :e sincerely hope that this wor0 on the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the
Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter will ultimately lead to this new 9Paradigm9 being ta0en
seriously, and that this experiment will be performed sooner rather than later>
%nfortunately, it is simply human nature to stubbornly stic0 to our existing beliefs, as Planc0 well reali7ed+
' new scientific truth does not triumph by con&incing its opponents and ma0ing them see the light, but
rather because its opponents e&entually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it# (Planc<,
Scientific 'utobiography, from Quhn, 19J;
Science is founded on experimental &erification of theoretical predictions, which help to brea0 down this
natural resistance to new ideas# /hus one central purpose of this article is to pro&ide enough information to
)ustify scientists re2doing this experiment as proposed# , sincerely as0 for their help in getting this important
experiment re2done as soon as possible>
J. Cos-ology
Suppose we were to accept the natural philosophers9 claim that 9all things were originally together#9 :e are
still left with the same impossible consequence# -ow is e&erything to be set in motion# 8atter is not going
to set itself in motion# ('ristotle, KL<.*
's people9s &iews of the uni&erse are bound up with their &iews of themsel&es and their society, this debate
has implications far beyond the realm of science, for the core of the cosmological debate is a question of
how truth is 0nown# ("erner, 199;
'ntroduction
/o begin we briefly explain how matter, as a Spherical Standing :a&e, determines the si7e of our finite
spherical uni&erse within an infinite Space# (rom this foundation we calculate the 9!quation of the *osmos9
and show how this correctly deduces both 8ach9s Principle and the -ubble redshift with distance (without
assuming a @oppler shift due to receding motion and thus an expanding uni&erse# :e then consider
!instein9s ideas, and with some minor corrections, show how this new foundation sol&es many of the current
Problems of *osmology#
E83 Our Finite )pherical 9ni"erse Perpetually />ists #ithin an 'nfinite )pace
,n fact it is possible for a finite spherical uni&erse to form within an infinite Space# %nfortunately for
your starting point> (' rather abstract and confusing idea> /he solution is far more simple and sensible, and
is found instead from -uygens9 Principle#
*hristiaan -uygens found that a surface containing many separate wa&e sources appeared, from a distance,
as a single wa&e front with the shape of the surface# /his wa&e front is termed a 9-uygens combination9 of
the separate wa&es# /his explains how matter9s spherical ,n2wa&es are formed# /he $ut2wa&es of other
SS:s (spherically distributed in the Space around us combine to form a -uygens9 combination wa&e front
which forms the spherical ,n2wa&e of our wa&e2centers#
(igE K#1 -uygens *ombination and the formation of the ,n2wa&e of a Spherical Standing :a&e (SS:# /his
diagram was constructed by drawing twel&e sets of circles whose centers are themsel&es located on a circle,
such that their circles ha&e begun to form the circle you can see at the center# Ai0ewise with Spherical
Standing :a&es, if many SS:s are spherically distributed in Space around us then their $ut2wa&es form
the Spherical ,n2wa&es of our 8atter#
/hus Smolin is correct+
,t can no longer be maintained that the properties of any one thing in the uni&erse are independent of the
existence or non2existence of e&erything else# ,t is, at last, no longer sensible to spea0 of a uni&erse with
only one thing in it# ((-olin, 1997
8ost importantly, this -uygens9 sharing of wa&es means that once you go out past a certain distance in
Space (the si7e of our finite spherical uni&erse you can no longer count the $ut2wa&es of farther distant
matter as direct contributors to our ,n2wa&es, as these wa&es ha&e already become part of closer wa&e2
center9s ,n and $ut2wa&es and thus ha&e already been counted as contributing to our ,n2wa&es# 's we shall
explain, this sharing of wa&es is a profound disco&ery (:olff, 199L as it leads to the solution of the
connection between the infinite and the finite, explains 8ach9s Principle, and explains the redshift with
distance without assuming an expanding uni&erse#
E84 The /Auation of the Cosmos
So let us now explain, with a little basic mathematics, how we can now deduce the finite si7e of matter
(which determines the si7e of our spherical uni&erse within an infinite Space#
,magine a clear balloon, and you had a 9mar0er pen9 that could ma0e blac0 dots on the surface of the
balloon# ,f you were patient you could co&er the balloon in blac0 dots until the balloon was completely
blac0 and no light could get inside the balloon# /hus if we 0now the si7e of our dots, and how many dots we
are allowed to use, then we could calculate the surface area and si7e of the balloon such that all the dots
would )ust co&er the balloon and bloc0 out the light# /his analogy is &alid with our finite spherical uni&erse
within an infinite Space# /he 9si7e of the balloon9 is the si7e of our uni&erse we wish to calculate# /he si7e of
our blac0 dots is the si7e of the wa&e2centers (9particles9, the number of our blac0 dots is the number of
9particles9 in the uni&erse# (:e assume a 9particle radius $e F 6A
!6G
and number of particles 5 F 6A
IA
as
consistent with current obser&ations of matter in the uni&erse# /hus if we assumed that all matter in the
uni&erse was distributed on the surface of a sphere, such that the wa&e2centers completely filled this surface,
then this means that the $ut2wa&es of any more distant matter would not directly contribute to our ,n2wa&es
as they must flow through (and become part of one of these 9shielding9 wa&e2centers, thus we ha&e already
counted their wa&e contributions# (:hile the real uni&erse ob&iously has some matter closer and some
further out, this approximation is adequate for calculations# $ur equations are+ 'rea of wa&e2center U pi
$e
D
+ area of 5 wa&e2centers U 5 pi $e
D
+ the radius of a spherical uni&erse that has this surface area is G pi
$
D
F 5 pi $e
D
+ which reduces to the !quation for the 5adius of our uni&erse $+
/he !quation of the *osmosE G $
D
F 5 $e
D
Substituting in our &alues for I and 5e we get a 5adius of the uni&erse $ F 6A
D@
m
*urrently the classical calculation for the -ubble radius of the uni&erse is 6A
D@
m so the 8etaphysics of
Space and 8otion and the Spherical :a&e Structure of 8atter has deduced the same &alue using the abo&e
simple assumption>
/hese simple calculations suggest that the redshift with distance is actually due to the decreased sharing of
wa&es with distance (as we share less of a common spherical uni&erse and thus distant matter contributes
less to our wa&e2amplitude and mass2energy density of space (the cause of our mass"energy which we see
as a redshift (energy decrease with distance# /his seems to be a most profound solution, for it explains and
sol&es many of the current problems of *osmology (as explained below by finally sol&ing the Problem of
the (inite and the ,nfinite, how matter, with finite mass and spherical si7e, can perpetually exist in a finite
spherical uni&erse within an infinite Space#
E8E 2n 'nfinite )pace
/hroughout history there has been common agreement amongst many philosophers that Space (and time
are most li0ely infinite, as !instein explains+
first answer that suggests itself to us is surely thisE 's regards space (and time the uni&erse is infinite#
-owe&er far we might tra&el through space, we should find e&erywhere an attenuated swarm of fixed stars
of approximately the same 0ind and density# ('lbert !instein, 195L
%nfortunately for !instein an infinite Space led to many problems#
/his &iew of an infinite space is not in harmony with the theory of Iewton# /he latter theory requires that
the uni&erse should ha&e a 0ind of center in which the density of stars is a maximum, and that as we proceed
outwards from this center the group2density of the stars should diminish, until finally, at great distances, it is
succeeded by an infinite region of emptiness# /he stellar uni&erse ought to be a finite island in an infinite
ocean of space# ('lbert !instein, 195L
Iewton9s force laws that as the radius 5 of the spherical uni&erse tended to infinity then if this infinite
mass 2 which it clearly does not#
foundation# ('lbert !instein, 195L
/he Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter in an infinite three dimensional Space now pro&ides this
new theoretical foundation which deduces exactly what !instein and Seeliger required> /here is no 9island9
of masses in an infinite empty Space# ,nstead, matter is distributed uniformly throughout an infinite Space,
but due to the -uygens9 sharing of wa&es it contributes less and less to our ,n2wa&es, and thus our mass,
with increasing distance (and once we reach the si7e of our Spherical Standing :a&es [si7e of our uni&erse\
then farther distant matter does not directly contribute to our ,n2wa&es nor to our gra&itational forces# /hus
the force laws with distance do decrease more rapidly than would result with the in&erse square law#
/his not only pre&ents our mass from becoming infinite, but also sol&es a number of pre&iously pu77ling
problems#
i /his infinite space and matter pre&ents our finite spherical uni&erse from collapsing upon itself due to
gra&itational forces# (/hus there is no need for an expanding uni&erse 2 this is explained when we shortly
consider !instein9s famous antigra&ity cosmological constant#
ii $ur uni&erse is perpetual and does not become 9impo&erished9 o&er time (as it necessarily would if it was
an 9island9 uni&erse as required by Iewton9s Aaw# 's !instein explains+
light emitted by the stars and also indi&idual stars of the stellar system are perpetually passing out into an
infinite space, ne&er to return, and without e&er again coming into interaction with other ob)ects of nature#
Such a finite material uni&erse would be destined to become gradually but systematically impo&erished#
/his problem is now easily sol&ed by reali7ing that due to this matter outside our finite spherical uni&erse
there are as many wa&es flowing into our uni&erse (forming our ,n2wa&es as there are flowing out (our $ut2
wa&es#
iii $lbers9 Paradox#
,n 1=K;, the astronomer -einrich $lbers pointed out that an infinite uni&erse seemed to imply a paradox# ,f
there were an infinite number of stars, if one went far enough in any direction from earth, one would hit a
star# /his implied that the s0y should be uniformly bright, which it ob&iously is not# ("erner, 1991
/he solution to this paradox is the same as for the other problems discussed abo&e# -uygens9 Sharing of
wa&es explains why we only 9see9 the finite number of wa&e2centers (of matter in distant stars within our
finite spherical uni&erse# /hus the number of obser&able stars and the resultant brightness of the night s0y
are finite rather than infinite#
E8F Mach1s Principle and ;o! the .istant )tars .etermine Our 'nertial Mass
8ach (1==K stated that Iewton9s law of ,nertia FF-.a, was established by all the matter of the uni&erse# 't
that time the un0nown origin of Iewton9s inertia law attracted frequent attention# 8ach (&ery cle&erly saw
the connection between inertia and distant matter in the uni&erse from considerations on the following
experiment, which produces two fundamentally different ways of measuring a body9s rotation in SpaceE
D
Br to find circumferential speed ,# /he second way is to compare an
ob)ect9s angular position and circumferential speed & relati&e to the distant fixed stars# 5emar0ably, both
methods gi&e exactly the same result and this was a great mystery at the time# 8ach reali7ed that the inertia
law required a means to lin0 the inertial beha&ior of each body with all other matter (the stars of our
uni&erse#
/he ob&ious problem of the 9particle9 conception of matter is to explain how all the distant matter of the
uni&erse could instantaneously act upon a mo&ing body here on earth# /his paradox is completely resol&ed
by the :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 which shows that all distant matter establishes its presence
throughout the uni&erse by their ,n2wa&es and $ut2wa&es which produce a nearly uniform mass2energy
density of space throughout Space# /hus the 9presence9 of distant matter from our uni&erse already exists at
each point in our Space# Iothing is instantaneous and the wa&es only tra&el at speed c# (urther, the !quation
of the *osmos confirms that the mass of an ob)ect is determined by all the other matter in the uni&erse (as it
is their $ut2wa&es that form our ,n2wa&es, and thus our mass2energy density of space and 8ass as required
by 8ach9s Principle# /hus the uni&erse is finite (within an infinite Space, spherical and 8achian, as
required by !instein9s general relati&ity+
been completely reduced to interaction between bodies# C /he results of calculation indicate that the
uni&erse would necessarily be spherical# ('lbert !instein, 195L
E8D />plaining /instein1s Famous Cosmological Constant $ Further Prediction
:e begin with a good summary from -alton 'rp on !instein9s famous 9*osmological *onstant (which is
really )ust an assumed anti2gra&ity force to pre&ent a finite spherical %ni&erse from gra&itationally
collapsing#
time are described by ?# Iow the solution to this equation tells us how these particles beha&e with time#
/he important feature of this solution is &ery simple to &isuali7e, either the initial energy is large and the
ensemble continues to expand or the energy is small and the ensemble collapses under the force of gra&ity#
/his is the unstable uni&erse which distressed !instein and caused him to introduce the cosmological
constant (a special energy term which )ust balanced the uni&erse#
;# /he magnitude (radius of space (finite spherical uni&erse is independent of time#
195L
's we ha&e explained, our finite spherical uni&erse is only part of an infinite Space that continues to be
filled with an a&erage distribution of matter# /hus this matter external to our uni&erse gra&itationally attracts
our matter and thus pre&ents the matter in our uni&erse from collapsing# /his explains !instein9s need for a
cosmological constant 2 but it is not a gra&itationally repulsi&e force as !instein imagined (and which we do
not obser&e, rather, it is simply the normal gra&itational attraction of matter outside our finite spherical
uni&erse which pre&ents our uni&erse from collapsing# Iow this leads the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion
and the :S8 to ma0e a &ery important predictionE
/hat the motion of distant stars beha&es as if there is anti2gra&ity due to the gra&itational influence of matter
outside our finite spherical uni&erse#
(@ue to our increased powers of obser&ing the distant uni&erse perhaps it is now possible to confirm this
prediction# Please email me if you ha&e any information#
I$/! 2 /his was confirmed by obser&ation in ;<<=# See+
httpE""www#spaceandmotion#com"*osmology#htmOpredictions
cosmological constant as 9my greatest mista0e9#
(riedman showed that a different hypothesis was natural from a purely theoretical point of &iew# -e reali7ed
that it was possible to preser&e hypothesis 1 (a&erage density of matter without introducing the less natural
cosmological term into the field equations of gra&itation, if one was ready to drop hypothesis ;# Iamely, the
original field equations admit a solution in which the 9world radius9 (radius of the finite spherical uni&erse
depends on time [expanding space\# ,n that sense one can say, according to (riedman, that the theory
demands an expansion of space# ('instein, 19J1
re)ected this idea, but then a remar0able coincidence occurred which caused him to change his mind#
!instein continues+
('instein, 19J1
particularly applies to the idea that 9-ubble disco&ered that the uni&erse was expanding9# #e did no such
thing>
-ubble disco&ered a relationship between redshift and distance 2 one possible cause of this is the @oppler
shift due to matter mo&ing away from other matter (an expanding uni&erse# Iow this is a profoundly
different thing to say (and it is how a careful scientist li0e !instein expresses it, and yet it is simply
ama7ing as to the number of respected scientists who say that -ubble disco&ered that the uni&erse was
expanding (which is not science> 's !ric Aerner correctly notices+
including most of the scientists of the world, accepts big bang theory as scientific fact#9 ("erner, 1991
measurements should be referred to as apparent &elocities# (&itchell, 1997
.elow , quote a few scientists who ha&e made this error, simply because , wish to strongly ma0e the point
about how we begin to assume things to be true, abo&e and beyond what the obser&ation tells us# (Scientist
ha&e a responsibility to be careful, and should clearly recognise the distinction between empirical facts and
their further interpretations>
distance and speed of the nebulaeE they all mo&e outwards, away from us, and with a &elocity which
increases proportional to the distance# (;orn, 19JL
,n 19;9, !dwin -ubble made the landmar0 obser&ation that where&er you loo0, distant gala)ies are
big bang, when the uni&erse was infinitesimally small and infinitely dense#9 (#a*<ing, 19== $nly after the
astronomer !dwin -ubble had studied the motions of galaxies and independently disco&ered that the
uni,erse *as e)panding# (+erthei-, 1997
,t is also important to reali7e that the modern conception of the 9.ig .ang9 is that Space itself is expanding,
and as the @oppler shift only applies to the motion of matter in Space thus it is unscientific to apply this
empirical obser&ation to the expansion of Space# /hus the 9.ig .ang9 is without both empirical or theoretical
foundations, it is, quite simply, not a scientific theory#
,n conclusion of this argument we should emphasi7e two things+
matter outside our finite spherical uni&erse (within an infinite Space which pre&ents our uni&erse from
gra&itationally collapsing#
ii /hus there is no need for an expanding uni&erse, and then they would ha&e reali7ed, from the Spherical
:a&e Structure of 8atter, that the redshift can be correctly calculated from -uygens9 Principle and the
decreasing wa&e interactions with distance#
E8? />plaining the 1Quantified1 ;ubble %edshift !ith .istance
'nother problem with the expanding uni&erse concept is that the redshift with distance is quanti7ed, as 'rp
clearly explains+ /he fact that measured &alues of redshift do not &ary continuously but come in steps 2
certain preferred &alues 2 is so unexpected that con&entional astronomy has ne&er been able to accept it, in
spite of the o&erwhelming obser&ational e&idence# (Arp, 199=
'rp is also &ery close to the truth when he writes+ ,n addition it appears increasingly useful to &iew particle
masses to be communicated by wa&e li0e carriers in a 8achian uni&erse# /herefore the possibility of beat
frequencies, harmonics, interference and e&olution through resonant states is opened up# (Arp, 199=
/he Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter sensibly explains these 9quantum9 or discrete standing
wa&e interactions#
E8@ The )econd La! of Thermodynamics only applies to Closed )ystems
must, li0e any closed syste- tend toward an equilibrious state of entropyE it will be completely
/he uni&erse will suffer a 9heat death9#
/he uni&erse we obser&e is simply not decaying+ the generali7ation of 9the law of increasing disorder9 to the
entire cosmos is unsupported by obser&ation# ("erner, 1991
/he reason why our uni&erse remains ordered " complex is simply because it is part of an infinite perpetual
system, and the Second Aaw of /hermodynamics only applies to closed systems (not infinite systems#
E86 On the Past Present and Future and the One #ay .irection of Time
Aerner also explains this important problem of why /ime must be directional, contrary to the laws of
modern particle physics+
contradicted# -ence the fundamental questionE ,f 9the laws of the uni&erse9 ha&e no direction in time, why
does the real worldF /he con&entional answer to this question is, strangely, the .ig .ang# /he .ig .ang
started the uni&erse off in a highly orderly and regular state2 a 9perfect9 state of &ery low entropy# Since the
uni&erse must run down through states of increasing disorder, closer to equilibrium (the state in which there
is no flow of energy, the direction of time is defined# /ime is )ust the direction 9away9 from the .ig .ang# ,f
there was no .ig .ang, there would supposedly be no difference between past and future# /he importance
of the answers extends far beyond their role at the center of a consistent cosmology# /hey stri0e at the heart
of some of the greatest mysteries faced by science, philosophy and religion 2 the questions of the nature of
human consciousness, the relation of mind and body, and free will#
/ime9s irre&ersibility is based on the continuity of space, on its infinite di&isibility#9 ("erner, 1991
Aerner is correct, time is related to the continuity of Space, or more precisely, to the finite &elocity of the
wa&e28otions of Space# i#e# ,t is not /ime but 8otion which is fundamental (a priori# 'nd then it becomes
ob&ious why time is directional# 's it ta0es time for the spherical ,n2wa&e to flow into its wa&e2center, thus
the ,n2wa&es are the future, and in 9time9 will meet at their wa&e2center (the present and after flowing
through the wa&e2center become $ut2wa&es (the past# /his explains why time is directional because the ,n
and $ut wa&es tra&el in opposite directions relati&e to the wa&e2center (present# /hus the direction of time
is simply unrelated to the second Aaw of /hermodynamics (which does not apply to an infinite Space nor is
it related to the 9.ig .ang9 (which is simply incorrect#
E8C ;o! our 9ni"erse is ecessarily Connected but not .eterministic
,t is important to appreciate the difference between a Iecessarily *onnected uni&erse, which ours is, (due to
Space and its interconnected wa&e2motions and a @eterministic uni&erse, which requires 0nowledge of the
9initial conditions9 from which things, being necessarily connected, can then be determined# 'gain the
solution is ob&ious, an infinite syste- can ne,er be pre!deter-ined# /his is &ery important as it also
explains why we can ha&e limited free will, and thus li&e as moral creatures creating better futures for
oursel&es and our society# *ertainly our free will is limited by the necessary connection of matter, we do not
things# Qarl Popper intuiti&ely understood this 9balance9 between complete determinism (cloc0s and
complete disorder and chance (clouds when he wrote+
:hat we need for understanding rational human beha&ior 2 and indeed, animal beha&ior 2 is something
Concluding %emar=s on Cosmology and Morality
cosmology to our &iew of nature, to religion, philosophy and society as a whole# ("erner, 1991
' correct understanding of the *osmos is a correct understanding of oursel&es# /hough we see matter as
discrete 9particles9, this is an illusion due to the @arwinian e&olution of our minds (reason tells us that there
must be a connection between things# :e must simply ga7e at the stars and consider how we can see them
to reali7e that we must be connected to them 1 that we are a part of those stars, )ust as those stars are a part
of us> /his is the true 9mystical"religious9 experience, to see beyond the daily illusion of life here on !arth
and reali7e our true existence as structures of the cosmos# /hus the foundations for -uman 8orality, ?To do
unto others as you *ould ha,e done unto yourself? is true, for the 9other9 is in fact a part of the 9self9# /his
morality is at the heart of all world 5eligions (the word religion comes from Aatin 95eligare9 which means
9to bind9, i#e# how we are bound"connected to the cosmos#
*urrently the world suffers great conflicts, not only between people, but also with the destruction of Iature#
(,t was my lo&e of Iature, and despair at its destruction, that first led me to study Philosophy and Physics as
a way of understanding what Iature actually is# 'nd after many years of study, , now write this belie&ing it
to be a true account of how matter and thus oursel&es (as a part of Iature exist in the %ni&erse# , belie&e
that this is important, simply because , am now con&inced that it is true because it explains so many things
so simply and sensibly# ('nd , well realise how unfashionable is my belief in /ruth in our 9enlightened9 age
of Io 'bsolute /ruths>#
'll philosophers though, ha&e reali7ed that -umanity must 0now the truth to be wise, as this necessarily
limits how we may beha&e#
, 0now that my opinion on this is irrele&ant, , simply agree with Schrodinger+
other scientists# ((chrodinger, 19J7
So , sincerely as0 that this 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion be fairly )udged with an open mind to
determine its truth#
Perhaps , am a romantic, but it is my hope that in the future -umanity will li&e by the truth, with greater
harmony between different people, their religions and cultures, and to life in all its complex beauty# 's
!instein profoundly writes+
compassion to embrace all li&ing creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty# /he true &alue of a human
being is determined by the measure and the sense in which they ha&e obtained liberation from the self# :e
shall require a substantially new manner of thin0ing if humanity is to sur&i&e# ('lbert !instein, 195L
)ummary 5 Philosophy as the 1.isco"ery of the Ob"ious1
/hat 8atter exists as the Spherical Standing :a&e28otion of Space now seems ob&ious to me# ,t ob&iously
explains the problem of the Particle":a&e duality of 8atter 2 8atter is a Spherical :a&e Structure whose
:a&e2*enter creates the point 9particle9 effect# ,t also ob&iously explains how matter is interconnected
across the %ni&erse by the ,n and $ut2:a&es# So why has this fairly ob&ious solution of the :a&e Structure
of 8atter (:S8 only recently been consideredF (:olff first disco&ered the :S8 in 19=J, -aselhurst in
1997 , ha&e listed ten reasons below, though , suspect that there are many more due to past errors of
-uman 0nowledge that ha&e confused and decei&ed us#
i/he error of imagining matter as a tiny 9particles9 and thus assuming 9forces9 to connect the 9particles9# ,n
fact 8atter is Spherically Spatially extended# (8atter and %ni&erse are one and the same thing#
ii /he fact that our mind 9represents9 the world that we sense, founded on e&olutionary principles of sur&i&al
(Iai&e 5ealism, thus we see matter as discrete ob)ects"particles (li0e sand on the beach yet reason tells us
that there must be some connection between these ob)ects# (i#e# /here must be $ne thing that connects the
8any things, this being the foundation of ancient ,ndian and ?ree0 philosophy#
iii /he philosophical problems of connecting"uniting the $ne and the 8any and the ,nfinite and the (inite
were belie&ed to be impossible to sol&e#
i& /he error of assuming Space and /ime as a priori, (i#e# necessary for us to experience the world rather
than Space and its Properties as a :a&e28edium (i#e# Space and 8otion, and that the Spherical :a&e
8otion of Space is the *ause of /ime (and 8atter"(orces#
& Io 'bsolute Space 2 Aeibni79s 8onadology and !instein9s 5elati&ity were founded on the 8otion of
matter relati&e to other matter, thus they did not require the !xistence of an 'bsolute Space# (urther,
Iewton9s 8echanics, which did correctly assume an 'bsolute Space, included the errors of an 'bsolute
/ime, and discrete 9particles9 acting instantly at a distance# (i#e# (orces, without explanation and these
ob&ious errors then ga&e his 'bsolute Space a 9bad name9#
&i :rong :a&es# !instein9s 5elati&ity and (eynman9s B!@ used 9electromagnetic9 wa&es (mathematical
&ector wa&es described by both the si7e and direction of force rather than the real wa&es disco&ered by
Buantum /heory (scalar 9quantum9 wa&es described by wa&e amplitude only# (urther, Buantum /heorists
(.orn used the 9quantum9 wa&es as 9probability9 wa&es for determining the location of the 9particle9 (thus
maintaining the confusion of the particle"wa&e duality# ,n fact the scalar quantum wa&es are real :a&e2
8otions of Space#
&ii ,n *osmology, the redshift with distance was assumed to be caused by a @oppler shift due to an
expanding uni&erse, thus it must ha&e expanded from a 9pointli0e beginning9, i#e# the 9.ig .ang9# $ur
calculations show that the redshift with distance is actually caused by decreasing :a&e 8otion interactions
with distance, thus the %ni&erse is not expanding and consequently there was no 9.ig .ang9#
&iii 5eligious beliefs and our -uman emotions# :e sometimes do not want to 0now the /ruth as it pre&ents
us from belie&ing in things that ma0es us feel good# 's the .haga&ad2?ita says+ 8an is made by his belief#
's he belie&es, so he is#
ix -umans ha&e e&ol&ed as social"tribal creatures and are inclined to belie&e famous people of the past
without careful critical analysis of their ideas# 's Quhn writes+ 'lmost always the men who achie&e these
fundamental in&entions of a new paradigm ha&e been either &ery young or &ery new to the field whose
paradigm they change# (>uhn, 19J;
x 'nd due to these past errors, we came to belie&e that it was impossible to describe"understand 5eality,
which was simply beyond the limitations of our language and mind# (Post2modern 5elati&ism#
,n fact these errors ha&e arisen due to an incorrect understanding of the :a&e Structure of 8atter, and once
this is realised then we find that we can perfectly understand and describe how matter (and thus oursel&es
exist in this Space of the %ni&erse#
Plato, Aeibni7, :ittgenstein, and Saul (and many other philosophers understood how things so simple and
ob&ious (li0e Space and 8otion could be ignored, it is simply human nature to ignore that which is normal
and ob&ious (and to abstract to more complex 9specialised9 ideas#
:e are li0e people loo0ing for something they ha&e in their hands all the time+ we9re loo0ing in all
directions except at the thing we want, which is probably why we ha&en9t found it# (Plato, K=<.*
/he fact is, , thin0, that my ob)ection is so simple that its &ery simplicity operated to decei&e him, since he
could not belie&e that a comment which was so easy could ha&e escaped the notice of so many able people#
("eibni4, 1J7<
/he aspects of things that are most important for us are hidden because of their simplicity and familiarity#
(+ittgenstein, 195=
$ne of the specialist9s most successful disco&eries was that he could easily defend his territory by the simple
de&elopment of a speciali7ed language incomprehensible to the nonexperts# ##/he example of philosophy
actually &erges on comedy# Socrates, @escartes, .acon, Aoc0e and 6oltaire did not write in speciali7ed
dialect# /hey wrote in basic ?ree0, (rench and !nglish and they wrote for the general reader of their day#
/heir language is clear, eloquent and often both mo&ing and amusing# /he contemporary philosopher does
not write in the basic language of our day# -e is not accessible to the public# Stranger still, e&en the
contemporary interpreter of earlier philosophy writes in inaccessible dialect# ##:hy, then, would anyone
bother to read these modern obscurings of the original clarityF /he answer is that contemporary uni&ersities
use these interpretations as the expert9s road into the original# /he dead philosophers are thus treated as if
they were amateurs, in need of expert explanation and protection#
/he new speciali7ed terminology amounts to a serious attac0 on language as a tool of common
understanding# *ertainly today, the walls between the boxes of expertise continue to grow thic0er#
/he purpose of language is communication# ,t has no other reason for existence# ' great ci&ili7ation is one
in which there is a rich texture and breadth and ease to that communication# :hen language begins to
pre&ent communication, the ci&ili7ation has entered into serious degeneracy# ((aul, 199;
, completely agree with Saul, specialisation leads to complex language that is ultimately unfounded and
ser&es more to confuse than enlighten# /his is simply human nature, as we li0e to create things (and is in
fact an ancient problem that has become more acute o&er the past century, as 'ristotle explains+
##as they were not sufficient to generate the nature of entities, once again, by the truth itself, as we ha&e said,
they were obliged to see0 out the next principle#
'nd thus we tend to 0eep creating new concepts and entities"existents to explain things we don9t understand#
/he shortcoming of current examinations of these topics is not their failure to be philosophy, but the priority
of substance# (Aristotle, KL<.*
/he language of the 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion is &ery simple, founded on the basic concept of the
:a&e 8otion of Space (i#e# $ne Substance and its Properties# 'nd as 5eality is ultimately simple (founded
on $ne thing it is correct that our language to describe 5eality must also be simple#
Ac<no*ledge-ents= 8y sincere than0s to 8ilo :olff and Qarene -owie# 8ilo has been a guiding light for
me o&er the past fi&e years# 8y own 0nowledge would be poor indeed without his pioneering wor0 on the
:a&e Structure of 8atter# Qarene is a fine student of Philosophy and her many hundreds of hours of
reading philosophy and physics and selecting ideas for quoting (and typing out the quotes has been
in&aluable# /han0 you>
$eferences= @ates in ( cite when the wor0 was written if different to the date of publishing#
'ristotle 9/he 8etaphysics9 (DKL<.* Penguin 199=
'rp, -alton 9Seeing 5ed9 'peiron 199=
.orn, 8ax 9!instein9s /heory of 5elati&ity9 8ethuen *ompany 19;L
*apra, (rit)of 9/he /ao of Physics9 :ildwood -ouse 1975
*ollinson, Plant and :il0inson 9(ifty !astern /hin0ers9 5outledge ;<<<
@a&ies, Paul, 9Superforce9, Aondon, %nwin Paperbac0s, 19=5
!instein, 'lbert 9,deas and $pinions9 (19192195L *rown /rade Paperbac0s 195L
!instein, 'lbert 95elati&ity9 (191J2195; *rown /rade Paperbac0s 15th !d#19J1
(eynman, 5ichard and :heeler, Sohn 9,nteractions with the 'bsorber as the 8echanism of 5adiation9 Ph@
/hesis2 Palmer Physical Aaboratory, Princeton %ni&ersity, Princeton, Iew Sersey 19L5
(eynman, 5ichard P# 9/he Strange /heory of Aight and 8atter9 Penguin 19=5
-aselhurst, ?eoff 9/he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion and the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of
8atter9 httpE""www#spaceandmotion#com (;<<<
-aw0ing, Stephen :# 9' .rief -istory in /ime9 .antam .oo0s 19==
-eisenberg# 9Buantum /heory9 %ni&ersity of *hicago, 19K<
-ume, @a&id 9!nquiries *oncerning /he -uman %nderstanding and *oncerning /he Principles of 8orals9
(17K7 $xford %ni&ersity Press ;nd !d# 1957
Qant, ,mmanuel 9*ritique of Pure 5eason9 (17=1 !&eryman 19K5
Quhn, /homas S# 9/he Structure of Scientific 5e&olutions9 %ni&ersity of *hicago 19J;
Aama 'nagari0a ?o&inda 9(oundations of /ibetan 8ysticism9 5ed :heel " :eiser 19J9
Aeibni7 9Philosophical :ritings9 (1J7< !&eryman 19KL
Aerner, !ric S# 9/he .ig .ang Ie&er -appened9 6intage .oo0s 199;
Aorent7, -endri0 9/he /heory of the !lectron9 19<J
Iewton, ,saac 9/he Principia9 (1J=7 Prometheus .oo0s 1995
Plato 9/he 5epublic9 (DK=<.* Penguin 1955
Popper, Qarl 9$b)ecti&e Qnowledge9 $xford %ni&ersity Press 1975
Saul, Sohn 5alston 96oltaire9s .astards9 Penguin 199;
Smolin, Aee 9/he Aife of the *osmos9 Phoenix 199=
%rmson, S#$# and 5ee, S 9/he *oncise !ncyclopedia of :estern Philosophy and Philosophers9 5outledge
1991
:ertheim, 8argaret 9Pythagoras9 /rousers9 (ourth !state Aimited 1997
Serway, 5# '# 9Physics for Scientists and !ngineers9 Krd !d# Saunders *ollege Publ# 199;
:olff, 8# 9!xploring the Physics of the %n0nown %ni&erse, /echnotran Press, *' 199L
:olff, 8 9(undamental Aaws, 8icrophysics and *osmology,9 Physics !ssays, J, 199K
Metaphysics& )=epticism
Quotes from Famous )=eptics ( )=eptical Philosophers
.iscussion on the Metaphysics of )=epticism, Philosophy as the )tudy of Truth, %eality $ the
Certainty of *no!ledge8 The :ood $ Bad of )=epticism +)cientific Minds are )=eptical
but Open-
, ha&e been re2writing the main pages of this website trying to be as concise and simple as possible (to 0eep
the pages short " friendly for you# /his page though is quite long, as it co&ers a lot of ground on scepticism
which is important# ,t has a &ery good collection of quotes from the great philosophers 2 , hope that you will
read them as , thin0 this 0nowledge of healthy s0epticism will repay you many times o&er 2 by pro&iding
good foundations for how to thin0 and li&e in a complex and at times confusing world# (?eoff -aselhurst
On the .ifficulty of Con"incing a )=eptical Postmodern ;umanity that !e can *no! %eality
,t is an almost impossible tas0 to con&ince current postmodern philosophy (which teaches that there are no
'bsolute /ruths that we can (and now do 0now the truth about physical reality# /his tas0 is made more
difficult again by the fact that there are many thousands of generally well meaning 9crac0pot theorist9
websites on the internet with all sorts of strange ideas (so people )ust get confused and gi&e up , suspect#
Ionetheless, , am quite certain that many people care greatly about science and philosophy, appreciate their
importance to -umanity, and their current problems and contradictions# Ai0ewise many people would
dearly lo&e to see these errors and problems corrected# ,t is to you that , write, belie&ing that o&er time the
force of reason and truth in&ariably pre&ails o&er customs and opinions#
, first read !instein and Aorent7 about se&en years ago# !instein considered matter to be Spherically
Spatially extended (not a discrete particle and Aorent7 imagined Space to exist as a medium for wa&es# ,
suspect it was largely from these two ideas, combined with the well 0nown particle " wa&e duality of matter,
that caused me to thin0 of the Spherical Standing :a&e Structure of 8atter in Space#
Iow, ten years later, , at times feel li0e writing that it is 9bloody ob&ious9 that the :a&e Structure of 8atter
is correct, that reality has been disco&ered# ,t is after all &ery simple and ob&ious once 0nown# (pace e)ists
as a *a,e -ediu-, -atter e)ists as the spherical *a,e -otions of (pace# (Please see main articles at the
top of this page for more details#
$f course, as a philosopher , realise that the 9bloody ob&ious9 argument doesn9t hold much water (it ma0es
my 0ids smile though# ,nstead we are required to use the methods of science and philosophy to pro&e that
we now ha&e the correct language to directly describe what exists#
/his is an enormously difficult tas0 2 that substantial proof is required to con&ince a highly s0eptical
humanity (which is understandable considering we ha&e failed for ;,5<< years to understand reality# $&er
the years , ha&e thought about this and ha&e concluded that the best two things would be+
i /o deduce reality such that Scientists could li0ewise determine the truth of this for themsel&es, and would
thus agree that the :a&e Structure of 8atter in Space was necessary and certain# /hat my opinion was
irrele&ant, the truth was necessary, self e&ident and clear to all#
ii /o explain and sol&e the ma)or problems of human 0nowledge# 's Plato wrote, truth comes from reality#
/hus true 0nowledge of reality should correct the past errors of philosophy, physics and metaphysics# (See
top of page
:ith this in mind, o&er the past ten years , ha&e read many hundred of boo0s on metaphysics, philosophy
and physics (by the greatest minds of human history 2 which has been a pleasant tas0 as , find the minds and
ideas of people who wrote on truth and reality fascinating#
, am now certain that the :a&e Structure of 8atter does explain and sol&e most of the ma)or problems of
physics, philosophy and metaphysics# /hat it does not explain all problems is a limitation of my mind and
my time, so there is ob&iously still much to be done#
/o begin 2 some important quotes on s0epticism, truth and reality#
,t is proper for you to doubt ### do not go upon report ### do not go upon tradition ### do not go
upon hearsay# (;uddha
Sabbadanam dhammadanam )inati 2 9/he gift of truth excels all other gifts#9 (;uddha
:hat is at issue is the con&ersion of the mind from the twilight of error to the truth,
that climb up into the real world which we shall call true philosophy#
### :hen the mind9s eye rests on ob)ects illuminated by truth and reality, it understands and
comprehends them, and functions intelligently+ but when it turns to the twilight
world of change and decay, it can only form opinions, its &ision is confused and its beliefs
shifting, and it seems to lac0 intelligence# (Plato
Iothing seems of more importance, towards erecting a firm system of sound and real
0nowledge, which may be proof against the assaults of scepticism, than to lay the beginning in
a distinct explication of what is meant by thing, reality, existenceE for in &ain shall we dispute
concerning the real existence of things, or pretend to any 0nowledge thereof, so long as we ha&e
not fixed the meaning of those words# (:eorge ;er<eley
/his begets a &ery natural question+ :hat is meant by a s0epticF 'nd how far it is
possible to push these philosophical principles of doubt and uncertaintyF
### , must confess that a man is guilty of unpardonable arrogance who concludes,
because an argument has escaped his own in&estigation, that therefore it does not really
exist# , must also confess that, though all the learned, for se&eral ages, should ha&e
employed themsel&es in fruitless search upon any sub)ect, it may still, perhaps, be rash
to conclude positi&ely that the sub)ect must, therefore, pass all human comprehension#
### /here is a species of scepticism, antecedent to all study and philosophy, which is
much inculcated by @escartes and others, as a so&ereign preser&ati&e against error and
precipitate )udgement# ,t recommends an uni&ersal doubt, not only of all our former
opinions and principles, but also of our &ery faculties+ of whose &eracity, say they, we
must assure oursel&es, by a chain of reasoning, deduced from some original principle, which cannot
possibly be fallacious or deceitful#
(0a,id #u-e, 17K7
@o not allow yoursel&es to be decei&edE ?reat 8inds are S0eptical#
### /here is nothing more necessary than truth, and in comparison with it e&erything else
has only secondary &alue#
/his absolute will to truthE what is itF ,s it the will to not allow oursel&es to be decei&edF
,s it the will not to decei&eF ### $ne does not want to be decei&ed, under the supposition
that it is in)urious, dangerous, or fatal to be decei&ed# (Friedrich 5iet4sche, 1=9<
/he quest for certainty has played a considerable part in the history of philosophyE it has been
assumed that without a basis of certainty all our claims to 0nowledge must be suspect# (A.K
Ayer
,f experience cannot )ustify the s0eptic, neither can it refute him# Psychologically, indeed, he
may recei&e encouragement from the fact that by following our accepted standards of proof we sometimes
arri&e at beliefs which turn out to be falseE it would be hard for him to get a hearing if the procedures which
he questions ne&er lead us astray# ### $ur reward for ta0ing s0epticism seriously is that we are brought to
distinguish the different le&els at which our claims of 0nowledge stand# ,n this way we gain clearer
understanding of the dimensions of our language+ and so of the world which it ser&es us to describe# (Ayer,
195J
, begin with the fundamentals of truth as described by 'ristotle, and then list (below six important s0eptical
principles which are applied to s0eptically analyse the 8etaphysics of Space and (wa&e 8otion and the
:a&e Structure of 8atter#
Iow there is a principle in things that are for which illusion is impossible and whose truth, rather, we cannot
fail to ac0nowledge, the principle that it is not possible for the same thing both to be, and not to be, at one
and the same time, or indeed harbour any other such pair of contraries#
-owe&er, if you ha&e on your hands a guy who is ma0ing opposite assertions and you want to show him the
falsity of his ways, you are going to ha&e to get out of him some concession which amounts to the principle
that it is not possible for the same thing both to be and not to be at one and the same time, e&en though it
may not be thought to be the same#
$nly in this way can the principle be demonstrated in the face of one who says that it is possible for
opposite statements to be true in respect of the same thing# ,n any case, if any two people are going to ha&e a
debate, there has to be some common ground# :ithout it what )oint basis for discussion will there beF :hat,
then, is needed is that each of the words used must be familiar and indicate something, not se&eral things but
only one# ($r if it does indicate a plurality of things, it must be made clear to which of these things the word
is being applied in the context#
?i&en these ground rules, anyone who says that a gi&en thing both is and is not is denying what he is
asserting, so that he is denying that the word indicates what it indicates, which is impossible# ,f, then,
something is indicated by saying that a gi&en thing is, it is impossible for the denial of it to be true in respect
of the same thing#
$n top of that, if the word indicates something and is asserted truly, this must be of necessity# 'nd what is
of necessity does not admit of e&er not being# /hus it is not possible for opposite statements to be true in
respect of the same thing#
(inally, if nothing can be truly asserted, e&en the following claim would be false, the claim that there is no
true assertion# 'nd if there is a true assertion, this is a refutation of what is pretended by the raisers of these
ob)ections, being as they are the comprehensi&e eliminators of all debate#
### the basis of the cure is definition# Iow a definition arises from the necessity that words ha&e some
meaning+ for the definition is the account of which the word is the sign#
5ather, they start this, displaying it to the senses, #### and go on to offer more or less rigorous demonstrations
of the per se attributes of their proprietary genera# /his sort of procedure is inducti&e and it is as plain as a
pi0estaff that it does not amount to a demonstration of essence or of what it is to be a thing# ('ristotle,
8etaphysics
/o summari7e, we agree that words must correspond to real things that exist, and these things cannot both
exist and not exist at the same time# :e need this common ground to begin this s0eptical analysis# (urther,
we must define the meaning of our words by directly relating them to what exists, and not by relating them
to our nai&e real senses (li0e solid bodies, colours and emotions which are human constructions of the
mind#
:e do this with $ne Principle which states that $ne thing (substance Space exists as a :a&e28edium and
matter exists as the Spherical :a&e 8otion of Space#
/his is followed by six fundamental principles of s0eptical analysis which are applied to the :a&e Structure
of 8atter#
Funda-ental Principles of (<eptical Analysis
%ontents
(.( @e must %ritically ,nalyse our Axistin& Beliefs
(.2 @e cannot use 'Fod' as a ;etaphysical explanation of the 'Eecessary %onnexion' between Thin&s
(.1 @e should always eep an =pen ;ind
(.) =ur Fuidin& ;etaphysical 6rinciples ;ust be Simple, :o&ical and Sensible
(.3 ,ll Nnowled&e of <eality 7ltimately %omes from =ur Senses and Axperience
(.B @e should be aware of 'Eaive <ealism' and that our ;ind '<epresents' the @orld of our Senses
383 #e must Critically 2nalyse our />isting Beliefs
,n general, there is a degree of doubt, and caution, and modesty, which, in all 0inds of scrutiny and decision,
ought for e&er to accompany a )ust reasoner# (0a,id #u-e, 17K7
:e begin by accepting the uncertainty of our existing beliefs and agree that beliefs require critical analysis
from firm foundations (i#e# Qnowledge of Philosophy, Physics, and 8etaphysics# 's @escartes elegantly
writes,
Se&eral years ha&e now elapsed since , first became aware that , had accepted, e&en from my youth, many
false opinions for true, and that consequently what , afterwards based on such principles was highly
doubtfulE and from that time , was con&inced of the necessity of underta0ing once in my life to rid myself of
all the opinions , had adopted, and of commencing anew the wor0 of building from the foundation, if ,
desired to establish a firm and abiding superstructure in the sciences# (@escartes, 1JK7
Iow it seems that this is generally difficult for humans to do and there are two ob&ious reasons for this#
(irstly we ha&e clearly e&ol&ed to form strong cultural " religious beliefs (generally determined by famous
males which unite and strengthen our tribe (and thus enhance our sur&i&al#
Secondly, we depend upon language to understand things, and our language contains many pre2concei&ed
(a priori ideas and beliefs that subtly and insidiously affect the ability of our minds to thin0 freely and
critically#
/hree particular beliefs (below must now be re2analysed+
i /ime existing as a real thing in itself
ii Particles with *harge and 8ass, and thus also requiring electromagnetic and gra&itational fields to
connect them#
iii /he non2existence of an absolute Space (!instein9s theory of relati&ity
384 #e cannot use 1:od1 as a Metaphysical e>planation of the 1ecessary Conne>ion1 bet!een
Things
'ristotle describes the philosopher metaphysicist9s &iew of ?od &ery well#
(or ?od is thought to be among the causes for all things and to be a 0ind of principle ###
## by ma0ing the gods the principles and ma0ing creation from the gods ###
PSuppose, howe&er, that there is something that is eternal, unchanging and apart# @oes this putati&e !ntity
form the domain of a theoretical scienceF Nes, of course, but not that either of natural science or of
mathematics, but of a science more fundamental than them both# /he domain of natural science is things
that are in a way separate but which are eminently sub)ect to change, and at least part of the domain of
mathematics is things that are not sub)ect to change but also not separable, in the sense of being separable
from matter# .ut (irst Science deals with things that are separable and are remote from change#
'll the causes must be eternal, of course, but eternity must pertain more specially still to the causes of (irst
Science, operating, as they do, to produce those effects of @i&inity that are manifest e&en to us# Aet us, then,
say that there are three forms of contemplati&e philosophy 2 mathematics, natural science and theology# (or
who can doubt that, if there is @i&inity anywhere in the uni&erse, then it is in the nature studied by (irst
Science that ,t is to be found# 'nd it is also for the Supreme Science to study the Supreme ?enus# 'nd
contemplati&e study is to be chosen abo&e all other science, but it is this (irst Science of /heology that we
must prefer to all other 0inds e&en of contemplation# ('ristotle, 8etaphysics
!ffecti&ely 'ristotle says that the heart of 8etaphysics lies in the study of the $ne 'bsolute and !ternal
/hing (?od, @i&inity which !xists and is the *ause of all other things#
Since 'ristotle, ?od has been used in many systems of 8etaphysics, but in&ariably the word has been used
to fill in gaps of our 0nowledge, which is a negati&e solution to the analysis of ?od (/heology#
@escartes assumed three principle 9existents9 2 8atter, 8ind and ?od, but was ne&er able to show the
necessary and thus certain connections between these three different things, and as -ume rightly says+
/o ha&e recourse to the &eracity of the supreme .eing, in order to pro&e the &eracity of our senses, is surely
ma0ing a &ery unexpected circuit# (-ume, 17K7
Iewton also faced the Same problem+
matter, operate on and affect other matter without mutual contact#### /hat gra&ity should be innate, inherent
thin0ing, can e&er fall into it# (Sir ,saac Iewton
Iewton was quite religious, and thus tried to use 9?od9 to explain his lac0 of 0nowledge of necessary
connection+
Iewton, following the example of the *ambridge Platonist -enry 8ore, )ustified his introduction of
PSpaceP as a real, infinite entity (and by implication, the existence of Phard, massy, impenetrable, mo&able
particlesP by claiming that 'bsolute Space is constituted by the $mnipresence of ?od#
Iewton sought to ma0e the action of %ni&ersal ?ra&itation across empty space belie&able by references to
the power of ?od, but as the in&estigation of electricity, magnetism and chemical affinity de&eloped in the
1=th and 19th centuries attempts were made to find physical explanations for Paction2at2a2distanceP# ,n the
theories of .osco&ich and (araday the dualism of 'toms and the 6oid is replaced by an all2per&asi&e Pfield
of forceP in which there are many mathematical centers# (/his &ersion also informs the account of
gra&itation in !instein9s ?eneral /heory of 5elati&ity# (:estern Philosophy and Philosophers , 1991
'gain , repeat, the ob&ious and simple solution to
these problems is to reali7e that there are no
separate 9particles9 or 9fields9 existing in Space,
rather, it is the :a&e2*enter of Spherical
Standing :a&es (SS:s in Space that creates this
9particle effect9# 's a consequence, it is the ,n2
:a&es of the Spherical Standing :a&e in Space
which are changing &elocity as they flow in
through other SS:s in Space (particularly their
high :a&e2'mplitude :a&e2*enters that causes
the 9(ield !ffectP and the resultant acceleration of
the 9particle9 (:a&e2*enter#
/hus postulating the existence of 9?od9 as an explanation for our lac0 of 0nowledge of the necessary
connection between things that exist (which has been common throughout the history of Philosophy e#g#
Iewton, Spino7a, Aeibni7, .er0eley, Qant, to name but a few of many is no solution and is simply used to
fill a gap in our 0nowledge#
/his s0epticism is particularly important for *osmology where belief in the 9.ig .ang9 (which has
?od"creation"religious connotations has now become famous and well established# *ertainly the creation of
our uni&erse from no Space and no /ime (?odF is not in accordance with e&eryday phenomena, nor with
the laws of Iature, and as it cannot be confirmed by direct obser&ation we would do well to remain open
minded and s0eptical# 8ore than this though, the :a&e Structure of 8atter explains a different cause for the
redshift with distance that leads to a perpetual finite spherical uni&erse within and infinite Space# /hus not
only must we be s0eptical of the 9.ig .ang9 *osmology, we must also be open minded and s0eptically
consider opposing theories#
38E #e should al!ays =eep an Open Mind
-ume, thought it possible that we could disco&er this 9secret9 and 9necessary connexion9 between things# /his
0nowledge would allow logic from first principles (8etaphysics to deduce e&ents such that we would no
longer ha&e to depend upon induction from repeated obser&ation, that
### we could foresee the effect, e&en without experience+ and might, at first, pronounce with certainty
concerning it, by mere dint of thought and reasoning#H
Iow whether it be so or not, can only appear upon examination+ and it is incumbent on these philosophers
to ma0e good their assertion, by defining or describing that necessity, and pointing it out to us in the
operations of material causes# (-ume, 17K7
,n fact he is quite emphatic about remaining completely open minded about whether the problem of
*ausation can be sol&ed (contrary to many later (lesser philosophers and scientists who write that he
pro&ed it could not be sol&ed 2 a sadly common occurrence of a great mind being misunderstood or
misrepresented by later scientists>
, must confess that a man is guilty of unpardonable arrogance who concludes, because an argument has
escaped his own in&estigation, that therefore it does not really exist# , must also confess that, though all the
learned, for se&eral ages, should ha&e employed themsel&es in fruitless search upon any sub)ect, it may still,
perhaps, be rash to conclude positi&ely that the sub)ect must, therefore, pass all human comprehension#
(-ume, 17K7
/his question (the problem of necessary connection and causation , propose as much for the sa0e of
information, as with an intention of raising difficulties# , cannot find, , cannot imagine any such reasoning#
.ut , 0eep my mind still open to instruction, if any one will &ouchsafe to bestow it upon me# (-ume, 17K7
38F Our :uiding Metaphysical Principles Must be )imple, Logical and )ensible
,t must, howe&er, be confessed, that this species of s0epticism, when more moderate, may be understood in
a &ery reasonable sense, and is a necessary preparati&e to the study of philosophy, by preser&ing a proper
impartiality in our )udgements, and weaning our mind from all those pre)udices, which we may ha&e
imbibed from education or rash opinion# /o begin with clear and self2e&ident principles, to ad&ance by
timorous and sure steps, to re&iew frequently our conclusions, and examine accurately all their
consequences+ though by these means we shall ma0e both a slow and a short progress in our systems+ are
the only methods, by which we can e&er hope to reach truth, and attain a proper stability and certainty in our
determinations# ### we find in the course of nature that though the effects be many, the principles from which
they arise are commonly few and simple, and that it is the sign of an uns0illed naturalist to ha&e recourse to
a different quality in order to explain e&ery different operation# (-ume, 17K7
*urrently, due to its failures and excesses, 8etaphysics is scorned by many philosophers as being
impossible, but this need not be the case as !instein remar0s+
,n order that thin0ing might not degenerate into PmetaphysicsP, or into empty tal0, it is only necessary that
symbols according to (logically arbitrarily gi&en rules of the game# ### by his clear critique -ume did not
only ad&ance philosophy in a decisi&e way but also 2 though through no fault of his 2 created a danger for
philosophy in that, following his critique, a fateful 9fear of metaphysics9 arose which has come to be a
malady of contemporary empiricist philosophising+ this malady is the counterpart to that earlier
philosophising in the clouds, which thought it could neglect and dispense with what was gi&en by the
senses#
-owe&er, , see no 9metaphysical9 danger in ta0ing the thing (the ob)ect in the sense of physics as an
independent concept into the system together with the proper spatio2temporal structure#
##it finally turns out that one can, after all, not get along without 9metaphysics9# ('lbert !instein, 19LL
!instein is absolutely correct about 8etaphysics, that it is meaningful only if it begins from Principles
which correspond sensibly to what we obser&e about the beha&iour of ob)ects in this Space around us# 'nd
so li0e !instein, , am+
## anxious to draw attention to the fact that this theory is not speculati&e in origin+ it owes its in&ention
entirely to the desire to ma0e physical theory fit obser&ed fact as well as possible# :e ha&e here no
re&olutionary act but the natural continuation of a line that can be traced through centuries# ('lbert !instein
/he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion abides by these principles of simplicity and connection to the
sensible world of experience# 's 'ristotle so importantly argues+
that among entities there must be some cause which mo&es and combines things# ('ristotle
/hus to simplify and understand the truth of any scientific"philosophical wor0 of 8etaphysics, and thus of
*osmology, we must always as0 three questions+
1# :hat do they say !xists (material substance, relation, process, etc#
;# :hat are the 9Iecessary *onnections9 between 9:hat !xists9#
K# -ow does this explain the 8otion of 8atter in Space, which we clearly sense about us#
/he :a&e Structure of 8atter (:S8 explains these questions &ery simply and sensibly+
/his Space that we all !xist in and Sense around us !xists as a :a&e28edium, and 8atter !xists as a
Spherical Standing :a&e (which determines the si7e of our (inite Spherical %ni&erse within an infinite
Space# /hus the 9Iecessary *onnections9 !xist due to Space and the change in 6elocity of the Spherical
(!llipsoidal ,n2:a&es as they flow in through other matter 2 which necessarily determines where they meet
at their :a&e2*enter, and which we see as the accelerated motion of the particle#
38D 2ll *no!ledge of %eality 9ltimately Comes from Our )enses and />perience of the
Motion of Matter in )pace
,t is experience only, which gi&es authority to human testimony+ and it is the same experience, which
assures us of the laws of Iature#
### .ut though our thought seems to possess this unbounded liberty, we shall find, upon a nearer
examination, that it is really confined within &ery narrow limits, and that all this creati&e power of the mind
amounts to no more than the faculty of compounding, transposing, augmenting, or diminishing the materials
afforded us by the senses and experience#
-ere, therefore, is a proposition, which not only seems, in itself, simple and intelligible+ but, if a proper use
were made of it, might render e&ery dispute equally intelligible, and banish all that )argon, which has so
long ta0en possession of metaphysical reasonings, and drawn disgrace upon them# (#u-e, 17K7
### the senses alone are not implicitly to be depended on+ we must correct their e&idence by reason, and by
considerations, deri&ed from the nature of the medium, the distance of the ob)ect, and the disposition of the
organ, in order to render them, within their sphere, the proper criteria of truth and falsehood# (0a,id #u-e,
17K7
Pure logical thin0ing cannot yield us any 0nowledge of the empirical world+ all 0nowledge of reality starts
from experience and ends in it# (Albert 'instein, 195L
, absolutely agree with these two wonderful minds of human history# /he 8etaphysics of Space and 8otion
and the :a&e Structure of 8atter exists purely as a consequence of this desire to explain the things that we
sense by obser&ation and experiment of 8atter in the Space around us# ('s simply and sensibly as possible,
while always accepting that while our senses are limited and decepti&e, they are also the final arbitrator of
/ruth about 5eality#
38? On 1ai"e %ealism1 and that our Mind 1%epresents1 the #orld of our )enses
/he table, which we see, seems to diminish, as we remo&e farther from itE but the real table, which exists
independent of us, suffers no alterationE it was, therefore, nothing but its image, which was present to the
mind# /hese are the ob&ious dictates of reason+ and no man, who reflects, e&er doubted, that the existences,
which we consider, when we say, this house and that tree, are nothing but perceptions in the mind, and
fleeting copies or representations of other existences, which remain uniform and independent# (-ume, 17K7
,t is true that our mind somehow 95epresents9 the world of our senses, this has been 0nown since the time of
early ?ree0 and ,ndian Philosophy# ' red apple is only red in our 8inds, in reality it exists as a collection of
many trillions of :a&e2*enters (particles that are trapped in particular frequencies of cyclical 8otion
(orbits"wa&e functions# /hese oscillating :a&e2*enters also must ha&e oscillations of their ,n and $ut
:a&es which can 9resonantly couple9 with the oscillations of :a&e2*enters in my eye# /his explains how ,
am able to see the apple and its particular frequencies of wa&e2motion, but , cannot explain how our mind
95epresents9 frequencies of wa&es as colours# ('nd , would greatly appreciate any thought on this sub)ect of
95epresentation9 and how our mind 9creates"constructs9 colours, tastes, feelings, etc#
,t seems e&ident, that men are carried, by a natural instinct or prepossession, to repose faith in their senses+
and that, without any reasoning, or e&en almost before the use of reason, we always suppose an external
uni&erse, which depends not on our perception, but would exist, though we and e&ery sensible creature were
absent or annihilated# !&en the animal creation are go&erned by a li0e opinion, and preser&e this belief of
external ob)ects, in all their thoughts, designs and actions# ### /his &ery table, which we see white, and which
we feel hard, is belie&ed to exist, independent of our perception, and to be something external to our mind,
which percei&es it# $ur presence bestows not being on itE our absence does not annihilate it# ,t preser&es its
existence uniform and entire, independent of the situation of intelligent beings, who percei&e or contemplate
it# (-ume, 17K7
,t is both ob&ious and hard to pro&e that, as -ume says, the real world does exist independently of our ideas
(thus re)ecting extreme ,dealism# !&olution tells us that matter existed in Space and was e&ol&ing well
before our existence ()ust thin0 bac0 se&eral billion years thus if -umanity (and our ideas did not exist,
8atter in this Space of the %ni&erse would still continue to exist, )ust as it did prior to our e&olution and
existence#
' few more rele&ant quotes from -ume (who was a great s0eptical philosopher#
,t is uni&ersally allowed by modern enquirers, that all the sensible qualities of ob)ects, such as hard, soft,
hot, cold, white, blac0, ### are merely secondary, and exist not in the ob)ects themsel&es, but are perceptions
of the mind, without any external archetype or model, which they represent# ,f this be allowed, with regard
to secondary qualities, it must also follow, with regard to the supposed primary qualities of extension and
solidity+ nor can the latter be any more entitled to that denomination than the former# (@a&id -ume
## if it be a principle of reason, that all sensible qualities are in the mind, not in the ob)ect# .erea&e matter of
all its intelligible qualities, both primary and secondary, you in a manner annihilate it, and lea&e only a
certain un0nown, inexplicable something, as the cause of our perceptions ## (@a&id -ume
.ut that all his arguments, (@r# .er0eley, though otherwise intended, are, in reality, merely sceptical,
appears from this, that they admit of no answer and produce no con&iction# /heir only effect is to cause that
momentary ama7ement and irresolution and confusion, which is the result of scepticism# (@a&id -ume
Perhaps it is fitting to end this section with a quote from .er0eley# *ertainly his aims of gi&ing certainty to
0nowledge were admirable (he disli0ed atheists, s0eptics and abstraction># -owe&er his ,dealism fails (as it
ultimately depends on ?od to connect the many human minds and their common perceptions of the world#
Philosophy being nothing else but the study of wisdom and truth, it may with reason be expected, that those
who ha&e spent most time and pains in it should en)oy a greater calm and serenity of mind, a greater
clearness and e&idence of 0nowledge, and be less disturbed with doubt and difficulties than other men#
Net so it is we see the illiterate bul0 of man0ind that wal0 the high2road of plain, common sense and are
go&erned by the dictates of nature, for the most part easy and undisturbed# /o them nothing that is familiar
appears unaccountable or difficult to comprehend# /hey complain not of any want of e&idence in their
senses, and are out of all danger of becoming sceptics#
.ut no sooner do we depart from sense and instinct to follow the light of a superior principle, to reason,
meditate and reflect on the nature of things, but a thousand scruples spring up in our minds, concerning
those things which before we seemed fully to comprehend# Pre)udices and errors of sense do from all parts
disco&er themsel&es to our &iew+ and endea&ouring to correct these by reason we are insensibly drawn into
uncouth paradoxes, difficulties, and inconsistencies, which multiply and grow upon us as we ad&ance in
speculation+ till at length, ha&ing wandered through many intricate ma7es, we find oursel&es )ust where we
were, or, which is worse, sit down in a forlorn scepticism# (:eorge ;er<eley
Concluding %emar=s
' sensible s0epticism is important if we are not to be decei&ed# -owe&er, at times blind s0epticism causes
harm for new 0nowledge# *learly our 8etaphysical Principles are important and necessary# (rom the
(oundations of $ne thing, Space, existing as a :a&e28edium, , am quite sure that we can now proceed to
satisfy these s0eptical requirements and demonstrate that the problem of 9what exists9 and their 9necessary
connexion9 and causation has been sol&ed#
, absolutely agree with Qant that this s0eptical method of science is profoundly important to -umanity+
,t will render an important ser&ice to reason, by substituting the certainty of scientific method for that
random groping after results without the guidance of principles, which has hitherto characteri7ed the pursuit
of metaphysical studies# ,t will render an important ser&ice to the inquiring mind of youth, by leading the
student to apply his powers to the culti&ation of genuine science, instead of wasting them, as at present, on
speculations which can ne&er lead to any result, or on the idle attempt to in&ent new ideas and opinions# .ut,
abo&e all, it will confer an inestimable benefit on morality and religion, by showing that all the ob)ections
urged against them may be silenced for e&er by the Socratic method, that is to say, by pro&ing the ignorance
of the ob)ector# (or, as the world has ne&er been, and no doubt, ne&er will be, without a system of
metaphysics of one 0ind or another, it is the highest and weightiest concern of philosophy to render it
powerless for harm, by closing up the sources of error# (Qant, 17=1

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