Johannesburg's Golden Legacy Includes Radioactive Dump - Bloomberg

Johannesburgs Golden Legacy Includes Radioactive Dump
By Kevin Crowley
Feb 11, 2014 12:00 AM GMT+0200
Johannesburg sits atop the worlds most productive gold reef -- a staggering 40,000 tons of the precious metal
has been mined from it during a history tracing back 130 years. That legacy of riches has left behind a toxic
inheritance: radioactivity from uranium hauled up in the mining process.
Scientists have found uranium quantities in rivers west of the city to be as much as 4,000 times natural levels
and in tap water as much as 20 times higher. A soil sample taken by Bloomberg News and tested by
government-certied WaterLab Ltd. (http://www.waterlab.co.za/) from pumpkin roots grown a little more
than a mile from a recently closed gold mine contained ve times more uranium than background levels
considered normal by the International Atomic Energy Agency
(http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/du/du_qaa.shtml).
Photographer: Dean Hutton/Bloomberg
A traffic highway and railway lines, right, pass waste ground and a mine dump in Johannesburg, South Africa, on Dec. 14,
2013. While Johannesburg flourished after the discovery of gold in 1886 the stress that the mining has placed on underground
rock formations has increased seismic activity.
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Residents of Johannesburg and surrounding communities live among an estimated 600,000 metric tons of
uranium buried in waste rock and covering an area four times the size of Manhattan, according to university
researchers. Another undetermined amount lies below ground, where water has lled abandoned mines and
leaks into the environment.
Theres nowhere in the world where youll nd so many people living alongside such a vast amount of ore-
bearing uranium, said Carl Albrecht, head of research at the Cancer Association of South Africa
(http://www.cansa.org.za/), or Cansa. There are 400,000 people in the area who are subjected to this
environment and yet the government is unwilling to consider the health impact.
Health Threat
Government regulators and health advocates disagree over the public-health threat this poses. Albrecht and
others point to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/uranium.html) data that says even low-level radiation
exposure, if prolonged, can lead to an increased rate of cancers. Susan Shabangu
(http://search.bloomberg.com/search?
q=Susan%20Shabangu&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-
8&oe=UTF-8&lter=p&getelds=wnnis&sort=date:D:S:d1&partialelds=-wnnis:NOAVSYND&lr=-
lang_ja), minister of South Africas Department of Mineral Resources, said levels recorded in and around
Johannesburg are a cause for concern but not yet a level of danger.
One thing is indisputable: the amount of untreated waste material containing uranium is growing as a 28 percent
plunge in the gold price last year has shuttered mines and increased the number of abandoned mine sites. The
Blyvooruitzicht mine 50 miles (80 kilometers) southwest of Johannesburg -- near where the Bloomberg News
soil sample was taken -- was closed in July, throwing 1,700 miners out of work.
The mines last operator, Village Main Reef Ltd. (/quote/VIL:SJ), isnt responsible for the environmental
rehabilitation of the mine because it never took legal ownership of the operation, according to Chief Executive
Ofcer Ferdi Dippenaar (http://search.bloomberg.com/search?
q=Ferdi%20Dippenaar&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-
lang_ja).
Village operated the 72-year-old mine for 18 months, he said.
Within Limits
As far as I am aware, and based on tailings recoveries, the content of uranium during this time was denitely
within limits, Dippenaar said. Tailings refers to waste material. Village has no plans to reopen the mine and its
currently being liquidated, he said.
Unmaintained, abandoned dumps lose their shape as their toxic material seeps into the surrounding area, said
Anthony Turton (http://www.anthonyturton.com/), a professor at University of the Free States Center for
Environmental Management. When waste dumps, known as tailings dams, are abandoned you get major
erosion taking place and slides of toxic material into wetlands, he said.
While South Africa has required companies to set aside money for environmental mitigation since 1994, the
reality is the funds set aside for environmental liabilities are totally insufcient, Turton said.
Cleanup Costs
South Africa will be forced to spend about $2.7 billion on cleaning up its nearly 6,000 abandoned mines, the
World Wildlife Fund said in a 2012 report, citing the countrys auditor general. Of the countrys working mines,
almost 40 percent dont have adequate funds available for rehabilitation, according to the Department of
Mineral Resources 2012-2013 annual report.
The effects of low-level, chronic exposure to radiation include cancer and changes to DNA, known as
mutations, that can be passed onto offspring, according to the U.S. government. High uranium intake over time
can also lead to increased cancer risk and liver damage, the agency said.
For every ton of ore mined, South African produces between 3 grams (0.1 ounce) and 15 grams of gold,
meaning most rock removed from the earth is waste material, and contains toxic chemicals including uranium,
mercury, radon, arsenic and sulfuric acid.
The upside of gold mining here is well known. The industry stretches back to 1886 and among its pioneers was
German immigrant Ernest Oppenheimer (http://search.bloomberg.com/search?
q=Ernest%20Oppenheimer&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-
lang_ja), who founded Anglo American Plc (/quote/AAL:LN) and helped to turn Johannesburg into Africas
richest city. Mining helped make fortunes not just for the Oppenheimers but for Cecil John Rhodes
q=Cecil%20John%20Rhodes&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-
lang_ja), the rst chairman of DeBeers, and current billionaire Patrice Motsepe
q=Patrice%20Motsepe&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-
lang_ja), founder of African Rainbow Minerals Ltd.
Unsightly Legacy
That legacys unsightly side is in plain view here. Waste rock from hundreds of mines that have been developed
over the years has been deposited around Johannesburg in mounds that cover a combined area of 400,000
square kilometers and can be as many as 10 stories high. One such dump, which looks like a at-topped sand
mountain, sits next to the FNB Stadium (http://www.stadiummanagement.co.za/), where the nal of soccers
World Cup was played in 2010.
The tailings contain about 600,000 tons of uranium, three times the amount exported during the Cold War,
according to Professor Frank Winde (http://www.nwu.ac.za/geography/staff/Frank_Winde) at South
Africas North-West University (http://www.nwu.ac.za/). Its getting into the water supply, according to
Winde, a German-born scientist who has studied the effect of uranium on South Africas environment for 30
years and overseen university testing for radiation levels.
Dissolving Metal
This happens in a variety of ways, according to Winde. The radioactive metal dissolves in rainwater and runs
off the dumps into rivers during storms or is carried into water sources when it seeps through porous rock as
abandoned mines are ooded. It can also be spilled by companies that re-mine dumps for the metal. Dust clouds
containing uranium form when high winds hit the dumps.
Soil taken by Bloomberg News from pumpkin roots about 100 meters away from Wonderfonteinspruit, a stream
feeding the Vaal River and close to Blyvooruitzicht, was found to contain 10.4 milligrams of uranium per
kilogram. Thats ve times higher than the 2 milligrams per kilogram average, according to the IAEA.
No Threat
Shabangu, the mineral resources minister, says the levels arent cause for alarm.
Scientically, it has been proven were not at a level that poses a health threat to communities, she said in an
interview.
Winde disagrees. We have generally underestimated the presence of uranium in the water supply, he said. If
the government has a study saying its safe then I would like to see it. As far as Im aware, nobody has studied
whether it has an impact on general health, on the likelihood of cancer, on hormonal functions, on DNA in
South Africa.
Two hours west of Johannesburgs business district of Sandton lies Khutsong, a township of 60,000 from which
the soil sample was taken. Residents there struggle daily for water, electricity and work.
Two-bedroom brick houses built by the local government are surrounded by improvised shacks with corrugated
iron roofs. Jobs are scarce after gold mines, including Blyvooruitzicht, were closed.
No Choice
While the government prohibits people from drinking, irrigating and washing in water taken directly from
rivers, for thousands living in an area known as the West Rand there is no choice, said Sello Mokoena, 27, a
worker on the vegetable patch in Khutsong.
People tell us that the water is polluted from the mines but we have nothing else, said Mokoena, wearing a
green sports shirt and orange trousers. He earns about 700 rand ($63) a month working on the vegetable patch
and herding livestock, and uses it to support his mother, three brothers and a sister.
The Bloomberg soil sample was taken from an area suspected of containing mine waste and was not part of a
scientic study. No vegetables picked from the patch by Bloomberg News were found to contain elevated levels
of uranium.
Joe Maila, a spokesman for South African Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi
q=Aaron%20Motsoaledi&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-
lang_ja), referred questions to West Rand District Municipality. The municipality is concerned with all
activities which may have a negative impact on public health, Cheleng Khotle, a manager for municipal health,
said in a statement. The municipalities may currently not be able to provide funding for further studies.
Continued technical monitoring is encouraged and would be supported by municipalities through
participation.
Elevated Levels
Water samples from Wonderfonteinspruit show uranium levels on average 400 times background levels, and
reaching as high as 4,000 times, according to Winde, who compiled a series of studies he and other scientists
have done over the past 20 years.
Winde detected uranium levels of 53 micrograms per liter at the Boskop Dam, which supplies Potchefstroom, a
town 75 miles west of Johannesburg and about 25 miles southwest of Blyvooruitzicht, in November 2012. That
indicates 21 micrograms per liter of uranium in tap water sourced from that dam, 40 percent higher than the
World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/en/)s safe level of 15 micrograms per liter, he said.
While that was a one-time test and exceeded usual tap-water readings of about 5 micrograms per liter in
Potchefstroom, below the safe level, it shows that residents are sometimes exposed to dangerous water quality,
said Winde, who lives in the town and doesnt drink the water.
Water Safety
Wonderfonteinspruit, Carletonville, and Potchefstroom are towns in the West Rand, downstream from
Johannesburg and the mine-waste dumps. The metropoliss water supply isnt contaminated because it comes
from the upper part of the Vaal River and from nearby Lesotho, a landlocked mountainous kingdom surrounded
by South Africa.
Tap water in the West Rand including Potchefstroom is safe to drink, according to Marius Keet, senior manager
at the Department of Water Affairs. (http://www.dwaf.gov.za/)
At the moment theres no danger there, he said. Were in contact with the scientists there and there are
concerns -- not now, but in the future -- if there is a slow increase of uranium in the feed water.
People shouldnt drink water directly from rivers, such as Wonderfonteinspruit, dams or seasonal streams in the
area, Keet said.
Youre not allowed to take water from any river in South Africa, he said. For as much as uranium is a
challenge, theres also the challenge of bacteria.
Unprecedented Exposure
South Africa is unique among gold-mining countries because of the dense population that has grown up around
its mines. That means exposure to low levels of uranium over a long period of time is unprecedented and should
be investigated by the government, according to Cansas Albrecht.
In 2011, Cansa found uranium levels in two Carletonville residents teeth that were as many as 100 times higher
than a 2007 study that took the same measurement from people living in a Brazilian mining area.
The Department of Water Affairs Keet said hes in favor of studying the effect of low levels of uranium intake
over long periods of time on peoples health. The Department of Health should conduct such research, he said.
His major concern is uranium seeping from the mine dumps through dolomitic rock, which is porous, and into
the water table. That will have to be well monitored in the future, he said.
Mines Responsibility
The governments long-term approach to remove uranium from mine dumps is to allow companies to re-mine
them for gold, eliminating toxic wastes as they go. A number of companies are already doing that, among them
AngloGold Ashanti Ltd. (/quote/ANG:SJ), DRDGold Ltd. and Mintails Ltd.
DRDGold, which doesnt mine in the West Rand, said this process is enormously helpful because it removes
waste and deposits it in modern tailings complexes under the scrutiny of regulators. Mintails is proud to be
playing a leading role in removing hazardous materials from potentially the most uranium contaminated
landscape in the world, said Turton, who acts as an adviser to the company.
While re-mining can be part of a solution to uranium pollution, its also part of the problem, according to
Mariette Liefferink, CEO of the Federation for a Sustainable Environment (http://www.fse.org.za/).
Cost-cutting and disregard for the environment mean there are radioactive spillages every few weeks in the
West Rand, she said. Unless these mining companies mine cleanly, they will only make the situation worse.
Environmental Incidents
AngloGold was responsible for 10 environmental incidents it classied as signicant in South Africa in 2012,
according to the companys annual report (http://www.aga-reports.com/12/os/performance/cyanide-waste-
management). They involved toxic waste being spilled onto farmland and in rivers. Of the 10 incidents, seven
were attributed to Mine Waste Solutions, which re-mines waste material and was bought for $335 million from
First Uranium Corp. (/quote/FUU:SJ) two years ago.
The company has spent about $90 million upgrading Mine Waste Solutions since the acquisition and has
improved its water monitoring, pipeline maintenance as well as creating so-called containing areas for potential
spills, CEO Srinivasan Venkatakrishnan (http://search.bloomberg.com/search?
q=Srinivasan%20Venkatakrishnan&site=wnews&client=wnews&proxystylesheet=wnews&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-
lang_ja) said in an interview.
Winde, who is attempting to raise money for further research, says the companies and government arent doing
enough.
We know there are elevated levels of uranium from years of gold mining all over the West Rand but what we
dont know is how much worse it will get as mines close and what the health implications are, he said. Given
the magnitude of the problem, theres a complete lack of action to address it.
To contact the reporter on this story: Kevin Crowley in Johannesburg at kcrowley1@bloomberg.net
(mailto:kcrowley1@bloomberg.net)
To contact the editors responsible for this story: Ken Wells at kwells8@bloomberg.net
(mailto:kwells8@bloomberg.net); Timothy Coulter at tcoulter@bloomberg.net
(mailto:tcoulter@bloomberg.net)
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! Reply !
Bravadu ! 25 days ago
And that's why we need the Pebble Mine in Alaska so they can eat mine tailings and
radioactive salmon... YUMMY!

! Reply !
Texas Engineer ! 25 days ago
Would seem the solution may be to remove the uranium with solution mining techniques.
Nothing in the article suggests if this has been explored.

! Reply !
tedwilliams99 ! 25 days ago
teabaggers say it's all worth it - in fact such disaster zones are signs of progress - just look
at what the tar sands are doing to the boreal forest in Canada - paradise to a tea bagger
once they're done gettin rid of all them pesky trees

3
! Reply !
Brickell Princess ! 25 days ago
So a lot of that gold is radioactive! Oh the joy!

donald monroe ! 25 days ago
THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD HAD BETTER WAKE UP AND STAND UP ALL TOGETHER
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! Reply !
THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD HAD BETTER WAKE UP AND STAND UP ALL TOGETHER
AND ALL AT ONCE TAKE BACK YOUR CITIES STATES AND COUNTRIES FROM THE
EXTREME WEALTHY AND POWERFUL

1
! Reply !
THE EXTREME WEALTHY AND POWERFUL OF THE WORLD ARE AT THE ROOT OF
EVERYTHING THAT IS WRONG WITH OUR WORLD---THEY HAVE BECOME A DANGER
TO US ALL AND THEY MUST BE DEALT WITH BEFORE THINGS CAN CHANGE FOR THE
GREATER GOOD-THIS IS A MUST AT ALL COST

1
! Reply !
the people of the world had better wake up and deal with the real problem--the real---
TERRORIST-----THE EXTREME WEALTHY AND POWERFUL------THEY HAVE
CORRUPTED EVERYTHING--FOR PROFIT

1
! Reply !
all around the world politicians are protecting big corporations from prosecution from
pollution crimes--with in the next ten years -all of our fresh water will be polluted to the
point it will cause everyone health problems--wake up people

2
! Reply !
Sunnyday5 ! 25 days ago
Mines generally last 20 years. The pollution lasts for centuries. Mines yield prots for a few,
largely foreign shareholders. They leave behind arsenic and other heavy metals that cause
cancer and other diseases. The rich get richer from mining. Ordinary citizens, and
generations to come, become poorer - since they bear the health costs of diseases such as
cancer. Dumb animals lose their habitats. The landscape is forever scarred.

6
! Reply !
diani40 ! 25 days ago Sunnyday5
The uranium is from ore

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Johannesburg's Golden Legacy Includes Radioactive Dump - Bloomberg

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