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History Exam Revision

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT TERMS:
Term Topic Definition
Boycott Civil Rights
Movement
Withdrawal from commercial or social relations with (a
country, organization, or person) as a punishment or
protest
Segregation Civil Rights
Movement
The action of forcefully setting someone, or a group a part
from someone else, another group or others
Desegregation Civil Rights
Movement
To end a policy of racial segregation
Integration Civil Rights
Movement
The intermixing of people who were previously
segregated
Prejudice Civil Rights
Movement
A preconceived opinion that is not based on reality
Discriminate Civil Rights
Movement
To negatively differentiate and make an unjust distinction
of people in different race, gender, religion or age.
Justice Civil Rights
Movement
The provision of appropriate and appropriate reasoning,
treatment and judgement
Injustice Civil Rights
Movement
The provision of inappropriate and unacceptable
reasoning, treatment and judgement
Reconciliation Civil Rights
Movement
The restoration of an orderly and working partnership,
relationship or agreement
Jim Crow Laws Civil Rights
Movement
Set of laws that allowed the practice of segregating black
people in the US
Literacy Civil Rights
Movement
Competence and/or knowledge in a particular area
Literacy Tests Civil Rights
Movement


Government practice of testing the literacy of potential
citizens at the federal level, and potential voters at the
state level. In affect during Jim Crow Laws.
Poll Tax Civil Rights
Movement
A tax levied onto everyone, regardless of wealth and
income
Separate but Equal Civil Rights
Movement
A legal doctrine that permitted the implementation of the
Jim Crow Laws, and therefore, segregation.
Voting Rights Civil Rights
Movement
The unequivocal and equal right to vote.
Sit-in Civil Rights
Movement
A form of protest in which demonstrators occupy a place,
refusing to leave until their demands are met
Non-violence

Civil Rights
Movement
The use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about
political or social change.
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Civil Disobedience Civil Rights
Movement
The refusal to comply with certain laws considered unjust,
as a peaceful form of political protest.
Emancipation Civil Rights
Movement
The fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or
political restrictions, also known as liberation.
Emancipation
Proclamation
Slave Trade

The announcement made by President Lincoln on 22
September 1862 emancipating all black slaves in states
still engaged in rebellion against the Federal Union.
Although implementation was strictly beyond Lincoln's
powers, the declaration turned the war into a crusade
against slavery.
Civil Right Act Civil Rights
Movement
Legislation put in place at federal or state level that
outlines the rights of U.S Citizens, and are protected by
the constitution.
There have been 8 Federal Civil Rights Acts since 1866,
the last one being enacted 1991.
Declaration of Human
Rights
Civil Rights
Movement
Declared rights for American Citizens that are part of the
Constitution of the United States.
Empathy Slave Trade

The ability to understand and share the feelings of a
person, or a number of people.
Slave Slave Trade A person who is the legal property of another and is
forced to obey them.
Negro
Nigger
Slave Trade

A derogatory term relating to black people.
Plantation Slave Trade An estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and
tobacco were grown and attended to by negro slaves
Sharecropper Slave Trade A tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent
Transatlantic Slave Trade Crossing of the Atlantic. Opposite sides of the Atlantic.
Native American Slave Trade A member of any of the groups of indigenous peoples of
North, Central, and South America. Lived in the US prior
to British colonization.
Domestic Servants Slave Trade Wives and daughters of plantation slaves, who were
tasked with the roles of housekeeping, e.g. Cleaning,
Cooking, preparing kids for school.
Fieldworkers Slave Trade Slaves that were forced to work in fields and crops.
Often worked in inappropriate conditions.
Runaways Slave Trade Slaves who risked their lives to leave and hide from slave
owners. Often were found, tortured and sometimes even
killed.
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Slave Narrative Slave Trade Stories recorded by slaves and their experiences in a
series of multi-volume books

Slave Owner Slave Trade Crop owner and family patriarch who owned slaves for
field and domestic work
Overseer Slave Trade Person responsible for supervising slaves in fields.
Chattel Slave Trade A personal possession, e.g. land, slave, property
Legislation Slave Trade A law passed by parliament.
Abolish Slave Trade To put an end to a process, rule or behavior.
Abolitionist Slave Trade A person who favours the abolition of a practice or
institution
Buck Slave
Trade/CRM
1. To oppose or resist
2. A dollar
Wench Slave
Trade/CRM
A young girl, or women
Punishment Slave
Trade/CRM
The infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for
an offence
Massa/Missus Slave
Trade/CRM
Massa refers to master- someone superior
Missus is a mans wife
Lynching Slave
Trade/CRM
To unlawfully kill someone for an alleged offence without
a legal trial, especially by hanging.
Interstate Slave
Trade/CRM
Existing or carried on between states, especially of the US
Militant Slave
Trade/CRM
Favouring confrontational or violent methods in support
of a political or social cause
Nationalism Slave
Trade/CRM
To have patriotic feelings, principles, or efforts
Propaganda Slave
Trade/CRM
Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature,
used to promote a political cause or point of view
Picket Slave
Trade/CRM
A person or group of people who stand outside a venue as
a protest or to try to persuade others not to enter during
a strike.
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Person/Group Image Famous For
Homer A Plessy
NOT AVAILABLE
On June 7, 1892, Plessy bought a first class
ticket at the Press Street Depot and boarded
a "whites only" car of the East Louisiana
Railroad in New Orleans, Louisiana, bound
for Covington, Louisiana.
In doing this, he broke Louisianas Jim Crow
Laws.
Linda Brown

Daughter of Oliver L. Brown, the main
plaintiff in the case, Brown v Board of
Education. Oliver Brown, a pastor at a local
church, was advised by the NAACP to enrol
Linda in a neighbourhood school, reserved
for white people, and of course, was
rejected. Oliver Brown became the chief
plaintiff out of 13 concerned African-
American Parents. See Brown v Board of
Education notes below.
Emmett Till

Emmett Till was a 14 year old boy from
Chicago, who was killed in Money,
Mississippi, after flirting with an attractive
white women, Carolyn Bryant. On the night
of August, 28, Carolyns husband, Roy, and
his half brother, J.W Milam, tortured,
murdered and dismembered Tills body, then
wrapped a cotton gin around his neck with
barbed wire, and dumped him in a nearby
river. Milam and Bryant were acquitted of
their charges, and opened up to the media
about the fact that they did kill Till.
Martin Luther King,
Jr

MLK, Jr was the revolutionary of equality
for African-Americans. He is best known for
his role in the advancement of civil rights
using nonviolent civil disobedience. He led
the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and
helped found the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957,
serving as its first president. King's efforts
led to the 1963 March on Washington,
where King delivered his famous "I Have a
Dream" speech. The son of a priest, he was
born in 1929, and earned a Bachelor of
Divinity and a Bachelor of Arts in Theology,
as well as a Ph.D. He was assassinated in
1968.
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Rosa Parks

Rosa Parks was an African-American civil
rights activist, best known for her
involvement in the Montgomery Bus
Boycotts of 1955. After working all day,
Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus
around 6 p.m., Thursday, December 1, 1955,
in downtown Montgomery. She paid her fare
and sat in an empty seat in the first row of
back seats reserved for blacks in the
"colored" section. Parks was ordered by the
driver to vacate the seat for a white man, of
which, she refused too- and was charged
with civil disobedience against Alabamas
segregation laws.
NAACP
National Association for
the Advancement of
Coloured People

The National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People, usually
abbreviated as NAACP, is an African-
American civil rights organization in the
United States, formed in 1909. Its mission is
to ensure the political, educational, social,
and economic equality of rights of all
persons and to eliminate racial hatred and
racial discrimination. Its name, retained in
accordance with tradition, uses the once
common term colored people. Very
influential in major cases throughout the
Civil Rights Movement.
SNCC
Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC) was one of the
organizations of the American Civil Rights
Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a
series of student meetings led by Ella Baker
held at Shaw University in April 1960. SNCC
grew into a large organization with many
supporters in the North who helped raise
funds to support SNCC's work in the South.
Malcolm X

Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim
minister and human rights activist. To his
admirers, he was a courageous advocate for
the rights of blacks, a man who indicted
white America in the harshest terms for its
crimes against black Americans. Detractors
accused him of preaching racism, black
supremacy, and violence. He has been called
one of the greatest and most influential
African Americans in history. As a
spokesman for the Nation of Islam he taught
black supremacy and advocated separation
of black and white Americansin contrast to
the civil rights movement's emphasis on
integration.
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Ku Klux Klan
KKK

Ku Klux Klan, often abbreviated KKK and
informally known as the Klan, is the name of
three distinct past and present far-right
organizations in the United States, which
have advocated extremist reactionary
currents such as white supremacy, white
nationalism, and anti-immigration,
historically expressed through terrorism. The
third KKK emerged after World War II and
was associated with opposing the Civil Rights
Movement and progress among minorities
Little Rock Nine

The Little Rock Nine were a group of African-
American students enrolled in Little Rock
Central High School in 1957. The ensuing
Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were
initially prevented from entering the racially
segregated school by Arkansas Governor
Orval Faubus, and then attended after the
intervention of President Eisenhower, is
considered to be one of the most important
events in the African-American Civil Rights
Movement. The nicknamed "Little Rock
Nine" consisted of Ernest Green, Elizabeth
Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence
Roberts, Carlotta Walls LaNier, Minnijean
Brown, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Thelma
Mothershed, and Melba Pattillo Beals.
Elizabeth Eckford

Elizabeth Eckford (born October 4, 1941)
was one of the Little Rock Nine, a group of
African-American students who, in 1957,
were the first black students ever to attend
classes at Little Rock Central High School in
Little Rock, Arkansas. Elizabeth's public
treatment was captured by press
photographers on the morning of September
4, 1957, after she was prevented from
entering the school by the Arkansas National
Guard.
Black Panthers

The Black Panther Party was an African-
American revolutionary socialist organization
active in the United States from 1966 until
1982. A split political party who separately
advocated for black supremacy and equality,
and based on the 10 point program.
USA

United States of America
Northern States after the Emancipation
Proclamation, current country.

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CSA

Confederate States of America
11 Southern States after 1862, who endorsed
slavery, white supremacy and segregation.
Yankees
A term to describe Americans today, and the
Northern States not a part of the
CSA
Rebs
Soldier of the Confederate States of America
in the American Civil War
Abraham Lincoln

American Republican statesman, 16th
President of the US 18615. His
election as President on an anti-
slavery platform helped precipitate
the American Civil War; he was
assassinated shortly after the war
ended. Lincoln was noted for his
succinct, eloquent speeches,
including the Gettysburg Address of
1863. Wrote, and signed (as
president) the Emancipation
Proclamation, in affect, freeing the
slaves.
Black Power

A movement in support of rights and
political power for black people,
especially prominent in the US in the
1960s and 1970s. Also a political
slogan used for promoting the
African American ideologies of that
time period.












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Event Key Dates Summary
Triangular Slave
Trade

Late 16
th
century, until the mid
19
th
century (Emancipation
Proclamation)


From Europe, textiles, iron and other raw
materials were transported to Africa, then,
Slave were sent to the Americas, where
sugar, cocoa, tobacco and cotton were sent
back to Europe.
Underground
Railroad
Formed early in the 19
th

Century, peak use in between
1850 to 1860
The Underground Railroad was a network of
secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-
century black slaves in the United States to
escape to free states and Canada with the
aid of abolitionists and allies who were
sympathetic to their cause.
American Civil War
1861-1865 The American Civil War (18611865), in the
United States often referred to as simply the
Civil War and sometimes called the "War
Between the States", was a civil war fought
over the secession of the Confederate
States. Eleven southern slave states declared
their secession from the United States and
formed the Confederate States of America
("the Confederacy"); the other 25 states
supported the federal government ("the
Union"). After four years of warfare, mostly
within the Southern states, the Confederacy
surrendered and slavery was abolished
everywhere in the nation.
Missouri
Compromise
1820 The Missouri Compromise was an
agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-
slavery and anti-slavery factions in the
United States Congress, involving primarily
the regulation of slavery in the western
territories. It prohibited slavery in the former
Louisiana territory, except within the
boundaries of the proposed state of
Missouri. Prior to the agreement, the House
of Representatives had refused to accept
this compromise, and a conference
committee was appointed.
Plessy v Ferguson
Boarding of Train: June 7
th
,
1892

Homer A Plessy bought a ticket for a train
ride, and took a ride in the whites only
carriage. The conductor repeatedly ordered
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Court case in Louisiana: Late
1892-1893

Appeal of Plessy v Ferguson in
the US Supreme Court:
1896
Plessy to vacate the car, but, he was defiant-
until law enforcement arrested and charged
him on civil disobedience. The court in
Louisiana, as expected, found him guilty and
in fault, therefore, Plessy and his counsel,
took the decision to appeal in the US
Supreme Court. As no precedent had been
set in Supreme Court on breaking the Jim
Crow Laws, 7 of the 9 justices of the court
deemed the Separate but Equal to be valid,
as long as the state provided facilities that
were equal. Thus, Plessy was not acquitted,
and, the struggle for Civil Rights went
backwards, not forwards.
Brown v Board of
Education
Attempt of Enrolment at
Sumner School (Whites Only):
September, 1950

Law Suit: 1955

Brown II Case: 1957


Oliver Brown had attempted to enroll his 8
year old daughter, Linda, into an attractive
public school in Topeka, Kansas. The only
problem was that Linda and Oliver were
black, and because of Kansass segregation
laws- Sumner School was for whites only.
With the help of Thurgood Marshall, Senior
Lawyer at the NAACP, Brown argued his way
through the courts with Marshall to sue the
city of Topeka, as well as the Kansas Board of
Education for fostering the ideal to
segregate learning. This case was unique, as
it didnt fight for equality in the facilities and
conditions of schools, but, for the issue that
segregation existed- contrary to the 14
th

Amendment in the US Constitution- All US
Citizens should be equal. Marshall argued on
the point of psychological impact on
students who went through segregated
schools. As expected, in the Kansas court
upheld the separate but equal laws, but, on
appeal the US Supreme Court, the court
unanimously decided that the separate but
equal was invalid, and out of place-
overturning the decision in Kansas, and
therefore beginning to desegregate schools.
Though many schools upheld the decision, a
number werent, so, Marshall went back to
the court to ensure schools obeyed the
decision.
The Birmingham
Campaign
1963 The Birmingham campaign was a strategic
movement organized by the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to
bring attention to the unequal treatment
that black Americans endured in
Birmingham, Alabama. The campaign ran
during the spring of 1963, culminating in
widely publicized confrontations between
black youth and white civic authorities, that
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eventually pressured the municipal
government to change the city's
discrimination laws. Organizers, led by
Martin Luther King, Jr. used nonviolent
direct action tactics to defy laws they
considered unfair.
Murder of Emmett
Till
1955 In August 1955, a fourteen year old boy
went to visit relatives near Money,
Mississippi. Intelligent and bold, with a slight
mischievous streak, Emmett Till had
experienced segregation in his hometown of
Chicago, but he was unaccustomed to the
severe segregation he encountered in
Mississippi. When he showed some local
boys a picture of a white girl who was one of
his friends back home and bragged that she
was his girlfriend, one of them said, "Hey,
there's a [white] girl in that store there. I bet
you won't go in there and talk to her."
Emmett went in and bought some candy. As
he left, he said "Bye baby" to Carolyn Bryant,
the wife of the store owner. Although they
were worried at first about the incident, the
boys soon forgot about it. A few days later,
two men came to the cabin of Mose Wright,
Emmett's uncle, in the middle of the night.
Roy Bryant, the owner of the store, and J.W.
Milam, his brother-in-law, drove off with
Emmett. Three days later, Emmett Till's body
was found in the Tallahatchie River. One eye
was gouged out, and his crushed-in head
had a bullet in it. The corpse was nearly
unrecognizable; Mose Wright could only
positively identify the body as Emmett's
because it was wearing an initialed ring.
Emmetts mother, Mamie, chose to show
the body to the world- and raise awareness
for the injustice and inequality experienced
by African Americans. Tenss of thousands of
people attended Emmetts funeral in
Chicago, with images being published
around the world in print and TV press.
Civil Rights
Movement
1955-1968 The African-American Civil Rights
Movement (19551968) refers to the social
movements in the United States aimed at
outlawing racial discrimination against black
Americans and restoring voting rights to
them. The movement was characterized by
major campaigns of civil resistance. Between
1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest
and civil disobedience produced crisis
situations between activists and government
authorities. Federal, state, and local
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governments, businesses, and communities
often had to respond immediately to these
situations that highlighted the inequities
faced by African Americans. Forms of protest
and/or civil disobedience included boycotts
such as the successful Montgomery Bus
Boycott (19551956) in Alabama; "sit-ins"
such as the influential Greensboro sit-ins
(1960) in North Carolina; marches, such as
the Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) in
Alabama; and a wide range of other
nonviolent activities. Culminated in the
assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr, in
1968- but, it is said that the Black Power
Movement slightly prolonged the CRM into
the 1980s.
Montgomery Bus
Boycotts
1955-1956 The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a major
event in the U.S. civil rights movement, was
a political and social protest campaign
against the policy of racial segregation on
the public transit system of Montgomery,
Alabama. The campaign lasted from
December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an
African American woman, was arrested for
refusing to surrender her seat to a white
person, to December 20, 1956, when a
federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect,
and led to a United States Supreme Court
decision that declared the Alabama and
Montgomery laws requiring segregated
buses to be unconstitutional.
March on
Washington
1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and
Freedom, was one of the largest political
rallies for human rights in United States
history and called for civil and economic
rights for African Americans. It took place in
Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28,
1963. Martin Luther King, Jr., standing in
front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his
historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating
racial harmony during the march. The march
was organized by a group of civil rights,
labor, and religious organizations, under the
theme "jobs, and freedom." Estimates of the
number of participants varied from 200,000
(police) to over 300,000 (leaders of the
march). Observers estimated that 7580% of
the marchers were black and the rest were
white and non-black minorities.
Doll Doctor Test
1955, In Brown v Board of
Education Case
The Doll Doctor test was an experiment by
an African-American psychologist, Dr.
Kenneth Clark. The test was aimed to
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discover the effects and impact of the
segregation towards children. The test
required the person to choose the good
doll- the one youd play with, the bad doll-
the on you wouldnt play with, and the one
that looks like you- the person being
tested. Thurgood Marshall used this as
evidence in his arguments, and the Chief
Justice, Earl Warren, stated that the results
from the experiment majorly influenced his
decision.
Freedom Riders
1961 Freedom Riders were civil rights activists
who rode interstate buses into the
segregated southern United States in 1961
and following years to test the United States
Supreme Court decisions Boynton v. Virginia
(1960) and Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth
of Virginia (1946). The first Freedom Ride
left Washington, D.C., on May 4, 1961, and
was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on
May 17.
Freedom Summer
1964 Freedom Summer was a campaign in the
United States launched in June 1964 to
attempt to register as many, African
American voters as possible in Mississippi
which had historically excluded most blacks
from voting. The project also set up dozens
of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and
community centers in small towns
throughout Mississippi to aid the local black
population.
Greensboro Sit-ins
1960 The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of
nonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the
Woolworth's department store chain
reversing its policy of racial segregation in
the Southern United States. On February 1,
1960, four students from the Agricultural
and Technical College of North Carolina sat
down at the lunch counter inside the
Woolworth's store at 132 South Elm Street
in Greensboro, North Carolina. The men,
later known as the Greensboro Four,
ordered coffee. Following store policy, the
lunch counter staff refused to serve the
African American men at the "whites only"
counter and the store's manager asked them
to leave.
The four university freshmen Joseph
McNeil, Franklin McCain, Ezell Blair, Jr., and
David Richmond stayed until the store
closed.
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