International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 7 number 3 Jan 2014

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page163

Energy Based Optimal Relaying in Heterogeneous Radio Access
Networks
Ravi Gunaseelan, V.Bharathi, R. Sambath kumar

1,3
PG Scholars,
2
Assistant Professor, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry.


ABSTRACT: Due to recent trends in mobile
communication system, much attention has be
given to heterogeneous networks in which a mobile
equipment is able to access multiple networks that
are present in a locality. Here each random access
networks (RANs) operates at different carrier
frequency having different transmission bandwidth
whose selection is based on the Quality Of Service
(QOS) of each network. In this paper, we examine
the efficient use of multiple radio access
technologies (RATs) in cooperative network. By
taking into account the circuit power consumption
of each relay nodes, an optimal relaying scheme is
introduced which outclasses the direct
communication as well as the traditional best select
relaying schemes producing effective packet
transfer with reduced packet loss and increased
throughput.
Keywords: RANs-random access networks, QOS-
quality of service, RATs-radio access technologies,
RM-radio mode, PL-path loss
I. INTRODUCTION
In current day system, various radio access
technologies (RATs) like WLAN, WCDMA and
LTE are accessible by a single mobile device which
is called as multi-radio access (MRA) system [1]-
[2]. Using this system a mobile device is able to
communicate through ant of the RATs that coexist
in a network. Resource allocation for a MRA
system was studied using various RATs
simultaneously to manage the spectral efficiency
[3]-[4]. Instead of considering various RATs at the
same time [5], a RAT is taken to increase the
network capacity based on the QOS constraints.
The energy consumed for the circuit operation is
not considered in previous works while considering
the energy consumption during network operation
was given greater importance. Various works are
been conducted [6] in designing an energy efficient
wireless communication system which includes
consideration of system-wide energy consumption.
The circuits are well designed to reduce the size
and power usage by the components present in the
system.
An energy efficient cooperate relaying was studied
in [7] and a best selected switching technique using
a single RAT was proposed. While considering a
realistic battery model in [8], an energy efficient
relay selection using multiple relay nodes and
power allocation strategies for each node was
studied. In this work, we gathered information how
a best selected energy efficient relaying is carried
out in cooperative heterogeneous radio access
network which contains relay nodes that is capable
of using multiple RATs. We take into account the
optimal relaying and RAT selection problem so as
to maximize the energy efficiency considering the
adaptive modulation schemes to further improve
the efficiency.
II. DESIGN MODEL
A heterogeneous cooperative radio access network
is illustrated in Fig.1 which contains source, relay
and destination node which is equipped with
multiple radio modes (RMs) that uses different
RATs. Her we assume that each RM operates at
different carrier frequency and using a different
transmission bandwidth. A best-select relaying
schemes is considered where a single best relay is
selected among the various available relay nodes
which is selected to forward a message from source
to destination in decode and forward method.
Consider a relay i which uses RM j with a nominal
transmit power

, is given by
(i, j) =

(i, j) (1)
Where,
(i, j) = H(i, j) / PN( j).

(j) =

B( j) is the noise power in RM j, noise

power spectral density is denoted by

and B( j) is
the bandwidth of RM j. The channel power gain
from the source to relay i using RM j is denoted by
H(i, j).
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 7 number 3 Jan 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page164


Fig.1. Cooperative networks with multi-radio
equipped relay nodes
A path loss component is considered which takes
into account the distance between the two nodes
and the channel gain given by,
PL(d) =

)+10

(2)
where

) = 10

(3)
where

is the reference distance, is the

wavelength ( = c / f, where c is the speed of light
and f is the carrier frequency) and is the path-loss
exponent. Since each radio modes use different
carrier frequency, different values of

) will
be obtained. For the RM j, the decoded set

gives
a set of relay nodes which will correctly decode the
original message from the source in RM j, the
decoded set is given by,

= {i|

(i, j)

)} (4)
where

denotes the maximum transmit power

of a relay and

) is the required SNR that

meets the target bit error probability,

, with

bits/symbol; [9]for M-QAM, the required SNR is
given by
(5)
(6)
where c1 = 0.2 and c2 = 1.5.
The channel gain for each RM k for the link
between relay to destination (RD) is estimated by
G(i,k) and based on this a best relay node is
selected. This selected relay is used to forward the
message from source to destination.

III. CIRCUIT DESIGN MODEL
The total power consumption is divided into
two parts: power consumed by the power amplifier
(PA) and the power consumed by the remaining
part of the circuitry amplifier power consumption is
given by

/ whose efficiency is denoted by .

We consider mostly the circuit power consumption
because the power consumed by the amplifier
cannot be much controlled due to its variation with
distance between relay. The circuit power
consumption can be divided into power consumed
by the circuit components and the power consumed
by the RF chain which excludes the power
consumption by the PA. The circuit power
consumption model is based on bandwidth
utilisation, as the bandwidth increases more base
band processing is required i.e., more signal
processing and use of memory for processing. The
power consumed by the circuit component

, is
designed as,

(7)
Where the reference circuit power consumption of
equipments is

is a reference bandwidth,
and is a proportionality constant (in mW). The
RF chain power consumption, The power
consumption for the RF chain, PRF is considered
to be a constant. Thus, the total power consumption
by the circuit is given by

(8)
Superscripts tx and rx denotes the transmitter
and the receiver section. The basic RF chain power
consumption by the transmitter and receiver end is
modelled as

+ 2

and

+ 3

[26]
where,

are the power

consumption for the D/A and A/D converters,
filter, local oscillator, mixer, and low noise
amplifier, respectively.

IV. BEST RELAYING METHOD
In this section, the best select relaying energy
efficiency with multi-radio nodes is derived. By
using relay i having RM j for link between source
and relay (SR) link and RM k for the RD link for
transmission of L bits. The energy efficiency (in
bits/Joule) is given by,
(9)
Where
and
represents the required transmit power for link
between source and relay which uses RM j and for
the link between relay and destination which uses
RM k, respectively.
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 7 number 3 Jan 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page165

and
represents the required transmission time for each
link. The total circuit power consumption for the
SR link and the RD link transmissions are

(j)
and

(k), respectively. Dividing by

(k) and
factoring out B(k),

(10)
V. RADIO MODE SELECTION
USING BEST RELAYING
The constellation size of both the source to
relay and relay to destination link are considered to
be same,

= b. The energy efficiency can

then be simplified as
(11)
where

and .

Here

(i, j) and

(i,k) are the required

transmission energies and the circuit energy
consumption. Then, for a fixed constellation size b
with a given relay i, the maximum value of (11) is
equivalent to the minimum value of the total
consumption for each link,

(i, j) and

(i,k),
separately. Then, the suitable RM for the SR link is
(12)
Where the decoded radio mode set of relay i is

, which is the set of radio modes for which relay i

which correctly decodes the source message and is
given by,
Si = { j|

(i, j)

(b)} (13)
For the link between relay and destination, the
optimization problem with the presence of
maximum power constraint is
(14)
Such that

Then, the optimal relay which minimizes the total
energy consumption for a given optimal pair of
RMs
i= argmin(

(i, j)+

(i,k)) (15)

VI. ADAPTIVE MODULATION
TECHNIQUE
In order to improve energy efficiency in
an effective way we use adaptive modulation
technique which uses joint analysis of the
modulation size of the relay and RM selection.
Here the end-to-end delay constraint, Tmax is
considered to be maximum. Then, the optimization
problem becomes

(16)
Where,


1. Fixed Constellation size
For fixed RMs j and k of relay i, the suitable
constellation sizes bSR and bRD is obtained by
numerical search. In this case, first the bSR is made
fixed and then the corresponding optimal bRD is
found. Then, all values of bSR is searched which
satisfy the constraints to find the suitable
constellation size for both links. Thus, (16) is
equivalent to
(17)
s.t.


where are the maximum constellation sizes are
given by bSR max and bRDmax that satisfy the
target bit error probability for a given channel gain.

here the minimum constellation size for the RD
link is bRDmin to meet the delay constraint for a
given bSR.

where which guarantees that
the SR link transmission time is less than Tmax,
and bmin2 is the minimum bSR such that
.
2. Variable constellation size
Here we consider three cases.
2.1 case 1: The constellation size of each
link is processed independently in this case. In
order to get the optimal b SR,
(18)
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 7 number 3 Jan 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page166

where . Then, the best
constraints is given using (18) as,
(19)
where bmin = bmin1, bmax = bSRmax, and b =
bSR. Similarly, bRD is the solution of the
unconstrained optimization problem for a given
bSR as
(20)
where
2.2 case 2: Here we restrict the
constellation sizes of both links to be equal, i.e.,
bSR = bRD = b. Then, the suitable solution, b, has
a form similar to (19),
and bmin = L/BTmax.

.
2.3 case 3: In this scheme, for a fixed
modulation size, the suitable relay and RMs are
obtained, and the optimal constellation size for
each link is found by numerical search.

VII. RESULT
The parameters used in the simulation are
given in Table 1. It is assumed that there are M =5
relay nodes located equidistant from the source and
the destination nodes. The proportionality constant,
= 20 mW, has been deduced from [10] where the
baseband power consumption is projected for
current and future wireless communication
systems. Let
Ptx RF PrxRF = PRF and PtxBB PrxBB = PBB.
Table 1 System Parameters
Amplifier efficiency,
35%
Path-loss exponent,
3.5
Maximum power constraint, 20 dBm
Noise power spectral density, -174
dBm/Hz
Target bit error probability,

Proportionality constant, 20mW
Carrier frequency of RM-1/RM-2/RM-3,
f (GHz)
3.0/3.5/6.0
Bandwidth of RM-1/RM-2/RM-3, B
(GHz)
3.0/7.0/10.0

These results can be easily extended for
cases where the power consumptions at the
transmitter and the receiver are different. RM 1 is
assumed to be the reference system in the
simulation.
In Fig. 2, the energy efficiency (EE) of
best-select (BS) relaying with a fixed 2 bits/symbol
for both links. A normalized destination distance is
used where the reference distance d0 = 1 meter.
Optimal-BS denotes the optimal Best Select
scheme and Conventional BS as the conventional
Best Select which ignores the circuit power
consumption (PC = 0) and only considers the
channel gain and transmission power amplify. The
energy efficiency of sub optimal best-select
relaying scheme(BS Sub3 2bit) is compared with
other methodology for transmission using
2bits/symbol. Also, the EE of direct
communications with RM adaptation (Direct
Communication) is plotted.

Fig.2 Energy Efficiency Vs Normalized
Distance

Fig 2 shows the EE of BS and DC with
adaptive modulation for = 0.5. The figure shows
that adaptive modulation significantly improves the
EE compared with a fixed constellation size.
Interestingly, it can be seen that BS-Sub3 with 2
bits/symbol performs better than that Conventional
Best select. The reason is as follows: For a fixed
constellation size, the RM having the largest
bandwidth is selected to minimize the circuit power
consumption. Thus, with 2 bits/symbol, RM 3,
supporting a 10-MHz bandwidth, is likely to be
selected for short distances. However, the selected
link with the larger bandwidth and path loss leads
to a smaller maximum constellation size, which
limits the degrees of freedom for adaptive
modulation compared to that of the selected link
with 4 bits/symbol. For large distances, using a
larger constellation size for the selection increases
the outage probability, degrading the energy
efficiency. In general, BS-O benefits from
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 7 number 3 Jan 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page167

recognizing the different circuit power
consumption characteristics of different radio
modes and taking them into account during relay
and radio mode selection. Thus, for a fixed circuit
power consumption for different radio modes,
increasing the number of relay nodes or the
maximum power constraint improves the energy
efficiency of both schemes, typically for large
distances. However, it does not change the relative
performance between them. The performance of
BS-O only converges to that of BSC when Pre f
>> BBre f or 0, for which the circuit power
consumption difference between RMs is negligible.

Fig 3 Probability of selected radio modes of
optimal best-select relaying with direct
communication

Fig.3, shows the corresponding probability
of the RM that is selected for transmission for BS-
O. For short distances, even for larger noise power
and with path loss, the RM having the higher
bandwidth is selected to reduce the circuit power
consumption. However, as the distance increases,
the optimal scheme is likely to choose the RM
supporting a lower bandwidth, operating on a lower
frequency, to meet the target SNR.

Fig. 4 Comparison of throughput for various
optimal schemes
Fig 4, shows a comparison between the
amount of throughput that can be obtained through
various radio modes of transmission. The
throughput obtained through the Sub optimal Best
select scheme is greater than those obtained
through direct communication and best select
optimal scheme.

Fig. 5 Comparison of packet loss for various
optimal schemes
Fig 5 shows a comparison between the
amount of packet that is lost during the
transmission of data at 4bits/symbol through
various optimal schemes. The amount of packets
that is lost through direct communication is greater
than the optimal and sub optimal schemes. The loss
of packet through the sub optimal best select
scheme is much less when compared to that of
direct communication optima scheme and that of
optimal best select scheme.

VIII. CONCLUSION
Optimal best select method benefits from
recognizing the different circuit power
consumption characteristics of different radio
modes and taking them into account during relay
and radio mode selection. Thus, for a fixed circuit
power consumption of different radio modes,
increasing the number of relay nodes or the
maximum power constraint improves the energy
efficiency typically for large distances. Optimal
relay and radio mode selection in heterogeneous
cooperative radio access networks was considered,
and demonstrated that it is critical to take the
circuit power consumption into account in the
selection algorithm design to improve the energy
efficiency. The throughput is achievable at greater
rate in the proposed sub optimal scheme when
compared to optimal scheme and direct
communication. The loss of packets during
transmission is also reducible through the proposed
sub optimal scheme. It is found that the energy
efficiency can be further improved by employing
adaptive modulation. The proposed several
suboptimal schemes showed that performance close
to the optimum is achievable.

International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 7 number 3 Jan 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page168

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