Water Quality Standards

Drinking Water Quality Guidelines
and Standards
Saiqa Imran
Senior Research Officer (NWQL)
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
OUR WATER: OUR FUTURE
Guideline:
A recommended limit that should not be exceeded
WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (2006) to ensure
safety of drinking water
Standard:
A mandatory limit that must not be exceeded (often reflects legal
duty or obligation)
Standards vary among countries and regions
Why do we need
to set Guidelines
and Standards
for drinking
water?
Rapid Increase in Pollution Load on Ground & Surface Water
Bodies of Pakistan
Mission
To protect the health
of the people
by assuring safe
and reliable
drinking water free of
all contaminants
What is Safe Drinking Water?
Safe
adj. free from danger; secure; not
involving risk
Websters Collegiate Dictionary, 1998
What is Safe Drinking Water?
WHO Definition
Safe drinking water is
does not represent any significant risk to health over
the lifetime of consumption, including different
sensitivities that may occur between life stages.
How do we know?
Drinking
Water
safe
Unsafe
Ensure safe drinking water
Identify problems
Adopt precautionary measures
Raise awareness
Determine the effectiveness of water treatment
technologies
Select an appropriate water source
Influence policies to supply safe water
Through
Water Quality Testing
Goal of Guidelines or Standards
Safe drinking water is a
basic right to all in spite
of their social and
economic conditions
What is Guidelines?
Guidelines are advisory in nature based on scientific research and
epidemiological findings and are not to be confused with legal
standards
Provide guidance to Govt. for protection of public health
A guideline value represents the conc. of constituents that does not
result in any significant risk to the health of the consumer over a
lifetime
Guidelines are not intended for absolute and direct application in every
country
Guidelines (WHO) are too conservative or too liberal to be applied in a
particular country (may or may not suit to local conditions)
How WHO Prepared the Guidelines?
1) Technical Efforts
Over 200 experts from 40 different countries
Over a period of 4 years
More than 19 review group meetings involving the participation of
numerous institutions
2) Financial Support
Organizations and countries included;
DANIDA, NORAD, SIDA, ODA, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden,
UK, USA.
Criteria for Formulation
(WHO Guidelines)
Carried out assessment of 128 health risks chemicals
Out of 128, 95 health-based chemicals
recommended for guidelines values
Criteria for selection of health-based chemicals was
The substances of potential hazard for human health
The substances of significant exposure for human with relatively high
concentrations
The substance of major international concern (i.e. of interest to
several countries)
How WHO GV were derived?
GV= TDI x BW x P / C
GV Guidelines value, expressed in mg or g / liter of drinking water
TDI Tolerable daily intake (An estimated amount of a substance in food or drinking water in
mg or g per Kg of body weight)
BW Body weight (For adult - 60 Kg, infants - 5 kg, children - 10 kg)
P %age of the TDI (1-100%), depending on the magnitude of exposure from food and air. In
case limited information- Default value (10%) was used
C Daily drinking water consumption (For adults 2 liters, 10 kg child -1 liter and 5 kg infant -
0.75 liter)
NOAEL No-observed-adverse-effect level TDI = NOAEL
IF TDI Values = LOAEL / UF Where:
LOAEL Lower-observed-adverse-effect level TDI = LOAEL / UF Where
UF Uncertainly factor (1-10000) - UF value depends on the nature of the toxic effect, size , type
of population to be protected and the quality of the toxicological informations and is
decided on case-to-case basis
By putting TDI value
GV = NOAEL x BW x P/C GV = LOAEL / UF x BW x P/C
Uncertainty factors
The derivation of these factors requires expert judgment and
careful consideration of the available scientific evidence.
Source of uncertainty in derivation of guideline value
Source of uncertainty Factor
Interspecies variation (animals to humans) 110
Intraspecies variation (individual variations within species) 110
Adequacy of studies or database 110
Nature and severity of effect 110
Provisional Guideline Values
For substances for which the uncertainty factors were greater
than 1000
Guideline values are designated as provisional in order to
emphasize the higher level of uncertainty inherent in these
values.
A high uncertainty factor indicates that the guideline value
may be considerably lower than the concentration at which
health effects would actually occur in a real human
population.
Guideline values with high uncertainty are more likely to be
modified as new information becomes available.
Limitations of WHO Guidelines
No GV for Bottled/ Mineral water
No GV for short-term Exposure
No GV for all chemicals used for water
treatment
No GV for Materials used for water supply
No Minimum Desirable Level
WHO GUIDELINES
Bacteriological Quality
Organisms Guideline Value
All water intended for drinking
E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
Treated water entering the distribution
system
E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
Total coliform bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
Treated water in the distribution system
Coli or thermo tolerant coliform bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
Total coliform bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample. In
the case of large supplies, where sufficient
samples are examined, must not be present in
95% of samples taken throughout any 12-month
period.
WHO GUIDELINES
Chemicals of Health Significance
Inorganic Guideline Value (mg/l)
Antimony 0.005
Arsenic 0.01
Barium 0.7
Boron 0.3
Cadmium 0.003
Chromium 0.05
Copper 2
Cyanide 0.07
Fluoride 1.5
Lead 0.01
Manganese 0.5
Mercury 0.001
Molybdenum 0.07
Nickel 0.02
Nitrate 50
Nitrite 3
Selenium 0.01
WHO GUIDELINES
Other Parameters (Physical)
Parameter Level
Color 15 TCU
Taste & Odor -
Temperature -
Turbidity 5 NTU
Inorganic
Aluminium 0.2 mg/l
Ammonia 1.5 mg/l
Chloride 250 mg/l
Copper 1 mg/l
Hardness -
Hydrogen Sulfide 0.05 mg/l
Iron 0.3 mg/l
Manganese 0.1 mg/l
Dissolved Oxygen -
pH -
Sodium 200 mg/l
Sulfate 250 mg/l
TDS 1000 mg/l
Zinc 3 mg/l
WHO GUIDELINES
Organics
Parameter Level
Toluene 24-170
Xylenes 20-1800
Ethyl benzene 2.4-200
Styrene 4-2600
Monochlorobenzene 10-120
1,2 dichlorobenzene 1-10
1,4 dichlorobenzene 0.3-30
Trichlorobenzenes 5-50
Synthetic detergents -
Disinfectants & Disinfectant by Products
Chlorine chlorophenols 600-1000
2-chlorophenol 0.1-10
2,4-dichlorophenol 0.3-40
2,4,6 trichlorophenol 2-300
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS:
WHAT ARE THEY GOOD FOR?
A basis for assessing water quality data
A "trigger" for initiating action
An "end point" for terminating action
A regulatory/ educational tool
Standards
Standards are fixed by law and adopted in countries to
their national priorities taking in account their economic,
technical, social, cultural and political situation
Standards are to be established, requested and enforced
by competent national authorities by adopting a risk
benefit approach
At any time they can be changed or modified whenever
new scientific evidence becomes available
THREE EXAMPLES
(Not adopted WHO guidelines )
Sudan
Higher values adopted than WHO
NO3(N) 50 mg/l instead of 10 mg/l
F 7 mg/l instead of 1.5 mg/l
TDS 5000 mg/l instead of 1000 mg/l
Tanzania
Higher values adopted than WHO
Cadmium, Copper, Fluoride, Nitrite,
Nitrate, Sulfate, Chloride and Turbidity
Industrialized countries (More concerned regarding risks affecting health)
More strict than WHO guidelines as they can afford advanced treatment
systems and sophisticated laboratories
EU's drinking water standards
Lower values adopted than WHO
Fe 0.2 mg/l instead of 0.3 mg/l
NO2 0.5 mg/l instead of 3 mg/l
Criteria for Formulation
(Standards or regulations related to public health)
Toxicological or epidemiological findings
Economic interest
Socio-cultural characteristics
Average daily intake
Hygienic practices
Public awareness and sensitivity
Technological development
Political situation
PSQCA DRIKING WATER STANDARDS
Characteristics Permissible
Limits
Limits
Antimnoy (Sb) 0.005 (mg/l) Benzene 0.010 (mg/l)
Arsenic (As) 0.050 (mg/l) Benzo(a) pyrene 0.0070 (mg/l)
Barium (Ba) 1.0 (mg/l) Bromate 0.025 (mg/l)
Borate (B) 1.0 (mg/l) Carbon tetrachloride 0.002 (mg/l)
Cadmium (Cd) 0.003 (mg/l) Dichloromethane 0.020 (mg/l)
Chromium (Cr) 0.050 (mg/l) O-dichloromethane 1 (mg/l)
Copper (Cu) 1.0 (mg/l) P-dichloroethane 0.300 (mg/l)
Cyanide (Cn) 0.070 (mg/l) 1.2 dichloroethane 0.030 (mg/l)
Fluoride (F) 1.5 (mg/l) Cis-1.2 dichloroethylene 0.030 (mg/l)
Lead (Pb) 0.10 (mg/l) Trans1.2 dichloroethylene 0.050 (mg/l)
Manganese (Mn) 0.500 (mg/l) 1.2 dichloropropane 0.040 (mg/l)
Mercury (Hg) 0.001 (mg/l) Ethylbenzene 0.3 (mg/l)
Nickel (Ni) 0.020 (mg/l) Monochlorobenzene 0.3 (mg/l)
Nitrate (N) 10.0 (mg/l) Styrene 0.020 (mg/l)
Nitrite (NO2) 2.0 (mg/l) Tetrachloroethylene 0.040 (mg/l)
Selenium (Se) 0.010 (mg/l) Trichloroethylene 0.070 (mg/l)
PSQCA DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
Limits
Limits
Toluene 0.700 (mg/l) Lindane 0.002 (mg/l)
1.1.1 trichloroethane 0.002 (mg/l) Methoxychlor 0.020 (mg/l)
1.1.2.2 tetrachloroethane 0.040 (mg/l) Pentachlorophenol 0.009 (mg/l)
Chlorure de vinyl 0.005 (mg/l) Simazine 0.002 (mg/l)
Xylenes 0.5 (mg/l) Aldrine 0.000030 (mg/l)
Alachlor 0.020 (mg/l) Dieldrine 0.000030 (mg/l)
Aldicarb 0.010 (mg/l) 2,4,5 TP 0.009 (mg/l)
Atrazine 0.002 (mg/l) Di(2-ethylhexy) adipate 0.0080 (mg/l)
Carbofuran 0.007 (mg/l) Di(2-ethylhexy)
phtalate
0.080 (mg/l)
Chlordane 0.00020 (mg/l) Total trichlorobenzenes 0.020 (mg/l)
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 0.001 (mg/l) Hexachlorobenzene 0.001 (mg/l)
2,4-D 0.030 (mg/l) Diquat 0.010 (mg/l)
Ethylene dibromide 0.00003 (mg/l) Pentachlorophenol 0.009 (mg/l)
Heptachlor 0.00003 (mg/l)
Heptachlor epoxide 0.00003 (mg/l)
PSQCA DRIKING WATER STANDARDS
Microbiological Limits
Ozonation Other Process
Escherichia coli 0/250 ml 0/250 ml
Total Coliforms 0/250 ml 0/250 ml
Enterococci (Streptoco---) 0/250 ml 0/250 ml
Sporulated SRA 0/100 ml 0/50 ml
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0/250 ml 0/250 ml
Parasites and Pethogenic micro-organisms Shall be free Shall be free
PSQCA Standards for Bottled water
Bottled water:
Water other than natural mineral water which is filled into hermetically
sealed containers/bottles of various compositions forms, and
capacities that may be safe and suitable for direct consumption.
PSQCA Standards for Bottled Water
Characteristics Units Maximum Permissible Limit
(ppm)
PSQCA
Alkalinity (m.mol/l)
NGVS
Bicarbonate (mg/l)
NGVS
Calcium (mg/l)
100
Carbonate (mg/l)
NGVS
Chloride (mg/l)
250
Co lour (TCU)
5
Conductivity (S/cm)
NGVS
Fluoride (mg/l)
0.7
Hardness (mg/l)
NGVS
Iron (mg/l)
0.3
Magnesium (mg/l)
50
Odor -
Unobjectionable
Nitrate-N (mg/l)
10
Cont.
Characteristics Units Maximum Permissible Limit (ppm)
PSQCA
pH -
6.5-8.5
Potassium (mg/l)
10
Sodium (mg/l)
50
Sulfate (mg/l)
250
Taste -
Unobjectionable
TDS (mg/l)
500
Turbidity (NTU)
0.5
Phosphate (mg/l)
NGVS
Arsenic mg/l
0.010
Lead mg/l 0.010
Total Coliform MPN/100Liter
0
E-Coli MPN/100Liter
0
General public, in Pakistan, use subjective quality criteria like brackish,
foul smelling, bad tasting, turbid or colored water to determine that it is
not suitable for drinking.
The agencies responsible for monitoring of water quality perform periodic
checks of the basic water parameters against certain recommended
standards.
Research-based standards and guidelines for quality drinking water must
be available to monitoring agencies.
Need for National Standards for Drinking Water Quality
In 2002, the Pakistan Standards Institute compiled the preliminary standards for quality drinking
water.
In 2004, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources prepared a report related to water
quality in Pakistan with recommendations for establishing water quality standards.
Johri (2005) from WHO office proposed a framework of action for improving the quality of
drinking water in Pakistan
In March 2005,Health Services Academy, the Ministry of Health, in collaboration with World
Health Organization (WHO) sponsored, organized and conducted a 4-day workshop in Islamabad
to update the existing water quality standards in accordance with the quality guidelines of WHO.
The workshop was designed to seek input of experts from all important federal, provincial and
private agencies
Through a combination of lectures, discussions, intense work Sessions, and utilization of reading
literature provided by WHO and Ministry of Health, quality standards for drinking water in
Pakistan were finalized.
Establishment of National Standards for Drinking Water Quality
National Standards for Drinking Water Quality
NSDWQ
Alkalinity (m.mol/l)
NGVS
Bicarbonate (mg/l)
NGVS
Calcium (mg/l)
NGVS
Carbonate (mg/l)
NGVS
Chloride (mg/l)
250
Co lour (TCU)
<15
Conductivity (S/cm)
NGVS
Fluoride (mg/l)
1.5
Hardness (mg/l)
<500
Iron (mg/l)
0.3
Magnesium (mg/l)
NGVS
Odor -
Unobjectionable
Nitrate-N (mg/l)
10
NSDWQ
pH -
6.5-8.5
Potassium (mg/l)
NGVS
Sodium (mg/l)
NGVS
Sulfate (mg/l)
NGVS
Taste -
Unobjectionable
TDS (mg/l)
<1000
Turbidity (NTU)
5
Phosphate (mg/l)
NGVS
Arsenic mg/l
0.050
Lead mg/l 0.050
Total Coliform MPN/100Liter
0
E-Coli MPN/100Liter
0
NSDWQ
Aluminium(Al) mg/1
-
<0.2
Antimony (Sb) (mg/l) <0.005 (P)
Barium (Ba) (mg/l)
0.7
Boron (B (mg/l)
0.3
Cadmium (Cd) (mg/l)
0.01
Chromium (Cr) (mg/l)
<0.050
Cyanide (CN) (mg/l) <0.05
Manganese (Mn) (mg/l)
< 0.5
Mercury (Hg) mg/l
<0.001
Nickel (Ni) mg/l <0.02
Residual
chlorine
--
mg/l 0.2-0.5 at consumer
end
0.5-1.5 at source
Zinc (Zn) mg/l
5.0
ANY QUESTION ?
THANK YOU

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