Buckling Prof Schierle 1

Buckling Prof Schierle 2

Buckling
Buckling is a tendency of slender compression members
to bow out, which causes bending.
When the combined bending and compressive stress
exceeds the buckling capacity failure occurs.
Buckling effects all compression members, such as
columns, truss bars, bracing, etc
A Short columns fail in compression.
B Slender columns fail in buckling
P
P P
P
A B C
C Free-body diagram of half column shows bending
moment M = P e (force times lever arm)
Buckling bends a column progressively.
Increasing offset e increases bending, which
in turn increases e further
which finally causes buckling failure
P
P P
P
A B C
P
P P
P
A B C
P
P P
P
A B C
Buckling Prof Schierle 3
Euler formula, developed bythe 18
th
century Swiss
Mathematician Euler defines critical buckling load as:
P
cr
= t
2
E I / L
2
P
cr
= critical buckling load
E = Elastic modulus
I = Moment of inertia
L = Length (un-braced)
Since f=P/A, critical bucklingstress F
cr
=t
2
EI/(AL
2
), or
F
cr
= t
2
E / (KL/r
2
)
A = cross section area)
KL/r = slenderness ratio
r = radius of gyration, r =(I/A)
1/2
I / A = r
2
K = support factor defined as follows
Support type: Theoretical K Recommended K
A Pin supports: K = 1 K = 1
B One fixed support: K = 07 K = 0.8
C Both fixed supports: K = 0.5 K = 0.65
D Cantilever: K = 2 K = 2.1
E Moment frame K = 1 K = 1.2 - 1.5
Buckling Prof Schierle 4
f
a
/F
a
+ f
b
/F
b
1
f
a
= Actual axial stress
F
a
= Allowable axial stress
f
b
= Actual bending stress
F
b
= Allowable bending stress
Combined stress examples:
100% axial stress + 0% bending stress
30% axial stress + 70% bending stress
50% axial stress + 50% bending stress
0% axial stress +100% bending stress
Combined stress
Compression members may be subject to combined
axial and bending stress.
1 Wall subject to lateral load
2 Eccentric load causes bending moment M = P e
3 Column with eccentric beam support
4 Cantilever under gravity and lateral load
5 Columns of moment frame under gravity load
6 Columns of moment frame under lateral load
7 Interaction triangle, visualizes interaction formula:
Buckling Prof Schierle 5
Kern, German for core denotes inner 1/3 of cross section
(rhomboid for rectangular, circular for round posts).
Load within the kern causes compressive stress only
Load outside the Kern adds bending stress f
b
=M/S (M=Pe)
Concentric load causes axial stress only f
a
= P/A
load inside Kern causes f
b
< f
a
3 Load at Kern edge causes f
b
= f
a
4 Laod outside the Kern causes f
b
> f
a
(yields tensile bending stress)
Proof:
Triangular stress block has centroid @ d/3
f
a


=

P
/
A
d
Buckling Prof Schierle 6
Arch and vault
Arches and vaults of un-reinforced brick or stone can only
resist compression and must be designed to avoid tension
Thus the funicular pressure line should be within the Kern
(Funicular line may be defined graphically)
1 Funicular arch under uniform load
2 Funicular line at Kern edge under asymmetrical load
3 Funicular line outside Kern under asymmetrical load
(would fail due to tensile stress)
A Compressive stress
B Bending stress s compression avoids tensile stress
C Combined stress without tensile stress
D Bending stress > compressive stress
E Combined stress includes tensile stress
Buckling Prof Schierle 7
Wood buckling
Wood column slenderness is defined as L/d ratio
where d is the least thickness, unless the column
is braced by blocking or sheathing
For braced columns the largest L/d ratio governs
Kis ignored since wood moment joints are difficult
d
d
d
d
1 The least dimension d typically defines L/d ratio
2 Square columns with equal dare most effective
3 Columns with blocking are governed by the
largest L/d ratio
Buckling Prof Schierle 8
Allowable buckling stress F
c
:
F
c
= F
*
c
(C
P
)
F
*
c
= F
c
(C
D
) (C
M
) (C
t
) X
F
c
= Allowable compressive stress parallel to grain
C
D
= Duration factor (1=normal, 1.6=wind & seismic load)
C
M
= Moisture factor (1 for dry lumber)
C
t
= Temperature factor (1 for normal temperature)
X = Other adjustment factors for size, etc. per NDS
C
P
= Buckling stability defined by Ylinenformula:
2
* * *
cE c cE c cE c
P
1+F /F 1+F /F F /F
C = - -
2c 2c c
| |
|
\ .
c = 0.80 for sawn lumber
0.85 for round timber
0.90 for glulam posts
F
cE
= K
cE
E/(L/d)
2
(Euler buckling stress)
K
cE
= 0.300 for visually graded lumber
0.384 for MEL (Machine Evaluated Lumber)
0.418 for glulam & MSR (Machine Stress Rated)
E = Elastic modulus
Wood buckling
Allowable bucklinggraph
Horizontal axis: slenderness L/d
Vertical axis: allowable stress Fc
Allowable buckling load:
P = A Fc
A = cross section area
Buckling Prof Schierle 9
Example Douglas fir-larch # 1, F
c
= 1000 psi
E = 1,600,000 psi, sawn lumber c = 0.8;
visually graded, K
cE
= 0.3, 4x6 post, L = 8
F*
c
= F
c
(no adjustments needed)
Find allowable load P
Slenderness L/d = 8(12)/3.5 L/d = 27.4
F
cE
= K
cE
E /(L/d)
2
F
cE
= 0.3 (1,600,000)/27.4
2
F
cE
= 639 psi
F
cE
/F*
c
= 639/1000 F
cE
/F*
c
= 0.639
Allowable stress
F

c
= F
c
C
P
= 1000 (0.524) F

c
= 524 psi
Allowable load
P = F

c
A = 524 (3.5x5.5) / 1000 P = 10 k
Using graph
At F
c
=1000 psi, L/d = 27.4 Fc = 520 psi
Allowable load
P=F
c
A =520 (3.5x5.5)/1000 P = 10 k
Confirming result with good accuracy
8 . 0
639 . 0
6 . 1
639 . 0 1
6 . 1
639 . 0 1
2

|
.
|

\
| +

+
=
P
C
C
p
= 0.524
Buckling Prof Schierle 10
Interpolation example
Assume:
8x12 post nominal, 7.25x11.25 actual
F
*
c
=1150 psi, E =1,600,000 psi
L = 12, braced about weak axis at mid-height
Weak axis slenderness
L/d = (12/2) x 12 / 7.25 L/d = 10
Strong axis slenderness
L/d = 12 x 12 / 11.25 L/d = 13
Strong axis slenderness governs 13 > 10
At F*
c
= 1000 and L/d = 13 F
c
= 920 psi
At F*
c
= 1200 and L/d = 13 F
c
=1060 psi
Use conservative 920 psi buckling stress,
or interpolate between 920 and 1060 psi
Allowable stress = Fc = X
X/1150 = 1060/1200
Allowable stress
F
c
= 1150x1060/1200 F
c
=1016 psi
Allowable load
P= F
c
A=1016x7.25x11.25/1000 P = 82.9 k
Buckling Prof Schierle 11
Load graph for square posts
Design example
Post: P = 40 K, L=10 un-braced length
Find nearest curve above 10 and 40 k
Use 8x8 post
Analysis example
Find allowable load for 12x12 post, L= 24
Find intersection of 24 with 12x12 curve
Allowable load P = 64 K
Analysis example
Find allowable load for 6x6 post, 20' long, braced at 8
Find intersection of 208=12 with 6x6 curve
Allowable load P = 15 k
Metric design example
Design a 4 m post for P = 200 k
Find curve above intersection of 4 m and 200 kN
Use 10x10 post
Metric analysis example
Find allowable load for a 8x8 post of 6 m long
Find intersection of 6 m with 8x8 curve
Allowable load P = 90 kN
Buckling Prof Schierle 12
Other posts 1 Glulam posts are effective to resist combined axial and
bending stress by adjusting the strength of laminations
to reflect stress distribution over the cross section.
2 Round poles are very effective for concentric load, since
buckling resistance is uniform in all direction.
But poles are least effective for eccentric load, since
material is focused around the centroid with minimal
lever arm to resist bending stress.
Round poles are designed like square posts, with
diameter adjusted for equal cross section area, i. e.,
d
2
= |
2
/4, or
d = 0.886 |
d = square post thickness
| = pole diameter
3 Spaced columns for posts and truss bars are designed
for critical L/d ratio (L1/d1, or L2/d2)
Buckling Prof Schierle 13
Design strong posts