WELL TESTING

(Pressure Transient Test) (Pressure Transient Test)

RESERVOIR ENGINEERING DEPT.
PERTAMINA EP REGION JAWA
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TYPICAL USE OF WELL TESTING
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BASIC REASON FOR TESTING A WELL
1. To obtain a physical sample of the fluids produced fromthe
reservoir; reservoir;
2. To obtain a measured flowrate indicative of the productivity
of the formation;
3. To obtain pressure data for the calculation of reservoir
t d f th iti f t l i d d parameters and for the recognition of natural or induced
anomalies around the borehole.
WELLTEST PLAN PACKAGE
1. STATEMENT OF TEST OBJECTIVES
Specify why the well is being tested and what is the p y y g
expectation to achieves fromthe test data.
2. PROPOSED TEST DESIGN
Specificy type of test to be run; flow rates, duration, periods;
h t i i d d ti th ti d i th shut-in periods and times; the contingency procedures in the
event that the test has to be altered in the field because of
mechanical problems.
3 MECHANICAL DESIGN 3. MECHANICAL DESIGN
Specify required surface and subsurface mechanical system.
Included Test interval and landing locations, well completion
diagram, surface test facilities (meter system, and the way in
hi h th d d fl id t b di d) which the produced fluids are to be disposed) .
4. INSTRUMENTATION
Specify pressure and temperature measuring and recording
devices (with backup as needed) as well as the wire line devices (with backup as needed) as well as the wire line
recommendations.
5. SAMPLING
Specify sampling fluids: how many samples to take, when,
Objektif Well Testing
(Press. Transient Test):
Karakterisasi Reservoir
Tekanan Dasar Sumur / Reservoir Tekanan Dasar Sumur / Reservoir
Permeabilitas Reservoir
Flow Effisiensi
Drajat Kerusakan formasi (DR S) Drajat Kerusakan formasi (DR, S)
Type / System Porositas (single / Double
i.e. Storage & Capacity )
Model Daerah Reservoir Model Daerah Reservoir
(Luas & Bentuk daerah Pengurasan )
Reservoir boundary (type, jarak & arah)
2 P t i R i 2. Potensi Reservoir
- Produktivitas / Injektivitas (PI / II)
- HC inplace (Well base OOIP or OGIP)
HC Deliverability (AOFP etc)
Prinsip kerja : Mencatat respon reservoir thd gangguan yang diberikan melalui sumur
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- HC Deliverability (AOFP etc)
Type Well Testing
(Ref. Teknis Operasional) ( p )
1. Konventional Testing
- Press. Build-Up test
P D d T t - Press. Drawdown Test
2. Multi Rate Test
T R t t t - Two Rate test
- Four Point test (Gas)
- (Modified) Isochronal Test
3. Multiple Well Testing
-Interfference Test
- Pulse Test
4. Drill StemTest (DST)
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PERALATAN UJI
1. Peralatan Atas / Permukaan
- Wireline Unit
Lubricator Group - Lubricator Group
- BOP Group
- Test Unit
2. Peralatan bawah Permukaan
- Bottomhole Press. Gauge
B tt h l T G - Bottomhole Temp. Gauge
- Bottomhole fluid sampler
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DOWNHOLE PRESS. -TEMP. GAUGE
1. MECHANICAL
Amerada PT Bomb type - Amerada P-T Bomb type
2. Electronic Memmory Gauge (EMR)
-Strain /Capacitance Gauge
-Quartz gauge -Quartz gauge
3. Surface Press-Temp Read Out (SPRO)
- Standard Quartz gauge
- Crystal Quartz gauge - Crystal Quartz gauge
(GEOSERVICES GAUGE)
These self-
contained
In most of
these gauges
Mechanical gauge
Electrical memory gauge
contained
gauges have
three essential
components: a
pressure-
these gauges
a transducer
converts
pressure into
an electrical
pressure
sensing device,
a pressure-time
recorder, and a
mechanical
an electrical
signal that is
recorded
downhole.
Pressure data
mechanical
clock. The
pressure
element of a
mechanical
Pressure data
are available
only after a
gauge has
been retrieved
mechanical
gauge is
normally a
multiple-coil
Bourdon-tube
been retrieved
to surface.
Bourdon tube
type
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Sistim Monitoring Perekaman Data
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Press Transient Test Analysis Method
Well Testing /
Pressure Transient Analysis (Methode)
Press. Transient Test Analysis Method
1. Horner Plot
Semilog
Pressure Transient Analysis (Methode)
- Semilog
- (Tp +t) / t
2. Pressure Derivative (Type Curve match)
- Log-log
dP/dt - dP/dt
3. Simulasi
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Integrated Linier & Log-Log Analysis
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Work Flow Simulation method
P T i t T t A l i Press. Transient Test Analysis
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Typical Generic Model
Press. Transient Test Analysis
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Geological Model illustration
Press. Transient Test Analysis
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Deliveriverability Test analysis
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Inflow Performance Relationship
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WELL TESTING ANALYSIS HORNERS PLOT WELL TESTING ANALYSIS ~ HORNERS PLOT
In a Well testing, the flow period is about the same duration as the shut-in
period, and so pressure buildup data must be analyzed with the Horner plot, pws
l [(t +dt)/dt] versus log[(tp + dt)/dt]
If the shut-in period is long enough, and if wellbore storage is not dominant, a
Horner plot of buildup should have a straight-line section with slope m,
where permeability calculated as : where permeability calculated as :
Or transmissibility
Th ki f t i ti t d f th f ll i i i l ti f di The skin factor is estimated from the following empirical equation for a dimen-
sionless value s denoting "skin factor."
The term log[(tp+1)/tp] is normally neglected when tp 1 or when the skin
f t i hi h factor is high.
damage ratio (DR) whichcompares flowrate observed on a DST (q0) to the damage ratio (DR), which compares flow rate observed on a DST (q0) to the
theoretical flow rate without damage (qt).
An equation for calculation of DR based on the skin factor is related to the
equation
DR substantially greater than 1.0 indicates damage. Eq. can be simplified by
assigning average values to formation parameters. This produced an equation
for estimated damage ratio (EDR):
An equation for calculation of DR based on the skin factor relation is
reported as
where pressure drop across the skin is computed as
Initial or average pressure p is estimated by extrapolating the Horner
straight line to infinite shut-in time (tp +dt)/dt = 1 Both the first buildup plot straight line to infinite shut-in time (tp +dt)/dt = 1. Both the first buildup plot
and the second buildup plot extrapolate to the same static or initial
pressure.
For practical purpose, the radius of investigation during DST is
equivalent to the radius of drainage given by :
The following equation from Van Poollen may be used to estimate
the radius of investigation of a particular DST in an infinite radial
flowsystem: flow system:
Awell testing was conducted on an oil well The followinginformation was
EXAMPLE : ANALYSIS DST USING HORNER PLOT
A well testing was conducted on an oil well. The following information was
reported by the DST Company. The pressure buildup data are given in tables.
Determine the following:
Check validity and consistency of WT data
Formation permeability, k
Ski f t d d d t ki Skin factor and pressure drop due to skin
Initial reservoir pressure
Flow efficiency
Damage ratio
A t llb di Apparent wellbore radius
Radius of investigation
Test type =open hole
DST DATA :
Test type =open hole
Total well depth =6550 ft
h =17ft; rw =0.33 ft; Poro =16%; Viso = 1.O cP
API =36.87 API; ct =8.0 x 10'6PSi^-1; Bo =1.215rb/stb
Vu =0.0197 bbl/ft and p =52.78 lb/ft3
M dd it 7 51b/ l Mud density 7.51b/gal
Gauge depth =6549 ft
Hole size =7.88 in; Pipe length =240 ft;
Collar length =240 ft; Diameter of collar =4.5 in.
Reservoir pressure @ gauge depth =2560 psi
Pressure at the end of first flow =371 psi
First flow period =6min
First shut-in period =30 min
Second flow period =60 min
Second shut-in period =120 min
Initial shut-in pressure =2660 psi
Final shut-in pressure =1005 psi
Pressure at the end of second flow period =643 psi
Final shut-in pressure =1969 psi
SOLUTION SOLUTION
To analyze pressure buildup test, follow these steps:
Identify the MTR and find the slope of MTR p1hr and p* of the Horner plot Identify the MTR and find the slope of MTR, p1hr, and p of the Horner plot
of the second shut-in period.
Prepare Horner plot of the first and second shut-in buildup pressures on the
same graph.
CHECK VALIDITY AND CONSISTENCY OF REPORTED DST DATA.
Hydrostatic pressure = 6549 x 0.390 = 2554 psi
The reported initial reservoir pressure at gauge depth is 2560 psi, which is in
good agreement with pi = p* =2554 psi (extrapolated pressure fromthe first
shut-in straight line). The mud weight should be :
Thus the reported mud weight is correct
L l d t l t Log-log data plot.
S il H l t f d t Semilog Horner plot for data.
From the extrapolated MTR, line of the second shut-in to (tp + dt)/dt = 1
pi = p* = 2550 psi.
DST (DRILL STEM TEST) ~ UKL DST (DRILL STEM TEST) ~ UKL
Method of temporary completing a well to determine the
productive characteristics of a specific zone by provided p p y p
primarily indication of formation fluid content and data to help
evaluate productivity of the zone, completion practices, estimate
formation properties and well bore damage.
ESTIMATED RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
FROM DST ANALYSIS
DST Tools
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DST Tools Evolution
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DST STRIP CHART S S C
Good DST data should : Good DST data should :
RUNNING DST RUNNING DST
DST Typical Chart Interpretation
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DST Typical Chart Interpretation
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a) Packer failed and could not be
set
DST Strip Chart Identification
set.
b) Runaway clock. Clock spring
released.
c) Tool failed to close. No buildup
is obtained.
d) Tool failed to Open.
e) Clock stopped at shut-in drill-
stemnormal stemnormal.
f) Effect of large superpressure.
Pressure buildup during flow
and buildup period,
g) No formation permeability
small amount of mud may be
recovered,
h) Low-permeability formation h) Lowpermeability formation.
RECOMMENDATION FOR FLOW AND SHUT-IN
TIME FOR DST
no ACTIVITY DURATION
Remove any excess pressure which
h lt d f tti th 1 1 t Fl 5 15 t
GOAL
Knoval Oilwell Testing
2 1st Buildup 30-60 mnt
3 2 d Fl 60 t
may have resulted from setting the
packer.
Get reliable initial reservoir pressure.
Evaluate formation characteristic for
1 1st Flow 5-15 mnt
3 2nd Flow 60 mnt
30 mnt to several
hours.
2nd Buildup 4
some distance from the well.
Calculate transmissibility and other
reservoir characteristics.
COMPARING EKSTRAPOLATED 2ND BUILDUP PRESSURE WITH INITIAL BUILDUP PRESSURE
INDICATE THE SIZE OF THE RESERVOIR.
CHECKING VALIDITY AND CONSISTENCY FOR
DST REPORTING DATA
1. Calculate the hydrostatic mud pressure and check agains
recorded initial and final hydrostatic mud pressure.
Mud Gradient (psi/ft) = 0.433 / 8.33 x ppg mud weight.
Hydraulic Pressure (psi) = Well depth (ft) x Mud
Gradient.
Mud Weight = Hydrostatic Press x Depth x
(8.33/0.433)
2. Check with reported mud weight.
3. Check accuracy of Pi (estimated from extrapolated MTR Line of
the second shut-in to (tp+dt)/dt = 1.
ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE FLOW RATE (DST)
1. CALCULATE MUD GRADIENT PSIFT
MGR = MUD WEIGHT (PPG) * 0.433/8.333
2. ESTIMATED FEET OF MUD
FOM =INITIAL SHUT-IN PRESSURE AT THE END OF 1
ST
FLOW/ MGR
1. CALCULATE MUD GRADIENT PSIFT
MGR = MUD WEIGHT (PPG) * 0.433/8.333
2. ESTIMATED FEET OF MUD
FOM =INITIAL SHUT-IN PRESSURE AT THE END OF 1
ST
FLOW/ MGR FOM INITIAL SHUT IN PRESSURE AT THE END OF 1 FLOW / MGR
3. CALCULATE CAPACITY OF DRILL COLLAR.
CDR = Cs * RHO /144
WHERE Cs WELLBORE STORAGE = 25.65* Awb(ft^2) /Rho (lb /ft3)
Awb = Phi * Rp^2 Rp =ID Drill Collar
FOM INITIAL SHUT IN PRESSURE AT THE END OF 1 FLOW / MGR
3. CALCULATE CAPACITY OF DRILL COLLAR.
CDR = Cs * RHO /144
WHERE Cs WELLBORE STORAGE = 25.65* Awb(ft^2) /Rho (lb /ft3)
Awb = Phi * Rp^2 Rp =ID Drill Collar Awb = Phi * Rp^2 . Rp = ID Drill Collar.
Rho = fluid density (lb/ft^3) = 141.5 /(131.5 + SG)
4. ESTIMATE FLUID PRODUCED FROM FORMATION FPF
FPR = CDR * FOM . (FT)
Awb = Phi * Rp^2 . Rp = ID Drill Collar.
Rho = fluid density (lb/ft^3) = 141.5 /(131.5 + SG)
4. ESTIMATE FLUID PRODUCED FROM FORMATION FPF
FPR = CDR * FOM . (FT)
5. CALCULATE INITIAL FLOW RATE
QI = FPF / (FLOWTIME * 1440 MIN/DAY) ..STBPD
5. CALCULATE INITIAL FLOW RATE
QI = FPF / (FLOWTIME * 1440 MIN/DAY) ..STBPD
Terimakasih
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