Review Exercises for Chapter 3

43. r 

v02
sin 2
32

45. Let f x  x, x  100, dx  0.6.

f x  x  f x  f x dx

v0  2200 ftsec

 changes from 10 to 11

dr 

 x 

22002
cos 2 d
16

  10

f x  x  99.4


180


d  11  10

1
dx
2x

 100 

1
0.6  9.97
2100

Using a calculator: 99.4  9.96995


180

r  dr


22002
20
cos
16
180


 180
  4961 feet

 4961 feet
49. Let f x  x, x  4, dx  0.02, f x  1 2x .

4 x, x  625, dx  1.
47. Let f x  
4 x 
f x  x  f x  f x d x  

Then

1
dx
44x3

f 4.02  f 4  f 4 dx

1
4 624  
4 625 
f x  x  
1
4 625 3
4

5

4.02  4 

1
1
0.02  2  0.02.
4
24

1
 4.998
500

4 624  4.9980.
Using a calculator, 

51. In general, when  x 0, dy approaches y.

53. True

55. True

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

1. A number c in the domain of f is a critical number if f c  0 or f
is undefined at c.

y
4

f (c) is
3
undefined.

f (c) = 0

x
4 3

1
2
3
4

3. gx  2x  5 cos x, 0, 2

18

(6.28, 17.57)

g x  2  5 sin x
2

 0 when sin x  5 .
Critical numbers: x  0.41, x  2.73
Left endpoint: 0, 5
Critical number: 0.41, 5.41
Critical number: 2.73, 0.88 Minimum
Right endpoint: 2, 17.57 Maximum

(2.73, 0.88)

4

2
1

163

164

Chapter 3

Applications of Differentiation

5. Yes. f 3  f 2  0. f is continuous on 3, 2

,
differentiable on 3, 2.

7. f x  3  x  4
y

(a)

f x  x  33x  1  0 for x  13.

6
4

c  13 satisfies f c  0.

2
x

10

4
6

f 1  f 7  0
(b) f is not differentiable at x  4.

9.

f x  x23, 1 x 8

f x  x  cos x, 

11.

2
f x  x13
3

f x  1  sin x
f b  f a 2   2

1
ba
2   2

f b  f a 4  1 3


ba
81 7

f c  1  sin c  1

2
3
f c  c13 
3
7
c

13.

149



x
2
2

c0

2744
 3.764
729

f x  Ax2  Bx  C
f x  2Ax  B
f x2  f x1 Ax22  x12  Bx2  x1

x2  x1
x2  x1
 Ax1  x2  B
f c  2Ac  B  Ax1  x2  B
2Ac  Ax1  x2
c

x1  x2
 Midpoint of x1, x2

15. f x  x  12x  3

f x  x  1 1  x  32x  1
2

 x  13x  7
7
Critical numbers: x  1 and x  3

17. hx  xx  3  x32  3x12

Domain: 0,

3
3
h x  x12  x12
2
2
3
3x  1
 x12x  1 
2
2x
Critical number: x  1

Interval:


< x < 1

1 < x <

7
3

7
3

< x <

Sign of f x:

f x > 0

f x < 0

f x > 0

Conclusion:

Increasing

Decreasing

Increasing

Interval:

0 < x < 1

Sign of h x:

h x < 0

h x > 0

Conclusion:

Decreasing

Increasing

1 < x <

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

19. ht  14t 4  8t

Test Interval:
< t < 2

h t  t 3  8  0 when t  2.
Relative minimum: 2, 12

165

2 < t <

Sign of h t:

h t < 0

h t > 0

Conclusion:

Decreasing

Increasing

1
1
cos12t  sin12t
3
4

21. y 

v  y  4 sin12t  3 cos12t
(a) When t 


1
, y  inch and v  y  4 inches/second.
8
4

(b) y  4 sin12t  3 cos12t  0 when

sin12t
3
3
  tan12t   .
cos12t
4
4

3
4
Therefore, sin12t   and cos12t  . The maximum displacement is
5
5
y
(c) Period:

1345  41  53  125 inch.

2 

12
6
1
6

6 

Frequency:

23. f x  x  cos x, 0 x 2

f x  1  sin x
f  x  cos x  0 when x 
Points of inflection:

 3
,
.
2 2

Test Interval:
Sign of f  x:
Conclusion:


3
< x <
2
2

3
< x < 2
2

f  x < 0

f  x > 0

f  x < 0

Concave downward

Concave upward

Concave downward

0 < x <


2

2 , 2 , 32, 32

25. gx  2x21  x2

g x  4x2x2  1 Critical numbers: x  0,

1
2

1, 1
2 2

g x  4  24x

1, 1
2 2

(0, 0)

g 0  4 > 0

Relative minimum at 0, 0

 

1 1
Relative maximums at
,
2 2

27.
6

(5, f(5))

5
4

(3, f(3))

2
1
1


29. The first derivative is positive and the second derivative is
negative. The graph is increasing and is concave down.

1
g
 8 < 0
2

(6, 0)
(0, 0) 2 3 4 5

x
7

166

Chapter 3

Applications of Differentiation

31. (a) D  0.0034t4  0.2352t3  4.9423t2  20.8641t  94.4025

(b)

369

29
0

(c) Maximum at 21.9, 319.5 1992

Minimum at 2.6, 69.6 1972
(d) Outlays increasing at greatest rate at the point of inflection 9.8, 173.7 1979

33. lim

2x2
2
2
 lim

 5 x
3  5x2 3

35. lim

2x  3
x4

39. f x 

3x2

37. hx 

Discontinuity: x  4
lim

5 cos x
 0, since 5 cos x 5.
x

3
2
x

Discontinuity: x  0

2x  3
2  3x
 lim
2
x
1  4x
x4

lim

3x  2  2

Vertical asymptote: x  4

Vertical asymptote: x  0

Horizontal asymptote: y  2

Horizontal asymptote: y  2

41. f x  x3 

243
x

43. f x 

x1
1  3x2

Relative minimum: 3, 108

Relative minimum: 0.155, 1.077

Relative maximum: 3, 108

Relative maximum: 2.155, 0.077

0.2

200

1.4

200

Vertical asymptote: x  0

Horizontal asymptote: y  0

45. f x  4x  x2  x4  x

Domain: 
,
; Range: 
, 4
f x  4  2x  0 when x  2.
f  x  2
Therefore, 2, 4 is a relative maximum.
Intercepts: 0, 0, 4, 0

)2, 4)

4
3
2
1

x
1

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

47. f x  x16  x2, Domain: 4, 4
, Range: 8, 8

2, 8

Domain: 4, 4
; Range: 8, 8

6
4

16  2x2
f x 
 0 when x  22 and undefined when x  4.
16  x2
f  x 

2xx2  24
16  x232

( 4, 0)

(4, 0)
x

(0, 0)

2,

f  22  > 0

Therefore,  22, 8 is a relative minimum.

f   22  < 0

Therefore,  22, 8 is a relative maximum.

Point of inflection: 0, 0
Intercepts: 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0
Symmetry with respect to origin
49. f x  x  13x  32

Domain: 
,
; Range: 
,


f x  x  12x  35x  11  0 when x  1,

11
, 3.
5

f  x  4x  15x2  22x  23  0 when x  1,

( 115 , 1.11(

(1, 0)

(2.69, 0.46)
(3, 0)

4
2

11 6
.
5

(1.71, 0.60)

f  3 > 0
Therefore, 3, 0 is a relative minimum.
f

115 < 0

Therefore,

is a relative maximum.
115, 3456
3125 

Points of inflection: 1, 0,

11 5

6

 11 5

, 0.60 ,

6

, 0.46

Intercepts: 0, 9, 1, 0, 3, 0

51. f x  x13x  323

Domain: 
,
; Range: 
,


4
3

x1
f x 
 0 when x  1 and undefined when x  3, 0.
x  313x23
2
f  x  53
is undefined when x  0, 3.
x x  343
3 4 is
By the First Derivative Test 3, 0 is a relative maximum and  1,  

a relative minimum. 0, 0 is a point of inflection.

Intercepts: 3, 0, 0, 0

2
1

) 3, 0)

)0, 0)
x

) 1,

1.59)
3

167

168

Chapter 3

Applications of Differentiation

x1
x1

53. f x 

Domain: 
, 1, 1,
; Range: 
, 1, 1,

f x 

2
< 0 if x  1.
x  12

f  x 

4
x  13

1
2

x
2

Horizontal asymptote: y  1
Vertical asymptote: x  1
Intercepts: 1, 0, 0, 1
55. f x 

4
1  x2

y
5

Domain: 
,
; Range: 0, 4

8x
 0 when x  0.
f x 
1  x22
3
81  3x2
.
 0 when x 
f  x 
1  x23
3

(0, 4)

3,3
3

3,3
3

2
1
3

2 1

x
1

f  0 < 0
Therefore, 0, 4 is a relative maximum.
Points of inflection:  33, 3
Intercept: 0, 4
Symmetric to the y-axis
Horizontal asymptote: y  0

57. f x  x3  x 

4
x

10

Domain: 
, 0, 0,
; Range: 
, 6
, 6,

f x  3x2  1 
f  x  6x 

4

x2

3x4

 4
 0 when x  1.
x2
x2

8
6x4  8

0
x3
x3

f  1 < 0
Therefore, 1, 6 is a relative maximum.
f  1 > 0
Therefore, 1, 6 is a relative minimum.
Vertical asymptote: x  0
Symmetric with respect to origin

(1, 6)
x

(1, 6) 5

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

59. f x  x2  9

Domain: 
,
; Range: 0,

f x 

2xx2  9
 0 when x  0 and is undefined when x  3.
x2  9

10

2x2  9
is undefined at x  3.
f  x  2
x 9

)0, 9)

) 3, 0)

)3, 0)
x

f  0 < 0

Therefore, 0, 9 is a relative maximum.

Relative minima:  3, 0
Points of inflection:  3, 0
Intercepts:  3, 0, 0, 9
Symmetric to the y-axis
61. f x  x  cos x

)2 , 2

Domain: 0, 2
; Range: 1, 1  2

3 3
,
2 2

f x  1  sin x 0, f is increasing.

f  x  cos x  0 when x 
Points of inflection:

1)

 3
, .
2 2

 
3 3
, ,
,
2 2
2 2



)0, 1)

,
2 2
x

Intercept: 0, 1
63. x2  4y2  2x  16y  13  0
(a) x 2  2x  1  4y 2  4y  4  13  1  16

x  1  4y  2  4
x  12 y  22

1
4
1
The graph is an ellipse:
2

(1, 3)
3
2
1

Maximum: 1, 3

(1, 1)
x
1

Minimum: 1, 1

(b) x2  4y2  2x  16y  13  0

2x  8y

dy
dy
 2  16  0
dx
dx
dy
8y  16  2  2x
dx
dy
2  2x
1x


dx 8y  16 4y  8

The critical numbers are x  1 and y  2. These correspond to the points 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, and 2, 3.
Hence, the maximum is 1, 3 and the minimum is 1, 1.

169

170

Chapter 3

Applications of Differentiation

65. Let t  0 at noon.

(100 12t, 0)
(0, 0)

L  d 2  100  12t2  10t2  10,000  2400t  244t 2

(100, 0)

300
dL
 2400  488t  0 when t 
 4.92 hr.
dt
61

B (0, 10t)

Ship A at 40.98, 0; Ship B at 0, 49.18

d 2  10,000  2400t  244t 2
 4098.36 when t  4.92  4:55 P.M..
d  64 km
67. We have points 0, y, x, 0, and 1, 8. Thus,

08
8x
y8

or y 
.
m
01
x1
x1

(0, y)

10

(1, 8)

8
6

Let f x  L 2  x 2 

x 8x 1 .
2

4
2

x
f x  2x  128
x1
x

(x, 0)

x  1  x
0
x  12

x
2

10

64x
0
x  13

x x  13  64
 0 when x  0, 5 minimum.
Vertices of triangle: 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 10
69.

A  Average of basesHeight


x 2 s

3s2  2sx  x2

see figure

dA 1 s  xs  x

 3s2  2sx  x2
dx
4 3s2  2sx  x2

xs
2

22s  xs  x
 0 when x  2s.
43s2  2sx  x2
A is a maximum when x  2s.
71. You can form a right triangle with vertices 0, 0, x, 0 and 0, y.
Assume that the hypotenuse of length L passes through 4, 6.
60
6x
y6

or y 
04
4x
x4

Let f x  L2  x2  y2  x 2 
f x  2x  72

x 6x 4 .
2

0
x x 4 x 4
 4
2

3
x x  43  144
 0 when x  0 or x  4  
144.

L  14.05 feet

xs
2
x

m

3s 2 + 2sx x 2
2

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

csc  

73.
csc

L1
or L1  6 csc 
6

2    9 or L
L2

 9 csc

see figure

L1

2  

L2

L  L1  L2  6 csc   9 csc

171

(2 (

2    6 csc   9 sec 

dL
 6 csc  cot   9 sec  tan   0
d
tan3  

3 2

2
tan   3
3
3

sec   1  tan2  
csc  
L6

1  23

23

323  223

313

sec  323  223


tan 
213

323  22312
323  22312
9
 3323  22332 ft  21.07 ft Compare to Exercise 72 using a  9 and b  6.
13
2
313

75. Total cost  Cost per hourNumber of hours

T

v
110
11v 550
 5


600
v 
60
v
2

dT 11 550 11v 2  33,000


 2 
dv
60
v
60v 2
 0 when v  3000  1030  54.8 mph.
d 2T 1100
 3 > 0 when v  1030 so this value yields a minimum.
dv 2
v
77. f x  x3  3x  1
From the graph you can see that f x has three real zeros.
f x  3x2  3
f xn 

f xn 

f xn 
f xn 

1.5000

0.1250

3.7500

0.0333

1.5333

1.5333

0.0049

4.0530

0.0012

1.5321

xn

f xn 

f xn 

f xn 
f xn 

0.5000

0.3750

2.2500

 0.1667

0.3333

0.3333

 0.0371

2.6667

0.0139

0.3472

0.3472

 0.0003

2.6384

0.0001

0.3473

xn

f xn 

f xn 

f xn 
f xn 

 1.9000

0.1590

7.8300

0.0203

1.8797

1.8797

0.0024

7.5998

0.0003

1.8794

xn

xn 

f xn 
f xn 

xn 

xn 

f xn 
f xn 

f xn 
f xn 

The three real zeros of f x are x  1.532, x  0.347, and x  1.879.

172

Chapter 3

Applications of Differentiation

79. Find the zeros of f x  x4  x  3.

fx  4x3  1
From the graph you can see that f x has two real zeros.
f changes sign in 2, 1.

xn

f xn 

f xn 

f xn 
fxn 

1.2000

0.2736

7.9120

0.0346

1.1654

1.1654

0.0100

7.3312

0.0014

1.1640

xn 

f xn 
fxn 

On the interval 2, 1: x  1.164.

f changes sign in 1, 2.
f xn 

f xn 
fxn 

0.5625

12.5000

0.0450

1.4550

1.4550

0.0268

11.3211

0.0024

1.4526

1.4526

 0.0003

11.2602

0.0000

1.4526

xn

1.5000

2
3

f xn 

xn 

f xn 
fxn 

On the interval 1, 2; x  1.453.

81.

y  x1  cos x  x  x cos x

dy
 1  x sin x  cos x
dx
dy  1  x sin x  cos x dx

83.

S  4 r 2. dr  r  0.025
dS  8r dr  89 0.025
 1.8 square cm
dS
8 r dr
2 dr
100 
100 
100
S
4 r 2
r


2 0.025
100  0.56%
9

4
V  r3
3
dV  4 r 2 dr  492 0.025
 8.1 cubic cm
dV
4 r 2 dr
3 dr
100 
100 
100
V
43r 3
r


3 0.025
100  0.83%
9

Problem Solving for Chapter 3

1. Assume y1 < d < y2. Let gx  f x  dx  a. g is continuous on a, b and therefore
has a minimum c, gc on a, b. The point c cannot be an endpoint of a, b because
ga  fa  d  y1  d < 0
gb  fb  d  y2  d > 0
Hence, a < c < b and gc  0 fc  d.

Problem Solving for Chapter 3

3. (a) For a  3, 2, 1, 0, p has a relative maximum at 0, 0.
For a  1, 2, 3, p has a relative maximum at 0, 0 and 2 relative minima.
(b) px  4ax3  12x  4xax2  3  0 x  0,

3a

p x  12ax2  12  12ax2  1

For x  0, p 0  12 < 0 p has a relative maximum at 0, 0.
(c) If a > 0, x 

3a are the remaining critical numbers.

3a
 12 3a
 12  24 > 0 p has relative minima for a > 0.

p

(d) 0, 0 lies on y  3x2.

Let x 

3a. Then

px  a

3a

6

3
a

a=1 a=3 y

 2ax  2x

2x2

8
7
6
5
4
3
2

 a

For a 0, there is one relative minimum at 0, 0.

(c) For a < 0, there are two relative minima at x 

 2a.

(d) There are either 1 or 3 critical points. The above analysis

shows that there cannot be exactly two relative extrema.
c
 x2
x
c
c
c
 2x  0 2  2x x3  x 
x2
x
2

cx
3

2c
2
x3

If c  0, f x  x2 has a relative minimum, but no relative maximum.

2c is a relative minimum, because f  2c

> 0.
c
If c < 0, x   is a relative minimum too.
2
If c > 0, x 

Answer: all c.

a=2

a=0

a = 1
a = 2
a = 3

(b) For a < 0, there is a relative maximum at 0, 1.

f  x 

a = 1
a = 3

 3x2 is satisfied by all the relative extrema of p.

p x  16x2  2a

fx  

3a
 a9  18a   a9.

5. px  x 4  ax2  1

7. f x 

a=1
x

(a) px 

a=3

9
Thus, y    3
a

4x4

a=2

x
1
2

a = 2
a=0

173

174

Chapter 3

9. Set

Applications of Differentiation

f b  f a  f ab  a

 k.
b  a2

Define Fx  f x  f a  fax  a  kx  a2.

Fa  0, Fb  f b  f a  fab  a  kb  a2  0
F is continuous on a, b and differentiable on a, b.
There exists c1, a < c1 < b, satisfying Fc1  0.
Fx  fx  fa  2kx  a satisfies the hypothesis of Rolles Theorem on a, c1:
Fa  0, Fc1  0.
There exists c2, a < c2 < c1 satisfying F c2   0.
Finally, F x  f x  2k and F c2   0 implies that
k

f  c2
.
2

Thus, k 

11. E  
E  

f b  f a  f ab  a f  c2

1

f b  f a  fab  a  f  c2b  a2.
b  a2
2
2

tan 1  0.1 tan  10 tan  tan2


0.1  tan
1  10 tan

1  10 tan 10 sec2  2 tan sec2   10 tan  tan2 10 sec2
0
1  10 tan 

1  10 tan 10 sec2  2 tan sec2   10 tan  tan2 10 sec2
10 sec2  2 tan sec2  100 tan sec2  20 tan2 sec2
 100 tan sec2  10 tan2 sec2
10  2 tan  10 tan2
10 tan2  2 tan  10  0
tan 

2 4  400
 0.90499, 1.10499
20

Using the positive value,  0.7356, or 42.14

.
13. v  2400 sin 
v  2400 cos   0


3
 2n,
 2n, n an integer
2
2

Problem Solving for Chapter 3

x
y
4
  1 or y   x  4.
3 4
3

15. The line has equation

Rectangle:

4
4
Area  A  xy  x  x  4   x2  4x.
3
3
8
8
3
Ax   x  4  0 x  4 x 
3
3
2
Dimensions:

3
2
2

Calculus was helpful.

Circle: The distance from the center r, r to the line

r

r
r
 1
3 4

x
y
  1  0 must be r:
3 4

12 7r  12
7r  12

5
12
5

1
1

9 16
5r  7r  12 r  1 or r  6.

Clearly, r  1.
x
y
  1 and satisfies x  y  r.
3 4

Semicircle: The center lies on the line

7
12
r
r
 1
r  1 r  . No calculus necessary.
3 4
12
7

Thus

17. y  1  x21
y 

2x
1  x22

y 

3
23x2  1
1
0 x

3
x2  13
3

y:

+++ +++

3
3

3
3

The tangent line has greatest slope at 

19. (a)

x
sin x

3 3

and least slope at 33, 34

.


0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.0

0.09983

0.19867

0.29552

0.38942

0.47943

0.84147

sin x x
(b) Let f x  sin x. Then fx  cos x and on 0, x you have
by the Mean Value Theorem,
fc 
cosc 
Hence,

f x  f 0
, 0 < c < x
x0
sin x
x

sin x
 cosc 1
x

sin x x
sin x x

175