Steel Connections SteelConnections

Alectureprepared p p
By
A P D E B M Assis. Prof. Dr Ehab Boghdadi Matar
Acknowledgement Acknowledgement
k l d h f d i hi l h Iacknowledgephotosfoundinthislecturetothe
scientificteachingaidsfoundindifferentsources,
i ll especially
AISCdigitallibrary
ESDEPlecturenotes
AISC connection teaching toolkit AISC connectionteachingtoolkit
PersonalphotostakeninGermany,Holland,
Austria and Egypt AustriaandEgypt.
Ehab matar
Assis. Prof. of steel structural
Objectives Objectives
Throughthefollowing3lectures,weshallstudy
togetherthesteelconnections.Ourmain
objectiveswillbe:
1. Identify the different types of steel connections 1. Identifythedifferenttypesofsteelconnections
2. Understandingtheforcetransferthroughsteel
ti connections
3. Practicingthedesignofboltedandwelded
connectionsthroughneatselfexplained
calculationsandfulldwgs details. g
PretensionedHighstrengthbolted
connections (SlipCritical Joints) (AISC) connections(Slip CriticalJoints)(AISC)
In a slipcritical joint the bolts must be fully pretensioned to cause a clamping force
between the connected elements
This force develops frictional resistance between the connected elements
The frictional resistance allows the joint to withstand loading without slipping into
bearing against the body of the bolt, although the bolts must still be designed for
4
g g y , g g
bearing
The faying surfaces in slipcritical joints require special preparation (AISC)
WhentoUseSlipCriticalJoints
Per the RCSC Specification (2000), Slipcritical joints are only required in the following
applications involving shear or combined shear and tension:
1. Joints that are subject to fatigue load with reversal of the loading direction (not
applicable to wind bracing)
2 J i h ili i d h l 2. Joints that utilize oversized holes
3. Joints that utilize slotted holes, except those with applied load approximately
perpendicular to the direction of the long dimension of the slot
5
p p g
4. Joints in which slip at the faying surfaces would be detrimental to the performance of
the structure
SnugtightInstallation
Snugtight is the tightness attained with a few hits of an impact wrench or the full effort of
an ironworker using an ordinary spud wrench to bring the connected plies into firm
6
contact
(RCSC 2000)
TurnofNutInstallation
Installation beyond snugtight is called pretensioning
Turnofnut pretensioning involves several steps: p g p
1. The bolt is snugtightened
2. Matchmarks are placed on each nut, bolt, and steel surface in a straight line
3. The part not turned by the wrench is prevented from turning
4. The bolt is tightened with a prescribed rotation past the snugtight condition
7
The specified rotation varies by diameter and length (between 1/3 and 1 turn)
(RCSC 2000, AISC)
CalibratedWrenchInstallation
Calibrated Wrench pretensioning uses an impact wrench (above left) to tighten the
b l ifi d i bolt to a specified tension
A SkidmoreWilhelm calibration device (above right) is used to calibrate the impact
wrench to the torque level which will achieve the specified tension
8
q p
A sample of bolts representative of those to be used in the connections are tested to
verify that the correct tension will be achieved (RCSC 2000, AISC)
ASTMF1852Installation
(AISC)
F1852 bolts are twistofftype tensioncontrol
bolts
These bolts must be pretensioned with a twist
offtype tensioncontrol bolt installation wrench
that has two coaxial chucks
The inner chuck engages the splined end of the
bolt
Th t h k th t The outer chuck engages the nut
The two chucks turn opposite to one another to
tighten the bolt
9
The splined end of the F1852 bolt shears off at
a specified tension (AISC 2003)
ASTMF959DirectTensionIndicators
DTIs DTI s
Another way to try to ensure proper pretensioning of a bolt is through the use of
di t t i i di t (DTI )
FeelerGages
direct tension indicators (DTIs)
These washers have protrusions that must bear against the unturned element
As the bolt is tightened the clamping force flattens the protrusions and reduces the As the bolt is tightened the clamping force flattens the protrusions and reduces the
gap
The gap is measured with a feeler gage
10
When the gap reaches the specified size the bolt is properly pretensioned
(AISC & NISD 2000)
InstallationofDTIs
(Adapted from Figure C 8 1 RCSC 2000)
It is essential that direct tension indicators be properly oriented in the assembly
a) The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned DTI under bolt head
(AdaptedfromFigureC8.1RCSC2000)
a) The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned DTI under bolt head
b) The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned DTI under nut (washer required)
c) The nut is stationary while the bolt head is turned DTI under bolt head (washer required)
11
d) The nut is stationary while the bolt head is turned DTI under nut
(RCSC 2000)
Pre tensioning force T Torque M PretensioningforceT,TorqueM
a
xA xf T 7 0 =
s yb
xA xf T 7 . 0 =
T d M 2 0
Where:
T d M
a
. . 2 . 0 =
f
yb
= yield point stress of the bolt
material
= 6.4t/cm
2
for bolts grade 8.8 and
= 9t/cm
2
for bolts grade 10.9
A =stress area in the table given later A
s
= stress area in the table given later.
d= bolt diameter
Thedesignshearstrengthofasingle
boltinslipcriticalconnections

=
T
m P
s
bolt inthe force tensioning pre T
plans shear of no. m
: Where
=
slip to regard h factor wit safety =
t coefficien friction =
bolt in the force tensioning - pre = T

structure steel ordinary in loading II case 1.05for =

structure steel ordinary in loading I case for 1.25 =
slip to regard h factor wit safety
cranes and bridges in loading II case for 1.35 =
cranes and bridges in loading I case for 1.6 =
Coefficient of friction Coefficientoffriction
Thefrictioncoefficientisofprimeimportanceforfrictiontypeconnection.
Itdependsontheconditionandpreparationofthesurfacestobejoined.
SurfacetreatmentsareclassifiedintothreemainclassesA,BandCas
follows:
ClassA(=0.5): ( )
Surfacesareblastedwithshotorgritwithanylooserustremoved,no
painting.
f bl d h h d l d h l Surfacesareblastedwithshotorgritandspraymetalizedwithaluminum.
Surfacesareblastedwithshotorgritandspraymetalizedwithazinc
basedcoating. g
ClassB(=0.4):
Surfacesareblastedwithshotorgritandpaintedwithalkalizincsilicate
d h k f paintingtoproduceacoatingthicknessof5080m.
ClassC(=0.3):
Surfaces are cleaned by wire brushing or flame cleaning with any loose Surfacesarecleanedbywirebrushingorflamecleaningwithanyloose
rustremoved.
Tablefortheallowableshearforce/bolt(grade10.9)
Noteforgrade8.8,70%ofthesevaluesistobeused
Bolts Subjected to shear BoltsSubjectedtoshear
Q
/b
P
s
=mT/ Q
/b s
/
Bolts subjected to Tension BoltssubjectedtoTension
0 6* T
/b
0.6*T
Bolts subjected to shear and tension Boltssubjectedtoshearandtension
bolt each in forces Acting
= =
T
F Q F T
d d ext
cos . & sin .
bolt each in forces Acting
u u
=
Q
n
T
T
ext
b ext /
=
n
Q
Q
b /
diti S f t
s T T
b ext /
8 . 0
conditions Safety
|
.
|

\
|
s
T
T
mP Q
b ext
s b
/
/
1
Bolts subjected to Shear and Moment BoltssubjectedtoShearandMoment
bolt each in forces Acting
M
/
T
T
h
M
C T
b ext
=
= =
/
/
n
Q
Q
n
b
t
b ext
=
8 . 0
conditions Safety
/
mPs Q
T T
b ext
s
s
h
bolts of number total = n
moment to due only tension to subjected bolts of number = n
t
/
mPs Q
b
s
Boltssubjectedtoshear,tensionand
bendingmoment
bolt each in forces Acting bolt each in forces Acting
= =
h
M
C T
/
=
n
T
T
h
t
bM ext
/
=
n
T
T
ext
b ext
t
h
diti S f t
/
=
n
Q
Q
b
8 . 0
conditions Safety
/ /
| |
s + +
T
T P T T
bM ext b ext
connection ype friction t in 1
/
/
|
.
|

\
|
s
T
T
mP Q
b ext
s b
Prying forces (P) Pryingforces(P)
I h b di f h .Inthebendingofthe
flangesoftheTee,the
bolts act as a pivot point boltsactasapivotpoint
sothatthereisa
compressivereaction(Q)
betweentheouteredges
oftheflanges,whichis
defined as the Prying definedasthePrying
Force.Thetension
inducedinthebolts,for ,
equilibrium,isthusF
b
=F
+Q.
ValueofPryingforces y g
4
(
, , ,
2
4
2
4
.
. . . 30
.
1
4 4
3
. . . 30
.
2
1
b ext M b ext
p
s
p
orT T
A b a
t W
b
a a
A b a
t W
P
(
(
(
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
s
area stress Bolt = A
bolts. of column one r.t. breadth w. stub Tee Flange = W
cm. in stub tee stem the w.r.t. dimension bolt inner and overhang outer Bolt = b a,
. . . 30 4 4
s
A b a b
(

. \ . \
M b, ext,
b, ext,
M/d C T couples opposite and equal two
by M moment applied the of t replacemen the to due or Text = T
force tension external an
either to due column bolt one on force tension external Applied = T
b b b
M/d = C = T couples opposite and equal two