Mediicine Budha

MEDICINE BUDDHA
The MEANING of the SHORT MANTRA

TA YA THA / OM BEKANDZE BEKANDZE / MAHA
BEKANDZE RANDZA / SAMUDGATE SOHA
Bekandze means e!m!nat!n" #a!n$ maha %ekandze
means "&eat e!m!nat!n" of #a!n' One e(#anat!on of
the mean!n" of the f!&st %ekandze !s that !t &efe&s to
e!m!nat!n" the #a!n of t&)e s)ffe&!n"$ not *)st of
d!sease %)t of a #&o%ems' It e!m!nates the #a!n of
death and &e%!&th that a&e +a)sed %, ka&ma and
d!st)&%!n" tho)"hts' The f!&st %ekandze e!m!nates a
the #&o%ems of %od, and m!nd$ !n+)d!n" od a"e and
s!+kness'
The se+ond %ekandze e!m!nates a the t&)e +a)se of
s)ffe&!n"$ -h!+h !s not e(te&na %)t -!th!n the m!nd'
Th!s &efe&s to ka&ma and d!st)&%!n" tho)"hts' It !s the
!nne& +a)se that ena%es e(te&na fa+to&s s)+h as food
and e(#os)&e to s)n!"ht %e+ome +ond!t!ons fo&
d!sease'
S+!ent!sts +a!m that s)n%ak!n" +a)ses sk!n +an+e&'
Ho-e.e&$ -!tho)t the +a)se !n the m!nd$ the&e !s
noth!n" to make e(te&na fa+to&s %e+ome +ond!t!ons
fo& d!sease' E(#os)&e to s)n!"ht !s a +ond!t!on fo& sk!n
+an+e&$ %)t !t !s not the ma!n +a)se' /o& those -ho
ha.e +&eated the +a)se to "et sk!n +an+e&$ the
e(te&na #henomenon of s)n!"ht +an %e+ome a
+ond!t!on fo& sk!n +an+e&'
/o& e(am#e$ not e.e&,one -ho s)n%akes on the
%ea+h "ets sk!n +an+e&' Aso' h)man %e!n"s ha.e %een
e(#os!n" themse.es to the s)n fo& man, tho)sands of
,ea&s$ %)t sk!n +an+e& !s a +om#a&at!.e, &e+ent
#henomenon' The !m#o&tant 0)est!on !s1 2h, doesn3t
e.e&,one -ho !s e(#osed to the s)n "et sk!n +an+e&4
The #&oof that s)n!"ht !s not the ma!n +a)se of sk!n
+an+e& !s that not e.e&,one -ho !s e(#osed to the s)n
"ets sk!n +an+e&'
If someone has +&eated the +a)se$ as on" as the, do
not do an,th!n" to #)&!f, !t$ the +a)se -! def!n!te,
%&!n" !ts o-n &es)t5 *)st as a seed that !s #anted -!
def!n!te, &es)t !n a s#&o)t as on" as !t !s not eaten
%, %!&ds and so fo&th' On+e the&e !s a +a)se$ as on"
as the&e !s no o%sta+e to the +a)se$ !t !s nat)&a to
e(#e&!en+e !ts &es)t'
So$ the se+ond %ekandze &efe&s to e!m!nat!n" the
+a)se of #&o%ems$ ka&ma mot!.ated %, d!st)&%!n"
tho)"hts'
The th!&d #h&ase$ maha %ekandze$ o& 6"&eat
e!m!nat!n"$7 &efe&s to e!m!nat!n" e.en the s)%te
!m#&!nts eft on the +ons+!o)sness %, d!st)&%!n"
tho)"hts'
The Med!+!ne B)ddha mant&a a+t)a, +onta!ns the
&emed, of the -hoe "&ad)ated #ath to
en!"htenment' The f!&st %ekandze +onta!ns the
"&ad)ated #ath of the o-e& +a#a%e %e!n" !n "ene&a5
the se+ond %ekandze$ the "&ad)ated #ath of the
m!dde +a#a%e %e!n" !n "ene&a5 and maha %ekandze$
the "&ad)ated #ath of the h!"he& +a#a%e %e!n"' The
-hoe "&ad)ated #ath f&om the %e"!nn!n" )# to the
#ee&ess ha##!ness of f) en!"htenment !s +onta!ned
!n the Med!+!ne B)ddha mant&a'
Re+!t!n" the mant&a ea.es !m#&!nts on o)& m!nd$ so
that -e a&e aso a%e to a+t)a!ze the #ath +onta!ned !n
the mant&a' It esta%!shes the %ess!n" of the -hoe
#ath -!th!n o)& hea&t5 -e +an then "ene&ate the -hoe
"&ad)ated #ath to en!"htenment$ -h!+h !s s!"n!f!ed %,
%ekandze %ekandze maha %ekandze'
The Om !s +om#osed of th&ee so)nds$ ah$ o$ and ma$
-h!+h s!"n!f, the Med!+!ne B)ddha3s +om#ete, #)&e
ho, %od,$ ho, s#ee+h$ and ho, m!nd' A+t)a!z!n" the
-hoe #ath to en!"htenment #)&!f!es o)& !m#)&e %od,$
s#ee+h$ and m!nd and t&ansfo&ms them !nto the
Med!+!ne B)ddha3s #)&e ho, %od,$ ho, s#ee+h$ and
ho, m!nd' 2e then %e+ome a #e&fe+t ")!de fo& !.!n"
%e!n"s'
2!th o)& omn!s+!ent m!nd -e a&e a%e to effo&tess,$
d!&e+t, see -!tho)t m!stake the e.e of m!nd of e.e&,
!.!n" %e!n" and a the methods that f!t them !n o&de&
to %&!n" them f&om ha##!ness to ha##!ness$ to the
#ee&ess ha##!ness of f) en!"htenment'
2e aso ha.e the #e&fe+t #o-e& to man!fest !n .a&!o)s
fo&ms to s)!t e.e&, !.!n" %e!n" and &e.ea the
ne+essa&, methods to ")!de them$ s)+h as "!.!n"
mate&!a he#$ ed)+at!on$ o& Dha&ma tea+h!n"s'
2hene.e& the #os!t!.e !m#&!nt eft %, the!& #ast
#os!t!.e a+t!ons &!#ens$ -!tho)t dea, of e.en a
se+ond$ -e +an &e.ea .a&!o)s means to ")!de the
!.!n" %e!n" to en!"htenment'
HO2 TO USE THE MANTRA TO IN8REASE THE 9O2ER
O/ MEDI8INE
Afte& the, ha.e made med!+!ne$ T!%etan do+to&s )se
Med!+!ne B)ddha med!tat!on and mant&as to %ess !t'
The med!+!ne !s then mo&e effe+t!.e %e+a)se %es!des
the #o-e& of a the med!+!na #ants and othe&
s)%stan+es !t +onta!ns$ !t has add!t!ona s#!&!t)a #o-e&
that +an he# %&!n" a 0)!+k &e+o.e&, and #)&!f!+at!on of
the m!nd'
B, &e+!t!n" th!s mant&a$ -e +an !n+&ease the #o-e& of
med!+!ne that -e a&e tak!n" o& "!.!n" to othe&s' 9a+e
the med!+!ne !n a %o- !n f&ont of ,o) and .!s)a!ze a
moon d!s+ a%o.e !t' Stand!n" on the moon d!s+ !s a
%)e om s)&&o)nded %, the s,a%es of the Med!+!ne
B)ddha mant&a !n a +o+k-!se d!&e+t!on' As ,o) &e+!te
the mant&a$ ne+ta&s fo- do-n f&om a the s,a%es
and a%so&% !nto the med!+!ne' The s,a%es and the
moon then d!sso.e !nto the med!+!ne$ -h!+h %e+omes
.e&, #o-e&f) and a%e to +)&e a d!seases and s#!&!t
ha&ms$ as -e as the!& +a)ses$ ne"at!.e ka&ma and
de)s!ons' If ,o) a&e t&eat!n" someone -!th +an+e&$ fo&
e(am#e$ !ma"!ne that the med!+!ne has the s#e+!f!+
#o-e& to +)&e +an+e&' The mo&e fa!th ,o) ha.e and
the mo&e mant&as ,o) &e+!te$ the mo&e #o-e& the
med!+!ne -! ha.e'
HO2 TO DO THE MEDI8INE BUDDHA 9RA8TI8E
fo& a s!+k o& d,!n" #e&son o& an!ma
2hen ,o) do the Med!+!ne B)ddha #&a+t!+e fo& an
an!ma o& #e&son -ho !s s!+k o& d,!n"$ .!s)a!ze the
se.en Med!+!ne B)ddhas :Reno-ned Go&, of E(+eent
S!"ns5 K!n" of Meod!o)s So)nd$ B&!!ant Rad!an+e of
A%!!t,5 K!n" of Imma+)ate E(+eent God$ Rad!ant
;e-e 2ho /)f!s A H!s <o-s5 K!n" of S)#&eme Go&,
2ho /&ees f&om A S)ffe&!n"5 Meod!o)s O+ean of
9&o+a!med Dha&ma5 K!n" of 8ea& =!"ht$ He 2ho
Tota, De!"hts !n S)#&eme 2!sdom of the O+ean of
Dha&ma5 Med!+!ne G)&)$ K!n" of =a#!s =!"ht> one on
to# of the othe&$ a%o.e the an!ma o& #e&son' /!&st
.!s)a!ze that ne+ta&s a&e em!tted f&om the f!&st
B)ddha and #)&!f, the %e!n" of a the!& ne"at!.e
ka&mas and o%s+)&at!ons' Re+!te the name of ea+h
Med!+!ne B)ddha se.en t!mes$ then ao- !t to a%so&%
!nto the ea+h Med!+!ne B)ddha !n t)&n'
2!th the f!na Med!+!ne B)ddha$ &e+!te ho-e.e& man,
mant&as ,o) -!sh and a"a!n .!s)a!ze st&on"
#)&!f!+at!on' Th!nk that the an!ma o& #e&son has %een
+om#ete, #)&!f!ed5 no ne"at!.e ka&ma at a e(!sts !n
the!& menta +ont!n))m$ and the!& %od, %e+omes as
+am and +ea& as +&,sta'
The Med!+!ne B)ddha then mets !nto !"ht$ a%so&%s
-!th!n the an!ma o& #e&son$ and %esses the!& %od,$
s#ee+h$ and m!nd so that the, %e+ome one -!th the
Med!+!ne B)ddha' The!& m!nd !s t&ansfo&med !nto
Med!+!ne B)ddha3s ho, m!nd' Med!tate st&on", on
that oneness'
Yo) +an th!nk that the %eams a&e aso em!tted to a
othe& sent!ent %e!n"s$ es#e+!a, those -ho a&e s!+k
-!th +an+e&$ AIDS$ and othe& d!seases$ and #)&!f,
them' O& ,o) +an .!s)a!ze the se.en Med!+!ne
B)ddhas a%o.e the +&o-n of ea+h sent!ent %e!n" and
#)&!f, them !n that -a,' /o+)s #a&t!+)a&, on the
#e&son ,o) a&e #&a,!n" fo&$ %)t th!nk that the&e a&e
aso se.en Med!+!ne B)ddhas a%o.e the +&o-n of
e.e&, othe& sent!ent %e!n"'
Aso$ !f the #e&son !s d,!n"$ .!s)a!ze that a t)%e?!ke
%eam !s em!tted f&om Med!+!ne B)ddha3s hea&t and
%e+omes a +hanne !ns!de the #e&son' The +hanne !s
sha#ed !ke an )m%&ea hande$ hoo- !ns!de %)t -!th
no hoe at the end$ and e(tends to *)st %eo- the
na.e' Red %eams sha#ed !ke a hook a&e sent f&om
Med!+!ne B)ddha3s hea&t and hook the #e&son3s
+ons+!o)sness$ -h!+h !s .!s)a!zed the s!ze of a
m)sta&d seed$ %)t !n the nat)&e of -h!te !"ht' It !s not
+on+&ete o& hea.,$ %)t !s e(t&eme, !"ht' The &ed
hook?!ke %eams hooked the +ons+!o)sness$ and !t f!es
)# th&o)"h the +hanne to Med!+!ne B)ddha3s hea&t'
Afte& %e!n" a%so&%ed !nto Med!+!ne B)ddha3s hea&t$
the +ons+!o)sness eme&"es f&om the hea&t to take
#a+e !n a ot)s !n the #)&e &eam of Med!+!ne B)ddha'
The #e&son then &e+e!.es tea+h!n"s f&om o&
#&ed!+t!ons a%o)t the!& en!"htenment f&om the
Med!+!ne B)ddha'
If ,o) ha.e st&on" +om#ass!on and sta%e
+on+ent&at!on d)&!n" th!s med!tat!on$ ,o) m!"ht he#
to #&e.ent the #e&son %e!n" %o&n !n the o-e& &eams'
MEDICINE BUDDHA
Heae& of O)te& and Inne& S!+kness An e(+e&#t f&om
A Sho&t Tea+h!n" on the Med!+!ne B)ddha
%, Geshe Kesan" G,atso
Med!+!ne B)ddha !s a f), en!"htened %e!n"' To
)nde&stand -ho he !s$ -hat h!s nat)&e !s$ -hat h!s
f)n+t!on !s$ and so on$ -e f!&st need to )nde&stand
-hat an en!"htened %e!n" !s' Gene&a,$ @%e!n"@ means
an, %e!n" -ho e(#e&!en+es fee!n"s A #easant$
)n#easant$ o& ne)t&a' Th)s -e a&e %e!n"s$ and
an!mas a&e %e!n"s5 %)t ho)ses and #ants a&e not
%e!n"s %e+a)se the, do not e(#e&!en+e an, fee!n"s'
The&e a&e t-o t,#es of %e!n"1 sent!ent %e!n"s and
en!"htened %e!n"s' A sent!ent %e!n"$ o& !.!n" %e!n"$
!s a %e!n" -hose m!nd !s aff!+ted %, the da&kness of
!"no&an+e' An en!"htened %e!n" !s a %e!n" -ho !s
+om#ete, f&ee f&om the da&kness of !"no&an+e'
;)st as sent!ent %e!n"s ha.e man, d!ffe&ent as#e+ts$
so do en!"htened %e!n"s' En!"htened %e!n"s emanate
+o)ntess d!ffe&ent fo&ms fo& the %enef!t of !.!n"
%e!n"s' Somet!mes the, a##ea& as De!t!es$ somet!mes
as h)mans$ somet!mes as non?h)mans' Somet!mes
the, a##ea& as B)ddh!st Tea+he&s$ somet!mes non?
B)ddh!st Tea+he&s$ somet!mes as +&az, #eo#e o& e.!
#eo#e$ and somet!mes e.en as !nan!mate o%*e+ts'
Emanat!ons of en!"htened %e!n"s #e&.ade the -hoe
-o&d$ %)t %e+a)se o)& m!nd !s +o.e&ed %, !"no&an+e
-e do not &e+o"n!ze them' 2e +annot sa, -ho o&
-hat !s an emanat!on of a B)ddha'
Med!+!ne B)ddha !s an en!"htened %e!n" -ho has
)n%!ased +om#ass!on fo& a !.!n" %e!n"s' He #&ote+ts
!.!n" %e!n"s f&om #h,s!+a and menta s!+kness and
othe& dan"e&s and o%sta+es$ and he#s them to
e&ad!+ate the th&ee #o!sons A atta+hment$ hat&ed$ and
!"no&an+e A -h!+h a&e the so)&+e of a s!+kness and
dan"e&' He !s a B)ddha Do+to&'
At one t!me B)ddha Shak,am)n! -as sta,!n" at a
#a+e +aed <a!sha! -!th th!&t,?s!( tho)sand
Bodh!satt.a d!s+!#es' At that t!me$ Man*)sh&! -as
a##ea&!n" as a Bodh!satt.a d!s+!#e' Th&o)"h h!s
+om#ass!on$ Man*)sh&! &ea!zed that !n the f)t)&e the
B)ddhadha&ma -o)d de"ene&ate$ and the %e!n"s of
th!s -o&d -o)d f!nd !t .e&, d!ff!+)t to #&a+t!+e #)&e
Dha&ma and "a!n #)&e &ea!zat!ons' He )nde&stood
that !t -o)d %e .e&, d!ff!+)t fo& those %e!n"s to
+ont&o the!& m!nds$ and so the, -o)d nat)&a,
en"a"e !n ne"at!.e a+t!ons s)+h as k!!n"$ stea!n"$
and hod!n" -&on" .!e-s' As a &es)t the, -o)d
e(#e&!en+e ho&&!f!+ !nesses and )n%ea&a%e menta
#a!n' The -o&d -o)d %e f) of #&o%ems$ dan"e&s$
and ad.e&s!t,' /!nd!n" the tho)"ht of a th!s s)ffe&!n"
!m#oss!%e to %ea&$ Man*)sh&! asked B)ddha1
In the f)t)&e -hen ,o)& Dha&ma and "ene&a s#!&!t)a
#&a+t!+e a&e !n de+!ne$ -hen the h)man %e!n"s !n th!s
-o&d a&e s#!&!t)a, !m#o.e&!shed$ -hen the!&
atta+hment$ an"e&$ and !"no&an+e a&e so st&on" and
d!ff!+)t to +ont&o that the, e(#e&!en+e +ont!n)a
#h,s!+a s)ffe&!n"$ menta #a!n$ fea&s$ and dan"e&s$
and es#e+!a, man, !n+)&a%e d!seases$ -ho -!
&eease them f&om th!s s)ffe&!n" and #&ote+t them
f&om dan"e&4 2ho -! he# them to o.e&+ome the
th&ee menta #o!sons4
In &es#onse to Bodh!satt.a Man*)sh&!@s 0)est!on$
B)ddha e(#o)nded the S)t&a of E!"ht Tho)sand
<e&ses 9&!n+!#a, Re.ea!n" the Inst&)+t!ons on
Med!+!ne B)ddha' Man, %e!n"s hea&d th!s tea+h!n"' In
add!t!on to the th!&t,?s!( tho)sand h)man Bodh!satt.a
d!s+!#es$ m!!ons of othe& Bodh!satt.a d!s+!#es +ame
f&om man, 9)&e =ands$ to"ethe& -!th %e!n"s f&om
othe& &eams s)+h as na"as and "!.e&s?of?ha&m$ o&
,akshas' To th!s .ast assem%, of d!s+!#es B)ddha
e(#a!ned a a%o)t Med!+!ne B)ddha ? h!s s#e+!a
0)a!t!es$ h!s 9)&e =and$ and ho- !n the f)t)&e %,
&e,!n" )#on th!s B)ddha and *)st hea&!n" h!s name$
!.!n" %e!n"s +o)d %e +)&ed of hea., menta and
#h,s!+a s!+kness$ es#e+!a, the s!+kness of de)s!ons'
He aso e(#a!ned ho- to make a +onne+t!on -!th th!s
B)ddha$ the %enef!ts of &e,!n" )#on h!m$ and ho- to
#&a+t!+e the Med!+!ne B)ddha !nst&)+t!ons'
2h!e B)ddha -as "!.!n" th!s tea+h!n"$ Man*)sh&!
&ea!zed -!th h!s +a!&.o,an+e of kno-!n" othe&s@
m!nds that some of the h)mans and "ods !n the
a)d!en+e -e&e de.eo#!n" do)%ts$ f!nd!n" !t d!ff!+)t to
%e!e.e the B)ddha@s e(#anat!on a%o)t the e(!sten+e
of Med!+!ne B)ddha' The&efo&e$ a"a!n he &ose f&om h!s
seat$ &es#e+tf), +!&+)mam%)ated B)ddha th&ee
t!mes$ made th&ee #&ost&at!ons$ and then -!th h!s eft
knee on the "&o)nd a++o&d!n" to t&ad!t!on$ &e0)ested
B)ddha1
To &emo.e do)%ts f&om the m!nds of d!s+!#es$ #ease
sho- +ea&, ho- th!s B)ddha e(!sts$ -he&e he e(!sts$
and -hat h!s "ood 0)a!t!es a&e'
B)ddha !mmed!ate, ente&ed !nto a%so&#t!on of
+on+ent&at!on$ and f&om h!s hea&t emanated !"ht &a,s
!n.!t!n" the se.en Med!+!ne B)ddhas to <a!sha! so that
e.e&,one +o)d see them' Med!+!ne B)ddha +ame -!th
h!s t-o ma!n d!s+!#es$ Rad!an+e of the S)n and
Rad!an+e of the Moon$ as -e as a .ast &et!n)e of
tho)sands of othe& d!s+!#es' The othe& s!( Med!+!ne
B)ddhas aso +ame -!th the!& &et!n)es' E.e&,one +o)d
see the se.en Med!+!ne B)ddhas -!th the!& &et!n)es
d!&e+t,$ and the!& do)%ts -e&e !mmed!ate, d!s#eed'
B)ddha !nt&od)+ed ea+h of the B)ddhas$ sa,!n" fo&
e(am#e BTh!s B)ddha !s Med!+!ne B)ddha' He +omes
f&om the easte&n 9)&e =and +aed =a#!s ;e-e =and'
Th!s B)ddha =and !s the nat)&e of -!sdom -!th the
as#e+t of a#!s az)!' The ent!&e "&o)nd of that 9)&e
=and !s !)m!nated %, th!s B)ddha@s !"ht$B and so on'
B)ddha then "a.e !nst&)+t!ons on ho- to &e+!te the
mant&a fo& onesef and fo& othe&s$ fo& s!+k and d,!n"
#eo#e$ and so fo&th$ and ho- to #e&fo&m man,
d!ffe&ent hea!n" &!t)as' E.e&,one &e*o!+ed and
de.eo#ed dee#$ )n+han"ea%e fa!th' It !s sa!d that
th&o)"h hea&!n" these !nst&)+t!ons se.en m!!on non?
h)man "!.e&s of ha&m "a!ned a d!&e+t &ea!zat!on of
)t!mate t&)th and #&om!sed to he# f)t)&e foo-e&s
-ho s!n+e&e, &e!ed )#on the #&a+t!+e of Med!+!ne
B)ddha' T-e.e +h!ef "!.e&s?of?ha&m -ho -e&e
#&esent ate& atta!ned en!"htenment$ and a&e !n+)ded
-!th!n the f!ft,?one De!t!es of Med!+!ne B)ddha3s
mandaa'
The #&a+t!+e of Med!+!ne B)ddha !s a .e&, #o-e&f)
method fo& hea!n" o)&se.es and othe&s$ and fo&
o.e&+om!n" the !nne& s!+kness of atta+hment$ hat&ed$
and !"no&an+e' If -e &e, )#on Med!+!ne B)ddha -!th
#)&e fa!th -e sha def!n!te, &e+e!.e the %ess!n"s of
these atta!nments'
THE 9RA8TI8E O/ 8ON8ENTRATION :Samadh!>
In the th!&d -at+h of Shak,am)n!@s n!"ht of
En!"htenment$ the /o)& No%e T&)ths -e&e &e.eaed
to h!m$ the fo)&th %e!n" that the&e !s a def!na%e #ath$
o& method$ %, -h!+h En!"htenment !s o%ta!ned' If one
-e&e to #e&s!st !n do!n" C th!n"s !n a +o&&e+t$ and not
!n a -&on" manne&$ then the &es)t -o)d %e N!&.ana'
The C !tems aso had an o&de& to them$ and the Cth
-as samadh! o& +on+ent&at!on$ that !s fo+)s!n" the
m!nd on a s!n"e #o!nt' The f!&st D -e&e the ne+essa&,
s)##o&ts fo& the Cth$ as he e(#a!ned !n a d!s+o)&se
ate& !n h!s !fe' In h!s o-n 0)est$ !n the E ,ea&s f&om
the t!me he eft home )nt! he atta!ned en!"htenment$
h!s s!n"e #o!nt of fo+)s -as the +on+e#t of N!&.ana'
2h!e ead!n" a fam!, !fe and #onde&!n" o.e& the ot
of h)man!t,$ !t -as the -!tness!n" the se&en!t, of a
monk 0)est!n" fo& N!&.ana -h!+h t&!""e&ed h!s
de+!s!on to ea.e home at a"e FG'
In!t!a, he kne- N!&.ana %, def!n!t!on as the +om#ete
e(t!n+t!on of the senses$ !m#,!n" a &es)t!n" state of
a%so)te !nne& ha##!ness$ ,et ne!the& he no& an,one
ese kne- N!&.ana %, e(#e&!en+e' He -ande&ed and
%e""ed$ he med!tated !n so!t)de5 he *o!ned the
+omm)n!t!es of se.e&a .ene&a%e tea+he&s$ and he
maste&ed a -hoe &an"e of as+et!+ #&a+t!+es$ one %,
one' B)t )#on &ea+h!n" maste&, of a #a&t!+)a&
med!tat!on o& tea+h!n" o& as+et!+ #&a+t!+e$ he
0)est!oned -hethe& o& not th!s -as N!&.ana o& -o)d
ead to N!&.ana$ and as the ans-e& -as ne"at!.e$ he
0)!+k, a%andoned the #&a+t!+e and mo.ed on to
anothe&'
Atho)"h fo& E ,ea&s Shak,am)n! s!n"e?#o!nted,
so)"ht the state of N!&.ana and &ef)sed to &est !n
an,th!n" ese$ he ate& !n+o&#o&ated man, eements
ea&ned d)&!n" th!s t!me !nto h!s %od, of tea+h!n"s$
s)+h eements as1
Hh ea.!n" home
Hh -ande&!n"
Hh kee#!n" &)es of d!s+!#!ne
Hh #&a+t!+!n" the I a%so&#t!ons
Hh ente&!n" the med!tat!.e state of em#t!ness
Hh !nf!n!te s#a+e
Hh !nf!n!te +ons+!o)sness
Hh ne!the& #e&+e#t!on no& non?#e&+e#t!on
Hh !.!n" !n +omm)n!t,
Hh and )nde&tak!n" :most, at the o#t!on of the
monk>JF #oss!%e as+et!+ #&a+t!+es'
B)t !t -as the +on+e#t of N!&.ana that se&.ed as
Shak,am)n!@s #o!nt of +on+ent&at!on )nt! !t -as f!na,
&ea!zed' Then afte& d-e!n" !n N!&.ana fo& a +o)#e of
da,s$ a #&ofo)nd +han"e took #a+e !n -h!+h he
de+!ded to tem#o&a&!, &e!n0)!sh th!s state !n o&de& to
%enef!t othe&s -!th h!s kno-ed"e and -!sdom' /&om
that t!me on$ fo& the ne(t IK ,ea&s$ he ta)"ht #eo#e
the I No%e T&)ths and the C /od No%e 9ath !n the!&
!nn)me&a%e fa+ets$ often +&eat!.e, meet!n" #eo#e
on the!& o-n "&o)nd as the sta&t!n" #o!nt$ then ead!n"
them to &ea!ze the!& e&&o&s$ !ns#!&!n" them and
&e.ea!n" the "en!)s of the B)ddha' The B)ddha$
kno-!n" the state of N!&.ana$ +an &et)&n the&e at -!$
and does so f&e0)ent, d)&!n" dee# med!tat!on$ %)t at
othe& t!mes !nte&a+ts -!th the -o&d$ &eta!n!n"
m!ndf)ness and #&os+&!%ed +ond)+t so as to ma(!m!ze
the %enef!t to the #eo#e$ and not "et +a)"ht$ o&
+ont&!%)te to the -o&d@s net of s)ffe&!n"s'
B, the t!me of the B)ddha@s #ass!n" a-a,$
a##&o(!mate, FKK #eo#e$ most, monks$ %)t aso
n)ns$ a, men and a, -omen -e&e &e+o&ded as
ha.!n" &ea+hed N!&.ana' Amon" them -e&e JE "&eat
d!s+!#es #o!nted to as e(em#!f,!n" JE d!ffe&ent a&eas
of e(#e&t!se$ sho-!n" that &!"ht f&om the %e"!nn!n"
the&e -as -!de d!.e&s!t, !n the San"ha' In the
s)%se0)ent "ene&at!ons amon" the d!.e&se !nea"es$
the&e -e&e those -ho$ !n the!& o-n dee# med!tat!ons$
)nde&stood that the #ath of B)ddhahood -as a ste#
%e,ond N!&.ana' Those -ho so)"ht to kno-
B)ddhahood and em)ate the B)ddha@s #ath -e&e
+aed Bodh!satt.a@s$ as o##osed to those med!tato&s
-ho on, so)"ht N!&.ana fo& themse.es'
It !s the B)ddh!st #ath of the Bodh!satt.a -h!+h
+a&&!es the Dha&ma do-n to )s FLKK ,ea&s ate&$
em#has!z!n" ent&, !nto samadh!$ sta&t!n" -!th the
samadh!s of Samatha$ %&!n"!n" t&an0)!!t,$ then
mo.!n" !nto <!#as,ana$ t&ansated as Bd!s+e&n!n" the
&eaB$ and +on+ent&at!n" on the B)ddha' Th!s
+on+ent&at!on on the B)ddha :B)ddha ? an)sm!&t)>!s
the +ommon th&ead at the hea&t of the "&eat
Maha,ana S)t&as1 the =ot)s S)t&a$ the A.atamsaka
S)t&a$ and the 9)&e =and S)t&as'
H!sao Ina"ak!$ !n the en"th, +ommenta&, to h!s
t&ansat!on of the 9)&e =and S)t&as :JGGL> -&!tes$
B Th!s samadh! -as sha&ed %, d!s+!#es of s)#e&!o&
s#!&!t)a!t, -ho !n t)&n t&ansm!tted !t to ate&
"ene&at!ons' Th)s fo& a fe- +ent)&!es Mafte&
Shak,am)n!N the essent!as of the 9)&e =and tea+h!n"s
-e&e t&ansm!tted th&o)"h samadh!$ )nt! !t -as
+od!f!ed and t&ansated !nto the an")a"es of d!ffe&ent
#e&!ods and #a+es' ' '' Atho)"h the&e !s no -a, of
kno-!n" ho- those samadh!@s +ente&!n" on Mthe
B)ddha$ !n th!s +aseN Am!ta%ha -e&e t&ansm!tted !n
Ind!a$ the&e !s !tte do)%t that th!s !s mo&e
f)ndamenta and ode& than the t&ansm!ss!ons of
-&!tten s+&!#t)&es' It sho)d aso %e noted that s)+h
t&ansm!ss!on !s the s)&e and 0)!+k -a, of +on.e,!n"
the tea+h!n"'B
The s+&!#t)&es then &efe& %a+k to th!s samadh! %,
em#has!z!n" the #&a+t!+e of Nem%)ts) :&emem%e&!n"
the B)ddha>th&o)"h mant&a &e+!tat!on' The "&eat
maste&s of th!s t&ad!t!on made !t the!& ha%!t to &e+!te
the mant&a man, tho)sands of t!mes a da,' /o&
e(am#e$ Honen #&a+t!+ed EK$KKK mant&a &e+!tat!ons
da!,'
In the =ot)s S)t&a$ the o&!"!na +o&e$ a++o&d!n" to
s+hoa&s$ -as +ha#te&s F ? G$ -!th othe& +ha#te&s
added at d!ffe&ent t!mes ate&' And he&e$ !n +ha#te& F$
the #&!ma&, of ente&!n" !nto +ontem#at!on of the
B)ddha !s st&on", stated1
BSa&!#)t&aO 2hat !s the one "&eat #)&#ose fo& -h!+h
the B)ddhas ' ' ' a##ea& !n the -o&ds4 The
B)ddhas ' ' ' a##ea& !n the -o&ds !n o&de& to +a)se a
!.!n" %e!n"s to o#en the "ate to the !ns!"ht of the
B)ddha$ and to +a)se them to #)&!f, themse.es' The,
a##ea& !n the -o&ds !n o&de& to sho- the !ns!"ht of
the B)ddha to a !.!n" %e!n"s ' ' ' to +a)se a !.!n"
%e!n"s to o%ta!n the !ns!"ht of the B)ddha ' ' ' to ente&
the 2a, to !ns!"ht of the- B)ddha ' ' 'B
And !n the Ganda&,)ha$ the f!na %ook of the
A.atamsaka S)t&a$ the&e a&e ma,%e se.e&a tho)sand
samadh!s s#e+!f!+a, ment!oned !n the te(t$ %)t !n the
f)ndamenta one$ Shak,am)n! B-ant!n" to esta%!sh
those Bodh!satt.as !n th!s !on?eme&"en+e
+on+ent&at!on of B)ddhas$B and to sho- them Ba
-a,s !nto the &ea!t, &eam$B &e.eas the B)ddha
<a!&o+ana$ and the&e )#on$ the Bodh!satt.as Bente&ed
the o+eans of m,st!+a #&o*e+t!ons of B)ddhahood of
the Bessed <a!&o+ana'B
/)&the&mo&e$ -hen the +ent&a f!")&e !n the s)t&a$ the
#!"&!m S)dhana$ .!s!ts the f!&st of LP s#!&!t)a
%enefa+to&s$ Me"hash&! tes h!m$ BI ha.e atta!ned
m!ndf)ness of the B)ddhas$ ' ' ' I see the B)ddhas !n
a the ands of the JK d!&e+t!ons'B /&om th!s
fo)nta!nhead of +on+ent&at!on on the B)ddha$ a the
m,&!ad of othe& samadh!s fo-$ a the .a&!o)s
e(#ed!ent means of %enef!t!n" sent!ent %e!n"s'
/o& the #e&son !n -hom$ !n the m!dst of mode&n
+!.!!zat!on$ the as#!&at!on fo& en!"htenment has
a&!sen$ that !s the as#!&at!on to &en)n+!at!on$ the
as#!&at!on to o.e$ and the as#!&at!on to ha&messness$
the&e !s a #&o+ed)&e to %e foo-ed !n o&de& to ea&n
the samadh! on the B)ddha' E.en as S)dhana d!d$ one
-! #a+e h!msef !n +ha&"e of s#!&!t)a %enefa+to&s'
Afte& "!.!n" &ef)"e !n the T&!#e T&eas)&e and "!.!n"
#&e+e#ts$ the, -! #)t ,o) th&o)"h some #)&!f!+at!on
e(e&+!ses$ set ,o) on a +o)&se of ea&n!n" the Dha&ma$
tea+h med!tat!on and othe& #&a+t!+es$ and esta%!sh
,o) !n the +omm)n!t, of med!tat!.e !fe'
Be,ond th!s !s the a+t)a method !n.o.!n" the th&ee
s!m)taneo)s fa+to&s of %od,$ s#ee+h and m!nd' The
t,#e of s#ee+h kno-n as mant&a and dha&an! !s the
ke, to atta!n!n" the ne+essa&, samadh!' The Bm!nd?to?
m!nd t&ansm!ss!onB of Zen !s aso samadh! on the
B)ddha' Ho-e.e&$ %, &e,!n" on %od, and m!nd$ %)t
not on s#ee+h$ the &ea!zat!on !s made m)+h mo&e
d!ff!+)t' Mant&a !s so .!ta !n !tsef that a -hoe
se#a&ate %&an+h of Maha,ana de.eo#ed a&o)nd !t$
+a!n" !tsef <a*&a,ana$ Mant&a,ana$ M!kk,o$ et+' And
+on+)&&ent,$ as !s nat)&a$ a -hoe set of #&o%ems
)n!0)e to the Mant&a,ana a&ose' The ma*o& one$
#&o%a%,$ !s that %, +on+e!.!n" of !tsef as a Bh!"he&
#ath$B !t somet!mes %e!tted the non?Mant&a,ana
tea+h!n"s$ the&e%, o#en!n" )# the #oss!%!!t, of
!"no&!n" !ts o-n fo)nta!nhead$ that !s the B)ddhahood
of Shak,am)n!$ h!s !nst&)+t!ons &e+o&ded !n the A"ama
S)t&as$ and e.en the Bodh!+!tta #ath$ -h!+h -as %o&n
f&om #&a+t!+!n" the dha&ma a++o&d!n" to Shak,am)n!'
Then %e!n" a-a&e of the #!tfas of the <a*&a,ana$ one
&e!es on one@s !nea"e of tea+he&s$ -o&ks d!!"ent,
-!th mant&a$ and at some #o!nt$ %e+omes a%e to
ente& the .ast and %ea)t!f) -o&d of the B)ddhas$
f&om -he&e one sees the samsa&!+ -o&d -!th o.e and
+om#ass!on fo& a +&eat)&es$ "&eat and sma$ a&")!n"
-!th no one$ me&e, stat!n" the t&)th !ntent )#on the
!nf!n!te "!ft of Shak,am)n!'
The Sammad!tth! S)tta
and !ts 8ommenta&,
T&ansated f&om the 9a! %, Bh!kkh) Nanamo!
Ed!ted and Re.!sed %, Bh!kkh) Bodh!
Bh!kkh)s$ *)st as the da-n !s the fo&e&)nne& and f!&st
!nd!+at!on of the &!s!n" of the s)n$ so !s &!"ht .!e- the
fo&e&)nne& and f!&st !nd!+at!on of -hoesome states'
/o& one of &!"ht .!e-$ %h!kkh)s$ &!"ht !ntent!on s#&!n"s
)#' /o& one of &!"ht !ntent!on$ &!"ht s#ee+h s#&!n"s )#'
/o& one of &!"ht s#ee+h$ &!"ht a+t!on s#&!n"s )#' /o&
one of &!"ht a+t!on$ &!"ht !.e!hood s#&!n"s )#' /o& one
of &!"ht !.e!hood$ &!"ht effo&t s#&!n"s )#' /o& one of
&!"ht effo&t$ &!"ht m!ndf)ness s#&!n"s )#' /o& one of
&!"ht m!ndf)ness$ &!"ht +on+ent&at!on s#&!n"s )#' /o&
one of &!"ht +on+ent&at!on$ &!"ht kno-ed"e s#&!n"s
)#' /o& one of &!"ht kno-ed"e$ &!"ht de!.e&an+e
s#&!n"s )#'
An")tta&a N!ka,a JK1JFJ
Int&od)+t!on
The Sammad!tth! S)tta$ the D!s+o)&se on R!"ht <!e-$
!s the n!nth s)tta of the Ma**h!ma N!ka,a$ the
8oe+t!on of M!dde =en"th D!s+o)&ses' Its e(#os!to& !s
the <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta The&a$ the B)ddha@s +h!ef
d!s+!#e and the fo&emost of the Maste&@s %h!kkh)
d!s+!#es !n the e(e&+!se of the fa+)t, of -!sdom' The
B)ddha de+a&ed that ne(t to h!msef$ !t -as the
<ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta -ho e(+eed !n t)&n!n" the
!n+om#a&a%e 2hee of the Dhamma$ !n e(#o)nd!n" !n
de#th and !n deta! the /o)& No%e T&)ths &ea!zed -!th
the atta!nment of en!"htenment' In the Sammad!tth!
S)tta the "&eat d!s+!#e %ea&s am#e test!mon, to the
B)ddha@s -o&ds of #&a!se$ %e0)eath!n" )#on )s a
d!s+o)&se that has se&.ed as a #&!me& of B)ddh!st
do+t&!ne fo& "ene&at!ons of monks !n the monaste&!es
of So)th and So)theast As!a'
As !ts t!te s)""ests$ the s)%*e+t of the Sammad!tth!
S)tta !s &!"ht .!e-' The ana,s!s of &!"ht .!e-
)nde&taken !n the s)tta %&!n"s )s to the .e&, +o&e of
the Dhamma$ s!n+e &!"ht .!e- +onst!t)tes the +o&&e+t
)nde&stand!n" of the +ent&a tea+h!n"s of the B)ddha$
the tea+h!n"s -h!+h +onfe& )#on the B)ddha@s do+t&!ne
!ts o-n )n!0)e and d!st!n+t!.e stam#' Tho)"h the
#&a+t!+e of &!"ht m!ndf)ness has &!"ht, %een e(toed
as the +&est *e-e of the B)ddha@s tea+h!n"$ !t +annot
%e st&essed st&on", eno)"h that the #&a+t!+e of
m!ndf)ness$ o& an, othe& a##&oa+h to med!tat!on$
on, %e+omes an effe+t!.e !nst&)ment of !%e&at!on to
the e(tent that !t !s fo)nded )#on and ")!ded %, &!"ht
.!e-' Hen+e$ to +onf!&m the !m#o&tan+e of &!"ht .!e-$
the B)ddha #a+es !t at the .e&, %e"!nn!n" of the
No%e E!"htfod 9ath' Ese-he&e !n the S)ttas the
B)ddha +as &!"ht .!e- the fo&e&)nne& of the #ath
:#)%%an"ama>$ -h!+h "!.es d!&e+t!on and eff!+a+, to
the othe& se.en #ath fa+to&s'
R!"ht .!e-$ as e(#a!ned !n the +ommenta&, to the
Sammad!tth! S)tta$ has a .a&!et, of as#e+ts$ %)t !t
m!"ht %est %e +ons!de&ed as t-ofod1 +on+e#t)a &!"ht
.!e-$ -h!+h !s the !ntee+t)a "&as# of the #&!n+!#es
en)n+!ated !n the B)ddha@s tea+h!n"$ and e(#e&!ent!a
&!"ht .!e-$ -h!+h !s the -!sdom that a&!ses %, d!&e+t
#enet&at!on of the tea+h!n"' 8on+e#t)a &!"ht .!e-$
aso +aed the &!"ht .!e- !n +onfo&m!t, -!th the t&)ths
:sa++an)om!ka?sammad!tth!>$ !s a +o&&e+t +on+e#t)a
)nde&stand!n" of the Dhamma a&&!.ed at %, st)d, of
the B)ddha@s tea+h!n"s and dee# e(am!nat!on of the!&
mean!n"' S)+h )nde&stand!n"$ tho)"h +on+e#t)a
&athe& than e(#e&!ent!a$ !s not d&, and ste&!e' 2hen
&ooted !n fa!th !n the T&!#e Gem and d&!.en %, a keen
as#!&at!on to &ea!ze the t&)th em%edded !n the
fo&m)ated #&!n+!#es of the Dhamma$ !t se&.es as a
+&!t!+a #hase !n the de.eo#ment of -!sdom :#anna>$
fo& !t #&o.!des the "e&m o)t of -h!+h e(#e&!ent!a &!"ht
.!e- "&ad)a, e.o.es'
E(#e&!ent!a &!"ht .!e- !s the #enet&at!on of the t&)th
of the tea+h!n" !n one@s o-n !mmed!ate e(#e&!en+e'
Th)s !t !s aso +aed &!"ht .!e- that #enet&ates the
t&)ths :sa++a#at!.edha?sammad!tth!>' Th!s t,#e of
&!"ht .!e- !s a&o)sed %, the #&a+t!+e of !ns!"ht
med!tat!on ")!ded %, a +o&&e+t +on+e#t)a
)nde&stand!n" of the Dhamma' To a&&!.e at d!&e+t
#enet&at!on$ one m)st %e"!n -!th a +o&&e+t +on+e#t)a
"&as# of the tea+h!n" and t&ansfo&m that "&as# f&om
!ntee+t)a +om#&ehens!on to d!&e+t #e&+e#t!on %,
+)t!.at!n" the th&eefod t&a!n!n" !n mo&a!t,$
+on+ent&at!on and -!sdom' If +on+e#t)a &!"ht .!e-
.an %e +om#a&ed to a hand$ a hand that "&as#s the
t&)th %, -a, of +on+e#ts$ then e(#e&!ent!a &!"ht .!e-
+an %e +om#a&ed to an e,e ?? the e,e of -!sdom that
sees d!&e+t, !nto the t&)e nat)&e of e(!sten+e
o&d!na&!, h!dden f&om )s %, o)& "&eed$ a.e&s!on and
de)s!on'
The D!s+o)&se on R!"ht <!e- !s !ntended to e)+!date
the #&!n+!#es that a&e to %e +om#&ehended %,
+on+e#t)a &!"ht .!e- and #enet&ated %, e(#e&!ent!a
&!"ht .!e-' The <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta e(#o)nds these
#&!n+!#es )nde& s!(teen head!n"s1 the -hoesome and
the )n-hoesome$ the fo)& n)t&!ments of !fe$ the /o)&
No%e T&)ths$ the t-e.e fa+to&s of de#endent a&!s!n"$
and the ta!nts as the +ond!t!on fo& !"no&an+e' It -! %e
noted that f&om the se+ond se+t!on to the end of the
s)tta$ a the e(#os!t!ons a&e f&amed !n a++o&dan+e
-!th the same st&)+t)&e$ -h!+h &e.eas the #&!n+!#e of
+ond!t!ona!t, as the s+affod!n" fo& the ent!&e
tea+h!n"' Ea+h #henomenon to %e +om#&ehended %,
&!"ht .!e- !s e(#o)nded !n te&ms of !ts !nd!.!d)a
nat)&e$ !ts a&!s!n"$ !ts +essat!on$ and the -a, ead!n"
to !ts +essat!on' The "&as# of th!s #&!n+!#e th)s makes
!t +ea& that an, ent!t, taken fo& e(am!nat!on !s not an
!soated o++)&&en+e -!th !ts %e!n" o+ked )# !n !tsef$
%)t #a&t of a -e% of +ond!t!ona, a&!sen #&o+esses that
+an %e te&m!nated %, )nde&stand!n" and e!m!nat!n"
the +a)se that "!.es !t %e!n"'
The &!"ht .!e- a&&!.ed at %, #enet&at!n" an, of the
s!(teen s)%*e+ts e(#o)nded !n the s)tta !s d!s+)ssed !n
te&ms of t-o as#e+ts$ %oth as#e+ts of s)#&am)ndane
#enet&at!on' The f!&st !s the !n!t!a #enet&at!on of the
s)#&am)ndane #ath that t&ansfo&ms a #e&son f&om a
-o&d!n" :#)th)**ana> !nto a st&eam?ente&e&
:sota#anna>$ a no%e d!s+!#e -ho has ente&ed
!&&e.e&s!%, )#on the st&eam to !%e&at!on' Th!s as#e+t
of &!"ht .!e- !s !nd!+ated %, the -o&ds that o#en ea+h
se+t!on$ B:one> -ho has #e&fe+t +onf!den+e !n the
Dhamma and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'B These
0)a!t!es a&e att&!%)tes on, of the st&eam?ente&e& and
those of h!"he& atta!nment aon" the #ath' The
des+&!#t!on th)s a##!es to the t&a!nee :sekha>$ the
d!s+!#e -ho has ente&ed the #ath %)t has not ,et
&ea+hed !ts end' The -o&ds s!"n!f, &!"ht .!e- as a
t&ansfo&mat!.e .!s!on -h!+h has &e.eaed the )t!mate
t&)ths )nde&,!n" o)& e(!sten+e$ %)t -h!+h m)st st!
%e de.eo#ed f)&the& to +om#ete the f)
t&ansfo&mat!on !t !s +a#a%e of effe+t!n"'
The se+ond as#e+t of s)#&am)ndane &!"ht .!e- !s
!nd!+ated %, the +os!n" -o&ds of ea+h se+t!on$ f&om
Bhe ent!&e, a%andons the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to )stB
to Bhe he&e and no- makes an end of s)ffe&!n"'B Th!s
des+&!#t!on !s f), a##!+a%e on, to the A&ahant$ the
!%e&ated one$ and th)s !nd!+ates that the &!"ht .!e-
+on+e#t)a, "&as#ed %, the -!se -o&d!n"$ and
t&ansfo&med !nto d!&e+t #e&+e#t!on -!th the atta!nment
of st&eam?ent&,$ &ea+hes !ts +ons)mmat!on -!th the
a&&!.a at the tea+h!n"@s f!na "oa$ the atta!nment of
+om#ete eman+!#at!on f&om s)ffe&!n"'
The t&ansat!on of the Sammad!tth! S)tta and !ts
+ommenta&, #&esented he&e has %een ada#ted f&om
man)s+&!#ts eft %eh!nd %, Bh!kkh) Nanamo!' The
t&ansat!on of the s)tta has %een ada#ted f&om <en'
Nanamo!@s +om#ete t&ansat!on of the Ma**h!ma
N!ka,a' The .e&s!on )sed has %een taken f&om the
ed!t!on of the +om#ete Ma**h!ma N!ka,a t&ansat!on
that I #&e#a&ed fo& #)%!+at!on %, 2!sdom 9)%!+at!ons
!n the Un!ted States' Th!s .e&s!on$ tentat!.e,
s+hed)ed fo& &eease !n ate JGGF$ em#o,s e(tens!.e
s)%st!t)t!on of <en' Nanamo!@s o-n te+hn!+a
te&m!noo", -!th m, o-n #&efe&&ed &ende&!n"s of 9a!
do+t&!na te&ms'
The +ommenta&, to the Sammad!tth! S)tta !s f&om the
9a#an+as)dan!$ A+a&!,a B)ddha"hosa@s +om#ete
+ommenta&, :atthakatha> to the Ma**h!ma N!ka,a' The
t&ansat!on of the +ommenta&, has aso %een ada#ted
f&om a &ende&!n" %, <en' Nanamo!$ +onta!ned !n a
note%ook of h!s that -as d!s+o.e&ed on, a fe- ,ea&s
a"o at Isand He&m!ta"e' The te&m!noo", )sed !n the
note%ook .e&s!on s)""ests that !t -as one of <en'
Nanamo!@s ea&!est attem#ts at t&ansat!on f&om the
9a!5 !t +e&ta!n, #&e+eded h!s t&ansat!on of the
<!s)ddh!ma""a$ The 9ath of 9)&!f!+at!on$ f!&st
+om#eted at the end of JGLP' In ada#t!n" the
t&ansat!on$ I ha.e nat)&a, &e#a+ed the te+hn!+a
te&m!noo", )sed !n the note%ook .e&s!on -!th that
)sed !n the s)tta' In #a+es I aso de+!ded to t&ansate
d!&e+t, f&om the 9a! te(t &athe& than adhe&e to <en'
Nanamo!@s &ende&!n"$ -h!+h somet!mes tended to %e
!te&a to the #o!nt of a-k-a&dness' A fe- #assa"es
f&om the +ommenta&, that a&e +on+e&ned soe, -!th
!n")!st!+ +a&!f!+at!on ha.e %een om!tted f&om the
t&ansat!on'
9assa"es !n the +ommenta&!a se+t!on en+osed !n
s0)a&e %&a+kets a&e taken f&om the s)%+ommenta&, to
the Sammad!tth! S)tta$ %, A+a&!,a Dhamma#aa'
9assa"es !n #a&enthes!s a&e add!t!ons e!the& %, <en'
Nanamo! o& %, m,sef' The #a&a"&a#h n)m%e&!n" of
the +ommenta&!a se+t!on foo-s that of the s)tta' The
#h&ases of the s)tta that a&e see+ted fo& +omment
ha.e %een set !n %odfa+e' The %a+knotes a&e ent!&e,
m, o-n'
Bh!kkh) Bodh!
9a&t One
The D!s+o)&se on R!"ht <!e-
:Sammad!tth! S)tta>
J' Th)s ha.e I hea&d' On one o++as!on the Bessed
One -as !.!n" at Sa.atth! !n ;eta@s G&o.e$
Anatha#!nd!ka@s 9a&k' The&e the <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta
add&essed the %h!kkh)s th)s1 B/&!ends$ %h!kkh)s'B ??
B/&!end$B the, &e#!ed' The <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta sa!d
th!s1
F' B@One of &!"ht .!e-$ one of &!"ht .!e-@ !s sa!d$
f&!ends' In -hat -a, !s a no%e d!s+!#e one of &!"ht
.!e-$ -hose .!e- !s st&a!"ht$ -ho has #e&fe+t
+onf!den+e !n the Dhamma$ and has a&&!.ed at th!s
t&)e Dhamma4B
BIndeed$ f&!end$ -e -o)d +ome f&om fa& a-a, to ea&n
f&om the <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta the mean!n" of th!s
statement' It -o)d %e "ood !f the <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta
-o)d e(#a!n the mean!n" of th!s statement' Ha.!n"
hea&d !t f&om h!m$ the %h!kkh)s -! &emem%e& !t'B
BThen$ f&!ends$ !sten and attend +ose, to -hat I sha
sa,'B
BYes$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s &e#!ed' The <ene&a%e
Sa&!#)tta sa!d th!s1
The 2hoesome and the Un-hoesome
P' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands the
)n-hoesome$ the &oot of the )n-hoesome$ the
-hoesome$ and the &oot of the -hoesome$ !n that
-a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e-$ -hose .!e- !s st&a!"ht$
-ho has #e&fe+t +onf!den+e !n the Dhamma$ and has
a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'
I' BAnd -hat$ f&!ends$ !s the )n-hoesome$ -hat !s the
&oot of the )n-hoesome$ -hat !s the -hoesome$
-hat !s the &oot of the -hoesome4 K!!n" !.!n"
%e!n"s !s )n-hoesome5 tak!n" -hat !s not "!.en !s
)n-hoesome5 m!s+ond)+t !n sens)a #eas)&es !s
)n-hoesome5 fase s#ee+h !s )n-hoesome5 ma!+!o)s
s#ee+h !s )n-hoesome5 ha&sh s#ee+h !s
)n-hoesome5 "oss!# !s )n-hoesome5 +o.eto)sness
!s )n-hoesome5 ! -! !s )n-hoesome5 -&on" .!e- !s
)n-hoesome' Th!s !s +aed the )n-hoesome'
L' BAnd -hat !s the &oot of the )n-hoesome4 G&eed !s
a &oot of the )n-hoesome5 hate !s a &oot of the
)n-hoesome5 de)s!on !s a &oot of the )n-hoesome'
Th!s !s +aed the &oot of the )n-hoesome'
E' BAnd -hat !s the -hoesome4 A%stent!on f&om
k!!n" !.!n" %e!n"s !s -hoesome5 a%stent!on f&om
tak!n" -hat !s not "!.en !s -hoesome5 a%stent!on
f&om m!s+ond)+t !n sens)a #eas)&es !s -hoesome5
a%stent!on f&om fase s#ee+h !s -hoesome5 a%stent!on
f&om ma!+!o)s s#ee+h !s -hoesome5 a%stent!on f&om
ha&sh s#ee+h !s -hoesome5 a%stent!on f&om "oss!# !s
-hoesome5 non?+o.eto)sness !s -hoesome5 non?!
-! !s -hoesome5 &!"ht .!e- !s -hoesome' Th!s !s
+aed the -hoesome'
D' BAnd -hat !s the &oot of the -hoesome4 Non?"&eed
!s a &oot of the -hoesome5 non?hate !s a &oot of the
-hoesome5 non?de)s!on !s a &oot of the -hoesome'
Th!s !s +aed the &oot of the -hoesome'
C' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood the
)n-hoesome$ the &oot of the )n-hoesome$ the
-hoesome$ and the &oot of the -hoesome$ he
ent!&e, a%andons the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to )st$ he
a%o!shes the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to a.e&s!on$ he
e(t!&#ates the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to the .!e- and
+on+e!t @I am$@ and %, a%andon!n" !"no&an+e and
a&o)s!n" t&)e kno-ed"e he he&e and no- makes an
end of s)ffe&!n"' In that -a, too a no%e d!s+!#e !s
one of &!"ht .!e-$ -hose .!e- !s st&a!"ht$ -ho has
#e&fe+t +onf!den+e !n the Dhamma and has a&&!.ed at
th!s t&)e Dhamma'B
N)t&!ment
G' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
&e*o!+ed !n the <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta@s -o&ds' Then the,
asked h!m a f)&the& 0)est!on1 BB)t$ f&!end$ m!"ht
the&e %e anothe& -a, !n -h!+h a no%e d!s+!#e !s one
of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e
Dhamma4B ?? BThe&e m!"ht %e$ f&!ends'
JK' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
n)t&!ment$ the o&!"!n of n)t&!ment$ the +essat!on of
n)t&!ment$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
n)t&!ment$ !n that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and
has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'
JJ' BAnd -hat !s n)t&!ment$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of
n)t&!ment$ -hat !s the +essat!on of n)t&!ment$ -hat !s
the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of n)t&!ment4 The&e
a&e these fo)& k!nds of n)t&!ment fo& the ma!ntenan+e
of %e!n"s that a&ead, ha.e +ome to %e and fo& the
s)##o&t of those seek!n" a ne- e(!sten+e' 2hat fo)&4
The, a&e #h,s!+a food as n)t&!ment$ "&oss o& s)%te5
+onta+t as the se+ond5 menta .o!t!on as the th!&d5
and +ons+!o)sness as the fo)&th' 2!th the a&!s!n" of
+&a.!n" the&e !s the a&!s!n" of n)t&!ment' 2!th the
+essat!on of +&a.!n" the&e !s the +essat!on of
n)t&!ment' The -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
n)t&!ment !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$
&!"ht .!e-$ &!"ht !ntent!on$ &!"ht s#ee+h$ &!"ht a+t!on$
&!"ht !.e!hood$ &!"ht effo&t$ &!"ht m!ndf)ness and
&!"ht +on+ent&at!on'
JF' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
n)t&!ment$ the o&!"!n of n)t&!ment$ the +essat!on of
n)t&!ment$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
n)t&!ment$ he ent!&e, a%andons the )nde&,!n"
tenden+, to "&eed$ he a%o!shes the )nde&,!n"
tenden+, to a.e&s!on$ he e(t!&#ates the )nde&,!n"
tenden+, to the .!e- and +on+e!t @I am$@ and %,
a%andon!n" !"no&an+e and a&o)s!n" t&)e kno-ed"e he
he&e and no- makes an end of s)ffe&!n"' In that -a,
too a no%e d!s+!#e !s one of &!"ht .!e-$ -hose .!e- !s
st&a!"ht$ -ho has #e&fe+t +onf!den+e !n the Dhamma
and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'B
The /o)& No%e T&)ths
JP' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
JI' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
s)ffe&!n"$ the o&!"!n of s)ffe&!n"$ the +essat!on of
s)ffe&!n"$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
s)ffe&!n"$ !n that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and
JL' BAnd -hat !s s)ffe&!n"$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of
s)ffe&!n"$ -hat !s the +essat!on of s)ffe&!n"$ -hat !s
the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of s)ffe&!n"4 B!&th !s
s)ffe&!n"5 a"!n" !s s)ffe&!n"5 s!+kness !s s)ffe&!n"5
death !s s)ffe&!n"5 so&&o-$ amentat!on$ #a!n$ "&!ef and
des#a!& a&e s)ffe&!n"5 not to o%ta!n -hat one -ants !s
s)ffe&!n"5 !n sho&t$ the f!.e a""&e"ates affe+ted %,
+!n"!n" a&e s)ffe&!n"' Th!s !s +aed s)ffe&!n"'
JE' BAnd -hat !s the o&!"!n of s)ffe&!n"4 It !s +&a.!n"$
-h!+h %&!n"s &ene-a of %e!n"$ !s a++om#an!ed %,
de!"ht and )st$ and de!"hts !n th!s and that5 that !s$
+&a.!n" fo& sens)a #eas)&es$ +&a.!n" fo& %e!n" and
+&a.!n" fo& non?%e!n"' Th!s !s +aed the o&!"!n of
s)ffe&!n"'
JD' BAnd -hat !s the +essat!on of s)ffe&!n"4 It !s the
&ema!nde&ess fad!n" a-a, and +eas!n"$ the "!.!n" )#$
&e!n0)!sh!n"$ ett!n" "o and &e*e+t!n" of that same
+&a.!n"' Th!s !s +aed the +essat!on of s)ffe&!n"'
JC' BAnd -hat !s the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
s)ffe&!n"4 It !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$
&!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht +on+ent&at!on' Th!s !s +aed the
-a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of s)ffe&!n"'
JG' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
s)ffe&!n"$ the o&!"!n of s)ffe&!n"$ the +essat!on of
s)ffe&!n"$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
s)ffe&!n" ' ' ' he he&e and no- makes an end of
s)ffe&!n"' In that -a, too a no%e d!s+!#e !s one of
&!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'B
A"!n" and Death
FK' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
FJ' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands a"!n"
and death$ the o&!"!n of a"!n" and death$ the
+essat!on of a"!n" and death$ and the -a, ead!n" to
the +essat!on of a"!n" and death$ !n that -a, he !s one
Dhamma'
FF' BAnd -hat !s a"!n" and death$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of
a"!n" and death$ -hat !s the +essat!on of a"!n" and
death$ -hat !s the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
a"!n" and death4 The a"!n" of %e!n"s !n the .a&!o)s
o&de&s of %e!n"s$ the!& od a"e$ %&okenness of teeth$
"&a,ness of ha!&$ -&!nk!n" of sk!n$ de+!ne of !fe$
-eakness of fa+)t!es ?? th!s !s +aed a"!n"' The
#ass!n" of %e!n"s o)t of the .a&!o)s o&de&s of %e!n"s$
the!& #ass!n" a-a,$ d!sso)t!on$ d!sa##ea&an+e$ d,!n"$
+om#et!on of t!me$ d!sso)t!on of the a""&e"ates$
a,!n" do-n of the %od, ?? th!s !s +aed death' So th!s
a"!n" and th!s death a&e -hat !s +aed a"!n" and
death' 2!th the a&!s!n" of %!&th the&e !s the a&!s!n" of
a"!n" and death' 2!th the +essat!on of %!&th the&e !s
the +essat!on of a"!n" and death' The -a, ead!n" to
the +essat!on of a"!n" and death !s *)st th!s No%e
E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht
+on+ent&at!on'
FP' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood a"!n"
and death$ the o&!"!n of a"!n" and death$ the
+essat!on of a"!n" and death$ and the -a, ead!n" to
the +essat!on of a"!n" and death ' ' ' he he&e and no-
makes an end of s)ffe&!n"' In that -a, too a no%e
d!s+!#e !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at th!s
t&)e Dhamma'B
B!&th
FI' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
FL' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands %!&th$
the o&!"!n of %!&th$ the +essat!on of %!&th$ and the -a,
ead!n" to the +essat!on of %!&th$ !n that -a, he !s one
Dhamma'
FE' BAnd -hat !s %!&th$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of %!&th$ -hat
!s the +essat!on of %!&th$ -hat !s the -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of %!&th4 The %!&th of %e!n"s !nto the .a&!o)s
o&de&s of %e!n"s$ the!& +om!n" to %!&th$ #&e+!#!tat!on
:!n a -om%>$ "ene&at!on$ man!festat!on of the
a""&e"ates$ o%ta!n!n" the %ases fo& +onta+t ?? th!s !s
+aed %!&th' 2!th the a&!s!n" of %e!n" the&e !s the
a&!s!n" of %!&th' 2!th the +essat!on of %e!n" the&e !s
the +essat!on of %!&th' The -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of %!&th !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5 that
!s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht +on+ent&at!on'
FD' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood %!&th$
the o&!"!n of %!&th$ the +essat!on of %!&th$ and the -a,
ead!n" to the +essat!on of %!&th ' ' ' he he&e and no-
t&)e Dhamma'B
Be!n"
FC' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
FG' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
%e!n"$ the o&!"!n of %e!n"$ the +essat!on of %e!n"$ and
the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of %e!n"$ !n that -a,
he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e
Dhamma'
PK' BAnd -hat !s %e!n"$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of %e!n"$
-hat !s the +essat!on of %e!n"$ -hat !s the -a, ead!n"
to the +essat!on of %e!n"4 The&e a&e these th&ee k!nds
of %e!n"1 sense?s#he&e %e!n"$ f!ne?mate&!a %e!n" and
!mmate&!a %e!n"' 2!th the a&!s!n" of +!n"!n" the&e !s
the a&!s!n" of %e!n"' 2!th the +essat!on of +!n"!n"
the&e !s the +essat!on of %e!n"' The -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of %e!n" !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5
that !s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht +on+ent&at!on'
PJ' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood %e!n"$
the o&!"!n of %e!n"$ the +essat!on of %e!n"$ and the
-a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of %e!n" ' ' ' he he&e and
no- makes an end of s)ffe&!n"' In that -a, too a
no%e d!s+!#e !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed
at th!s t&)e Dhamma'B
8!n"!n"
PF' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
PP' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
+!n"!n"$ the o&!"!n of +!n"!n"$ the +essat!on of
+!n"!n"$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
+!n"!n"$ !n that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and
PI' BAnd -hat !s +!n"!n"$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of
+!n"!n"$ -hat !s the +essat!on of +!n"!n"$ -hat !s the
-a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of +!n"!n"4 The&e a&e
these fo)& k!nds of +!n"!n"1 +!n"!n" to sens)a
#eas)&es$ +!n"!n" to .!e-s$ +!n"!n" to &!t)as and
o%se&.an+es$ and +!n"!n" to a do+t&!ne of sef' 2!th
the a&!s!n" of +&a.!n" the&e !s the a&!s!n" of +!n"!n"'
2!th the +essat!on of +&a.!n" the&e !s the +essat!on of
+!n"!n"' The -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of +!n"!n"
!s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' '
PL' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
+!n"!n"$ the o&!"!n of +!n"!n"$ the +essat!on of
+!n"!n"$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
+!n"!n" ' ' ' he he&e and no- makes an end of
8&a.!n"
PE' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
PD' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
+&a.!n"$ the o&!"!n of +&a.!n"$ the +essat!on of +&a.!n"$
and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of +&a.!n"$ !n
that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at
th!s t&)e Dhamma'
PC' BAnd -hat !s +&a.!n"$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of +&a.!n"$
-hat !s the +essat!on of +&a.!n"$ -hat !s the -a,
ead!n" to the +essat!on of +&a.!n"4 The&e a&e these
s!( +asses of +&a.!n"1 +&a.!n" fo& fo&ms$ +&a.!n" fo&
so)nds$ +&a.!n" fo& odo&s$ +&a.!n" fo& fa.o&s$ +&a.!n"
fo& tan"!%es$ +&a.!n" fo& m!nd?o%*e+ts' 2!th the
a&!s!n" of fee!n" the&e !s the a&!s!n" of +&a.!n"' 2!th
the +essat!on of fee!n" the&e !s the +essat!on of
+&a.!n"' The -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of +&a.!n" !s
*)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' '
PG' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
+&a.!n"$ the o&!"!n of +&a.!n"$ the +essat!on of +&a.!n"$
and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of +&a.!n" ' ' ' he
too a no%e d!s+!#e !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has
a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'B
/ee!n"
IK' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
IJ' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
fee!n"$ the o&!"!n of fee!n"$ the +essat!on of fee!n"$
and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of fee!n"$ !n that
-a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at th!s
t&)e Dhamma'
IF' BAnd -hat !s fee!n"$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of fee!n"$
-hat !s the +essat!on of fee!n"$ -hat !s the -a,
ead!n" to the +essat!on of fee!n"4 The&e a&e these s!(
+asses of fee!n"1 fee!n" %o&n of e,e?+onta+t$ fee!n"
%o&n of ea&?+onta+t$ fee!n" %o&n of nose?+onta+t$
fee!n" %o&n of ton")e?+onta+t$ fee!n" %o&n of %od,?
+onta+t$ fee!n" %o&n of m!nd?+onta+t' 2!th the a&!s!n"
of +onta+t the&e !s the a&!s!n" of fee!n"' 2!th the
+essat!on of +onta+t the&e !s the +essat!on of fee!n"'
The -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of fee!n" !s *)st th!s
No%e E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht
+on+ent&at!on'
IP' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
fee!n"$ the o&!"!n of fee!n"$ the +essat!on of fee!n"$
and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of fee!n" ' ' ' he
8onta+t
II' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
IL' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
+onta+t$ the o&!"!n of +onta+t$ the +essat!on of +onta+t$
and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of +onta+t$ !n
that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at
th!s t&)e Dhamma'
IE' BAnd -hat !s +onta+t$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of +onta+t$
-hat !s the +essat!on of +onta+t$ -hat !s the -a,
ead!n" to the +essat!on of +onta+t4 The&e a&e these
s!( +asses of +onta+t1 e,e?+onta+t$ ea&?+onta+t$ nose?
+onta+t$ ton")e?+onta+t$ %od,?+onta+t$ m!nd?+onta+t'
2!th the a&!s!n" of the s!(fod %ase the&e !s the a&!s!n"
of +onta+t' 2!th the +essat!on of the s!(fod %ase the&e
!s the +essat!on of +onta+t' The -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of +onta+t !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5
ID' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
+onta+t$ the o&!"!n of +onta+t$ the +essat!on of +onta+t$
and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of +onta+t ' ' ' he
The S!(fod Base
IC' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
IG' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands the
s!(fod %ase$ the o&!"!n of the s!(fod %ase$ the
+essat!on of the s!(fod %ase$ and the -a, ead!n" to
the +essat!on of the s!(fod %ase$ he !s one of &!"ht
.!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'
LK' BAnd -hat !s the s!(fod %ase$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of
the s!(fod %ase$ -hat !s the +essat!on of the s!(fod
%ase$ -hat !s the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of the
s!(fod %ase4 The&e a&e these s!( %ases1 the e,e?%ase$
the ea&?%ase$ the nose?%ase$ the ton")e?%ase$ the
%od,?%ase$ the m!nd?%ase' 2!th the a&!s!n" of
menta!t,?mate&!a!t, the&e !s the a&!s!n" of the s!(fod
%ase' 2!th the +essat!on of menta!t,?mate&!a!t, the&e
!s the +essat!on of the s!(fod %ase' The -a, ead!n" to
the +essat!on of the s!(fod %ase !s *)st th!s No%e
E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht
+on+ent&at!on'
LJ' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood the
s!(fod %ase$ the o&!"!n of the s!(fod %ase$ the
+essat!on of the s!(fod %ase$ and the -a, ead!n" to
the +essat!on of the s!(fod %ase ' ' ' he he&e and no-
t&)e Dhamma'B
Menta!t,?Mate&!a!t,
LF' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
LP' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
menta!t,?mate&!a!t,$ the o&!"!n of menta!t,?
mate&!a!t,$ the +essat!on of menta!t,?mate&!a!t,$ and
the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of menta!t,?
mate&!a!t,$ !n that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and
LI' BAnd -hat !s menta!t,?mate&!a!t,$ -hat !s the
o&!"!n of menta!t,?mate&!a!t,$ -hat !s the +essat!on of
menta!t,?mate&!a!t,$ -hat !s the -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of menta!t,?mate&!a!t,4 /ee!n"$ #e&+e#t!on$
.o!t!on$ +onta+t and attent!on ?? these a&e +aed
menta!t,' The fo)& "&eat eements and the mate&!a
fo&m de&!.ed f&om the fo)& "&eat eements ?? these a&e
+aed mate&!a!t,' So th!s menta!t, and th!s
mate&!a!t, a&e -hat !s +aed menta!t,?mate&!a!t,'
2!th the a&!s!n" of +ons+!o)sness the&e !s the a&!s!n"
of menta!t,?mate&!a!t,' 2!th the +essat!on of
+ons+!o)sness the&e !s the +essat!on of menta!t,?
mate&!a!t,' The -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
menta!t,?mate&!a!t, !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5
LL' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
menta!t,?mate&!a!t,$ the o&!"!n of menta!t,?
mate&!a!t,$ the +essat!on of menta!t,?mate&!a!t,$ and
the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of menta!t,?
mate&!a!t, ' ' ' he he&e and no- makes an end of
8ons+!o)sness
LE' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
LD' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
+ons+!o)sness$ the o&!"!n of +ons+!o)sness$ the
+essat!on of +ons+!o)sness$ and the -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of +ons+!o)sness$ !n that -a, he !s one of
&!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'
LC' BAnd -hat !s +ons+!o)sness$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of
+ons+!o)sness$ -hat !s the +essat!on of +ons+!o)sness$
-hat !s the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
+ons+!o)sness4 The&e a&e these s!( +asses of
+ons+!o)sness1 e,e?+ons+!o)sness$ ea&?+ons+!o)sness$
nose?+ons+!o)sness$ ton")e?+ons+!o)sness$ %od,?
+ons+!o)sness$ m!nd?+ons+!o)sness' 2!th the a&!s!n"
of fo&mat!ons the&e !s the a&!s!n" of +ons+!o)sness'
2!th the +essat!on of fo&mat!ons the&e !s the +essat!on
of +ons+!o)sness' The -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
+ons+!o)sness !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$
&!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht +on+ent&at!on'
LG' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
+ons+!o)sness$ the o&!"!n of +ons+!o)sness$ the
+essat!on of +ons+!o)sness$ and the -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of +ons+!o)sness ' ' ' he he&e and no-
t&)e Dhamma'B
/o&mat!ons
EK' Sa,!n"$ BGood f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
EJ' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
fo&mat!ons$ the o&!"!n of fo&mat!ons$ the +essat!on of
fo&mat!ons$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
fo&mat!ons$ !n that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and
EF' BAnd -hat a&e fo&mat!ons$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of
fo&mat!ons$ -hat !s the +essat!on of fo&mat!ons$ -hat
!s the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of fo&mat!ons4
The&e a&e these th&ee k!nds of fo&mat!ons1 the %od!,
fo&mat!on$ the .e&%a fo&mat!on$ the menta fo&mat!on'
2!th the a&!s!n" of !"no&an+e the&e !s the a&!s!n" of
fo&mat!ons' 2!th the +essat!on of !"no&an+e the&e !s
the +essat!on of fo&mat!ons' The -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of fo&mat!ons !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod
9ath5 that !s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht +on+ent&at!on'
EP' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
fo&mat!ons$ the o&!"!n of fo&mat!ons$ the +essat!on of
fo&mat!ons$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
fo&mat!ons ' ' ' he he&e and no- makes an end of
I"no&an+e
EI' Sa,!n"$ BGood f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
EL' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands
!"no&an+e$ the o&!"!n of !"no&an+e$ the +essat!on of
!"no&an+e$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
!"no&an+e$ !n that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' and
EE' BAnd -hat !s !"no&an+e$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of
!"no&an+e$ -hat !s the +essat!on of !"no&an+e$ -hat !s
the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of !"no&an+e4 Not
kno-!n" a%o)t s)ffe&!n"$ not kno-!n" a%o)t the o&!"!n
of s)ffe&!n"$ not kno-!n" a%o)t the +essat!on of
s)ffe&!n"$ not kno-!n" a%o)t the -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of s)ffe&!n" ?? th!s !s +aed !"no&an+e' 2!th
the a&!s!n" of the ta!nts the&e !s the a&!s!n" of
!"no&an+e' 2!th the +essat!on of the ta!nts the&e !s the
+essat!on of !"no&an+e' The -a, ead!n" to the
+essat!on of !"no&an+e !s *)st th!s No%e E!"htfod
9ath5 that !s$ &!"ht .!e- ' ' ' &!"ht +on+ent&at!on'
ED' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood
!"no&an+e$ the o&!"!n of !"no&an+e$ the +essat!on of
!"no&an+e$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of
!"no&an+e ' ' ' he he&e and no- makes an end of
Ta!nts
EC' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s de!"hted and
of &!"ht .!e-$ -hose .!e- !s st&a!"ht$ -ho has #e&fe+t
+onf!den+e !n the Dhamma and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e
EG' B2hen$ f&!ends$ a no%e d!s+!#e )nde&stands the
ta!nts$ the o&!"!n of the ta!nts$ the +essat!on of the
ta!nts$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of the
ta!nts$ !n that -a, he !s one of &!"ht .!e-$ -hose .!e-
!s st&a!"ht$ -ho has #e&fe+t +onf!den+e !n the Dhamma
and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e Dhamma'
DK' BAnd -hat a&e the ta!nts$ -hat !s the o&!"!n of the
ta!nts$ -hat !s the +essat!on of the ta!nts$ -hat !s the
-a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of the ta!nts4 The&e a&e
th&ee ta!nts1 the ta!nt of sens)a des!&e$ the ta!nt of
%e!n" and the ta!nt of !"no&an+e' 2!th the a&!s!n" of
!"no&an+e the&e !s the a&!s!n" of the ta!nts' 2!th the
+essat!on of !"no&an+e the&e !s the +essat!on of the
ta!nts' The -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of the ta!nts !s
*)st th!s No%e E!"htfod 9ath5 that !s$ &!"ht .!e-$ &!"ht
!ntent!on$ &!"ht s#ee+h$ &!"ht a+t!on$ &!"ht !.e!hood$
&!"ht effo&t$ &!"ht m!ndf)ness and &!"ht +on+ent&at!on'
DJ' B2hen a no%e d!s+!#e has th)s )nde&stood the
ta!nts$ the o&!"!n of the ta!nts$ the +essat!on of the
ta!nts$ and the -a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of the
ta!nts$ he ent!&e, a%andons the )nde&,!n" tenden+,
to )st$ he a%o!shes the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to
a.e&s!on$ he e(t!&#ates the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to the
.!e- and +on+e!t @I am$@ and %, a%andon!n" !"no&an+e
and a&o)s!n" t&)e kno-ed"e he he&e and no- makes
an end of s)ffe&!n"' In that -a, too a no%e d!s+!#e !s
one of &!"ht .!e-$ -hose .!e- !s st&a!"ht$ -ho has
#e&fe+t +onf!den+e !n the Dhamma and has a&&!.ed at
th!s t&)e Dhamma'B
That !s -hat the <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta sa!d' The
%h!kkh)s -e&e sat!sf!ed and de!"hted !n the <ene&a%e
Sa&!#)tta@s -o&ds'
9a&t T-o
The 8ommenta&, to the D!s+o)&se on R!"ht <!e-
J' Th)s ha.e I hea&d1 the Sammad!tth! S)tta'
F' He&e!n$ a s)+h 0)est!ons s#oken %, the Ede& as B
@One of &!"ht .!e-$ one of &!"ht .!e-@ !s sa!d$ f&!ends'
In -hat -a, !s a no%e d!s+!#e one of &!"ht
.!e- ' ' ' 4B o& BAnd -hat$ f&!ends$ !s the )n-hoesome
' ' ' 4B ?? these a&e 0)est!ons sho-!n" a des!&e to
e(#o)nd' He&e!n$ s!n+e those -ho kno-$ those -ho do
not kno-$ those o)ts!de the D!s#ensat!on$ those -!th!n
!t$ those -ho s#eak %, hea&sa,$ et+'$ and those -ho
s#eak %, #e&sona kno-ed"e$ sa, Bone of &!"ht .!e-$B
the&efo&e$ tak!n" !t as an e(#&ess!on :+ommon> to the
man,$ he to)+hed )#on !t t-!+e$ sa,!n" BOne of &!"ht
.!e-$ one of &!"ht .!e-B !s sa!d$ f&!ends :sammad!tth!
sammad!tth! t! a.)so .)++at!>' The !ntent!on he&e !s
th!s1 BOthe&s sa, @one of &!"ht .!e-$@ and st! othe&s
sa, @one of &!"ht .!e-'@ S!n+e that !s sa!d$ !n -hat -a,$
f&!ends$ !s a no%e d!s+!#e one of &!"ht .!e- !n &es#e+t
of mean!n" and +ha&a+te&!st!+4B He&e!n$ one of &!"ht
.!e- !s one #ossess!n" a )+!d and #&a!se-o&th, .!e-
:so%hana,a #asattha,a +a d!tth!,a samanna"ato>' B)t
-hen th!s -o&d B&!"ht .!e-B !s )sed to s!"n!f, a state
:&athe& than a #e&son endo-ed -!th that state>$ !t
then means a )+!d and #&a!se-o&th, .!e-'MJN
Th!s &!"ht .!e- !s t-ofod1 m)ndane :ok!,a> and
s)#&am)ndane :ok)tta&a>' He&e!n$ the kno-ed"e of
kamma as one@s o-n and kno-ed"e -h!+h !s !n
+onfo&m!t, -!th the :/o)& No%e> T&)ths a&e m)ndane
&!"ht .!e-5 o&$ !n %&!ef$ :m)ndane &!"ht .!e- !s> a
)nde&stand!n" that !s a++om#an!ed %, the ta!nts'MFN
Unde&stand!n" +onne+ted -!th the no%e #aths and
f&)!ts !s s)#&am)ndane &!"ht .!e-'MPN The #e&son
#ossess!n" &!"ht .!e- !s of th&ee k!nds1 the -o&d!n"
:#)th)**ana>$ the d!s+!#e !n h!"he& t&a!n!n" :sekha>$
and the one %e,ond t&a!n!n" :asekha>' He&e!n$ the
-o&d!n" !s of t-o k!nds1 one o)ts!de the D!s#ensat!on
and one -!th!n the D!s#ensat!on' He&e!n$ one o)ts!de
the D!s#ensat!on -ho %e!e.es !n kamma !s one of
&!"ht .!e- on a++o)nt of the .!e- of kamma as one@s
o-n$ %)t not on a++o)nt of that -h!+h !s !n +onfo&m!t,
-!th the t&)ths$ %e+a)se he hods to the .!e- of sef'
One -!th!n the D!s#ensat!on !s of &!"ht .!e- on
a++o)nt of %oth' The d!s+!#e !n h!"he& t&a!n!n" !s one
of &!"ht .!e- on a++o)nt of f!(ed &!"ht .!e-$MIN the one
%e,ond t&a!n!n" on a++o)nt of :the &!"ht .!e-> that !s
%e,ond t&a!n!n"'MLN
B)t he&e Bone of &!"ht .!e-B !s !ntended as one
#ossess!n" s)#&am)ndane -hoesome &!"ht .!e-$
-h!+h !s f!(ed !n dest!n, and eman+!#at!n"' Hen+e he
sa!d1 -hose .!e- !s st&a!"ht$ -ho has #e&fe+t
+onf!den+e !n the Dhamma$ and has a&&!.ed at th!s
t&)e Dhamma :)*)"ata@ssa d!tth! dhamme
a.e++a##asadena samanna"ato a"ato !mam
saddhammam>' Be+a)se of !ts "o!n" st&a!"ht -!tho)t
de.!at!n" to e!the& e(t&eme$ o& %e+a)se of !ts "o!n"
st&a!"ht %, &emo.!n" a +&ookedness s)+h as %od!,
+&ookedness$ et+'$ s)#&am)ndane &!"ht .!e- !s
Bst&a!"ht'B One #ossess!n" that .!e- aso #ossesses
#e&fe+t +onf!den+e$ )nshaka%e +onf!den+e$ !n the
n!nefod s)#&am)ndane Dhamma'MEN And %, %e+om!n"
d!sentan"ed f&om a the th!+kets of :-&on"> .!e-s$ %,
a%andon!n" a the def!ements$ %, de#a&t!n" f&om the
&o)nd of &e%!&ths$ %, %&!n"!n" the #&a+t!+e to !ts
+ons)mmat!on$ he !s sa!d to ha.e +ome %, the no%e
#ath to th!s Bt&)e DhammaB #&o+a!med %, the
En!"htened One$ that !s$ N!%%ana$ the #)n"e !nto the
Deathess'
The 2hoesome and the Un-hoesome
P' Unde&stands the )n-hoesome :ak)saan +a
#a*anat!>1 he )nde&stands the )n-hoesome +aed the
ten +o)&ses of )n-hoesome kamma :a+t!on>$
#enet&at!n" th!s %, -a, of f)n+t!on -!th the
)nde&stand!n" that has N!%%ana as !ts o%*e+t as BTh!s
!s s)ffe&!n"'B :Unde&stands> the &oot of the
)n-hoesome :ak)saam)an +a #a*anat!>1 And he
)nde&stands the )n-hoesome &oot -h!+h has %e+ome
the &oot +ond!t!on of that :)n-hoesome>$ #enet&at!n"
th!s$ !n the same -a,$ as BTh!s !s the o&!"!n of
s)ffe&!n"'B The same method a##!es he&e aso !n
&e"a&d to Bthe -hoesomeB and Bthe &oot of the
-hoesome'B And$ as !t !s he&e$ so !n a the foo-!n"
se+t!ons$ the )nde&stand!n" of the s)%*e+t sho)d %e
)nde&stood %, -a, of f)n+t!on'
In that -a, :etta.ata #!>1 %, th!s m)+h5 %, th!s
)nde&stand!n" of the )n-hoesome$ et+' He !s one of
&!"ht .!e- :sammad!tth! hot!>1 he #ossesses
s)#&am)ndane &!"ht .!e- of the k!nd afo&esa!d' 2hose
.!e- !s st&a!"ht ' ' ' and has a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e
Dhamma1 At th!s #o!nt the s)mma&, .e&s!on of the
tea+h!n" has %een e(#o)nded' And th!s :#a&t of> the
tea+h!n" !tsef -as %&!ef5 %)t fo& those %h!kkh)s !t
sho)d %e )nde&stood that the #enet&at!on :of the
mean!n"> th&o)"h &!"ht attent!on o++)&&ed !n deta!'
B)t !n the se+ond se+t!on :Se+t!on I> !t sho)d %e
)nde&stood that the tea+h!n" too$ as -e as the
#enet&at!on th&o)"h attent!on$ !s stated !n deta!'
He&e!n$ the %h!kkh)s Mat the +o)n+! at the G&eat
Monaste&, hed to &ehea&se the 9!takasN sa!d1 BIn the
%&!ef e(#os!t!on the t-o o-e& #aths a&e d!s+)ssed$ !n
the deta!ed e(#os!t!on the t-o h!"he& #aths$B tak!n"
!nto a++o)nt the #assa"e at the end of the se+t!ons
sett!n" fo&th the deta!ed e(#os!t!on that %e"!ns Bhe
ent!&e, a%andons the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to )st'B
B)t the Ede& :#&es!d!n" o.e& the +o)n+!> sa!d1 BIn the
%&!ef e(#os!t!on the fo)& #aths a&e e(#o)nded as a
"&o)#$ and aso !n the deta!ed e(#os!t!on'BMDN
Th!s 0)e&, !nto the %&!ef and deta!ed e(#os!t!ons
-h!+h has %een +ea&ed )# he&e sho)d %e )nde&stood
!n a the foo-!n" se+t!ons !n the -a, stated he&e'
/&om he&e on -e sha on, +omment on te&ms that
a&e ne- o& o%s+)&e'
The Un-hoesome 8o)&ses of A+t!on
I' He&e!n$ f!&st,$ !n the deta!ed e(#os!t!on of the f!&st
se+t!on1 as &e"a&ds the #assa"e %e"!nn!n" k!!n" !.!n"
%e!n"s !s )n-hoesome :#anat!#ato kho a.)so
ak)saam>$ B)n-hoesomeB sho)d %e )nde&stood %,
-a, of the o++)&&en+e of )n-hoesomeness$ o& as
-hat !s o##osed to the -hoesome$ -h!+h !s to %e
deat -!th %eo- :Se+t!on E>' As to +ha&a+te&!st!+$ !t !s
%ame-o&th, and has #a!nf) &es)t$ o& !t !s def!ed'
Th!s$ !n the f!&st #a+e$ !s the +omment )#on the
"ene&a te&ms he&e'
B)t as &e"a&ds the #a&t!+)a& te&ms$ the #h&ase k!!n"
!.!n" %e!n"s means the sa)"hte& of a !.!n" %e!n"$ the
dest&)+t!on of a !.!n" %e!n"' And he&e a !.!n" %e!n"
:#ana> !s$ a++o&d!n" to o&d!na&, )sa"e$ a %e!n"
:satta>5 !n the )t!mate sense !t !s the !fe fa+)t,'
BK!!n" !.!n" %e!n"sB !s the .o!t!on to k! on the #a&t
of one -ho !s a-a&e$ !n &es#e+t of a !.!n" %e!n"$ that
!t !s a !.!n" %e!n"$ and -h!+h :.o!t!on>$ man!fest!n"
!tsef th&o)"h one o& the othe& of the doo&s of %od,
and s#ee+h$ !n!t!ates a+t!.!t, &es)t!n" !n the +)tt!n"
off of the !fe fa+)t,'
In &eat!on to %e!n"s s)+h as an!mas$ et+'$ -h!+h a+k
mo&a 0)a!t!es :")na>$ !t !s ess %ame-o&th, !n
&es#e+t of sma !.!n" %e!n"s and mo&e %ame-o&th,
!n &es#e+t of %e!n"s -!th a&"e %od!es' 2h,4 Be+a)se
of the ma"n!t)de of the effo&t !n.o.ed' And -hen the
effo&t !n.o.ed !s e0)a$ %e+a)se of the ma"n!t)de of
the o%*e+t :the %e!n" k!ed>' In &eat!on to %e!n"s s)+h
as h)mans$ et+'$ -ho #ossess mo&a 0)a!t!es$ !t !s ess
%ame-o&th, !n &es#e+t of %e!n"s -!th fe- "ood
0)a!t!es and mo&e %ame-o&th, !n &es#e+t of %e!n"s
-!th "&eat 0)a!t!es' 2hen the s!ze of the %od, and
mo&a 0)a!t!es a&e e0)a$ ho-e.e&$ !t !s ess
%ame-o&th, -hen the def!ements and a+t!.!t, a&e
m!d$ and mo&e %ame-o&th, -hen the, a&e st&on"1 so
!t sho)d %e )nde&stood'
The&e a&e f!.e +onst!t)ents fo& th!s :a+t of k!!n" a
!.!n" %e!n">1 a !.!n" %e!n"$ a-a&eness that !t !s a
!.!n" %e!n"$ the m!nd to k!$ a+t!.!t,$ and the death
:of the %e!n"> the&e%,'
The&e a&e s!( means1 one@s o-n #e&son$ +ommand$ a
m!ss!e$ a f!(ed +ont&!.an+e$ a ma"!+a s#e$
s)#e&no&ma #o-e&'
To e(#o&e th!s matte& !n deta!$ ho-e.e&$ -o)d
!n.o.e too m)+h d!ff)seness' The&efo&e -e sha not
e(#o&e !t !n deta!$ o& an, othe& s)%*e+t s!m!a& !n
k!nd' Those -ho -!sh to "o !nto the matte& ma, do so
%, ook!n" !t )# !n the Samanta#asad!ka$ the <!na,a
8ommenta&,'MCN
Tak!n" -hat !s not "!.en :ad!nnadana>1 the +a&&,!n"
off of othe&s@ "oods$ stea!n"$ &o%%e&,$ !s -hat !s
meant' He&e!n$ B-hat !s not "!.enB !s anothe&@s
#ossess!on$ -h!+h the othe& ma, )se as he !kes
-!tho)t !n+)&&!n" #enat, o& %ame' BTak!n" -hat !s
not "!.enB !s the .o!t!on to stea on the #a&t of one
-ho !s a-a&e$ !n &es#e+t of anothe&@s #ossess!on$ that
!t !s anothe&@s #ossess!on$ and -h!+h :.o!t!on> !n!t!ates
a+t!.!t, &es)t!n" !n the tak!n" of that th!n"'
That :tak!n" of -hat !s not "!.en> !s ess %ame-o&th,
-hen the othe&@s #&o#e&t, !s of o- .a)e$ and mo&e
%ame-o&th, -hen !t !s of h!"h .a)e' 2h,4 Be+a)se
of the h!"h .a)e of the o%*e+t :stoen>' 2hen the
.a)e of the o%*e+ts !s e0)a$ the a+t !s mo&e
%ame-o&th, -hen the o%*e+t %eon"s to one of
o)tstand!n" 0)a!t!es$ and ess %ame-o&th, -hen the
o%*e+t %eon"s to one -ho$ !n +om#a&!son$ !s !nfe&!o&
-!th &es#e+t to mo&a 0)a!t!es'
The&e a&e f!.e +onst!t)ents of th!s a+t1 anothe&@s
#ossess!on$ a-a&eness that !t !s anothe&@s #ossess!on$
the m!nd to stea$ the a+t!.!t,$ and the +a&&,!n" off :of
the o%*e+t> the&e%,'
The&e a&e s!( means1 one@s o-n #e&son$ et+' :as fo&
k!!n">'
And these :a+ts of stea!n"> ma, %e +assed$ a++o&d!n"
to the -a, !n -h!+h the, o++)&$ %, -a, of the
foo-!n"1 tak!n" %, theft$ %, fo&+e$ %, +on+eament$
%, st&ata"em$ %, f&a)d' Th!s he&e !s !n %&!ef5 the
deta!s$ ho-e.e&$ a&e "!.en !n the Samanta#asad!ka'
MGN
M!s+ond)+t !n sens)a #eas)&es :kames) m!++ha+a&a>1
he&e$ B!n sens)a #eas)&esB :kames)> means !n
&e"a&d to se()a !nte&+o)&se' BM!s+ond)+tB !s ent!&e,
&e#&ehens!%e .!e +ond)+t' As to +ha&a+te&!st!+$ se()a
m!s+ond)+t !s the .o!t!on to t&ans"&ess %o)nds
o++)&&!n" th&o)"h the %od, doo& %, -a, of
)n&!"hteo)s !ntent'
He&e!n$ o)t of %o)nds fo& men$ f!&st,$ a&e the t-ent,
k!nds of -omen$ that !s$ the ten %e"!nn!n" -!th those
#&ote+ted %, the mothe&$ name,$ B#&ote+ted %, the
mothe&$ #&ote+ted %, the fathe&$ #&ote+ted %, the
mothe& and fathe&$ #&ote+ted %, the %&othe&$
#&ote+ted %, the s!ste&$ #&ote+ted %, &eat!.es$
#&ote+ted %, the +an$ #&ote+ted %, the a-$ )nde&
#&ote+t!on$ enta!!n" a #enat,B5 and the ten %e"!nn!n"
-!th those #)&+hased -!th mone,$ name,$ Bone
#)&+hased -!th mone,$ one -ho !.es :-!th a man> %,
he& o-n des!&e$ one -ho !.es :-!th a man> on
a++o)nt of -eath$ one -ho !.es :-!th a man> on
a++o)nt of +oth$ one -ho !s "!.en :!n ma&&!a"e -!th
the +e&emon, of> d!##!n" the hand !n -ate&$ one -ho
has %een :taken to -!fe and> &e!e.ed of he& %)&den?
+a&&,!n" head?#ad$ one -ho !s a sa.e and a -!fe$ one
-ho !s a se&.ant and a -!fe$ one -ho !s +a&&!ed off !n a
&a!d$ one en"a"ed at so m)+h a t!me'BMJKN
Then$ as +on+e&ns -omen$ fo& the t-e.e k!nds of
-omen +ons!st!n" of the t-o$ name,$ )nde&
#&ote+t!on and enta!!n" a #enat,$ and the ten
%e"!nn!n" -!th those #)&+hased -!th mone,$ othe&
men a&e o)t of %o)nds'
Th!s se()a m!s+ond)+t !s ess %ame-o&th, -hen :the
#e&son> o)t of %o)nds !s -!tho)t "ood 0)a!t!es s)+h
as .!&t)e$ et+'$ and mo&e %ame-o&th, -hen :the
#e&son> #ossesses "ood 0)a!t!es s)+h as .!&t)e$ et+'
The&e a&e fo)& +onst!t)ents of th!s a+t1 an o%*e+t -h!+h
!s o)t of %o)nds$ the m!nd to en"a"e !n that$ the effo&t
to en"a"e$ and +onsent to the )n!on of se()a o&"ans'
MJJN The means !s s!n"e1 one@s o-n #e&son'
/ase s#ee+h :m)sa.ada>1 BfaseB :m)sa> !s the .e&%a
effo&t o& %od!, effo&t fo& dest&o,!n" -efa&e :made> %,
one %ent on de+e!.!n"' B/ase s#ee+hB !s the .o!t!on
!n!t!at!n" the .e&%a effo&t o& %od!, effo&t of de+e!.!n"
anothe& on the #a&t of one !ntent on de+e!.!n"'
A++o&d!n" to anothe& method$ BfaseB means an
)n&ea$ )nt&)e +ase$ Bs#ee+hB the +omm)n!+at!on of
that as %e!n" &ea$ t&)e' As to +ha&a+te&!st!+$ Bfase
s#ee+hB !s the .o!t!on of one des!&!n" to +omm)n!+ate
to anothe& an )nt&)e +ase as %e!n" t&)e$ -h!+h
:.o!t!on> !n!t!ates s)+h an a+t of +omm)n!+at!on'
Th!s !s ess %ame-o&th, -hen the -efa&e dest&o,ed
!s s!"ht$ and mo&e %ame-o&th, -hen the -efa&e
dest&o,ed !s "&eat' /)&the&$ -hen !t o++)&s on the #a&t
of ho)sehode&s -ho$ not -!sh!n" to "!.e a-a, some
%eon"!n" of the!&s$ sa, BI do not ha.e !t$B !t !s ess
%ame-o&th,5 -hen one -ho !s a -!tness s#eaks
:fase,> fo& the #)&#ose of dest&o,!n" anothe&@s
-efa&e$ !t !s mo&e %ame-o&th,' In the +ase of those
"one fo&th$ -hen !t o++)&s %, the!& sa,!n" as a *oke$
afte& the, ha.e o%ta!ned *)st a !tte o! o& "hee$ !n the
manne& of the 9)&anas$ BToda, the o! !s fo-!n" !n the
.!a"e *)st !ke a &!.e&$B then !t !s ess %ame-o&th,5
%)t fo& those -ho s#eak :as a -!tness> sa,!n" that
the, ha.e seen -hat the, ha.e not seen !t !s mo&e
%ame-o&th,'
The&e a&e fo)& +onst!t)ents of th!s a+t1 an )nt&)e +ase$
the m!nd to de+e!.e$ the a##&o#&!ate effo&t$ the
+omm)n!+at!n" of that mean!n" to anothe&' The
means !s s!n"e1 one@s o-n #e&son on,' That !s to %e
&e"a&ded as the #e&fo&m!n" of the a+t!on of de+e!.!n"
anothe& %, means of the %od, o& %, means of
someth!n" atta+hed to the %od, o& %, means of
s#ee+h' If$ th&o)"h that a+t!on$ the othe& )nde&stands
that mean!n"$ one !s %o)nd %, the kamma of fase
s#ee+h at the .e&, moment of the .o!t!on !n!t!at!n"
the a+t!on'
Ma!+!o)s s#ee+h$ et+'1 The k!nd of s#ee+h that +&eates
!n the hea&t of the #e&son to -hom !t !s s#oken
affe+t!on fo& onesef and .o!dness :of affe+t!on> fo&
anothe& !s ma!+!o)s s#ee+h :#!s)na .a+a>' The k!nd of
s#ee+h %, -h!+h one makes %oth onesef and anothe&
ha&sh$ the k!nd of s#ee+h -h!+h !s aso !tsef ha&sh$
%e!n" #easant ne!the& to the ea& no& to the hea&t ??
that !s ha&sh s#ee+h :#ha&)sa .a+a>' That %, -h!+h
one "oss!#s !d,$ -!tho)t mean!n"$ !s "oss!#
:sam#ha##aa#a>' Aso$ the .o!t!on that !s the &oot
+a)se of these "a!ns the name Bma!+!o)s s#ee+h$B
et+' And that on, !s !ntended he&e'
The&e!n$ ma!+!o)s s#ee+h !s the .o!t!on of one -!th a
def!ed m!nd$ -h!+h :.o!t!on> !n!t!ates an effo&t %,
%od, o& %, s#ee+h e!the& to +a)se d!.!s!on amon"
othe&s o& to endea& onesef :to anothe&>' It !s ess
%ame-o&th, -hen the #e&son d!.!ded has fe- "ood
0)a!t!es$ and mo&e %ame-o&th, -hen s)+h a one has
"&eat 0)a!t!es' Its +onst!t)ents a&e fo)&1 anothe&
#e&son to %e d!.!ded$ the !ntent!on to d!.!de$
:th!nk!n"> BTh)s these -! %e se#a&ated and s#!tB o&
the des!&e to endea& onesef$ :th!nk!n"> BTh)s I sha
%e+ome o.ed and !nt!mate$B the a##&o#&!ate effo&t$
the +omm)n!+at!n" of that mean!n" to that #e&son'
Ha&sh s#ee+h !s the ent!&e, ha&sh .o!t!on !n!t!at!n" an
effo&t %, %od, o& %, s#ee+h to -o)nd anothe&@s .!ta
fee!n"s' Th!s !s an e(am#e "!.en fo& the #)&#ose of
mak!n" !t +ea&1 A .!a"e %o,$ !t !s sa!d$ -ent to the
fo&est -!tho)t heed!n" h!s mothe&@s -o&ds' Una%e to
make h!m t)&n %a+k$ she s+oded h!m an"&!,$ sa,!n"1
BMa, a -!d %)ffao +hase ,o)OB Then a %)ffao
a##ea&ed %efo&e h!m &!"ht the&e !n the fo&est' The %o,
made an asse.e&at!on of t&)th$ sa,!n"1 B=et !t not %e
as m, mothe& sa!d %)t as she tho)"htOB The %)ffao
stood as tho)"h t!ed the&e' Th)s$ atho)"h the means
:em#o,ed> -as that of -o)nd!n" the .!ta fee!n"s$
%e+a)se of the "enteness of he& m!nd !t -as not ha&sh
s#ee+h' /o& somet!mes #a&ents e.en sa, to the!&
+h!d&en$ BMa, &o%%e&s +ho# ,o) to #!e+esOB ,et the,
do not e.en -!sh a ot)s eaf to fa )#on them' And
tea+he&s and #&e+e#to&s somet!mes sa, to the!& #)#!s$
B2hat !s the )se of these shameess and heedess
%&ats4 D&!.e them o)tOB ,et the, -!sh fo& the!& s)++ess
!n ea&n!n" and atta!nment'
;)st as$ th&o)"h "enteness of m!nd$ s#ee+h !s not
ha&sh$ so th&o)"h "enteness of s#ee+h$ s#ee+h does
not %e+ome )nha&sh5 fo& the -o&ds B=et h!m see# !n
#ea+eB s#oken %, one -!sh!n" to k! a&e not )nha&sh
s#ee+h' B)t ha&sh s#ee+h !s s)+h on a++o)nt of
ha&shness of m!nd on,' It !s ess %ame-o&th, -hen
the #e&son to -hom !t !s s#oken has fe- "ood
0)a!t!es$ and mo&e %ame-o&th, -hen s)+h a one has
"&eat 0)a!t!es' Its +onst!t)ents a&e th&ee1 anothe& to
%e a%)sed$ an an"&, m!nd$ the a%)s!n"'
Goss!# !s the )n-hoesome .o!t!on !n!t!at!n" an effo&t
%, %od, o& %, s#ee+h to +omm)n!+ate -hat !s
#)&#oseess' It !s ess %ame-o&th, -hen !nd)"ed !n
m!d,$ and mo&e %ame-o&th, -hen !nd)"ed !n
st&on",' Its +onst!t)ents a&e t-o1 the %e!n" !ntent on
#)&#oseess sto&!es s)+h as the Bha&ata -a& o& the
a%d)+t!on of S!ta$ et+'$ and the te!n" of s)+h sto&!es'
MJFN
8o.eto)sness :a%h!**ha>1 It +o.ets$ th)s !t !s
+o.eto)sness5 Bha.!n" %e+ome d!&e+ted to-a&ds
othe&s@ "oods$ !t o++)&s th&o)"h !n+!nat!on to-a&ds
themB !s the mean!n"' It has the +ha&a+te&!st!+ of
+o.et!n" othe&s@ "oods th)s1 BOh$ that th!s -e&e
m!neOB It !s ess %ame-o&th, and mo&e %ame-o&th,
as !n the +ase of tak!n" -hat !s not "!.en' Its
+onst!t)ents a&e t-o1 anothe&@s "oods$ and the
!n+!nat!on fo& them to %e one@s o-n' /o& e.en tho)"h
"&eed has a&!sen %ased on anothe&@s "oods$ !t !s not
+assed as a :+om#eted> +o)&se of kamma so on" as
one does not !n+!ne to them as one@s o-n :-!th the
tho)"ht>$ BOh$ that th!s -e&e m!neOB
I -! :%,a#ada>1 It !n*)&es -efa&e and ha##!ness$
th)s !t !s ! -! :h!tas)kham %,a#ada,at! t! %,a#ado>'
Its +ha&a+te&!st!+ !s the menta defe+t :of -!sh!n" fo&>
the dest&)+t!on of othe&s' It !s ess %ame-o&th, and
mo&e %ame-o&th, as !n the +ase of ha&sh s#ee+h' Its
+onst!t)ents a&e t-o1 anothe& %e!n"$ and the -!sh fo&
that %e!n"@s dest&)+t!on' /o& e.en tho)"h an"e& has
a&!sen %ased on anothe& %e!n"$ the&e !s no %&ea+h of a
+o)&se of kamma so on" as one does not -!sh$ BOh$
that th!s %e!n" m!"ht %e +)t off and dest&o,edOB
2&on" .!e- :m!++had!tth!>1 It sees -&on", d)e to the
a%sen+e of a +o&&e+t "&as# of th!n"s$ th)s !t !s -&on"
.!e-' Its +ha&a+te&!st!+ !s the m!staken .!e- that
Bthe&e !s no :&es)t f&om> "!.!n"$B et+' It !s ess
%ame-o&th, and mo&e %ame-o&th, as !n the +ase of
"oss!#' Mo&eo.e&$ !t !s ess %ame-o&th, -hen not
f!(ed !n dest!n,$ and mo&e %ame-o&th, -hen f!(ed'
MJPN Its +onst!t)ents a&e t-o1 a m!staken manne& of
"&as#!n" the %as!s :fo& the .!e->$ and the a##ea&an+e
of that :%as!s> !n a++o&dan+e -!th the manne& !n -h!+h
!t has %een "&as#ed'
No- the e(#os!t!on of these ten +o)&ses of
)n-hoesome kamma sho)d %e )nde&stood !n f!.e
-a,s1 as to menta state :dhammato>$ as to +ate"o&,
:kotthasato>$ as to o%*e+t :a&ammanato>$ as to fee!n"
:.edanato>$ and as to &oot :m)ato>'
He&e!n$ as to menta state1 The f!&st se.en amon"
these a&e .o!t!ona states on,' The th&ee %e"!nn!n"
-!th +o.eto)sness a&e asso+!ated -!th .o!t!on'MJIN
As to +ate"o&,1 The e!"ht +ons!st!n" of the f!&st se.en
and -&on" .!e- a&e +o)&ses of kamma on,$ not &oots'
8o.eto)sness and ! -! a&e +o)&ses of kamma and
aso &oots5 fo& +o.eto)sness$ ha.!n" a&&!.ed at the
:state of> a &oot$ !s the )n-hoesome &oot "&eed$ and
! -! !s the )n-hoesome &oot hate'
As to o%*e+t1 K!!n" !.!n" %e!n"s$ %e+a)se !t has the
!fe fa+)t, as o%*e+t$ has a fo&mat!on as o%*e+t' Tak!n"
-hat !s not "!.en has %e!n"s as o%*e+t o& fo&mat!ons
as o%*e+t' M!s+ond)+t !n sens)a #eas)&es has
fo&mat!ons as o%*e+t %, -a, of tan"!%e o%*e+t5 %)t
some sa, !t aso has %e!n"s as o%*e+t' /ase s#ee+h
has %e!n"s o& fo&mat!ons as o%*e+t5 !ke-!se ma!+!o)s
s#ee+h' Ha&sh s#ee+h has on, %e!n"s as o%*e+t'
Goss!# has e!the& %e!n"s o& fo&mat!ons as o%*e+t %,
-a, of the seen$ hea&d$ sensed and +o"n!zed5 !ke-!se
+o.eto)sness' I -! has on, %e!n"s as o%*e+t' 2&on"
.!e- has fo&mat!ons as o%*e+t %, -a, of the states
%eon"!n" to the th&ee #anes :of %e!n">'
As to fee!n"1 A ha.e #easant fee!n" o& ne)t&a
fee!n"' /o& the&e !s no #a!nf) fee!n" -h!+h a&&!.es at
the -hoesome'
As to &oot1 The f!&st se.en +o)&ses of kamma ha.e
th&ee &oots %, -a, of non?"&eed$ non?hate$ and non?
de)s!on !n one -ho a%sta!ns %, means of
+ons+!o)sness asso+!ated -!th kno-ed"e' The, ha.e
t-o &oots !n one -ho a%sta!ns %, means of
+ons+!o)sness d!sso+!ated f&om kno-ed"e'MJLN Non?
+o.eto)sness has t-o &oots !n one -ho a%sta!ns %,
means of +ons+!o)sness asso+!ated -!th kno-ed"e$
one &oot :!n one -ho a%sta!ns> %, means of
+ons+!o)sness d!sso+!ated f&om kno-ed"e' Non?
"&eed$ ho-e.e&$ !s not %, !tsef !ts o-n &oot' The same
method a##!es !n the +ase of non?! -!' R!"ht .!e-
a-a,s has t-o &oots$ %, -a, of non?"&eed and non?
hate' MJEN
The 2hoesome Roots
D' Non?"&eed !s a &oot of the -hoesome :ao%ho
k)saam)am>$ et+'1 Non?"&eed !s not "&eed5 th!s !s a
te&m fo& the state that !s o##osed to "&eed' The same
method a##!es !n the +ase of non?hate and non?
de)s!on' Amon" these$ non?"&eed !s !tsef -hoesome5
and !t !s a &oot of these -hoesome :+o)&ses of
kamma> %e"!nn!n" -!th a%stent!on f&om k!!n" !.!n"
%e!n"s$ fo& some !n the sense that !t !s an asso+!ated
o&!"!nat!.e +a)se and fo& some !n the sense that !t !s a
de+!s!.e s)##o&t +ond!t!on' Th)s !t !s a -hoesome
&oot' The same method a##!es to the state of %e!n"
-hoesome &oots !n the +ases of non?hate and non?
de)s!on'
8on+)s!on on the Un-hoesome and the 2hoesome
C' No-$ s)mm!n" )# the mean!n" of a that has %een
set fo&th !n %&!ef and !n deta!$ he states the +on+)d!n"
se+t!on %e"!nn!n" -!th the -o&ds -hen a no%e
d!s+!#e' He&e!n$ has th)s )nde&stood the -hoesome
:e.am ak)saam #a*anat!> means1 has th)s
)nde&stood the )n-hoesome %, -a, of the ten
+o)&ses of )n-hoesome kamma as des+&!%ed' The
same method a##!es !n the +ase of the &oot of the
)n-hoesome$ et+'
U# to th!s #o!nt$ %, a s!n"e method$ eman+!#at!on as
fa& as A&ahantsh!# has %een e(#o)nded fo& one -ho
has the /o)& No%e T&)ths as h!s med!tat!on s)%*e+t'
Ho-4 He&e$ the ten +o)&ses of )n-hoesome kamma
-!th the e(+e#t!on of +o.eto)sness$ and the :ten>
+o)&ses of -hoesome kamma$ a&e the t&)th of
s)ffe&!n"' These t-o states ?? +o.eto)sness and the
"&eed -h!+h !s a &oot of the )n-hoesome ?? a&e$
!te&a, s#eak!n"$ the t&)th of the o&!"!n' S#eak!n"
f!")&at!.e,$ ho-e.e&$ a the +o)&ses of kamma a&e
the t&)th of s)ffe&!n"$ and a the -hoesome and
)n-hoesome &oots a&e the t&)th of the o&!"!n'MJDN
The non?o++)&&en+e of %oth !s the t&)th of +essat!on'
The no%e #ath f), )nde&stand!n" s)ffe&!n"$
a%andon!n" !ts o&!"!n$ and )nde&stand!n" !ts +essat!on
!s the t&)th of the #ath' Th)s t-o t&)ths a&e stated !n
the!& o-n nat)&e and t-o a&e to %e )nde&stood %, -a,
of the ")!de!ne of +on.e&s!on'MJCN
He ent!&e, a%andons the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to )st
:so sa%%aso &a"an)sa,am #aha,a>1 Unde&stand!n"
th)s the )n-hoesome$ et+'$ he a%andons !n a -a,s
the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to )st' He a%o!shes the
)nde&,!n" tenden+, to a.e&s!on :#at!"han)sa,am
#at!.!nodet.a>1 and he &emo.es !n a -a,s too the
)nde&,!n" tenden+, to a.e&s!on$ !s -hat !s meant' U#
to th!s #o!nt the #ath of non?&et)&n !s stated'MJGN He
e(t!&#ates the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to the .!e- and
+on+e!t BI amB :asm! t! d!tth!manan)sa,am
sam)han!t.a>1 he e(t&!+ates the )nde&,!n" tenden+,
to the .!e- and +on+e!t -h!+h o++)&s !n the mode of
"&as#!n" the f!.e a""&e"ates as a "&o)# :-!th the
not!on> BI am$B d)e to fa!)&e to d!st!n")!sh an, state
amon" them'
The&e!n$ %, the #h&ase the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to the
.!e- and +on+e!t BI amB :d!tth!manan)sa,am> -hat !s
meant !s the )nde&,!n" tenden+, to +on+e!t -h!+h !s
s!m!a& to a .!e- :d!tth!sad!sam manan)sa,am>' /o&
th!s )nde&,!n" tenden+, to +on+e!t !s s!m!a& to a .!e-
%e+a)se !t o++)&s :-!th the not!on> BI amB5 the&efo&e !t
!s stated th)s' And one -ho -!shes to )nde&stand th!s
+on+e!t BI amB !n deta! sho)d ook )# the Khemaka
S)tta !n the Khandh!,a.a""a :S'FF1CG/!!!$JFEff'>'
B, a%andon!n" !"no&an+e :a.!**am #aha,a>1 ha.!n"
a%andoned !"no&an+e$ the &oot of the &o)nd :of
e(!sten+e>' And a&o)s!n" t&)e kno-ed"e :.!**am
)##adet.a>1 ha.!n" a&o)sed the t&)e kno-ed"e of the
#ath of A&ahantsh!# -h!+h +om#ete, e(t&!+ates that
!"no&an+e' At th!s #o!nt the #ath of A&ahantsh!# !s
stated'MFKN He he&e and no- makes an end of
s)ffe&!n" :d!tth@e.a dhamme d)kkhass@antaka&o hot!>1
!n th!s .e&, e(!sten+e he %e+omes one -ho +)ts off the
s)ffe&!n" of the &o)nd'
In that -a, too :etta.ata#! kho a.)so>1 he ma&ks off
:th!s f!&st #a&t of> the tea+h!n"5 %, -a, of the
attent!on and #enet&at!on stated !n th!s e(#os!t!on of
the +o)&ses of kamma$ !s -hat !s meant' The &est !s as
afo&esa!d' Th)s he +on+)des the e(#os!t!on %, means
of the #ath of non?&et)&n and the #ath of A&ahantsh!#'
THE /OUR NUTRIMENTS
Gene&a
G' Sa,!n"$ BGood$ f&!end$B ' ' ' :et+'> ' ' ' B and has
a&&!.ed at th!s t&)e DhammaB1 Th)s$ ha.!n" hea&d the
<ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta@s e(#os!t!on of the fo)& t&)ths
)nde& the head!n" of the -hoesome and the
)n-hoesome$ the %h!kkh)s de!"hted !n h!s -o&ds
-!th the statement$ BGood$ f&!end$B and &e*o!+ed -!th
the m!nd that a&o)sed that statement5 -hat !s meant
!s that the, a"&eed %, -o&d and a##&o.ed %, m!nd'
No-$ %e+a)se the Ede& -as +om#etent to "!.e an
e(#os!t!on on the fo)& t&)ths !n d!.e&se -a,s ?? as :the
Bessed One> sa!d1 BBh!kkh)s$ Sa&!#)tta !s a%e to
#&o#o)nd$ to tea+h$ the /o)& No%e T&)ths !n deta!B
:M'JIJ/!!!$ FIC>5 o& %e+a)se he had sa!d B!n that -a,
too$B %e!n" des!&o)s of "!.!n" a f)&the& e(#os!t!on$ the
%h!kkh)s$ %e!n" des!&o)s of hea&!n" the tea+h!n" of
the fo)& t&)ths %, anothe& method$ asked h!m a
f)&the& 0)est!on' B, ask!n" BB)t$ f&!end$ m!"ht the&e
%e anothe& -a,4 2o)d the&e %e anothe& +ase4B the,
asked anothe& 0)est!on add!t!ona to that 0)est!on
asked and ans-e&ed :a&ead,> %, the <ene&a%e
Sa&!#)tta h!msef' O& -hat !s meant !s that the, asked
a 0)est!on s)%se0)ent to the #&e.!o)s one' Then$
ans-e&!n" them$ the Ede& sa!d$ BThe&e m!"ht %e$
f&!ends$B and so on'
JK' He&e!n$ th!s !s the e)+!dat!on of the te&ms that a&e
not +ea&' N)t&!ment :aha&a> !s a +ond!t!on :#a++a,a>'
/o& a +ond!t!on no)&!shes !ts o-n f&)!t$ the&efo&e !t !s
+aed n)t&!ment'MFJN
JJ' Of %e!n"s that a&ead, ha.e +ome to %e
:%h)tanam .a sattanam>$ et+'1 He&e +ome to %e
:%h)ta> means +ome to %!&th$ &e%o&n5 seek!n" a ne-
e(!sten+e :sam%ha.es!nam> means those -ho seek$
sea&+h fo&$ e(!sten+e$ %!&th$ #&od)+t!on' The&e!n$
amon" the fo)& k!nds of "ene&at!on$MFFN %e!n"s %o&n
f&om e""s and f&om the -om% a&e sa!d to %e Bseek!n"
a ne- e(!sten+eB as on" as the, ha.e not %&oken o)t
of the e""she o& the #a+enta' 2hen the, ha.e
%&oken o)t of the e""she o& the #a+enta and
eme&"ed o)ts!de$ the, a&e sa!d to ha.e B+ome to %e'B
The mo!st)&e?%o&n and the s#ontaneo)s, %o&n a&e
sa!d to %e Bseek!n" a ne- e(!sten+eB at the f!&st
moment of +ons+!o)sness5 f&om the se+ond moment
of +ons+!o)sness on-a&ds the, a&e sa!d to ha.e B+ome
to %e'B
O& ate&nat!.e,$ B+ome to %eB !s %o&n$ &e#&od)+ed5
th!s !s a te&m fo& those -ho ha.e dest&o,ed the
+anke&s :A&ahants>$ -ho a&e &e+koned th)s1 BThe,
ha.e +ome to %e on,$ %)t the, -! not +ome to %e
a"a!n'B BSeek!n" a ne- e(!sten+eB means the, seek a
ne- e(!sten+e5 th!s !s a te&m fo& -o&d!n"s and
d!s+!#es !n h!"he& t&a!n!n" -ho seek a ne- e(!sten+e
!n the f)t)&e too$ %e+a)se the, ha.e not a%andoned
the fette& of %e!n"' Th)s %, these t-o te&ms he
!n+)des a %e!n"s !n a -a,s'
/o& the ma!ntenan+e :th!t!,a>5 fo& the #)&#ose of
ma!nta!n!n"' /o& the s)##o&t :an)""aha,a>1 fo& the
#)&#ose of s)##o&t!n"$ fo& the #)&#ose of he#!n"' Th!s
!s me&e, a d!ffe&en+e of -o&ds$ %)t the mean!n" of
the t-o te&ms !s one on,' O& ate&nat!.e,$ Bfo& the
ma!ntenan+eB !s fo& the non?!nte&&)#t!on of th!s o& that
%e!n" %, means of the se&!a +onne+t!on of a&!sen
states' B/o& the s)##o&tB !s fo& the a&!s!n" of )na&!sen
:states>' And %oth these e(#&ess!ons sho)d %e
&e"a&ded as a##!+a%e !n %oth +ases th)s1 B/o& the
ma!ntenan+e and s)##o&t of those that ha.e +ome to
%e$ and fo& the ma!ntenan+e and s)##o&t of those
seek!n" a ne- e(!sten+e'B
The /o)& K!nds of N)t&!ment
9h,s!+a food as n)t&!ment :!t' Bfood made !nto a
%aB> :ka%a!nka&o aha&o> !s n)t&!ment that +an %e
s-ao-ed afte& mak!n" !t !nto a %a5 th!s !s a te&m fo&
the n)t&!t!.e essen+e -h!+h has as !ts %as!s %o!ed &!+e$
*)nket$ et+'MFPN G&oss o& s)%te :oa&!ko .a s)kh)mo
.a>1 !t !s "&oss %e+a)se of the "&ossness of the %as!s$
and s)%te %e+a)se of the s)%tet, of the %as!s' B)t
%e+a)se #h,s!+a n)t&!ment !s !n+)ded !n s)%te
mate&!a!t,$ %, -a, of !ts !nd!.!d)a essen+e !t !s s)%te
on,'MFIN And aso that "&ossness and s)%tet, sho)d
%e )nde&stood &eat!.e, !n &es#e+t of the %as!s'
The n)t&!ment of #ea+o+ks !s s)%te +om#a&ed -!th the
n)t&!ment of +&o+od!es' 8&o+od!es$ the, sa,$ s-ao-
stones$ and these d!sso.e on &ea+h!n" the!& stoma+hs'
9ea+o+ks eat s)+h an!mas as snakes$ s+o&#!ons$ et+'
B)t the n)t&!ment of h,enas !s s)%te +om#a&ed -!th
the n)t&!ment of #ea+o+ks' These$ the, sa,$ eat ho&ns
and %ones th&o-n a-a, th&ee ,ea&s %efo&e$ and these
%e+ome soft as ,ams as soon as the, a&e mo!stened
-!th the!& sa!.a' Aso$ the n)t&!ment of ee#hants !s
s)%te +om#a&ed -!th the n)t&!ment of h,enas' /o&
these eat the %&an+hes of .a&!o)s t&ees$ et+' The
n)t&!ment of the "a,a %)ffao$ the anteo#e$ the dee&$
et+'$ !s s)%te& than the n)t&!ment of ee#hants' These$
the, sa,$ eat the sa#ess ea.es of .a&!o)s k!nds of
t&ees$ et+' The n)t&!ment of +o-s !s s)%te& than the!&
n)t&!ment5 the, eat f&esh and d&!ed "&ass' The
n)t&!ment of ha&es !s s)%te& than the!& n)t&!ment5
that of %!&ds !s s)%te& than that of ha&es5 that of
%a&%a&!ans !s s)%te& than that of %!&ds5 that of .!a"e
headmen !s s)%te& than that of %a&%a&!ans5 that of
k!n"s and k!n"s@ m!n!ste&s !s s)%te& than .!a"e
headmens@5 that of a 2hee?t)&n!n" Mona&+h !s s)%te&
than the!& n)t&!ment' The ea&th de!t!es@ n)t&!ment !s
s)%te& than that of a 2hee?t)&n!n" Mona&+h' The
n)t&!ment of the de!t!es of the /o)& G&eat K!n"s !s
s)%te& than that of the ea&th de!t!es' Th)s n)t&!ment
sho)d %e ea%o&ated )# to that of the de!t!es -ho
-!ed #o-e& o.e& othe&s@ +&eat!ons'MFLN B)t sa,!n"$
BThe!& n)t&!ment !s s)%te$B the end !s &ea+hed'
And he&e$ !n a %as!s that !s "&oss$ the n)t&!t!.e
essen+e !s !m!ted and -eak5 !n one that !s s)%te$ !t !s
st&on"' Th)s one -ho has d&)nk e.en a f) %o- of
"&)e !s soon h)n"&, a"a!n and des!&o)s of eat!n"
an,th!n"5 %)t afte& d&!nk!n" e.en a sma amo)nt of
"hee$ he -! not -ant to eat fo& the -hoe da,'
The&e!n$ !t !s the %as!s that d!s#es fat!")e$ %)t !t !s
)na%e to #&ese&.e5 %)t the n)t&!t!.e essen+e
#&ese&.es$ tho)"h !t +annot d!s#e fat!")e' B)t -hen
the t-o a&e +om%!ned the, %oth d!s#e fat!")e and
#&ese&.e'
8onta+t as the se+ond :#hasso d)t!,o>1 The s!(fod
+onta+t %e"!nn!n" -!th e,e?+onta+t sho)d %e
)nde&stood as the se+ond of these fo)& k!nds of
n)t&!ment' And th!s !s the method of the tea+h!n"
!tsef5 the&efo&e !t sho)d not %e !n0)!&ed !nto he&e$
sa,!n" B/o& th!s &eason !t !s the se+ond$ o& the th!&d'B
Menta .o!t!on :manosan+etana>1 .o!t!on :+etana>
!tsef !s stated' 8ons+!o)sness :.!nnanam>1 an, k!nd of
+ons+!o)sness -hate.e&'
It ma, %e asked he&e1 BIf the mean!n" of +ond!t!on !s
the mean!n" of n)t&!ment$ then$ -hen othe& +ond!t!ons
aso e(!st fo& %e!n"s$ -h, a&e on, these fo)& stated4B
It sho)d %e sa!d !n &e#,1 BIt !s %e+a)se the, a&e the
s#e+!a +ond!t!ons fo& #e&sona +ont!n)!t,'B /o& #h,s!+a
n)t&!ment !s the s#e+!a +ond!t!on fo& the mate&!a %od,
of %e!n"s that eat #h,s!+a n)t&!ment5 as &e"a&ds the
"&o)# of menta +onst!t)ents$ +onta+t !s :the s#e+!a
+ond!t!on> fo& fee!n"$ menta .o!t!on fo&
+ons+!o)sness$ and +ons+!o)sness fo& menta!t,?
mate&!a!t,' As !t !s sa!d1 B;)st as$ %h!kkh)s$ th!s %od,
has n)t&!ment fo& !ts ma!ntenan+e$ !s ma!nta!ned !n
de#enden+e on n)t&!ment$ and -!tho)t n)t&!ment !s
not ma!nta!nedB :S'IE1F/.$EI>5 and !ke-!se1 B2!th
+onta+t as +ond!t!on$ fee!n"5 ' ' ' -!th fo&mat!ons as
+ond!t!on$ +ons+!o)sness5 ' ' ' -!th +ons+!o)sness as
+ond!t!on$ menta!t,?mate&!a!t,B :S'JF1J/!!$J$ et+'>'
2hat !s th!s n)t&!ment$ and -hat does !t no)&!sh4
9h,s!+a n)t&!ment no)&!shes the mate&!a!t, -!th
n)t&!t!.e essen+e as e!"hth5MFEN +onta+t as n)t&!ment
no)&!shes the th&ee fee!n"s5 menta .o!t!on as
n)t&!ment no)&!shes the th&ee k!nds of %e!n"5
+ons+!o)sness as n)t&!ment no)&!shes the menta!t,?
mate&!a!t, of &e%!&th?!nk!n"'
Ho-4 As soon as !t !s #a+ed !n the mo)th$ #h,s!+a
food as n)t&!ment %&!n"s !nto %e!n" the e!"ht k!nds of
mate&!a!t, :afo&esa!d>' Then ea+h )m# of +ooked &!+e
"&o)nd %, the teeth$ on %e!n" s-ao-ed$ %&!n"s !nto
%e!n" )n!t afte& )n!t of the e!"ht k!nds of mate&!a!t,'
Th)s !t no)&!shes the mate&!a!t, -!th n)t&!t!.e essen+e
as e!"hth'
B)t -!th +onta+t as n)t&!ment$ -hen +onta+t
#&od)+t!.e of #easant fee!n" a&!ses !t no)&!shes
#easant fee!n"5 +onta+t #&od)+t!.e of #a!nf) fee!n"
no)&!shes #a!nf) fee!n"5 +onta+t #&od)+t!.e of
ne!the&?#a!nf)?no&?#easant fee!n" no)&!shes ne!the&?
#a!nf)?no&?#easant fee!n"' Th)s !n a -a,s +onta+t
as n)t&!ment no)&!shes the th&ee k!nds of fee!n"'
In the +ase of menta .o!t!on as n)t&!ment$ kamma
ead!n" to sense?s#he&e %e!n" no)&!shes sense?s#he&e
%e!n"5 kamma ead!n" to f!ne?mate&!a and !mmate&!a
%e!n" no)&!shes !ts &es#e+t!.e k!nd of %e!n"' Th)s !n a
-a,s menta .o!t!on as n)t&!ment no)&!shes the th&ee
k!nds of %e!n"'
B)t -!th +ons+!o)sness as n)t&!ment$ !t !s sa!d that !t
no)&!shes$ %, -a, of +onas+en+e +ond!t!on$ et+'$ the
th&ee :!mmate&!a> a""&e"ates asso+!ated -!th !tsef at
the moment of &e%!&th?!nk!n" and the th!&t, k!nds of
mate&!a!t, that a&!se %, -a, of t&!#e +ont!n)!t,' Th)s
+ons+!o)sness no)&!shes the menta!t,?mate&!a!t, of
&e%!&th?!nk!n"'MFDN
And he&e$ %, the -o&ds Bmenta .o!t!on as n)t&!ment
no)&!shes the th&ee k!nds of %e!n"$B on, the
-hoesome and )n-hoesome .o!t!on a++om#an!ed %,
ta!nts !s meant5 %, the -o&ds B+ons+!o)sness
no)&!shes the menta!t,?mate&!a!t, of &e%!&th?!nk!n"$B
on, &e%!&th?!nk!n" +ons+!o)sness !s meant' Ho-e.e&$
these a&e to %e )nde&stood !nd!s+&!m!nate, as
n)t&!ments as -e %e+a)se the, no)&!sh the states
that a&e asso+!ated -!th them and o&!"!nated %, them'
The /o)& /)n+t!ons
As &e"a&ds these fo)& k!nds of n)t&!ment$ #h,s!+a food
as n)t&!ment a++om#!shes the f)n+t!on of n)t&!ment
%, s)sta!n!n"$ +onta+t %, +onta+t!n" :to)+h!n">$
menta .o!t!on %, a++)m)at!n"$ +ons+!o)sness %,
+o"n!z!n"'
Ho-4 9h,s!+a food as n)t&!ment$ %, s)sta!n!n"$ !s fo&
the ma!ntenan+e of %e!n"s %, ma!nta!n!n" the %od,'
/o& th!s %od,$ tho)"h "ene&ated %, kamma$ !s
s)sta!ned %, #h,s!+a food and stands fo& ten ,ea&s o&
a h)nd&ed ,ea&s )# to the end of the !fe?s#an' =!ke
-hat4 =!ke a +h!d -h!+h$ tho)"h "!.en %!&th %, the
mothe&$ !s n)&t)&ed %, the m!k$ et+'$ "!.en to h!m to
d&!nk %, the -et?n)&se and th)s !.es on"' Aso$ as a
ho)se !s s)##o&ted %, a #&o#' Th!s too has %een sa!d
:)nt&a+ed>1 BG&eat k!n"$ *)st as$ -hen a ho)se !s
+oa#s!n"$ the, #&o# !t )# -!th othe& t!m%e&$ and that
ho)se$ %e!n" #&o##ed )# %, othe& t!m%e&$ does not
+oa#se$ so too th!s %od, !s s)##o&ted %, n)t&!ment$
#e&s!sts !n de#enden+e )#on n)t&!ment'B
Th)s #h,s!+a food as n)t&!ment a++om#!shes the
f)n+t!on of n)t&!ment %, s)sta!n!n"' A++om#!sh!n" !t
th)s$ #h,s!+a food as n)t&!ment %e+omes a +ond!t!on
fo& t-o mate&!a +ont!n)!t!es$ name,$ fo& that
o&!"!nated %, n)t&!ment and that kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed'
MFCN It !s a +ond!t!on fo& the kamma?%o&n mate&!a!t,
%, %e+om!n" !ts #&ese&.e&' It !s a +ond!t!on fo& that
o&!"!nated %, n)t&!ment %, %e+om!n" !ts #&od)+e&'
Then +onta+t$ %, +onta+t!n" the o%*e+t -h!+h !s the
%as!s fo& #eas)&e$ et+'$ !s Bfo& the ma!ntenan+e of
%e!n"sB %, +a)s!n" the o++)&&en+e of #easant fee!n"$
et+' Menta .o!t!on$ a++)m)at!n" %, -a, of
-hoesome and )n-hoesome kamma$ !s Bfo& the
ma!ntenan+e of %e!n"sB %e+a)se !t #&o.!des the &oot of
e(!sten+e' 8ons+!o)sness$ %, +o"n!z!n"$ !s Bfo& the
ma!ntenan+e of %e!n"sB %, +a)s!n" the o++)&&en+e of
menta!t,?mate&!a!t,'
The /o)& Dan"e&s
No-$ -h!e these a&e a++om#!sh!n" the!& f)n+t!on of
n)t&!ment %, s)sta!n!n"$ et+'$ fo)& dan"e&s a&e to %e
seen1 the dan"e& of des!&e !n the +ase of #h,s!+a food
as n)t&!ment5 the dan"e& of a##&oa+h !n the +ase of
+onta+t5 :the dan"e&> of a++)m)at!n" !n the +ase of
menta .o!t!on5 and :the dan"e&> of a)n+h!n" M!nto a
ne- e(!sten+e he&e o& the&e %, -a, of tak!n" &e%!&th?
!nk!n"N !n the +ase of +ons+!o)sness'
2hat a&e the &easons :fo& th!s>4 Be+a)se$ ha.!n"
a&o)sed des!&e fo& #h,s!+a food$ %e!n"s fa+e +od$
et+'$ to )nde&take s)+h -o&k as +he+k!n"$ a++o)nt!n"$
et+'$ and !n+)& not a !tte s)ffe&!n"' And some -ho
ha.e "one fo&th !n th!s d!s#ensat!on seek n)t&!ment
th&o)"h s)+h !m#&o#e& means as the #&a+t!+e of
med!+!ne$ et+'$ and the, a&e to %e +ens)&ed he&e and
no-$ and he&eafte& the, %e+ome B&e+)se "hostsB !n
the manne& des+&!%ed th)s !n the =akkhana Sam,)tta1
BAnd h!s o)te& &o%e -as %)&n!n"$ %az!n"$B et+'MFGN /o&
th!s &eason$ des!&e !tsef !s to %e )nde&stood as the
dan"e& !n #h,s!+a food as n)t&!ment'
Those -ho a##&oa+h +onta+t$ -ho f!nd "&at!f!+at!on !n
+onta+t$ +omm!t +&!mes !n &es#e+t of othe&s@ ")a&ded
and #&ote+ted %eon"!n"s$ s)+h as the!& -!.es$ et+'
2hen the o-ne&s of the "oods +at+h them -!th the!&
%eon"!n"s$ the, +)t them !nto #!e+es o& th&o- them
onto a &)%%!sh hea#$ o& hand them o.e& to the k!n"5
and then the k!n" has .a&!o)s to&t)&es !nf!+ted )#on
them' And -!th the %&eak)# of the %od,$ afte& death$
a %ad dest!nat!on !s to %e e(#e+ted fo& them' Th)s th!s
ent!&e dan"e& ?? that #e&ta!n!n" to the he&e and no-
and that #e&ta!n!n" to the afte&!fe ?? has +ome a%o)t
&ooted !n +onta+t' /o& th!s &eason$ a##&oa+h !s to %e
)nde&stood as the dan"e& !n the +ase of the n)t&!ment
+onta+t'
The ent!&e dan"e& !n the th&ee &eams of e(!sten+e has
+ome a%o)t %, the a++)m)at!on of -hoesome and
)n-hoesome kamma and !s &ooted !n that
:a++)m)at!on>' /o& th!s &eason$ a++)m)at!on !s to %e
)nde&stood as the dan"e& !n the n)t&!ment menta
.o!t!on'
And !n -hate.e& #a+e &e%!&th?!nk!n" +ons+!o)sness
a)n+hes :the ne- e(!sten+e>$ !n that same #a+e !t !s
&e%o&n %, se!z!n" the &e%!&th?!nk!n" menta!t,?
mate&!a!t,' 2hen !t !s #&od)+ed$ a dan"e&s a&e
#&od)+ed$ fo& the, a&e a &ooted !n !t' /o& th!s &eason$
a)n+h!n" !s to %e )nde&stood as the dan"e& !n the
n)t&!ment +ons+!o)sness'
The /o)& S!m!es
In &e"a&d to these n)t&!ments -!th the!& dan"e&s$ fo&
the sake of e!m!nat!n" des!&e fo& the n)t&!ment
#h,s!+a food$ the /), En!"htened One ta)"ht the
s!m!e of son@s fesh !n the #assa"e %e"!nn!n" th)s1
BS)##ose$ %h!kkh)s$ a +o)#e$ a man and h!s -!fe$ ' ' '
B /o& the sake of e!m!nat!n" des!&e fo& the n)t&!ment
+onta+t$ he ta)"ht the s!m!e of the fa,ed +o- !n the
#assa"e %e"!nn!n" th)s1 BS)##ose$ %h!kkh)s$ the&e
-as a fa,ed +o- ' ' ' B /o& the sake of e!m!nat!n"
des!&e fo& the n)t&!ment menta .o!t!on$ he ta)"ht the
s!m!e of the +ha&+oa #!t !n the #assa"e %e"!nn!n"
th)s1 BS)##ose$ %h!kkh)s$ the&e -as a +ha&+oa
#!t ' ' ' B And fo& the sake of e!m!nat!n" des!&e fo& the
n)t&!ment +ons+!o)sness$ he ta)"ht the s!m!e of the
man st&)+k -!th th&ee h)nd&ed s#ea&s !n the #assa"e
%e"!nn!n" th)s1 BS)##ose$ %h!kkh)s$ the&e -as a
th!ef$ a +&ook ' ' ' BMPKN
The&e!n$ tak!n" the essent!a mean!n"$ the&e foo-s a
%&!ef !nte&#&etat!on of the mean!n"' A +o)#e$ !t !s sa!d$
a man and h!s -!fe$ took the!& son and set o)t on a
dese&t t&a! a h)nd&ed ,o*anas on"$MPJN -!th on,
!m!ted #&o.!s!ons' 2hen the, had "one f!ft, ,o*anas
the!& #&o.!s!ons &an o)t' E(ha)sted %, h)n"e& and
th!&st$ the, sat do-n !n some s+ant, shade' Then the
man sa!d to h!s -!fe1 BM, dea&$ fo& f!ft, ,o*anas on a
s!des the&e !s ne!the& a .!a"e no& a to-n' The&efo&e$
tho)"h a man +an do man, k!nds of -o&k$ s)+h as
#o-!n"$ ")a&d!n" +atte$ et+'$ !t !s not #oss!%e fo& me
to do that' 8ome$ k! me' Eat haf of m, fesh$ and
ha.!n" made the othe& haf !nto #&o.!s!ons fo& the
*o)&ne,$ +&oss o)t of the dese&t to"ethe& -!th o)&
son'B
The -!fe sa!d1 BDea& h)s%and$ tho)"h a -oman +an do
man, k!nds of -o&k$ s)+h as s#!nn!n" th&ead$ et+'$ !t !s
not #oss!%e fo& me to do that' 8ome$ k! me' Eat haf
of m, fesh$ and ha.!n" made the othe& haf !nto
#&o.!s!ons fo& the *o)&ne,$ +&oss o)t of the dese&t
to"ethe& -!th o)& son'B
Then the man sa!d1 BM, dea&$ the death of the mothe&
-o)d mean the death of t-o$ fo& a ,o)n" %o, +annot
!.e -!tho)t h!s mothe&' B)t !f -e %oth !.e$ then -e
+an %e"et anothe& +h!d a"a!n' 8ome no-$ et )s k!
o)& +h!d$ take h!s fesh$ and +&oss o)t of th!s dese&t'B
Then the mothe& sa!d to the son1 BDea&$ "o to ,o)&
fathe&'B He -ent$ %)t the fathe& sa!d1 B/o& the sake of
s)##o&t!n" th!s +h!d I !n+)&&ed m)+h s)ffe&!n" th&o)"h
s)+h -o&k as #o-!n"$ ")a&d!n" +atte$ et+' I +annot
k! the %o,' Yo) k! ,o)& son'B Then he sa!d1 BDea&$
"o to ,o)& mothe&'B B)t the mothe& sa!d1 B=on"!n" fo&
a son I !n+)&&ed m)+h s)ffe&!n" %, o%se&.!n" the +o-?
o%se&.an+e$ the do"?o%se&.an+e$ #&a,!n" to the "ods$
et+'$ not to s#eak of %ea&!n" h!m !n m, -om%'MPFN It
!s not #oss!%e fo& me to k! h!m'B Then she sa!d1
BDea&$ "o to ,o)& fathe&'B
The %o, d!ed f&om "o!n" %a+k and fo&th %et-een the
fathe& and the mothe&' See!n" h!m dead$ the, -e#t$
and ha.!n" taken the fesh as des+&!%ed a%o.e$ the,
de#a&ted' Be+a)se that fesh of the!& son -as &e#)s!.e
to them fo& n!ne &easons$ !t -as not eaten fo&
en*o,ment no& fo& !nto(!+at!on no& fo& mak!n" :the
%od,> st&on" and %ea)t!f)$ %)t on, fo& the #)&#ose of
+&oss!n" o)t of the dese&t'
/o& -hat n!ne &easons -as !t &e#)s!.e4 Be+a)se !t -as
the fesh of the!& o-n offs#&!n"$ the fesh of a &eat!.e$
the fesh of a son$ the fesh of a dea& son$ the fesh of
a ,o)n"ste&$ &a- fesh$ not %eef$ )nsated$ )ns#!+ed'
The&efo&e the %h!kkh) -ho sees the n)t&!ment
#h,s!+a food th)s$ as s!m!a& to son@s fesh$ e!m!nates
the des!&e fo& !t'MPPN
Th!s$ !n the f!&st #a+e$ !s the !nte&#&etat!on of the
mean!n" of the s!m!e of son@s fesh'
Then$ as &e"a&ds the s!m!e of the fa,ed +o-1 If a +o-
-e&e st&!##ed of !ts sk!n f&om the ne+k to the hoo.es
and then set f&ee$ -hate.e& !t -o)d &est )#on -o)d
%e+ome a %as!s of #a!n fo& !t$ s!n+e !t -o)d %e %!tten
%, the sma +&eat)&es !.!n" the&e'MPIN So too$
-hate.e& #h,s!+a %as!s o& o%*e+t +onta+t stands )#on
as !ts s)##o&t %e+omes a %as!s fo& the fet #a!n
o&!"!nat!n" f&om that %as!s o& o%*e+t'MPLN The&efo&e a
%h!kkh) -ho sees the n)t&!ment +onta+t th)s$ as
s!m!a& to a fa,ed +o-$ e!m!nates the des!&e fo& !t'
Th!s !s the !nte&#&etat!on of the mean!n" of the s!m!e
of the fa,ed +o-'
Then$ as &e"a&ds the s!m!e of the +ha&+oa #!t1MPEN
The th&ee &eams of %e!n" a&e !ke a +ha&+oa #!t !n the
sense of a "&eat %)&n!n" heat :!t'$ a "&eat fe.e&>' =!ke
the t-o men -ho "&a% hod :of a -eake& man> %, %oth
h!s a&ms and d&a" h!m to-a&ds !t$ !s menta .o!t!on !n
the sense that !t d&a"s one to-a&ds the &eams of
%e!n"' The&efo&e a %h!kkh) -ho sees the n)t&!ment
menta .o!t!on th)s$ as s!m!a& to a +ha&+oa #!t$
e!m!nates the des!&e fo& !t' Th!s !s the !nte&#&etat!on of
the mean!n" of the s!m!e of the +ha&+oa #!t'
Then$ as &e"a&ds the s!m!e of the man st&)+k -!th
th&ee h)nd&ed s#ea&s1MPDN The h)nd&ed s#ea&s that
st&!ke the man !n the mo&n!n" make a h)nd&ed -o)nd
o#en!n"s !n h!s %od,$ and -!tho)t &ema!n!n" !ns!de
the, #!e&+e th&o)"h and fa on the othe& s!de5 and so
-!th the othe& t-o h)nd&ed s#ea&s as -e' Th)s h!s
-hoe %od, !s +)t a"a!n and a"a!n %, the s#ea&s -h!+h
+ome -!tho)t #!e&+!n" h!m !n a #a+e -he&e anothe&
has a&ead, st&)+k' The&e !s no meas)&!n" the #a!n
a&!sen !n h!m f&om e.en one of the -o)nd o#en!n"s$
not to s#eak of th&ee h)nd&ed -o)nd o#en!n"s'
The&e!n$ the t!me of the "ene&at!on of the &e%!&th?
!nk!n" +ons+!o)sness !s !ke the t!me of %e!n" st&)+k
%, a s#ea&' The #&od)+t!on of the a""&e"ates !s !ke
the #&od)+t!on of the -o)nd o#en!n"s' The a&!s!n" of
the .a&!o)s k!nds of s)ffe&!n" &ooted !n the &o)nd :of
e(!sten+e> on+e the a""&e"ates ha.e %een %o&n !s !ke
the a&!s!n" of s)ffe&!n" on a++o)nt of the -o)nd
o#en!n"s'
Anothe& method of !nte&#&etat!on :!s as foo-s>1 The
&e%!&th?!nk!n" +ons+!o)sness !s !ke the th!ef' H!s
menta!t,?mate&!a!t, +ond!t!oned %, +ons+!o)sness !s
!ke the -o)nd o#en!n"s +&eated %, the st&!k!n" of the
s#ea&s' The a&!s!n" of the .a&!o)s k!nds of s)ffe&!n" %,
-a, of the th!&t,?t-o t,#es of to&t)&e and the e!"ht,?
n!ne t,#es of d!seases !n &e"a&d to +ons+!o)sness
+ond!t!oned %, menta!t,?mate&!a!t, ?? th!s sho)d %e
&e"a&ded as !ke the a&!s!n" of se.e&e #a!n fo& that
man +ond!t!oned %, the -o)nd o#en!n"s'
The&efo&e a %h!kkh) -ho sees the n)t&!ment
+ons+!o)sness th)s$ as s!m!a& to one st&)+k %, th&ee
h)nd&ed s#ea&s$ e!m!nates the des!&e fo& !t' Th!s !s the
!nte&#&etat!on of the mean!n" of the s!m!e of the man
st&)+k %, th&ee h)nd&ed s#ea&s'
/) Unde&stand!n"
Th)s %, e!m!nat!n" des!&e !n &e"a&d to these
n)t&!ments$ he aso f), )nde&stands these fo)&
n)t&!ments' 2hen these ha.e %een f), )nde&stood$
the ent!&e %as!s :fo& them> has aso %een f),
)nde&stood' /o& th!s has %een sa!d %, the Bessed One
:S'JF1EP/!!$GG?JKK>1
Bh!kkh)s$ -hen the n)t&!ment #h,s!+a food has %een
f), )nde&stood$ )st fo& the f!.e +o&ds of sens)a
#eas)&e has %een f), )nde&stood' 2hen )st fo& the
f!.e +o&ds of sens)a #eas)&e has %een f),
)nde&stood$ the&e e(!sts no mo&e an, fette& %o)nd %,
-h!+h the no%e d!s+!#e m!"ht +ome %a+k to th!s
-o&d'
Bh!kkh)s$ -hen the n)t&!ment +onta+t has %een f),
)nde&stood$ the th&ee fee!n"s ha.e %een f),
)nde&stood' 2hen the th&ee fee!n"s ha.e %een f),
)nde&stood$ the&e !s noth!n" f)&the& fo& the no%e
d!s+!#e to do$ I sa,'
Bh!kkh)s$ -hen the n)t&!ment menta .o!t!on has
%een f), )nde&stood$ the th&ee k!nds of +&a.!n" ha.e
%een f), )nde&stood' 2hen the th&ee k!nds of
+&a.!n" ha.e %een f), )nde&stood$ the&e !s noth!n"
f)&the& fo& the no%e d!s+!#e to do$ I sa,'
Bh!kkh)s$ -hen the n)t&!ment +ons+!o)sness has %een
f), )nde&stood$ menta!t,?mate&!a!t, has %een f),
)nde&stood' 2hen menta!t,?mate&!a!t, has %een f),
)nde&stood$ the&e !s noth!n" f)&the& fo& the no%e
d!s+!#e to do$ I sa,'
The A&!s!n" and 8essat!on of N)t&!ment
2!th the a&!s!n" of +&a.!n" the&e !s the a&!s!n" of
n)t&!ment :tanhasam)da,a aha&asam)da,o>1 Th!s !s
the mean!n"1 B2!th the a&!s!n" of +&a.!n" !n the
#&e.!o)s :e(!sten+e> the a&!s!n" of the n)t&!ments
o++)&s at &e%!&th?!nk!n" :!n th!s e(!sten+e>'B Ho-4
Be+a)se at the moment of &e%!&th?!nk!n" the&e !s the
n)t&!t!.e essen+e #&od)+ed amon" the th!&t, t,#es of
mate&!a!t, that ha.e a&!sen %, -a, of t&!#e
+ont!n)!t,'MPCN Th!s !s the kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed
#h,s!+a food as n)t&!ment #&od)+ed %, +&a.!n" as !ts
+ond!t!on' B)t the +onta+t and .o!t!on asso+!ated -!th
the &e%!&th?!nk!n" +ons+!o)sness$ and that m!nd o&
+ons+!o)sness !tsef ?? these a&e the kamm!+a,
a+0)!&ed n)t&!ments of +onta+t$ menta .o!t!on and
+ons+!o)sness #&od)+ed %, +&a.!n" as the!& +ond!t!on'
Th)s$ !n the f!&st #a+e$ the a&!s!n" of the n)t&!ments
at &e%!&th?!nk!n" sho)d %e )nde&stood as o++)&&!n"
-!th the a&!s!n" of +&a.!n" !n the #&e.!o)s e(!sten+e'
B)t %e+a)se the n)t&!ments that a&e kamm!+a,
a+0)!&ed and those that a&e not kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed
ha.e %een d!s+)ssed he&e +om%!ned$ :the #&!n+!#e of>
the a&!s!n" of n)t&!ment -!th the a&!s!n" of +&a.!n"
sho)d %e )nde&stood to a##, aso to those that a&e
not kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed' /o& the&e !s n)t&!t!.e essen+e
!n the k!nds of mate&!a!t, that a&e a&o)sed %, the
e!"ht t,#es of +ons+!o)sness a++om#an!ed %, "&eed5
MPGN th!s !s the n)t&!ment #h,s!+a food that !s not
kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed ,et !s #&od)+ed %, +onas+ent
+&a.!n" as !ts +ond!t!on' B)t the +onta+t and .o!t!on
asso+!ated -!th the +ons+!o)sness a++om#an!ed %,
"&eed$ and that m!nd o& +ons+!o)sness !tsef ?? these
a&e the n)t&!ments of +onta+t$ menta .o!t!on and
+ons+!o)sness that a&e not kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed ,et
a&e #&od)+ed %, +&a.!n" as the!& +ond!t!on'
2!th the +essat!on of +&a.!n" the&e !s +essat!on of
n)t&!ment :tanhan!&odha aha&an!&odho>1 B, th!s the&e
!s set fo&th the +essat!on of n)t&!ment %, the +essat!on
of the +&a.!n" that had %e+ome the +ond!t!on fo& %oth
n)t&!ment that !s kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed and that -h!+h
!s not kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed' The &est :sho)d %e
)nde&stood> %, the method stated$ %)t the&e !s th!s
d!ffe&en+e' He&e the fo)& t&)ths a&e stated d!&e+t,$
and as he&e$ so !n a the foo-!n" se+t!ons' The&efo&e
one -ho !s )n+onf)sed !n m!nd +an ded)+e the t&)ths
th&o)"ho)t !n -hat foo-s'MIKN
JF' And !n a the foo-!n" se+t!ons the de!m!t!n"
#h&ase In that -a, too$ f&!ends :etta.ata #! kho
a.)so> sho)d %e +onst&)ed a++o&d!n" to the #&!n+!#e
that has %een e(#o)nded' He&e$ !n the f!&st #a+e$ th!s
!s the !nte&#&etat!on of !t :!n the #&esent +onte(t>' BIn
that -a, tooB1 -hat !s meant !s1 Bthe attent!on and
#enet&at!on stated %, -a, of the tea+h!n" +on+e&n!n"
n)t&!ment'B The same method th&o)"ho)t'
The /o)& No%e T&)ths
JI' No-$ de!"ht!n" and &e*o!+!n" !n the Ede&@s -o&ds$
afte& sa,!n" as %efo&e BGood$ f&!end$B the %h!kkh)s
asked a f)&the& 0)est!on$ and the Ede& ans-e&ed
them %, anothe& e(#os!t!on' Th!s method !s fo)nd !n
a the foo-!n" se+t!ons' The&efo&e$ f&om he&e
on-a&ds$ -e sha e(#a!n the mean!n" on, of the
#a&t!+)a& e(#os!t!on he states !n &e#,$ -!tho)t
to)+h!n" )#on s)+h -o&ds :as a&e a&ead, e(#a!ned>'
JL' In the %&!ef e(#os!t!on of th!s tea+h!n"$ !n the
#h&ase :he> )nde&stands s)ffe&!n" :d)kkham
#a*anat!>$ Bs)ffe&!n"B !s the t&)th of s)ffe&!n"' B)t
&e"a&d!n" the deta!ed e(#os!t!on$ -hate.e& needs to
%e sa!d has a %een sa!d a&ead, !n the <!s)ddh!ma""a
!n the Des+&!#t!on of the T&)ths :Q<I$JP?JKI>'
A"!n" and Death
FJ' /&om he&e on-a&ds the tea+h!n" !s "!.en %, -a,
of de#endent a&!s!n" :#at!++a sam)##ada>'
FF' The&e!n$ !n the se+t!on on a"!n" and death$ f!&st,
as to the te&m the!& :tesam tesam> ?? th!s sho)d %e
)nde&stood as a +oe+t!.e des!"nat!on !n %&!ef fo& the
man, k!nds of %e!n"s' /o& !f one -e&e to state :the
a"!n" of !nd!.!d)as s)+h as> the a"!n" of De.adatta$
the a"!n" of Somadatta$ et+'$ one -o)d ne.e& +ome
to an end of %e!n"s' B)t the&e !s no %e!n" not !n+)ded
%, th!s te&m Bthe!&'BMIJN The&efo&e !t -as sa!d a%o.e1
BTh!s sho)d %e )nde&stood as a +oe+t!.e des!"nat!on
!n %&!ef fo& the man, k!nds of %e!n"s'B
In the .a&!o)s :tamh! tamh!>1 Th!s !s a +oe+t!.e
des!"nat!on fo& the man, :d!ffe&ent> o&de&s %, -a, of
dest!n, and %!&th' O&de&s of %e!n"s :sattan!ka,e>1 an
!nd!+at!on of the nat)&e of -hat !s des!"nated %, the
+oe+t!.e des!"nat!on'
A"!n"$ od a"e :*a&a *!&anata>$ et+'1 As &e"a&ds these$
Ba"!n"B !s the des+&!#t!on of the nat)&e5 Bod a"eB !s
the des+&!#t!on of the as#e+t5 B%&okenness$B et+'$ a&e
des+&!#t!ons of the f)n+t!on -!th &es#e+t to the
#assa"e of t!me5 and the ast t-o te&ms a&e
des+&!#t!ons of the no&ma :#&o+ess>' /o& th!s !s
!nd!+ated as to nat)&e %, th!s te&m a"!n" :*a&a>5 hen+e
th!s !s a des+&!#t!on of !ts nat)&e' It !s !nd!+ated as to
as#e+t %, th!s te&m od a"e :*!&anata>5 hen+e th!s !s a
des+&!#t!on of !ts as#e+t' B&okenness :khand!++a>1 %,
th!s !t !s !nd!+ated as to the f)n+t!on of +a)s!n" the
%&oken state of teeth and na!s on a++o)nt of the
#assa"e of t!me' G&a,ness :#a!++a>1 %, th!s !t !s
!nd!+ated as to the f)n+t!on of +a)s!n" the head ha!&s
and %od, ha!&s to t)&n "&a,' 2&!nk!n" :.a!tta+ata>1
%, th!s !t !s !nd!+ated as to the -&!nked state of the
sk!n afte& the -!the&!n" of the fesh' Hen+e the th&ee
te&ms %e"!nn!n" -!th %&okenness a&e des+&!#t!ons of
f)n+t!on -!th &es#e+t to the #assa"e of t!me' B, these
e.!dent a"!n" !s sho-n$ -h!+h %e+omes e.!dent %, the
sho-!n" of these ate&at!ons' /o& *)st as the +o)&se
taken %, -ate& o& -!nd o& f!&e !s e.!dent f&om the
dama"ed and %&oken state$ o& the %)&nt state$ of the
"&ass and t&ees$ et+'$ and ,et the +o)&se that has
%een taken !s not the -ate&$ et+'$ !tsef$ so too the
+o)&se taken %, a"!n" !s e.!dent th&o)"h %&okenness
of teeth$ et+'$ and !t !s a##&ehended %, o#en!n" the
e,es$ %)t the %&okenness$ et+'$ themse.es a&e not
a"!n"$ no& !s a"!n" +o"n!za%e %, the e,e'
De+!ne of !fe$ -eakness of fa+)t!es :a,)no samhan!
!nd&!,anam #a&!#ako>1 B, these te&ms !t !s !nd!+ated
%, means of the no&ma :#&o+ess> kno-n as the
e(ha)st!on of the !fe?s#an and the -eaken!n" of the
e,e fa+)t,$ et+'$ that has %e+ome man!fest -!th the
#assa"e of t!me' Hen+e these ast t-o a&e to %e
)nde&stood as des+&!#t!ons of !ts no&ma :#&o+ess>'
The&e!n$ %e+a)se the !fe?s#an of one -ho has &ea+hed
a"!n" !s d-!nd!n"$ a"!n" !s +aed Bde+!ne of !feB as a
meta#ho& :fo& the +a)se stated !n te&ms> of !ts effe+t'
And %e+a)se the e,e fa+)t,$ et+' ?? -h!+h at the t!me
of ,o)th -e&e 0)!te +ea& and +o)d eas!, "&as# e.en
s)%te o%*e+ts ?? %e+ome def!+!ent$ o%s+)&e$ )na%e to
"&as# e.en "&oss o%*e+ts -hen one has &ea+hed od
a"e$ the&efo&e !t !s +aed B-eakness of fa+)t!esB aso
as a meta#ho& :fo& the +a)se stated !n te&ms> of !ts
effe+t'
Th!s a"!n"$ th)s des+&!%ed$ !s a of t-o k!nds$ e.!dent
and +on+eaed' The&e!n$ the a"!n" of mate&!a
#henomena$ sho-n %, %&okenness$ et+'$ !s +aed
e.!dent a"!n" :#akata*a&a>' B)t !n the +ase of
!mmate&!a #henomena$ %e+a)se the!& ate&at!on !n
s)+h a -a, !s not .!s!%e$ the!& a"!n" !s +aed
+on+eaed a"!n" :#at!++hanna*a&a>' The&e!n$ the
%&okenness that !s seen !s s!m#, +oo& :.anna>
%e+a)se of the ease of +om#&ehend!n" s)+h th!n"s as
the teeth$ et+' Ha.!n" seen th!s -!th the e,e and
&efe+ted on !t -!th the m!nd doo&$ one kno-s a"!n"
th)s1 BThese teeth ha.e %een aff!+ted %, a"!n"$B *)st
as one kno-s the e(!sten+e of -ate& %eo- -hen one
has not!+ed the heads of +o-s$ et+'$ %o)nd to the
#a+e -he&e the -ate& !s o+ated'
A"a!n$ a"!n" !s t-ofod th)s1 as +ont!n)o)s and as
d!s+&ete' The&e!n$ +ont!n)o)s a"!n" :a.!+!*a&a> !s the
a"!n" of s)+h th!n"s as "ems$ "od$ s!.e&$ +o&a$ the
s)n and moon$ et+'5 !t !s so +aed %e+a)se of the
d!ff!+)t, of #e&+e!.!n" !n s)+h th!n"s d!st!n+t +han"es
!n +oo&$ et+'$ at &e")a& !nte&.as$ as -e +an !n the
+ase of !.!n" %e!n"s #ass!n" th&o)"h the de+ade of
+h!dhood$ et+'$ and !n the +ase of .e"etat!on :!t' non?
%&eath!n" th!n"s> s)+h as fo-e&s$ f&)!ts$ %)ds$ et+'
The mean!n" !s1 a"!n" that #&o"&esses -!tho)t
!nte&.a' D!s+&ete a"!n" :sa.!+!*a&a> !s the a"!n" of the
th!n"s othe& than those$ !'e' of the afo&esa!d th!n"s
:!.!n" %e!n"s and .e"etat!on>5 !t !s so +aed %e+a)se
!t !s eas, to #e&+e!.e !n them d!st!n+t +han"es !n +oo&$
et+'$ at &e")a& !nte&.as' So !t sho)d %e )nde&stood'
/oo-!n" th!s :!n the def!n!t!on of death> the te&m
the!& :tesam tesam> sho)d %e )nde&stood %, the
method stated a%o.e :!n the def!n!t!on of a"!n">'
Then$ !n the e(#&ess!on #ass!n"$ #ass!n" a-a,$ et+'$
#ass!n" :+)t!> !s sa!d %, -a, of -hat has the nat)&e to
#ass a-a,5 th!s !s a +oe+t!.e des!"nat!on :a##,!n">
to one?$ fo)&?$ and f!.e?a""&e"ate :e(!sten+e>' 9ass!n"
a-a, :+a.anata> !s the !nd!+at!on of the +ha&a+te&!st!+
%, a -o&d e(#&ess!n" the a%st&a+t state' D!sso)t!on
:%heda> !s an !nd!+at!on of the o++)&&en+e of the
%&eak!n" )# of the a""&e"ates :at the t!me> of
#ass!n"' D!sa##ea&an+e :anta&adhana> !s an !nd!+at!on
of the a%sen+e of an, manne& of #e&s!sten+e of the
a""&e"ates :at the t!me> of #ass!n"$ as the, a&e
%&oken !ke a %&oken #ot'
D,!n" :ma++) ma&ana>1 death -h!+h !s +aed d,!n"'
B, th!s he &e*e+ts the !dea of death as +om#ete
ann!h!at!on' 8om#et!on of t!me :kaak!&!,a>1 t!me !s
the dest&o,e&$ and th!s :+om#et!on of t!me> !s !ts
a+t!.!t,' B, th!s he e(#a!ns death !n +on.ent!ona
te&m!noo",'
No-$ to e(#a!n death !n :te&ms .a!d !n> the )t!mate
sense$ he ne(t sa,s the d!sso)t!on of the a""&e"ates
:khandhanam %hedo>$ et+'MIFN /o& !n the )t!mate
sense !t !s on, the a""&e"ates that %&eak )#5 !t !s not
an, so +aed %e!n" that d!es' B)t -hen the
a""&e"ates a&e %&eak!n" )# +on.ent!on sa,s Ba %e!n"
!s d,!n"$B and -hen the, ha.e %&oken )# +on.ent!on
sa,s B:he !s> dead'B
He&e the d!sso)t!on of the a""&e"ates !s sa!d %, -a,
of fo)&? Mand f!.e?N +onst!t)ent %e!n"5 the a,!n" do-n
of the %od, :kae.a&assa n!kkhe#o> %, -a, of one?
+onst!t)ent %e!n"'MIPN O& ate&nat!.e,$ the d!sso)t!on
of the a""&e"ates !s sa!d %, -a, of fo)&?+onst!t)ent
%e!n"5 the a,!n" do-n of the %od, sho)d %e
)nde&stood %, -a, of the othe& t-o :!'e' one? and
f!.e?+onst!t)ent %e!n">' 2h,4 Be+a)se of the
e(!sten+e of the %od,$ that !s$ the mate&!a %od,$ !n
those t-o &eams of %e!n"' O& ese$ %e+a)se !n the
&eam of the /o)& G&eat K!n"s$ et+'$ the a""&e"ates
s!m#, %&eak )# and the, do not a, an,th!n" do-n$
the d!sso)t!on of the a""&e"ates !s sa!d -!th &efe&en+e
to them'MIIN The a,!n" do-n of the %od, o++)&s
amon" h)man %e!n"s$ et+' And he&e$ %e+a)se !t !s the
+a)se fo& the a,!n" do-n of the %od,$ death !s +aed
the a,!n" do-n of the %od,' Th)s the mean!n" sho)d
%e )nde&stood'
So th!s a"!n" and th!s death a&e -hat !s +aed a"!n"
and death :!t! a,an +a *a&a !dan +a ma&anam !dam
.)++at@a.)so *a&ama&anam>1 th!s !s s#oken of as
Ba"!n" and deathB %, +om%!n!n" the t-o !nto one'
B!&th
FE' In the se+t!on on %!&th$ !n &e"a&d to the #h&ase
%!&th$ ' ' ' the!& +om!n" to %!&th$ et+'$ %!&th :*at!> !s !n
the sense of %e!n" %o&n5 th!s !s stated -!th &efe&en+e
to those :+on+e!.ed> -!th !n+om#ete sense %ases'
8om!n" to %!&th :san*at!> !s !n the sense of the a+t of
+om!n" to %!&th5 th!s !s stated -!th &efe&en+e to those
:+on+e!.ed> -!th a&ead, +om#ete sense %ases'
9&e+!#!tat!on :o& des+ent$ okkant!> !s !n the sense of
%e!n" #&e+!#!tated :des+end!n">' Th!s !s stated -!th
&efe&en+e to those %o&n f&om the e"" and f&om the
-om%$ fo& the, take &e%!&th?!nk!n" as tho)"h
des+end!n" and ente&!n" the e"" she o& the #a+enta'
Gene&at!on :a%h!n!%%att!> !s !n the sense of %e!n"
"ene&ated' Th!s !s stated -!th &efe&en+e to those %o&n
f&om mo!st)&e o& those of s#ontaneo)s %!&th$ fo& these
a&e "ene&ated as soon as the, %e+ome man!fest'
No- +omes the e(#os!t!on !n :te&ms .a!d !n> the
)t!mate sense' Man!festat!on :#at)%ha.a> !s the
a&!s!n"' Of the a""&e"ates :khandhanam> !s to %e
)nde&stood as :the a&!s!n"> of one a""&e"ate !n the
one?+onst!t)ent &eam of %e!n"$ of fo)& a""&e"ates !n
fo)&?+onst!t)ent &eams$ and of f!.e a""&e"ates !n f!.e?
+onst!t)ent &eams' O%ta!n!n" :#at!a%ha> !s the
man!festat!on !n +ont!n)!t,' The %ases :a,atananam>
sho)d %e )nde&stood as +om#&!s!n" the sense %ases
a&!s!n" :at +on+e#t!on> !n th!s o& that &eam' /o& -hen
the sense %ases %e+ome man!fest$ then the, a&e sa!d
to %e o%ta!ned'
Th!s !s +aed %!&th :a,am .)++at@a.)so *at!>1 %, th!s
#h&ase he +omes to the +on+)s!on on %!&th ta)"ht !n
%oth +on.ent!ona te&ms and !n the )t!mate sense'
2!th the a&!s!n" of %e!n" :%ha.asam)da,a>1 %)t he&e
one sho)d )nde&stand kamm!+a, a+t!.e %e!n" as the
+ond!t!on fo& %!&th' The &est %, the method stated'
Be!n"
PK' In the se+t!on on %e!n"$ sense?s#he&e %e!n"
:kama%ha.a> !s kamm!+a, a+t!.e %e!n" and &es)tant
%e!n"' The&e!n$ kamm!+a, a+t!.e %e!n"
:kamma%ha.a> !s kamma !tsef that eads to sense?
s#he&e %e!n"' /o& that !s +aed B%e!n"B as a
des!"nat!on of the +a)se !n te&ms of !ts effe+t$ %e+a)se
!t !s the +a)se fo& &es)tant %e!n"$ as -hen !t !s sa!d1
BThe a&!s!n" of B)ddhas !s %!ssB and BThe
a++)m)at!on of e.! !s #a!nf)B :Dh#' JGI$ JJD>'
Res)tant %e!n" :)#a#att!%ha.a> !s the "&o)# of
kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed a""&e"ates #&od)+ed %, that
kamma' /o& that !s +aed B%e!n"B %e+a)se !t e(!sts
the&e' Th)s th!s kamma and th!s &es)t a&e %oth
s#oken of +on*o!nt, as Bsense?s#he&e %e!n"'B The
same method a##!es to f!ne?mate&!a %e!n" and
!mmate&!a %e!n" :&)#a&)#a%ha.a>'
2!th the a&!s!n" of +!n"!n" :)#adanasam)da,a>1 B)t
he&e +!n"!n" !s a +ond!t!on fo& -hoesome kamm!+a,
a+t!.e %e!n" on, %, -a, of de+!s!.e s)##o&t5 !t !s a
+ond!t!on fo& )n-hoesome kamm!+a, a+t!.e %e!n" %,
-a, of %oth de+!s!.e s)##o&t and +onas+en+e'MILN /o&
a &es)tant %e!n" !t !s a +ond!t!on on, %, -a, of
de+!s!.e s)##o&t' The &est %, the method stated'
8!n"!n"
PI' In the se+t!on on +!n"!n"$ !n &e"a&d to the #h&ase
B+!n"!n" to sense #eas)&es$B et+'$ +!n"!n" to sense
#eas)&es :kam)#adana> !s ana,zed th)s1 %, th!s one
+!n"s to the o%*e+t of sens)a #eas)&e$ o& th!s !tsef
+!n"s to !t' O& ate&nat!.e,1 that !s a sens)a #eas)&e
and !t !s +!n"!n"$ th)s !t !s +!n"!n" to sens)a
#eas)&e' It !s f!&m "&as#!n" :daha"ahana> that !s
+aed +!n"!n"' /o& he&e the #&ef!( )#a has the sense
of f!&mness' Th!s !s a des!"nat!on fo& the )st fo& the
f!.e +o&ds of sens)a #eas)&e' Th!s !s the %&!ef a++o)nt
he&e' The deta!ed a++o)nt sho)d %e )nde&stood %,
the method stated th)s1 BThe&e!n$ -hat !s +!n"!n" to
sens)a #eas)&es4 The sens)a des!&e !n &e"a&d to
sens)a #eas)&es$B et+' :Dhs' Se+t!on JFJI>'
So too$ that !s a .!e- and +!n"!n"$ th)s !t !s +!n"!n" to
.!e-s :d!tth)#adana>' O& ate&nat!.e,1 !t +!n"s to a
.!e-$ o& %, th!s the, +!n" to a .!e-' /o& the
s)%se0)ent .!e- +!n"s to the #&e.!o)s .!e- and
the&e%, the, +!n" to the .!e-' As !t !s sa!d1 BSef and
the -o&d a&e ete&na5 on, th!s !s t&)e$ an,th!n" ese
!s fase$B et+' :M'JKF/!!$ FPP>' Th!s !s a des!"nat!on fo&
the -hoe f!ed of :-&on"> .!e-s e(+e#t +!n"!n" to
&!t)as and o%se&.an+es and +!n"!n" to a do+t&!ne of
sef'MIEN Th!s !s the %&!ef a++o)nt he&e' The deta!ed
a++o)nt sho)d %e )nde&stood %, the method stated
th)s1 BThe&e!n$ -hat !s +!n"!n" to .!e-s4 The&e !s
noth!n" "!.en$B et+' :Dhs' Se+t!on JFJL>'
So too$ %, th!s the, +!n" to &!t)as and o%se&.an+es$
o& th!s !tsef +!n"s to them$ o& that !s a &!t)a and
o%se&.an+e and +!n"!n"$ th)s !t !s +!n"!n" to &!t)as
and o%se&.an+es :s!a%%at)#adana>' /o& -hen one
adhe&es to the !dea that the +o- &!t)a o& +o-
o%se&.an+e %&!n"s #)&!f!+at!on$ that !tsef !s a +!n"!n"'
MIDN Th!s !s the %&!ef a++o)nt he&e' The deta!ed
a++o)nt sho)d %e )nde&stood %, the method stated
th)s1 BThe&e!n$ -hat !s +!n"!n" to &!t)as and
o%se&.an+es4 :The !dea> of &e+)ses and %&ahm!ns
o)ts!de he&e :!'e' o)ts!de the B)ddha@s d!s#ensat!on>
that #)&!t, :!s a+h!e.ed> %, &)es$B et+' :Dhs' Se+t!on
JFJE>'
No- the, asse&t !n te&ms of th!s$ th)s !t !s a do+t&!ne'
B, th!s the, +!n"$ th)s !t !s +!n"!n"' 2hat do the,
asse&t4 O& -hat do the, +!n" to4 Sef' The +!n"!n" to
a do+t&!ne a%o)t a sef !s the +!n"!n" to a do+t&!ne of
sef :atta.ad)#adana>' O& ate&nat!.e,1 %, th!s a me&e
do+t&!ne of sef !s +)n" to as sef$ th)s !t !s +!n"!n" to
a do+t&!ne of sef' Th!s !s a des!"nat!on fo& #e&sona!t,
.!e- -!th !ts t-ent, +ases' Th!s !s the %&!ef a++o)nt
he&e' The deta!ed a++o)nt sho)d %e )nde&stood %,
the method stated th)s1 BThe&e!n$ -hat !s +!n"!n" to a
do+t&!ne of sef4 He&e$ the )n!nst&)+ted -o&d!n" -ho
has no &e"a&d fo& no%e ones$B et+' :Dhs' Se+t!on
JFJD>'
2!th the a&!s!n" of +&a.!n" :tanhasam)da,a>1 he&e$
+&a.!n" !s a +ond!t!on fo& +!n"!n" to sens)a #eas)&es
e!the& %, -a, of de+!s!.e s)##o&t o& %, -a, of
#&o(!m!t,$ +ont!")!t,$ a%sen+e$ d!sa##ea&an+e and
&e#et!t!on'MICN B)t fo& the &est :!t !s a +ond!t!on> %,
-a, of +onas+en+e$ et+'$ too' The &est %, the method
stated'
8&a.!n"
PC' In the se+t!on on +&a.!n"$ +&a.!n" fo& fo&ms ' ' '
+&a.!n" fo& m!nd?o%*e+ts :&)#atanha ' ' '
dhammatanha>1 these a&e names fo& the k!nds of
+&a.!n" -h!+h o++)& !n the +o)&se of a *a.ana +o"n!t!.e
#&o+ess :*a.ana.!th!> !n the e,e doo&$ et+' =!ke a name
de&!.ed f&om the fathe&$ s)+h as Setth!#)tta
:Bme&+hant@s sonB> o& B&ahmana#)tta :B%&ahm!n@s
sonB>$ the!& names a&e de&!.ed f&om the o%*e+t$ -h!+h
!s s!m!a& to the fathe& Mas %e!n" the +a)se :het)> of !t
on,$ not as !s the +ase -!th Be,e?+onta+t$B -h!+h !s
!ke a name de&!.ed f&om the mothe& !n that :the e,e
!ke the mothe& !n &eat!on to he& son> !s a +a)se %, !ts
nat)&e as a #h,s!+a s)##o&t :n!ssa,a%ha.a>N'
And he&e$ +&a.!n" fo& fo&ms !s +&a.!n" that has fo&ms
as !ts o%*e+t$ +&a.!n" !n &e"a&d to fo&ms' 2hen th!s
o++)&s %, f!nd!n" "&at!f!+at!on !n .!s!%e fo&ms th&o)"h
!ts nat)&e as sens)a )st$ !t !s +&a.!n" fo& sens)a
#eas)&e :kamatanha>' 2hen !t o++)&s %, f!nd!n"
"&at!f!+at!on !n .!s!%e fo&ms$ th!nk!n" B/o&m !s
#e&manent$ ast!n"$ ete&na$B th&o)"h !ts nat)&e as )st
a++om#an!ed %, the ete&na!st .!e-$ then !t !s +&a.!n"
fo& %e!n" :%ha.atanha>' 2hen !t o++)&s %, f!nd!n"
"&at!f!+at!on !n .!s!%e fo&m$ th!nk!n" B/o&m !s
ann!h!ated$ dest&o,ed$ and does not e(!st afte&
death$B th&o)"h !ts nat)&e as )st a++om#an!ed %, the
ann!h!at!on!st .!e-$ then !t !s +&a.!n" fo& non?%e!n"
:.!%ha.atanha>' Th)s !t !s th&eefod' And as +&a.!n" fo&
fo&m$ so too +&a.!n" fo& so)nd$ et+'$ :a&e ea+h
th&eefod too>' Th)s the&e a&e e!"hteen modes of
+&a.!n"' These e!"hteen !n &es#e+t of !nte&na .!s!%e
fo&m$ et+'$ and !n &es#e+t of e(te&na .!s!%e fo&m$ et+'$
+ome to th!&t,?s!(' So th!&t,?s!( !n the #ast$ th!&t,?s!(
!n the f)t)&e$ and th!&t,?s!( at #&esent make )# a
h)nd&ed and e!"ht'
O& the&e a&e e!"hteen %ased on !nte&na fo&m$ et+'$
th)s1 BOn a++o)nt of the !nte&na the&e !s :the not!on>
@I am$@ the&e !s :the not!on> @I am s)+h and s)+h$@ B
and so on5 and the&e a&e e!"hteen %ased on e(te&na
fo&m$ et+'$ th)s1 BOn a++o)nt of the e(te&na the&e !s
:the not!on> @I am$@ the&e !s :the not!on> @I am s)+h
and s)+h$@ B and so on' Th)s the&e a&e th!&t,?s!(' So
th!&t,?s!( !n the #ast$ th!&t,?s!( !n the f)t)&e$ and
th!&t,?s!( at #&esent make )# th)s the h)nd&ed and
e!"ht modes of +&a.!n" :tanha.!+a&!tan!5 see A'
I1JGG/!!$ FJF>'
A"a!n$ -hen a +ass!f!+at!on !s made$ the, &ed)+e to
on, s!( +asses of +&a.!n" ?? !n te&ms of the!& o%*e+ts$
fo&ms and the &est ?? and to on, th&ee t,#es of
+&a.!n" ?? +&a.!n" fo& sens)a #eas)&e and the &est'
Th)s1
8&a.!n" sho)d %e kno-n %, the -!se
Th&o)"h des+&!#t!on and -hen des+&!%ed
In deta!5 !t :sho)d %e kno-n> a"a!n
Th&o)"h +ass!f!+at!on of the deta!'
2!th the a&!s!n" of fee!n" the&e !s the a&!s!n" of
+&a.!n" :.edanasam)da,a tanhasam)da,o>1 B)t he&e
the -o&d Bfee!n"B !s !ntended as &es)tant fee!n"'MIGN
Ho- !s that the +ond!t!on fo& +&a.!n" !n &es#e+t of the
s!( sense doo&s4 Be+a)se of !ts a%!!t, to #&od)+e
"&at!f!+at!on' /o& !t !s th&o)"h the "&at!f!+at!on !n
#easant fee!n" that %e!n"s %e+ome enamo&ed of that
fee!n"$ and afte& a&o)s!n" +&a.!n" fo& fee!n" and
%e!n" se!zed %, )st fo& fee!n"$ the, on" on, fo& a
des!&a%e .!s!%e fo&m !n the e,e doo&' And on "ett!n"
!t$ the, f!nd "&at!f!+at!on !n !t$ and the, hono& #a!nte&s$
et+'$ -ho #&o.!de s)+h o%*e+ts' =!ke-!se$ the, on"
on, fo& a des!&a%e so)nd$ et+'$ !n the ea& doo&$ et+'
And on "ett!n" !t$ the, f!nd "&at!f!+at!on !n !t$ and the,
hono& m)s!+!ans$ #e&f)me make&s$ +ooks$ s#!nne&s
and the tea+he&s of the .a&!o)s +&afts' =!ke -hat4 =!ke
those -ho$ %e!n" enamo&ed of a +h!d$ o)t of o.e fo&
the +h!d hono& the -et?n)&se and "!.e he& s)!ta%e
"hee$ m!k$ et+'$ to eat and d&!nk' The &est %, the
method stated'
/ee!n"
IF' In the se+t!on on fee!n"$ +asses of fee!n"
:.edanaka,a> means "&o)#s of fee!n"' /ee!n" %o&n of
e,e?+onta+t ' ' ' fee!n" %o&n of m!nd?+onta+t
:+akkh)sam#hassa*a .edana ' ' ' manosam#hassa*a
.edana>1 %e+a)se of -hat has +ome do-n !n the
<!%han"a th)s1 BThe&e !s fee!n" %o&n of e,e?+onta+t
that !s -hoesome$ that !s )n-hoesome$ that !s
!ndete&m!nateB :<!%h' JL>$ the -hoesome$
)n-hoesome and !ndete&m!nate fee!n"s that o++)& !n
the e,e doo&$ et+'$ a&e named afte& the #h,s!+a %ase$
-h!+h !s s!m!a& to a mothe&$ *)st as some a&e named
afte& the!& mothe&$ s)+h as BSa&!#)tta :=ad, Sa&!@s
son>$B BMantan!#)tta :=ad, Mantan!@s son>$B et+'
B)t the -o&d mean!n" he&e !s th!s1 fee!n" %o&n of
e,e?+onta+t :+akkh)sam#hassa*a .edana> !s fee!n"
that !s %o&n -!th e,e?+onta+t as the +a)se' The same
method th&o)"ho)t' Th!s$ !n the f!&st #a+e$ !s the a?
!n+)s!.e e(#anat!on' B)t %, -a, of &es)tant$ !n the
e,e?doo& the&e a&e t-o e,e?+ons+!o)snesses$ t-o
m!nd eements$ th&ee m!nd?+ons+!o)sness eements5
fee!n" sho)d %e )nde&stood as -hat !s asso+!ated
-!th these'MLKN Th!s method aso a##!es !n the ea&
doo&$ et+' In the m!nd doo&$ :fee!n"> !s asso+!ated
on, -!th the m!nd?+ons+!o)sness eements'
2!th the a&!s!n" of +onta+t :#hassasam)da,a>1 B)t
he&e the a&!s!n" !n the f!.e doo&s of the fee!n"s that
ha.e the f!.e #h,s!+a %ases :as the!& s)##o&t> o++)&s
-!th the a&!s!n" of the +onas+ent e,e?+onta+t' /o& the
&est$ e,e?+onta+t$ et+'$ a&e +ond!t!ons %, -a, of
de+!s!.e s)##o&t' In the m!nd doo&$ the a&!s!n" of
fee!n"s :on the o++as!on> of &e"!st&at!on and of the
doo&ess fee!n"s :on the o++as!ons> of &e%!&th?!nk!n"$
!fe?+ont!n))m and death o++)&s -!th the a&!s!n" of the
+onas+ent m!nd?+onta+t'MLJN The &est %, the method
stated'
8onta+t
IE' In the se+t!on on +onta+t$ e,e?+onta+t
:+akkh)sam#hassa> !s +onta+t !n the e,e' The same
method th&o)"ho)t' E,e?+onta+t ' ' ' %od,?+onta+t
:+akkh)sam#hasso ' ' ' ka,asam#hasso>1 )# to th!s
#o!nt ten k!nds of +onta+t ha.e %een stated$ name,$
the -hoesome? and )n-hoesome?&es)tants ha.!n"
the f!.e #h,s!+a %ases :as the!& s)##o&t>' M!nd?
+onta+t :manosam#hassa>1 %, th!s :he !nd!+ates> the
&ema!n!n" t-ent,?t-o k!nds of +onta+t asso+!ated -!th
the m)ndane &es)tant :t,#es of +ons+!o)sness>'MLFN
2!th the a&!s!n" of the s!(fod %ase
:saa,atanasam)da,a>1 The a&!s!n" of th!s s!(fod
+onta+t sho)d %e )nde&stood to o++)& %, -a, of the
a&!s!n" of the s!( %ases %e"!nn!n" -!th the e,e?%ase'
The &est %, the method stated'
The S!(fod Base
LK' In the se+t!on on the s!(fod %ase$ as &e"a&ds the
e,e?%ase :+akkha,atana>$ et+'$ -hate.e& sho)d %e
sa!d has a %een sa!d a&ead, !n the <!s)ddh!ma""a !n
the Des+&!#t!on of the A""&e"ates and !n the
Des+&!#t!on of the Bases :QI<$ PD?LF5 Q<$ J?JE>'
2!th the a&!s!n" of menta!t,?mate&!a!t,
:nama&)#asam)da,a>1 B)t he&e the a&!s!n" of the
s!(fod %ase sho)d %e )nde&stood to o++)& f&om the
a&!s!n" of menta!t,?mate&!a!t, a++o&d!n" to the
method stated !n the <!s)ddh!ma""a !n the
Des+&!#t!on of De#endent A&!s!n"$ as to -h!+h
menta!t,$ -h!+h mate&!a!t,$ and -h!+h menta!t,?
mate&!a!t, a&e a +ond!t!on fo& -h!+h %ase :Q<II$ FKE?
FJG>'
Menta!t,?Mate&!a!t,
LI' In the se+t!on on menta!t,?mate&!a!t,$ menta!t,
:nama> has the +ha&a+te&!st!+ of %end!n" :namana>5
mate&!a!t, :&)#a> has the +ha&a+te&!st!+ of %e!n"
moested :&)##ana>'MLPN In the deta!ed se+t!on$
ho-e.e&$ fee!n" :.edana> !s to %e )nde&stood as the
fee!n" a""&e"ate$ #e&+e#t!on :sanna> as the
#e&+e#t!on a""&e"ate$ and .o!t!on$ +onta+t and
attent!on :+etana #hasso manas!ka&o> as the
fo&mat!ons a""&e"ate' 2h!e !t !s +e&ta!n, the +ase
that othe& states a&e !n+)ded !n the fo&mat!ons
a""&e"ate$ st! these th&ee a&e fo)nd !n a +asses of
+ons+!o)sness$ e.en the -eakest' That !s -h, the
fo&mat!ons a""&e"ate !s he&e #o!nted o)t on, %,
means of these th&ee'
The fo)& "&eat eements :+atta&! maha%h)tan!>1 th!s !s
a des!"nat!on fo& the fo)& ?? ea&th$ -ate&$ f!&e and a!&'
The &eason -h, these a&e +aed B"&eat eements$B and
othe& dete&m!nat!ons +on+e&n!n" them$ a&e a stated
!n the <!s)ddh!ma""a !n the Des+&!#t!on of the
Mate&!a!t, A""&e"ate'MLIN
De&!.ed f&om the fo)& "&eat eements :+at)nnan +a
maha%h)tanam )#ada,a>1 de&!.ed f&om :)#ada,a> R
ha.!n" +)n" to :)#ada,!t.a>5 Bha.!n" "&as#edB !s the
mean!n"' Some aso sa, Bde#end!n" )#onB :n!ssa,a>'
And he&e the &ead!n" !s +om#eted %, add!n" the -o&d
Be(!st!n"B :.attamanam>' The 9a! )ses the "en!t!.e :!n
the te&m fo& the eements> !n the sense of a "&o)#'
Hen+e the mean!n" he&e sho)d %e )nde&stood th)s1
the mate&!a!t, that e(!sts de&!.ed f&om the "&o)# of
the fo)& "&eat eements'
Th)s mate&!a!t, taken ato"ethe& !s to %e )nde&stood
as +ons!st!n" of a the foo-!n"1 the fo)& "&eat
eements %e"!nn!n" -!th the ea&th eement$ and the
mate&!a!t, that e(!sts de&!.ed f&om the fo)& "&eat
eements$ stated !n the +anon!+a A%h!dhamma to %e
of t-ent,?th&ee k!nds %, ana,s!s !nto the e,e?%ase$
et+'MLLN
2!th the a&!s!n" of +ons+!o)sness :.!nnanasam)da,a>1
B)t he&e the a&!s!n" of menta!t,?mate&!a!t, sho)d %e
)nde&stood to o++)& -!th the a&!s!n" of +ons+!o)sness
a++o&d!n" to the method stated !n the <!s)ddh!ma""a
!n the Des+&!#t!on of De#endent A&!s!n"$ as to -h!+h
+ons+!o)sness !s a +ond!t!on fo& -h!+h menta!t,$ fo&
-h!+h mate&!a!t,$ and fo& -h!+h menta!t,?mate&!a!t,
:Q<II$ JCE?FKF>' The &est %, the method stated'
8ons+!o)sness
LC' In the se+t!on on +ons+!o)sness$ e,e?
+ons+!o)sness :+akkh).!nnana> !s +ons+!o)sness !n the
e,e o& +ons+!o)sness %o&n f&om the e,e' So aso -!th
ea&?$ nose?$ ton")e? and %od,?+ons+!o)sness' B)t -!th
the othe& one$ !'e' m!nd?+ons+!o)sness
:mano.!nnana>$ m!nd !tsef !s +ons+!o)sness' Th!s !s a
des!"nat!on fo& the &es)tant +ons+!o)sness of the
th&ee :m)ndane> #anes of e(!sten+e e(+e#t fo& the
t-o "&o)#s of f!.efod +ons+!o)sness'MLEN
2!th the a&!s!n" of fo&mat!ons :sankha&asam)da,a>1
B)t he&e the a&!s!n" of +ons+!o)sness sho)d %e
)nde&stood to o++)& -!th the a&!s!n" of fo&mat!ons
a++o&d!n" to the method stated !n the <!s)ddh!ma""a$
as to -h!+h fo&mat!on !s a +ond!t!on fo& -h!+h
+ons+!o)sness :Q<II$ JDL?JCL>'
/o&mat!ons
EF' In the se+t!on on fo&mat!ons$ a fo&mat!on
:sankha&a> has the +ha&a+te&!st!+ of fo&m!n"
:a%h!sankha&anaakkhana>' B)t !n the deta!ed se+t!on$
the %od!, fo&mat!on :ka,asankha&a> !s a fo&mat!on
that #&o+eeds f&om the %od,' Th!s !s a des!"nat!on fo&
the t-ent, k!nds of %od!, .o!t!on ?? the e!"ht sense?
s#he&e -hoesome and t-e.e )n-hoesome ?? that
o++)& %, -a, of a+t!.at!on !n the %od!, doo&'MLDN The
.e&%a fo&mat!on :.a+!sankha&a> !s a fo&mat!on that
#&o+eeds f&om s#ee+h' Th!s !s a des!"nat!on fo& the
:same> t-ent, k!nds of .e&%a .o!t!on that o++)& %,
-a, of %&eak!n" !nto s#ee+h !n the doo& of s#ee+h' The
menta fo&mat!on :+!ttasankha&a> !s a fo&mat!on that
#&o+eeds f&om the m!nd' Th!s !s a des!"nat!on fo& the
t-ent,?n!ne k!nds of menta .o!t!on ?? the m)ndane
-hoesome and )n-hoesome ?? that o++)& !n one
s!tt!n" aone !n tho)"ht$ and -h!+h do not +a)se
a+t!.at!on of the %od!, and .e&%a doo&s'MLCN
2!th the a&!s!n" of !"no&an+e :a.!**asam)da,a>1 B)t
he&e !"no&an+e sho)d %e )nde&stood as a +ond!t!on
fo& the -hoesome %, -a, of de+!s!.e s)##o&t and fo&
the )n-hoesome %, -a, of +onas+en+e as -e' The
&est %, the method stated'
I"no&an+e
EE' In the se+t!on on !"no&an+e$ not kno-!n" a%o)t
s)ffe&!n" :d)kkhe annanam> means not kno-!n"
a%o)t the t&)th of s)ffe&!n"' Th!s !s a des!"nat!on fo&
de)s!on :moha>' The same method -!th &es#e+t to
Bnot kno-!n" a%o)t the o&!"!n of s)ffe&!n"$B and so on'
He&e!n$ not kno-!n" a%o)t s)ffe&!n" sho)d %e
)nde&stood !n fo)& -a,s1 as to +onta!nment
:anto"adhato>$ as to #h,s!+a %as!s :.atth)to>$ as to
o%*e+t :a&ammanato>$ and as to +on+eament
:#at!++hadanato>' Th)s$ %e+a)se of %e!n" !n+)ded !n
the t&)th of s)ffe&!n"$ !t :Bnot kno-!n"B o& !"no&an+e>
!s +onta!ned !n s)ffe&!n"5 and the t&)th of s)ffe&!n" !s
!ts #h,s!+a %as!s %, %e!n" !ts s)##o&t +ond!t!on5 and
:the t&)th of s)ffe&!n"> !s !ts o%*e+t %, %e!n" !ts o%*e+t
+ond!t!on5 and !t +on+eas the t&)th of s)ffe&!n" %,
#&e.ent!n" the #enet&at!on of !ts &ea +ha&a+te&!st!+
and %, not ao-!n" kno-ed"e to o++)& !n &e"a&d to !t'
Not kno-!n" a%o)t the o&!"!n :of s)ffe&!n"> sho)d %e
)nde&stood !n th&ee -a,s1 as to #h,s!+a %as!s$ as to
o%*e+t$ and as to +on+eament' And not kno-!n" a%o)t
+essat!on and the -a, :to +essat!on> sho)d %e
)nde&stood !n one -a, on,1 as to +on+eament' /o&
non?kno-ed"e on, +on+eas +essat!on and the -a,
%, #&e.ent!n" the #enet&at!on of the!& &ea
+ha&a+te&!st!+s and %, not ao-!n" kno-ed"e to o++)&
!n &e"a&d to them' B)t !t !s not +onta!ned !n them
%e+a)se !t !s not !n+)ded !n th!s #a!& of t&)ths' And
these t-o t&)ths a&e not !ts #h,s!+a %as!s %e+a)se
the, a&e not +onas+ent' No& a&e the, !ts o%*e+t
%e+a)se of !ts non?o++)&&en+e on a++o)nt of them' /o&
the ast #a!& of t&)ths a&e d!ff!+)t to see %e+a)se of
the!& #&of)nd!t,$ and non?kno-ed"e$ -h!+h !s %!nd$
does not o++)& the&e' B)t the f!&st :#a!& of t&)ths> !s
#&ofo)nd !n the sense of o##os!t!on %e+a)se of the
d!ff!+)t, !n see!n" the +ha&a+te&!st!+ of the!& !nt&!ns!+
nat)&e5 !t o++)&s the&e %, -a, of o%sess!on %, the
#e&.e&s!ons'
/)&the&mo&e1 A%o)t s)ffe&!n" :d)kkhe>1 to th!s e(tent
!"no&an+e !s !nd!+ated as to !n+)s!on$ as to #h,s!+a
%as!s$ as to o%*e+t$ and as to f)n+t!on' A%o)t the
o&!"!n of s)ffe&!n" :d)kkhasam)da,e>1 to th!s e(tent$
as to %as!s$ as to o%*e+t$ and as to f)n+t!on' A%o)t the
+essat!on of s)ffe&!n" :d)kkhan!&odhe> and a%o)t the
-a, ead!n" to the +essat!on of s)ffe&!n"
:d)kkhan!&odha"am!n!,a #at!#ada,a>1 to th!s e(tent$
as to f)n+t!on' B)t -!tho)t d!st!n+t!on$ :!n ea+h
!nstan+e> !"no&an+e !s des+&!%ed !n te&ms of !ts
!nt&!ns!+ nat)&e %, the #h&ase Bnot kno-!n"'B
2!th the a&!s!n" of the ta!nts :asa.asam)da,a>1 B)t
he&e the ta!nt of sens)a des!&e and the ta!nt of %e!n"
a&e +ond!t!ons fo& !"no&an+e %, -a, of +onas+en+e$
et+'5 the ta!nt of !"no&an+e$ on, %, -a, of de+!s!.e
s)##o&t' And he&e the !"no&an+e that had a&!sen
#&e.!o)s, sho)d %e )nde&stood as the ta!nt of
!"no&an+e' That !s a de+!s!.e s)##o&t +ond!t!on fo& the
!"no&an+e that a&!ses s)%se0)ent,' The &est %, the
method stated'
The Ta!nts
DK' In the se+t!on on the ta!nts$ -!th the a&!s!n" of
!"no&an+e :a.!**asam)da,a>1 He&e !"no&an+e !s a
+ond!t!on fo& the ta!nt of sens)a des!&e and the ta!nt
of %e!n" %, -a, of de+!s!.e s)##o&t$ et+'5 :!t !s a
+ond!t!on> fo& the ta!nt of !"no&an+e on, %, -a, of
de+!s!.e s)##o&t' And he&e the !"no&an+e that a&!ses
s)%se0)ent, sho)d %e )nde&stood as the ta!nt of
!"no&an+e' The #&e.!o)s, a&!sen !"no&an+e !tsef
%e+omes a de+!s!.e s)##o&t +ond!t!on fo& the
s)%se0)ent, a&!sen ta!nt of !"no&an+e' The &est %, the
afo&esa!d method'
Th!s se+t!on !s stated %, -a, of sho-!n" the +ond!t!on
fo& the !"no&an+e -h!+h heads the fa+to&s of
de#endent a&!s!n"' Stated th)s$ the )nd!s+o.e&a%!!t,
:anamata""ata> of an, %e"!nn!n" of samsa&a !s
esta%!shed' Ho-4 Be+a)se -!th the a&!s!n" of the
ta!nts the&e !s the a&!s!n" of !"no&an+e$ and -!th the
a&!s!n" of !"no&an+e the&e !s the a&!s!n" of the ta!nts'
Th)s the ta!nts a&e a +ond!t!on fo& !"no&an+e$ and
!"no&an+e !s a +ond!t!on fo& the ta!nts' Ha.!n" sho-n
th!s$ :!t foo-s that> no f!&st #o!nt of !"no&an+e !s
man!fest$ and %e+a)se none !s man!fest the
)nd!s+o.e&a%!!t, of an, %e"!nn!n" of samsa&a !s
#&o.en'MLGN
8on+)s!on
Th)s !n a th!s s)tta s!(teen se+t!ons ha.e %een
stated1 the se+t!on on the +o)&ses of kamma$ the
se+t!on on n)t&!ment$ the se+t!on on s)ffe&!n"$ and the
se+t!ons on a"!n" and death$ %!&th$ %e!n"$ +!n"!n"$
+&a.!n"$ fee!n"$ +onta+t$ the s!(fod %ase$ menta!t,?
mate&!a!t,$ +ons+!o)sness$ fo&mat!ons$ !"no&an+e and
the ta!nts'
As to these$ !n ea+h !nd!.!d)a se+t!on the&e !s a
t-ofod ana,s!s ?? !n %&!ef and !n deta! ?? amo)nt!n"
to th!&t,?t-o +ases' Th)s !n th!s s)tta$ !n these th!&t,?
t-o +ases$ the /o)& :No%e> T&)ths a&e e(#o)nded'
Amon" these$ !n the s!(teen +ases stated !n deta!$
A&ahantsh!# !s e(#o)nded'
B)t a++o&d!n" to the o#!n!on of the Ede&$ the fo)&
t&)ths and the fo)& #aths a&e e(#o)nded !n the th!&t,?
t-o +ases'MEKN Th)s !n the ent!&e 2o&d of the B)ddha
+om#&!sed !n the f!.e "&eat N!ka,as$ the&e !s no s)tta
e(+e#t fo& th!s D!s+o)&se on R!"ht <!e- -he&e the /o)&
:No%e> T&)ths a&e e(#a!ned th!&t,?t-o t!mes and
-he&e A&ahantsh!# !s e(#a!ned th!&t,?t-o t!mes'
That !s -hat the <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta sa!d :!dam
a.o+@a,asma Sa&!#)tto>1 The <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta
s#oke th!s D!s+o)&se on R!"ht <!e-$ ha.!n" ado&ned !t
-!th s!(t,?fo)& d!.!s!ons ?? th!&t,?t-o e(#os!t!ons of
the fo)& t&)ths and th!&t,?t-o e(#os!t!ons of
A&ahantsh!#' The %h!kkh)s -e&e sat!sf!ed and
de!"hted !n the <ene&a%e Sa&!#)tta@s -o&ds'
In the 9a#an+as)dan!$ the 8ommenta&, to the
Ma**h!ma N!ka,a$ the E(#anat!on of the D!s+o)&se on
R!"ht <!e- !s +on+)ded'
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????
Notes
J' The te&m sammad!tth! !s o&d!na&!, )sed to mean
s!m#, a state$ the #ath fa+to& of &!"ht .!e-' He&e$
ho-e.e&$ the 9a! e(#&ess!on !s )sed as a mas+)!ne
no)n to mean$ !n the f!&st !nstan+e$ a #e&son
#ossess!n" &!"ht .!e-5 hen+e !t has %een &ende&ed
Bone of &!"ht .!e-'B The +ommentato& +ont&asts th!s
)n)s)a )sa"e of the te&m -!th the mo&e +ommon
)sa"e -he&e sammad!tth! s!"n!f!es a state :dhamma>$
that !s$ the #ath fa+to& &athe& than the !nd!.!d)a
endo-ed -!th that state'
F' The kno-ed"e of kamma as one@s o-n
:kammassakatanana> !s often e(#&essed !n the S)ttas
th)s1 BI am the o-ne& of m, kamma$ the he!& of m,
kamma$ I s#&!n" f&om m, kamma$ I am %o)nd to m,
kamma$ I ha.e kamma as m, &ef)"e' 2hate.e&
kamma I #e&fo&m$ "ood o& %ad$ of that I am the he!&'B
In sho&t$ !t !s kno-ed"e of the mo&a eff!+a+, of
a+t!on$ of the fa+t that one@s -!ed deeds fash!on one@s
dest!n,' Kno-ed"e !n +onfo&m!t, -!th the t&)ths
:sa++an)om!kanana> !s +on+e#t)a kno-ed"e of the
/o)& No%e T&)ths$ a++om#an!ed %, )nde&stand!n" and
a++e#tan+e of them'
P' The )nde&stand!n" o& -!sdom :#anna> +onne+ted
-!th the #aths and f&)!ts !s s)#&am)ndane %e+a)se !ts
o%*e+t !s the s)#&am)ndane dhamma$ N!%%ana$ and
%e+a)se !t eads to the o.e&+om!n" of the -o&d'
I' A d!s+!#e !n h!"he& t&a!n!n" :sekha> !s one at an, of
the th&ee o-e& e.es of san+t!t, ?? a st&eam?ente&e&$
on+e?&et)&ne&$ o& non?&et)&ne& ?? o& one -ho has
&ea+hed the!& &es#e+t!.e #aths' H!s &!"ht .!e- !s sa!d to
%e f!(ed !n dest!n, :n!,ata> %e+a)se !t ne+essa&!,
eads to f!na !%e&at!on'
L' The Bone %e,ond t&a!n!n"B :asekha> !s the A&ahant$
so +aed %e+a)se he has +om#eted the th&eefod
t&a!n!n" !n .!&t)e$ +on+ent&at!on and -!sdom'
E' The n!nefod s)#&am)ndane Dhamma1 the fo)&
#aths$ the fo)& f&)!t!ons$ and N!%%ana'
D' The !nte&#&etat!on of Bthe %h!kkh)sB and Bthe Ede&B
!s offe&ed %, S)%' 8,'$ -h!+h aso #&esents an
ate&nat!.e !nte&#&etat!on$ %ased on the +ommenta&,
to the <atth)#ama S)tta :M'D> a++o&d!n" to -h!+h the
%h!kkh)s a&e the #)#!s of the Ede&
Mahasan"ha&akkh!ta and Bthe Ede&B !s the Ede&
Mahasan"ha&akkh!ta'
C' See +ommenta&, to the th!&d #a&a*!ka offen+e'
G' See +ommenta&, to the se+ond #a&a*!ka offen+e'
JK' The mean!n" of se.e&a of these te&ms$ o%s+)&e !n
the o&!"!na 9a!$ has %een ea%o&ated -!th the a!d of
the S)%' 8,'
JJ' 8onsent :adh!.asana> !s !n+)ded to +o.e& the +ase
-he&e one of the #a&tne&s !s !n!t!a, an )n-!!n"
.!+t!m of anothe&@s assa)t$ %)t d)&!n" the +o)&se of
)n!on +onsents to the a+t and the&e%, %e+omes a
#a&t!+!#ant'
JF' These a&e &efe&en+es to the t-o "&eat +ass!+s of
H!nd) Ind!a$ the Maha%ha&ata and the Rama,ana'
JP' 2&on" .!e-s of f!(ed dest!n, :n!,ata m!++had!tth!>
a&e .!e-s -h!+h den, the mo&a eff!+a+, of a+t!on o&
-h!+h tend to )nde&m!ne the fo)ndat!ons of mo&a!t,'
/o& the most +ommon e(am#es$ see D'F/!$ LF?LE$
and M'DE/!$ LJL?JC'
JI' The +h!ef fa+to& !n the f!&st se.en +o)&ses of
kamma !s .o!t!on5 the othe& th&ee +o)&ses a&e
!dent!+a -!th the menta fa+to&s of "&eed$ hat&ed and
-&on" .!e-$ -h!+h a&e asso+!ated -!th .o!t!on !n the
states of +ons+!o)sness !n -h!+h the, a&!se'
JL' Th!s &efe&s to the A%h!dhamma +ass!f!+at!on of
+ons+!o)sness$ a++o&d!n" to -h!+h -hoesome sense?
s#he&e +ons+!o)sness !s of e!"ht t,#es$ fo)& asso+!ated
-!th kno-ed"e$ fo)& d!sso+!ated f&om kno-ed"e' The
a%st!nen+es$ a++o&d!n" to the A%h!dhamma$ o++)& !n
sense?s#he&e +ons+!o)sness on, one at a t!me on
o++as!ons -hen one de!%e&ate, a%sta!ns f&om some
-&on"' In s)#&am)ndane +ons+!o)sness a th&ee
a%st!nen+es ?? &!"ht s#ee+h$ &!"ht a+t!on and &!"ht
!.e!hood ?? o++)& to"ethe& s!m)taneo)s,'
JE' R!"ht .!e- !s s,non,mo)s -!th the menta fa+to&
of -!sdom :#anna> o& non?de)s!on :amoha>5 !t !s
a-a,s a++om#an!ed %, the othe& t-o -hoesome
&oots$ tho)"h the atte& do not ne+essa&!, o++)& !n
+on*)n+t!on -!th &!"ht .!e-'
JD' =!te&a,$ o& !n the st&!+t sense :n!##a&!,a,ena>$
on, +o.eto)sness and "&eed$ %e!n" s,non,ms of
+&a.!n" :tanha>$ +o)nt as the o&!"!n of s)ffe&!n"' B)t !n
a oose& o& f!")&at!.e manne& of e(#os!t!on
:#a&!,a,ena> a the &oots a&e the t&)th of the o&!"!n$
s!n+e as &oots of kamma the, he# to s)sta!n the
&o)nd of &e%!&th and s)ffe&!n"'
JC' The ")!de!ne of +on.e&s!on :a.attaha&a> !s one of
the methods of ded)+t!on !n the e(e"et!+a ")!de$ the
Nett!##aka&ana' A++o&d!n" to th!s ")!de!ne$ an
e(#os!to& of a s)tta !s to e(t&a+t f&om a #a&t!+)a& te(t
a standa&d do+t&!na +on+e#t %eon"!n" to a
d!+hotom,$ and then tak!n" th!s +on+e#t as a %as!s$ he
!s to sho- that the othe& mem%e& of the d!+hotom, !s
aso !m#!ed %, the #assa"e )nde& +ons!de&at!on$ and
the&efo&e Bt)&ns )#B -hen the f!&st mem%e& !s
ment!oned'
JG' The #ath of non?&et)&n :ana"am!ma""a> !s stated
%e+a)se th!s #ath e&ad!+ates a sens)a )st and
a.e&s!on'
FK' The #ath of A&ahantsh!# !s !m#!ed %, the
e&ad!+at!on of +on+e!t and !"no&an+e and %, the
a&o)s!n" of t&)e kno-ed"e'
FJ' The .e&% aha&at! no&ma, means Bto %&!n"$B %)t
he&e !t !s &ende&ed as Bno)&!shB to )nde&s+o&e !ts
+onne+t!on -!th aha&a$ n)t&!ment'
FF' On the fo)& ,on! o& modes of "ene&at!on$ see
M'JF/!$ DP'
FP' A++o&d!n" to the A%h!dhamma$ the n)t&!ment
#&o#e& !s the mate&!a #henomenon +aed n)t&!t!.e
essen+e :o*a>$ -h!e the so!d food !n"ested !s the
me&e B%as!sB :.atth)> of the n)t&!t!.e essen+e'
FI' The #o!nt !s that -h!e !n +on.ent!ona te&ms food
s)%stan+es a&e d!st!n")!shed as "&oss o& s)%te$ th!s
d!st!n+t!on !s made !n te&ms of the #h,s!+a %ase on,'
The A%h!dhamma +ass!f!es n)t&!t!.e essen+e as s)%te
mate&!a!t, :s)kh)ma&)#a>5 !t +ont&asts -!th "&oss
mate&!a!t, :oa&!ka&)#a>$ -h!+h !n+)des on, the f!.e
sense o&"ans and the!& o%*e+ts'
FL' Th!s !s the h!"hest &eam amon" the sense?s#he&e
hea.ens' A%o.e th!s +ome the B&ahma &eams$ -he&e
#h,s!+a n)t&!ment !s non?e(!stent'
FE' Th!s !s the s!m#est k!nd of mate&!a "&o)#
:&)#akaa#a> &e+o"n!zed %, the A%h!dhamma theo&, of
matte&' It +ons!sts of the fo)& #&!ma&, eements$ aon"
-!th +oo&$ sme$ taste$ and n)t&!t!.e essen+e' A the
mo&e +om#e( mate&!a "&o)#s aso +onta!n these e!"ht
#henomena as the!& fo)ndat!on' Mate&!a "&o)#s !n a
!.!n" o&"an!sm &e0)!&e an !n#)t of n)t&!ment !n o&de&
to end)&e !n +ont!n)!t,'
FD' 8onas+en+e +ond!t!on :saha*ata#a++a,a> !s the
+ond!t!on -he&e%, the +ond!t!on!n" state +ont&!%)tes
to the a&!s!n" o& ma!ntenan+e of anothe& state$ the
+ond!t!ona, a&!sen state$ -hen the atte& a&!ses
s!m)taneo)s, -!th !tsef' 8ons+!o)sness !s a
+onas+en+e +ond!t!on fo& the th&ee othe& menta
a""&e"ates ?? fee!n"$ #e&+e#t!on and menta
fo&mat!ons ?? %oth at &e%!&th and d)&!n" the +o)&se of
!fe' At &e%!&th !t !s aso a +onas+en+e +ond!t!on fo& the
Bt&!#e +ont!n)!t,$B !'e' the th&ee mate&!a de+ads of
%od,?sens!t!.!t,$ se()a dete&m!nat!on and the hea&t?
%ase' Ea+h of these +ons!sts of the a%o.e?ment!oned
e!"ht mate&!a )n!ts aon" -!th #h,s!+a !fe and$ as the
tenth fa+to&$ the mate&!a #henomenon afte& -h!+h !t !s
named'
FC' Kamm!+a, a+0)!&ed mate&!a!t, :)#ad!nna&)#a> !s
matte& that !s %o&n of kamma' It !n+)des the #h,s!+a
sense fa+)t!es$ the !fe fa+)t,$ mas+)!n!t,$
fem!n!n!t,$ and the +oe(!st!n" mate&!a #henomena !n
the same "&o)#' Tho)"h s)+h t,#es of matte& a&e
#&od)+ed %, kamma &athe& than %, n)t&!ment$ the,
&e0)!&e n)t&!ment to s)sta!n them !n +ont!n)!t,'
FG' The =akkhana Sam,)tta :S'JG/!!$ FLI?EF>
des+&!%es the to&ments e(#e&!en+ed %, %e!n"s !n the
&eam of the #etas o& Baff!+ted s#!&!ts'B
PK' These s!m!es a&e taken f&om the 9)ttamamsa
S)tta$ the D!s+o)&se on Son@s /esh :S'JF1EP/!!$ GD?
JKK>' See N,ana#on!ka The&a$ The /o)& N)t&!ments of
=!fe :B9S 2hee No' JKI/JKL$ JGED>$ ##' JG?IK$ fo&
the s)tta aon" -!th !ts +ommenta&,'
PJ' A ,o*ana !s a%o)t se.en m!es'
PF' The +o-?o%se&.an+e and the do"?o%se&.an+e a&e
fo&ms of sef?mo&t!f!+at!on -h!+h as+et!+s of the
B)ddha@s t!me #&a+t!+ed !n the ho#e of #)&!f!+at!on5
see M'LD/!$ PCD' A##a&ent,$ -omen aso o%se&.ed
them fo& sho&t #e&!ods !n the ho#e the, -o)d make
them fe&t!e'
PP' The +ommenta&, to the 9)ttamamsa S)tta
de.eo#s th!s anao", !n "&eate& deta! than the
#&esent +ommenta&,'
PI' The s)tta ea%o&ates as foo-s1 If the +o- stands$
the +&eat)&es !n the a!& atta+k !t5 !f !t eans a"a!nst a
-a$ the +&eat)&es !n the -a atta+k !t5 !f !t !es do-n$
the +&eat)&es !n the "&o)nd atta+k !t5 !f !t ente&s a #oo
of -ate&$ the +&eat)&es !n the -ate& atta+k !t'
PL' 8onta+t a&!ses f&om the +om!n" to"ethe& of an
o%*e+t$ a #h,s!+a %as!s o& sense fa+)t, :.atth)>$ and
the +o&&es#ond!n" t,#e of +ons+!o)sness'
PE' The s!m!e as "!.en !n the s)tta !s th!s1 T-o st&on"
men "&a% hod of a -eake& man %, %oth a&ms and
d&a" h!m to-a&ds a %az!n" +ha&+oa #!t' He -&!""es
and st&)""es to "et f&ee %e+a)se he kno-s that !f he
!s th&o-n !nto the #!t$ he -! meet death o& dead,
#a!n'
PD' The k!n"@s men a&&est a th!ef and %&!n" h!m %efo&e
the k!n"' The k!n" o&de&s h!m st&)+k -!th a h)nd&ed
s#ea&s !n the mo&n!n"$ anothe& h)nd&ed at noon$ and
a th!&d h)nd&ed !n the e.en!n"' The man s)&.!.es %)t
e(#e&!en+es dead, #a!n'
PC' See note FD'
PG' The e!"ht t,#es of +ons+!o)sness a++om#an!ed %,
"&eed a&e d!st!n")!shed %, the #&esen+e o& a%sen+e of
-&on" .!e-$ %, the!& a++om#an,!n" fee!n" -h!+h ma,
%e #easant o& ne)t&a$ and %, -hethe& the, a&e
s#ontaneo)s o& #&om#ted'
IK' The #&!n+!#e of the /o)& No%e T&)ths +an %e
d!s+e&ned !n the fo&mat of the e(#os!t!on1 a #a&t!+)a&
!tem Q$ the a&!s!n" of Q$ the +essat!on of Q$ and the
-a, to the +essat!on of Q'
IJ' In 9a! the &e#et!t!on tesam tesam$ !t' Bof them$ of
them$B !s )nde&stood to !m#, +om#ete !n+)s!.eness'
The same a##!es to tamh! tamh!$ B!n that$ !n that$B
*)st %eo-'
IF' 2he&eas the #&e.!o)s def!n!t!ons -e&e f&amed !n
+on.ent!ona te&m!noo",$ those .a!d !n the )t!mate
sense :#a&amatthato> def!ne the!& s)%*e+t soe, !n
te&ms of B)t!mate &ea!t!esB s)+h as a""&e"ates and
sense %ases'
IP' The .a&!o)s &eams of e(!sten+e a&e ana,zed as
th&eefod on the %as!s of the n)m%e& of a""&e"ates
e(!st!n" the&e' One?+onst!t)ent %e!n" !s the non?
#e&+!#!ent &eam :asann!%h)m!>$ -h!+h !n+)des on,
the a""&e"ate of mate&!a fo&m' /o)&?+onst!t)ent %e!n"
!s the fo)& !mmate&!a &eams$ -h!+h +onta!n the fo)&
menta a""&e"ates %)t not the a""&e"ate of mate&!a
fo&m' /!.e?+onst!t)ent %e!n" +om#&!ses a othe&
&eams$ !n -h!+h a f!.e a""&e"ates a&e #&esent'
II' It seems that !n the sense?s#he&e hea.ens$ at
death the %e!n"s s!m#, d!ss!#ate !nto th!n a!&$ -!tho)t
ea.!n" %eh!nd an, +o&#se'
IL' De+!s!.e s)##o&t +ond!t!on :)#an!ssa,a#a++a,a>
and +onas+en+e +ond!t!on :saha*ata#a++a,a> a&e the
t-o +h!ef +ond!t!ons amon" the t-ent,?fo)& +ond!t!ons
of the 9atthana o& A%h!dhamm!+ s,stem of +ond!t!ona
&eat!ons' De+!s!.e s)##o&t hods %et-een a
+ond!t!on!n" state and a +ond!t!oned state that !t he#s
to a&!se a+&oss an !nte&.a of t!me' 8onas+en+e
+ond!t!on hods %et-een a +ond!t!on!n" state and a
+ond!t!oned state that a&!se s!m)taneo)s,' See aso
note FD a%o.e'
IE' 8!n"!n" to &!t)as and o%se&.an+es and +!n"!n" to
a do+t&!ne of sef a&e %oth t,#es of -&on" .!e-$ %)t as
the, a&e en)me&ated as !nd!.!d)a k!nds of +!n"!n" !n
the!& o-n &!"ht$ the, a&e not !n+)ded )nde& +!n"!n" to
.!e-s'
ID' See a%o.e$ note PF'
IC' These a&e +ond!t!ona &eat!ons that hod %et-een
s)++ess!.e m!nd?moments !n the *a.ana #hase of a
s!n"e +o"n!t!.e #&o+ess :+!tta.!th!>'
IG' Res)tant fee!n" aone !s !ntended he&e %e+a)se
th!s !s an e(#os!t!on of the &o)nd of e(!sten+e$ and !n
the fo&m)a of de#endent a&!s!n" the fa+to&s f&om
+ons+!o)sness th&o)"h fee!n" a&e +ass!f!ed as the
&es)tant #hase of the &o)nd'
LK' The t-o e,e?+ons+!o)sness eements a&e the
-hoesome?&es)tant and the )n-hoesome?&es)tant5
the t-o &es)tant m!nd eements a&e the -hoesome?
&es)tant and the )n-hoesome?&es)tant &e+e!.!n"
+ons+!o)sness :sam#at!++hana+!tta>5 the th&ee
&es)tant m!nd?+ons+!o)sness eements a&e th&ee
t,#es of !n.est!"at!n" +ons+!o)sness :sant!&ana+!tta>'
LJ' The &e"!st&at!on +ons+!o)sness
:tada&ammana+!tta> !s a &es)tant t,#e of
+ons+!o)sness that o++)&s th&o)"h an, of the sense
doo&s' Its f)n+t!on !s to &e"!ste& the dat)m that had
%een the o%*e+t of the #&e+ed!n" *a.ana se&!es' The
&e%!&th$ !fe?+ont!n))m :%ha.an"a> and death
+ons+!o)snesses a&e &es)tants that a&e +ons!de&ed to
%e Bdoo&essB :ad.a&!ka> %e+a)se the, o++)& at an
!nne& s)%!m!na e.e$ not th&o)"h the !nte&+o)&se of
sense o&"ans and sense o%*e+ts'
LF' Th!s &efe&s to the A%h!dhamma +ass!f!+at!on of
th!&t,?t-o t,#es of &es)tant +ons+!o)sness$ of -h!+h
t-ent,?t-o &ema!n %es!des the ten t,#es of sense?
+ons+!o)sness$ f!.e &es)tants of the )n-hoesome and
f!.e of the -hoesome' The deta!s a&e not ne+essa&,
he&e'
LP' These t-o def!n!t!ons !n.o.e -o&d #a,s d!ff!+)t to
&e#&od)+e !n En"!sh' <en' Nanamo! has a note
s)""est!n"$ haf f!##ant,$ Bm!nd!n"B fo& namana and
Bmatte&!n"B fo& &)##ana'
LI' In fa+t the <!s)ddh!ma""a d!s+)sses the fo)& "&eat
eements not !n !ts +ha#te& on the Des+&!#t!on of the
A""&e"ates :8h' QI<>$ %)t !n the +ha#te& on the
med!tat!on s)%*e+t +aed the def!n!t!on of the
eements :8h' QI>'
LL' Some !nstan+es of de&!.ed mate&!a!t, a&e1 the f!.e
sense fa+)t!es$ +oo&$ so)nd$ sme$ taste$ the !fe
fa+)t,$ se()a dete&m!nat!on$ n)t&!t!.e essen+e$
s#a+e$ et+'
LE' The th&ee #anes of e(!sten+e -e&e en)me&ated !n
Se+t!on PK' On, &es)tant +ons+!o)sness !s taken !nto
a++o)nt he&e %e+a)se th!s !s an e(#os!t!on of the
&o)nd'
LD' The f!")&es fo& the t,#es of +ons+!o)sness a"a!n
+ome f&om the A%h!dhamma' These t,#es of
+ons+!o)sness +an +ome to e(#&ess!on e!the& th&o)"h
the doo& of %od!, a+t!on o& the doo& of s#ee+h$ o& the,
+an &ema!n -!th!n and not "a!n o)te& e(#&ess!on'
LC' The n!ne t,#es of .o!t!on -h!+h do not +ome to
e(#&ess!on %, %od, o& s#ee+h a&e the f!.e .o!t!ons of
the f!.e f!ne?mate&!a?s#he&e *hanas and the fo)& of
the fo)& !mmate&!a?s#he&e *hanas'
LG' Ese-he&e the B)ddha sa,s1 BA f!&st #o!nt of
!"no&an+e +annot %e d!s+o.e&ed$ of -h!+h !t +an %e
sa!d1 Befo&e that the&e -as no !"no&an+e and !t +ame
to %e afte& thatB :A'JK1EJ/.$JJP>' In that s)tta the
B)ddha +!tes the f!.e h!nd&an+es as the +ond!t!on fo&
!"no&an+e$ %)t as these !n t)&n #&es)##ose !"no&an+e$
the .!+!o)s +,+e !s a"a!n esta%!shed'
EK' /o& the !dent!t, of the d!ssent!n" Ede&$ see
Se+t!on P and note D'
The 2hee 9)%!+at!on No' PDD/PDG
ISBN GLL?FI?KKDG?J
9)%!shed !n JGGJ %,
B)ddh!st 9)%!+at!on So+!et,
8o#,&!"ht JGGJ B)ddh!st 9)%!+at!on So+!et,

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