6. Prestressed Concrete : Ultimate shear strength of beams Approach to shear strength design Inclined web crushing Inclined web fracture - flexure-shear resistance web shear resistance Concrete and steel contributions to shear strength APPROACH TO SHEAR STRENGTH DESIGN Shear fracture can occur without warning, and . . Shear resistance is variable, even for identical beams, so . . We design such that shear resistance ALWAYS exceeds the bending strength of the member, and A lower strength reduction factor is used: f = 0.7 In prestressed beams, shear strength at any section is affected by the bending moment at that section. So we need to estimate this bending moment as part of the design. Typically, ultimate shear strength includes contributions from concrete and steel (stirrups) so that V u = V uc + V us Firstly consider a sections response to shear force . . A B C D B C A B C D Basics: Diagonal Tension and Compression: Shear force V AC extends to AC. So there is a tensile strain in direction AC. I f stress is high enough, tensile fracture could occur. Also BD contracts to BD. So there is a compressive strain in direction BD. I f stress is high enough, crushing could occur. Prestressing can inhibit both of these potential failures. Consider first hold-up enhancement . . . Shear strength design P x M V P v P h q x = e x P P h = P P v = Pq x Forces on concrete - length of beam from support to x. Components of prestress force P, at x from support. The vertical component P v = Pq x is a vertical force which holds-up the right hand concrete, hence enhances the shear strength in this case. [This is not always the case, e.g. in continuous beams.] Hold-up enhancement of shear resistance : Now consider inclined web crushing . . . Shear strength design INCLINED WEB CRUSHING Just as for reinforced concrete, diagonal web crushing provides an upper bound to the crushing capacity of a prestressed section. Except for the hold-up force, the prestress does not increase the web crushing capacity. The inclined web capacity is conservatively estimated by V u.max = 0.2 f c b v d o + P v b w Grouted duct d d Note the terms: b v = b w - 0.5 Sd d and b w = web width. For grouted duct - for ungrouted =1.0 d 0 = distance from compression face to outermost tendon or rebar, but not less than 0.8D. P v = hold-up force. I f f V u.max < V*, then change of design may be needed. web-shear web-shear flexure - shear flexure - shear flexure flexure Types of Cracking - actual and potential: We have already dealt with flexure (bending) cracking. Now we must address the two types of diagonal cracking called flexure-shear and web-shearcracking, and the ultimate shear resistance. We can expect these patterns of cracking to be inhibited by prestress, but by how much? Lets see . . . flexure - shear INCLINED WEB FRACTURE Inclined Web Fracture: Flexure-Shear Resistance: V ucf This must be considered wherever a flexural crack, perhaps caused by a previous loading, or by shrinkage, or any other reason, may occur. Hence we must consider every section along the length of the beam. In reality, we concentrate on selected sections and several intermediate sections. The flexure-shear resistance is designated V ucf , and is one of the two values of V uc to be estimated. V ucf is comprised of two additive resistances: 1. the shear force at the section when a crack at the section just starts to open (termed initiating force V 0 ), and 2. the force required to allow a diagonal crack to fully propagate from the flexural crack (termed propagating force V p ). V ucf is also augmented by the hold-up force P v So . . . V ucf - P v = V 0 + V p i.e. V ucf = P v + V o + V p P v = P e x as before. V o is explained thus : UBMD and M o diagram USFD x M* M o (M dec ) V* At section x from support : M* is factored design moment M o is decompression moment V* is factored shear force corresponding to M* So V 0 is a simple proportion of V* : V 0 = ( M 0 / M*) V* . . . which leaves V p to be explained . . . Inclined Web Fracture : Flexure-shear . . . V p is estimated by the beta formula from reinforced concrete, with some modifications : V p = b 1 b 2 b 3 b v d o {( A st + A pt ) f c / ( b v d o )} 1/ 3 b 1 = depth factor. b 2 = axial load factor, but not including prestress ! ! b 3 = support factor. b v allows for reduction due to ducts, if any. A st + A pt includes both tendons and rebars which are in the tensile zone at ultimate load. So now we have it all: Flexural shear Resistance V ucf = P v + V o + V p of which all terms have been explained. Inclined Web Failure : Flexure-shear Near the supports of simply supported beams, web-shear crackingmay occur before flexure-shear cracking. This possibility is very serious indeed, since sudden fracture, without warning, could ensue. So, quite separately from consideration of flexure-shear, we must examine web-shear, but only at sections where tensile cracking is not expected to exist at ultimate load. We do this by examining the principal tensile stress in the web: RECTANGULAR SECTION b w y Bending stress s y Shear stress t y GENERAL PRISMATIC SECTION b w y s y t y s y = P/A + Pey / I - My / I and t y = V Q / (I b w ) A note about Q . . . Inclined Web Failure : Web-shear resistance: V ucw . . . Q is the second moment of area, taken about the centroidal axis, of the area lying beyond the level being considered, for example : Centroidal axis To estimate t at centroidal axis: A y Q = A y Centroidal axis To estimate t at junction of web and tensile flange : A y Q = A y The appropriate Q is then used in t y = V Q / (I b V ) Web-shear resistance: V ucw t q = angle of principal plane to the horizontal - remember that there is no shear stress on a principal plane - and s 1 = principal stress (+ = compression) on this plane. Forces on triangle a b c q t . 1 t tan q s tan q s 1 cos q s 1 s 1 tan q M V P P t t t s s q unit element a b c Stresses on unit element SH=0: s tan q - t - s 1 tan q = 0 SV=0: - t tan q - s 1 = 0 Eliminate tan q : t 2 = s 1 2 - s s 1 Web shear crack occurs when s 1 reaches 0.33(f c ) 0.5 So V t = I b v t / Q where t 2 = s 1 2 - s s 1 in which s 1 = - 0.33 (f c ) 0.5 Web-shear resistance Mohrs Circle representation : t t s s 0 0 s s 1 Direct stress s / 2 t Shear stress + = compression, - = tension 0 Unit element subjected to stress s horizontally, and 0 vertically. s 1 is maximum principal tensile stress at tensile fracture. So t is shear stress corresponding to maximum principal tensile stress. This solves to t 2 = s 1 2 - s s 1 , as before. (s 1 is negative!) Note how the maximum shear strength is enhanced by the magnitude of s : higher s => higher t. Web-shear resistance But at what depth y does the highest principal tensile stress occur ? Consider these diagrams : Bending stress s Shear stress t y y It is not apparent at which depth y the combination of shear stress and compressive stress are critical. So . . . For rectangular web, we check at centroidal axis, and . . . For general section, we check at both centroidal axis, and at flange to web intersection, and adopt the most critical value. Inclined Web Failure : Web-shear Calculate V* at section Calculate V u.max V* > fV u.max ? yes Change section no P v (hold-upforce) + V o (crack initiation force) + V p (crack propagation force) = V ucf M* > M cr ? yes V uc = V ucf no P v (hold-up force) + min V t (centroidal) V t (flange-web junction) = V ucw { } V uc = min V ucf V ucw CONCRETE CONTRIBUTION TO SHEAR STRENGTH flexure- shear web- shear This logic chart shows how to calculate V uc { } Can we use stirrups to increase shear capacity as for reinforced concrete ? Yes, and in the same manner ! Remember that stirrups are always required if the beam, whether reinforced or prestressed, is deeper than 750 mm. Recall the truss model which describes how stirrups act as vertical members, in conjunction with horizontal chords . . . d 0 s How shear steel works : Stirrups act as vertical tension members in the fictitious truss. Stirrups also hold the crack closed, up to their yield capacity. So we design thus: f V u >= V* which means f (V uc + V us ) >= V* from which f V us >= V* - f V uc STEEL CONTRIBUTION TO SHEAR STRENGTH Beam: V* <= f V uc AND D <= max (250mm, b v /2) yes No shear steel required no V* <= 0.5 f V uc Slab : V* <= f V uc yes no yes D > 750 mm no no 0.5 f V uc < V* <= f V u.min yes Provide minimum steel, using s max = min(0.75D, 500mm) yes no Provide calculated steel, using s max = min(0.5D, 300 mm) Steel contribution to shear strength This logic chart shows how to select shear steel and spacing : Shear Steel Contribution to Shear strength : V us = (A sv f sy.f d 0 /s) cot q v For design purposes, we commonly use the following form to select the required stirrups: A sv / s > = V us / (f sy.f d 0 cot q v ) Remember there are limitations on the spacing s of stirrups. Also q v lies between 30 o and 45 o , as given by q v = 30 o + (V* - f V u.min ) / (fV u.max - f V u.min ) 15 o A sv.min = 0.35 b v s / f sy.f where f sy.f in MPa. . . . and of course V u = V uc + V us SUMMARY Design to ensure that shear failure does not occur under the loading that produces ultimate bending failure. Check for web crushing i.e. ensure V* <= f V u.max Check for diagonal tension fracture i.e. V* <= f {V uc + V us } V uc is V ucf if section is cracked by ultimate moment or {V ucf , V ucw } min otherwise. Always use shear steel if D > 750 mm. This includes longitudinal steel top and bottom. f = 0.7 for all shear calculations.