January 2014

STEEL CONSTRUCTION
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4 JANUARY 2014
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Volume 54, Number 1.) ISSN (print) 0026-8445: ISSN (online) 1945-0737. Published monthly by the American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC), One E. Wacker Dr., Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601. Subscriptions: Within the U.S.single issues $6.00; 1 year, $44. Outside the U.S. (Canada
and Mexico)single issues $9.00; 1 year $88. Periodicals postage paid at Chicago, IL and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send address changes to
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION, One East Wacker Dr., Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601.
DISCLAIMER: AISC does not approve, disapprove, or guarantee the validity or accuracy of any data, claim, or opinion appearing under a byline or obtained or
quoted from an acknowledged source. Opinions are those of the writers and AISC is not responsible for any statement made or opinions expressed in MODERN
STEEL CONSTRUCTION. All rights reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without written permission, except for noncommercial educational purposes where
fewer than 25 photocopies are being reproduced. The AISC and MSC logos are registered trademarks of AISC.
January 2014
ON THE COVER: Looking up at the University of California Berkeleys new press box, p. 36. Photo: Jeffrey Katz Photography, courtesy of HNTB.
steelwise
17

Reinforcing the Point
BY BO DOWSWELL, P.E., PH.D.
Its important to know your options, as well
as your existing structure, before moving
forward with a reinforcement scheme.
product focus
27

Specifying Value
BY WILLIAM D. CORBETT
A properly installed coating system adds
not only protection to fabricated structural
steel, but also value.
business issues
32

Inviting Innovation
BY MATT TENNEY
Creating a highly innovative culture takes
much more than creativity.
34
AISC and the IBC
BY ERIN CRISTE AND CHARLES J.
CARTER, S.E., P.E., PH.D.
Whose rules rule? With adoption by
reference, it couldnt be any easier to
determine.
36
Above the Action
BY GREG BAKER, AIA, AND
JOE DIESKO, AIA
Floating over Cal Berkeleys Memorial
Stadium, a sleek, new press box
complements the structures historic Beaux
Arts faade.
42
Taking Things in a New
Direction
BY FAZ EHSAN, P.E., PH.D.
Creative collaboration and framing
flexibility allow a university hospital
project to successfully take on a major
programmatic change well into the
construction phase.
46
Braced for the Future
BY KIM CARAVALHO
Buckling restrained braced frames maximize
aesthetic appeal, seismic preparedness and
flexibility for the City of Pasadenas new
office building.
50
The Life Aquatic
BY PETER OLENDZKI, P.ENG.
BIM brings structural and visual optimization
into Torontos angular new aquarium.
56
Hanging (over the) 10
BY PAUL CHUNG, P.E., AND
JASON FANG, P.E., PH.D.
The widening of Interstate 10 in suburban
Los Angeles provided the opportunity to
build a new pedestrian overcrossing with an
attractive through-truss as the centerpiece.
columns
features
departments
6 EDITORS NOTE
9 STEEL INTERCHANGE
12 STEEL QUIZ
60 NEWS & EVENTS
66 TOPPING OUT
resources
64 MARKETPLACE
65 EMPLOYMENT
in every issue
Intuitive Software for
Structural Engineers
46
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6 JANUARY 2014
Editorial Offices
1 E. Wacker Dr., Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60601
312.670.2400 tel
312.896.9022 fax
Editorial Contacts
EDITOR & PUBLISHER
Scott L. Melnick
312.670.8314
melnick@modernsteel.com
SENIOR EDITOR
Geoff Weisenberger
312.670.8316
weisenberger@modernsteel.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Tasha Weiss
312.670.5439
weiss@modernsteel.com
DIRECTOR OF PUBLISHING
Areti Carter
312.670.5427
areti@modernsteel.com
GRAPHIC DESIGNER
Kristin Egan
312.670.8313
egan@modernsteel.com
AISC Officers
CHAIR
Jeffrey E. Dave, P.E.
VICE CHAIR
James G. Thompson
SECRETARY & GENERAL
COUNSEL
David B. Ratterman
PRESIDENT
Roger E. Ferch, P.E.
VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Charles J. Carter, S.E., P.E., Ph.D.
VICE PRESIDENT
Jacques Cattan
VICE PRESIDENT
John P. Cross, P.E.
VICE PRESIDENT
Scott L. Melnick
Advertising Contact
Account Manager
Louis Gurthet
231.228.2274 tel
231.228.7759 fax
gurthet@modernsteel.com
For advertising information,
contact Louis Gurthet or visit
www.modernsteel.com
Address Changes and
Subscription Concerns
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312.893.2253 fax
admin@modernsteel.com
Reprints
Betsy White
The Reprint Outsource, Inc.
717.394.7350
bwhite@reprintoutsource.com
editors note
ITS NOT UNUSUAL FOR ME TO USE DIMINUTIVE FORMS WHEN I TALK WITH
MY CHILDREN. Jason becomes Jay, Joshua is Josh and we sometimes call Julia Boo.
(For contrarians, its interesting to note that even though diminutive means small, not
all diminutives are smaller than their original forms. Thus the diminutive of bachelor
becomes bachelorette and the monosyllabic Scott is often Scooter.)
But sometimes diminutives dont prove
popular. Back in 2006, we changed our cover
to emphasize MSC in the belief it was
the common way to refer to the magazine.
Anecdotal evidence suggests we were wrong.
Ive rarely heard anyone outside of our own
staff call the magazine MSC and more typ-
ically hear it shortened simply to Modern
Steel. So after eight years, were once again
redoing our cover.
Our intrepid designer, Kristin Egan,
developed a wide range of cover alternatives,
and after careful consideration our publish-
ing staff narrowed it to two choices. We then
considered some slight variations on each of
the choices and selected what we considered
to be a bold and exciting change. But some-
thing odd happened.
During the next few weeks I had the two
finalists hanging in my office. And almost
universally, every visitor to my office preferred
our second choice and expressed some dislike
for our first choice. Could we have made a
mistake in our choice?
We decided to put five of the different
cover designs up on our Facebook page and
let our readers choose their favorite. The
result? The consensus was the classy cover
you see on this issue (yes, our staffs second
choice was our readers first choice).
SCOTT MELNICK
EDITOR
In addition to the new cover design,
were also working on a radical new look
for the MSCer, Modern Steelwebsite
(www.modernsteel.com). Youll still be
able to view the current issue, past articles
and product information. The new layout
simply offers a more compelling graphical
presentation.
Id love to hear from you about our
new cover (and the new website). And for
those of you wondering why Julia shortens
to Boo, stop by and see me at this years
NASCC: The Steel Conference. We can
talk about your name, my name and why we
shortened the name of the North American
Steel Construction Conference. Simply visit
www.aisc.org/nascc for full information
and to register. See you there!
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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 9
After three years as AISCs director of technical assistance,
Heath Mitchell has decided to move on to j oin the
company his family owns, G.W.Y., Inc. The company
serves the structural bolting industry, selling, repairing
and renting a variety of installation tools for conventional
hex-head and tension-control bolts, and Heath will be
helping to manage day-to-day operations, expand the
product line and introduce current products into new
markets. Hell also continue as a consultant to the Steel
Solutions Center.
Were sad to see Heath go but happy to announce that
Larry Muir, who has already been working for us for many
years as a part-time consultant in technical assistance activities,
has taken over his role. Larry has also been a consultant with
his own engineering practice for a number of years, and
fefore that he was president of the engineering division of
AISC member Cives Steel Company. All the while, Larry has
been a very involved volunteer on AISCs Committees on
Specifications and Manuals.
Astute readers will remember that Larry recently was
announced as the 2014 recipient of the AISC T.R. Higgins
Lectureship Award. (He made it into that distinct category just
in time, as members of the AISC staff are not eligible to win it.
Having been selected before joining the staff means Larry is
quite unique as a Higgins recipient!)
In celebration of Larrys new role at AISC, this months
SteelQuiz features a selection of questions Larry has answered.
Charles J. Carter
Plate Bending
A debate is raging in our office. For years, the allowable
bending stress in base plates was 0.75F
y
. Beginning with
the 13th Edition AISC Steel Construction Manual, however,
AISC appears to stipulate 0.60F
y
for ASD. Is this an error?
If not, can you explain why the change is necessary?
Previously, when checking weak-axis bending, the allowable stress
was 0.75F
y
. However, the check was made using S
y
. Currently,
the allowable stress is 0.6F
y
, but the check is made using Z
y
. For
a rectangular section Z
y
/S
y
= 1.5. Since 0.75/0.6 = 1.25, the 2005
and 2010 AISC Specifications include a slight gain in strength
over the 9th Edition ASD.
In the 9th Edition, you were essentially using the
plastic section modulus for both weak and strong axis
bendi ng. For ful l y braced strong-axi s bendi ng of a
compact member, the allowable stress used to be 0.66F
y

instead of 0.6F
y
. The quotient 0.66/0.6 equals 1.1. This
approximates the ratio of Z
x
/S
x
using the lower bound
value for wide-flange beams.
So in the end, there really has not been much change at all,
though the calculations look somewhat different.
Eccentrically Loaded Bolts
I am analyzing an eccentric bolt group and cannot use the
eccentrically loaded bolt group tables in the AISC Manual
due to a non-standard spacing. How can I calculate the
coefficient C?
The Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method used
to determine this value is described in Part 7 of the AISC
Manual. It is an iterative process. Some engineers have written
a program to do this, but you can also use a spreadsheet. Some
structural engineering textbooks also present the calculations,
which are readily adaptable to a spreadsheet.
Once you have built the spreadsheet or program, you
can proceed in one of two ways. First, you can simply
guess at a location of the instantaneous center until you
satisfy equilibrium. This is not as bad as it may sound if you
are only doing this occasionally. Second, you can use the
spreadsheet goal seek function to find the location of the
instantaneous center. For a symmetrical bolt group with a
vertical load, the instantaneous center of rotation will be
located along the line perpendicular to the load passing
through the bolt group centroid. Knowing this makes the
job easier.
There are a number of programs available online (many
free) to do this work for you. Some will supply the location of
instantaneous center of rotation. Once the center of rotation is
known, the results can be easily verified.
If you would rather write a program, there is also an AISC
Engineering Journal article by Brandt that presents a program
in FORTRAN that can be used to find the coefficient C of the
bolt group (this is in the 2nd Quarter 1982 issue).
Application of Q
f
When the variable Q
f
is used in AISC 360-10 Section K1, it
is typically applied as a multiplier outside of the bracketed
portion of the equation. As such, it has an effect on the
entire nominal strength calculation. However, Equations
K1-12 and K1-13 for the limit state of wall plastification
have Q
f
inside the bracketed portion of the equation. Is it
correct for these two limit states that Q
f
only applies to a
portion of the nominal strength equation?
I actually had the same question when I was reviewing this
section of the AISC Specification. Q
f
is in the correct location
(inside the brackets) in 2010 AISC Specification Equations K1-12
and K1-13. The equation is based on a yield line approach. Since
the force in the member has a greater effect on the strength of
the yield lines transverse to the chord axis and little effect on the
yield lines parallel, Q
f
is applied to only those portions where
it has a significant effect. This approach predicts a strength
consistent with test results.
steel
interchange
If youve ever asked yourself Why? about something related to
structural steel design or construction, Modern Steel Constructions
monthly Steel Interchange column is for you! Send your
questions or comments to solutions@aisc.org.
10 JANUARY 2014
K-Area Welding
Does AISC 360 prohibit welding in the k-area of a wide-
flange shape?
The AISC Specification does not prohibit welding in the
k-area. There have been some reported problems with welds
made in the k-area, so it is generally avoided, when possible.
However, there are times where welding in this area is
required. For more information on this topic you can refer
to the MSC article AISC Advisory Statement on Mechanical
Properties Near the Fillet of Wide Flange Shapes and Interim
Recommendations, January 10, 1997 (02/97).
AISC 358 Section 3.6 (and its associated Commentary)
describes requirements for continuity plate corner clips.
Although this is not a direct prohibition of welding in the
k-area, the resulting corner clip geometry is intended to avoid
welding in the k-area.
When welding in the k-area is performed, it should be
noted that AISC 360-10 Chapter N Table N5.4-3 requires
visual inspection: When welding of doubler plates,
continuity plates or stiffeners has been performed in the
k-area, visually inspect the web k-area for cracks within 3 in.
(75 mm) of the weld.
Base Plate Shear Transfer
AISC Design Guide 1Base Plate and Anchor Rod Design,
2nd Edition, discusses three methods of transferring
shear to the concrete at a base plate: friction, shear lugs
and anchor rods. However, I do not see a discussion on
whether any of these methods can be used in combination
with one another. Can the strengths from these mecha-
nisms be combined?

I am not aware of a standard procedure for summing these
resistances. The load-deformation behavior of the three
mechanisms is likely to be very different, so it could be
expected that a great deal of deformation would be necessary
to develop the strength of each. Also, we know these
mechanisms do not behave in a perfectly plastic manner. One
such example is the concrete breakout limit state for a shear
lug. We also know that friction does not develop and then
maintain that resistance indefinitely. Slip does not eliminate
friction, but the friction is now based on a kinetic friction,
which is lower than static friction.
This situation is similar to why we do not allow the full
strengths of bolts and welds to be summed or why we do not
sum the strengths related to both bearing and slip resistance in
pretensioned bolted joints. Surely some additive effect exists
but we are not confident that we can accurately predict the
behavior so we instead neglect one mechanism and base the
strength solely on the other.
Moment Connection to HSS Column
I am working on the design of a moment connection
between a wide-flange beam and an HSS column. The
beam flange is wider than the HSS column it connects to.
According to AISC 360-10 Section K1.3b, B
p
/B must be
less than or equal to 1. Do we need to taper the flanges of
the beam to be the same width of the column at the joint
or can we keep the normal flange width with no taper and
use B
p
/B = 1.0?
If fatigue is not a concern for your connection, there is
no need to taper the flange. The flange width should be
assumed equal to the width of the HSS for calculation
purposes. In AISC 360-10 Chapter K, will then be equal
to 1.0.
AISC Design Guide 24 Chapter 4 provides guidance
related to these connections. Example 4.3 addresses
the directly welded connection and treats the flange as a
transverse plate. However, this example is configured such that
the beam flange is narrower than the HSS width.
For this type of connection with a beam flange width
greater than or equal to the HSS column width, the
applicable checks are Equations K1-7, K1-9 and K1-10
or K1-11. Equations K1-9, K1-10 and K1-11 are similar
to the local web yielding and crippling checks for wide-
flange beams in Section J10. Equation K1-7 incorporates
an effective width concept. If a CJP groove weld between
the flange and the HSS wall is not used, this effective width
concept also should be incorporated into the design of the
weld, as shown in Equation K4-4.
Fatigue applications may require tapering.
steel interchange
Larry Muir is AISCs new director of technical assistance.
Steel Interchange is a forum to exchange useful and practical professional ideas and
information on all phases of steel building and bridge construction. Opinions and
suggestions are welcome on any subject covered in this magazine.
The opinions expressed in Steel Interchange do not necessarily represent an official position of
the American Institute of Steel Construction and have not been reviewed. It is recognized that the
design of structures is within the scope and expertise of a competent licensed structural engineer,
architect or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.
If you have a question or problem that your fellow readers might help you solve, please
forward it to us. At the same time, feel free to respond to any of the questions that you
have read here. Contact Steel Interchange via AISCs Steel Solutions Center:
1 E Wacker Dr., Ste. 700, Chicago, IL 60601
tel: 866.ASK.AISC fax: 312.803.4709
solutions@aisc.org
The complete collection of Steel Interchange questions and answers is available online.
Find questions and answers related to just about any topic by using our full-text search
capability. Visit Steel Interchange online at www.modernsteel.com.
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12 JANUARY 2014
This months quiz is all about AISC Steel Design Guide 26
Design of Blast Resistant Structures.
steel
quiz
1 In general, the primary design criterion for blast design
is not an allowable stress but rather the amount of
___________.
a) elastic deflection b) elastic deformation
c) plastic deformation d) inelastic deflection
2 True or False: Blast mitigation and collapse mitigation
are the same design philosophy.
3 When referring to a building, the term _________ implies
the strength and sturdiness to resist excessive loads.
a) redundancy b) resilience
c) robustness
4 True or False: Another source of redundancy and
robustness i nherent i n steel bui l di ngs i ncl udes
the common overstrength in the steel materials and
connecting elements.
5 True or False: The typical details used in steel buildings
inherently provide for redundancy and robustness, with
the capability for load redistribution through alternative
load paths.
6 Which of the following are good design guidelines for
improving structural integrity (designing for progressive
collapse) in structural steel buildings?
a) Good plan layout b) Redundancy
c) Ductile detailing d) All of the Above
7 True or False: Due to the nature of blast loading, elastic
design is required and is measured by support rotations
and ductility.
8 True or False: Beam-to-beam continuity consists of a
distinct, clearly defined link across a column.
9 As compared with the static values normally used
in design, which of the following properties vary for
dynamic loading?
a) The ultimate tensile strength increases slightly
b) The yield point increases substantially
c) All of the Above
10 True or False: For blast design the specified minimum
yield stress should be multiplied by a strength increase
factor, SIF, of 1.10.
TURN TO PAGE 14 FOR ANSWERS
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ANSWERS steel quiz
1 c) plastic deformation
2 False. Blast mitigation or blast-resistant design involves
the eval uati on of i ndi vi dual structural members
or groups of structural members, depending on the
distribution of blast load. Conversely, design to resist
progressive collapse is, in a sense, threat-independent,
in that the design intent is to provide sufficient
redundancy in the structural system to prevent the
propagation of failure.
3 c) robustness. The redundancy that is common in steel-
framed buildings can be considered robust.
4 True. Other sources include membrane action in the
floor and roof diaphragms and the strength and stiffness
contributions of nonstructural components.
5 True. This fact has been demonstrated repeatedly
when steel buildings have been subjected to abnormal
loadings.
6 d) Effective design to resist progressive collapse is a
matter of ductility and redundancy. Progressive collapse
requires both an abnormal loading to initiate the local
damage and a structure that lacks adequate continuity,
ductility and redundancy to resist the spread of damage.
7 False. Plastic design is the required design methodology.
Different codes can be used to define the strength of
the elements, but no safety factor should be used in
those calculations. Local and global stability should be
guaranteed in those elements where plasticity must be
achieved and ductility criteria must be used.
8 True. This link must be capable of independently
transferring gravity loads for a removed column
condition, regardless of the actual or potential damage
state of the column.
9 c) Steel mechanical properties vary with the time rate
of strain. Modulus of elasticity does not vary and the
elongation at rupture either remains constant or is
slightly reduced.
10 True. For typical steel grades of 50 ksi or less, the
average yield stress is approximately 10% larger than the
stress specified by ASTM. For higher grades this average
is smaller than 5%; therefore, no factor is used on those
grades. Ultimate strength is not factored in any case.
Anyone is welcome to submit questions and answers for Steel Quiz. If
you are interested in submitting one question or an entire quiz, contact
AISCs Steel Solutions Center at 866.ASK.AISC or at solutions@aisc.org.
Phone: 281-20-9749 Fax: 281-20-9771
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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 17
STRENGTH, STABILITY AND STIFFNESS are, of course,
all factored into the design of a structural framing system. But
as buildings age, take on new uses or are expanded, sometimes
they a need a structural boost.
There are several ways to incorporate structural reinforce-
ment into a building or other structure. Sometimes the simplest
method is to change the load path by adding new members. If a
concrete foor is present, shear connections can be added to en-
gage the concrete in composite action. Another method is the
addition of prestressing. Finally, one can employ member re-
inforcement, which is accomplished by enlarging the member
to increase the section properties. Whichever method is used
should consider safety and any potential negative effects on the
structure during erection.
Here, well look at key factors to keep in mind when rein-
forcing beams and columns, as well as welding and tolerance
considerations.
Beams
Lets start with beams. Floor systems, roofng or other ob-
structions may limit access and prevent welding to both fanges
of a beam. This limited access, combined with the desire to
eliminate overhead welding, usually leads to built-up shapes
that are singly symmetric. Section F4 in the AISC Specifcation
applies to singly symmetric I-shaped members bent about their
major axis. Calculation methods in other publications, such as
the Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures (by R.D.
Ziemian), can be used to determine lateral-torsional buckling
loads for non-I-shaped members.
Common reinforcement schemes for beams are shown
in Figure 1. When the bottom fange is easily accessible, the
most economical option is a single plate welded to the bottom
fange, as shown in Figure 1a. Because the plate is wider than
the fange, welding is done in the horizontal position, which
has about four times the production speed of overhead weld-
ing. Also, the camber due to weld shrinkage is upward and the
plate can be easily clamped in place for ft-up. If more strength
or stiffness is required, an additional plate can be welded to the
top fange as shown in Figure 1b; however, the top fange is
usually not accessible in commercial buildings. The top plate
is usually narrower than the beam fange to allow horizontal-
position welding.
Another option is tee reinforcement, shown in Figure 1c,
which provides large increases in strength and stiffness but re-
quires overhead welding. Web plates and cap channelsshown
in Figures 1d and 1e, respectivelyare effective in resisting
weak-axis bending. Closed sections are extremely effcient in
resisting torsion. The web plate and double angle reinforce-
ment schemes, shown in Figures 1d and 1f, should be consid-
ered for these cases. If lateral-torsional buckling is a concern,
the web plate and double angle reinforcement, as well as the
channel cap, are effcient options.
REINFORCING
THE POINT
BY BO DOWSWELL, P.E., PH.D.
steelwise
Its important to know your options,
as well as your existing structure, before moving
forward with a reinforcement scheme.
Bo Dowswell (bo@arcstructural.
com) is a principal with
ARC International, LLC, in
Birmingham, Ala.
a) single ange
plate
b) double ange
plates c) tee
Fig. 1. Common reinforcement schemes for beams.
d) web plates e) cap channel f) double angles
18 JANUARY 2014
steelwise
In determining the reinforcement scheme, an important
practical consideration is the types of obstructions that will be
encountered. For example, the bottom fange reinforcement in
Figure 2a must be stopped short of the end of the beam. If
the reinforcement must extend to the end of the beam, another
type of reinforcement may be more economical. A similar case
is shown in Figure 2b for web plate reinforcement obstructed
by a secondary beam framing to the web of the reinforced beam.
Due to obstructions and economic considerations, rein-
forcement is often placed on only part of the member length.
Because reinforced members have an abrupt change in stiff-
ness at the reinforcement cutoff location, a stepped member
approach must be used to determine member stability. In their
1971 article Elastic Lateral Buckling of Stepped I-Beams (in
the Journal of the Structural Division) Trahair and Kitipornchai
developed a simple equation to calculate the lateral-torsional
buckling moment of stepped beams with equal setbacks at each
end, as shown in Figure 3a. Partial-length tee reinforcement
often requires end plates to provide lateral stability to the tee,
as shown in Figure 3b.
Section F13.3 of the AISC Specifcation requires partial-
length reinforcement to extend beyond the theoretical cutoff
point (see Figure 3a). The force that must be developed over
length, d
rt
, can be calculated using an elastic distribution as dis-
cussed in the Commentary to AISC Specifcation Section F13.3.
This gives a force, F = MQ/I.
An important serviceability consideration is the defection
of beams reinforced under load. The total defection is the
sum of the pre-reinforcement defection and the post-rein-
forcement defection. If the structural analysis model is built
with the reinforced section properties, only the defection of
the reinforced member under the total load is provided in the
output. Because the initial defection should be calculated with
the non-reinforced member properties, the actual defection
will be higher than the computer output value. An additional
consideration is the weld shrinkage deformation that can cause
upward or downward deformation, depending on the weld se-
quence, member properties, heat input, reinforcement geom-
etry and initial load at the time of welding.
Columns
Switching gears to columns, several reinforcement schemes
are shown in Figure 4. Because eccentricities between the axial
load and the centroid of the reinforced cross section must be
accounted for in the design, reinforcement is most effcient
when placed symmetrically about the centroid of the member.
However, girts, walls and other obstructions may limit access
and prevent welding to both fanges of a member. Double-
fange plates, shown in Figure 4a, are usually the most economi-
cal scheme.
Fig. 3. Partial-length beam reinforcement.
Fig. 4. Common reinforcement schemes for columns.
Fig. 3. Partial-
length beam
reinforcement.
a) load development
Fig. 2. Obstructions requiring
partial-length beam reinforcement.
a) hanger
b) beam web framing

b) stabilizer plates
c) ush wing plates d) offset wing plates
a) double ange plates b) web plates

20 JANUARY 2014
steelwise
Obstructions requiring partial-length column reinforce-
ment are shown in Figure 5. Under most conditions, the re-
inforcement can be discontinuous at lateral brace locations. In
these cases, the column should be designed as a stepped mem-
ber. Additionally, the non-reinforced part of the column must
be checked for yielding.
In the rare case where the non-reinforced part of the column
is overstressed, cross-sectional area can be added with wing
plates welded between the cover plates. The fush wing plates in
Figure 4c require groove welds; therefore, the more economi-
cal choice is usually the offset wing plates shown in Figure 4d,
which can be fllet welded to the column. The wing plates must
extend beyond the end of the cover plate for a length adequate
to develop the load into the column.
In a 1969 Engineering Journal article, Some Non-Conven-
tional Cases of Column Design, S.T. Dalal tabulated effective
length factors for the stepped column confgurations shown in
Figure 6. The effective length factors can be used with the lat-
eral buckling provisions in Specifcation Section E3.

Welding
There are several factors to consider when it comes to weld-
ing reinforcement members.
Coating removal. Section M3.5 in the AISC Specifcation re-
quires surfaces within 2 in. of a feld weld to be free of materi-
als that would prevent proper welding or produce objectionable
fumes during welding. Although many coating systems are not
detrimental to the strength of the fnished weld, most should be
removed due to health concerns for the welder. Corrosion and
other materials should also be removed prior to welding.
Stitch welds. To reduce welding distortion and cost, rein-
forcing plates are usually stitch welded to the member as shown
in Figure 7. If the structure is exposed to extremely corrosive
conditions, continuous welds may be required. However, if an
adequate paint system is applied after welding, properly-spaced
stitch welds can be used for most structures exposed to normal
weather conditions.
Fig. 6. Partial-length column reinforcement.
Fig. 7. Stitch welding of reinforcement plate.

a) reinforcement held
back at both ends
c) column
with
vertical
brace
gusset
plates
Fig. 5. Obstructions requiring partial-
length column reinforcement.

a) column with beams

at each ange
b) column
with a beam
at one
ange
b) reinforcement held
back at one end

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A c r o s s 1 . l o t 2 . c o n n e c t i o n 3 . t u r n 4 . g r i p 5 . s t o r a g e
D o w n 1 . R C S C 2 . j o i n t 3 . k i p s 4 . c o n t r a c t o r 5 . t e n s i o n
ACROSS

1. A quantity of uniquely identified bolts of the same size and length
produced consecutively from a single mill heat processed at one time
2. An assembly of one or more joints that is used to transmit forces
between two or more members
3. To cause to move around in order to achieve a result
4. The total thickness of the plies of a joint through which the bolt
passes, exclusive of washers or direct-tension indicators
5. The continuous protection of fastener components in closed
containers in a protected shelter is protected __________
DOWN

1. A non-profit, volunteer organization, comprised of over
70 leading experts in the fields of structural steel
connection design, engineering, fabrication, erection and
bolting
2. A bolted assembly with or without collateral materials
that is used to join two structural elements
3. A unit of measure primarily used to measure loads
4. As defined by the RCSC this party is responsible to
provide, prepare and assemble the fastener components
and connected parts
5. The act or process of stretching something tight
1
1
2
2
4
3
5
4
3
Structural Bolting Crossword Puzzle
5
22 JANUARY 2014
Various parts of the AISC Specifcation
limit the longitudinal distance between
welds. The provisions in Section J3.6 are
intended to ensure close ft-up over the en-
tire faying surface and to prevent corrosion
between the connected elements. The di-
mensional limitations in Section J2.2b are
to ensure proper welding techniques. For
members loaded in axial compression, the
limits in Section E6.2 are to prevent longi-
tudinal buckling between the welds.
Weldability. To minimize the risk of
cracking of the weld and base metal, the
weldability of the existing steel must
be analyzed. As discussed in AWS D1.7
Guide for Strengthening and Repairing Ex-
isting Structures, several different carbon
equivalent (CE) equations have been de-
veloped to estimate weldability based on
the chemical composition of a steel. The
CE value indicates the level of brittleness
of the heat affected zone upon weld cool-
ing; therefore, as the CE value increases,
weldability decreases.
The chemical content of the steel can
be found in mill test reports or chemi-
cal tests of samples cut from redundant
parts of existing structures. Weldability
can also be ensured if the structure has
been successfully welded in the past. A
bend test to determine weldability is also
described by D. Ricker in a 1988 Engi-
neering Journal article, Field Welding to
Existing Structures.
Welding to loaded members. In ad-
dition to the fnal as-built design, member
strength during erection must be consid-
ered. Welding has a detrimental effect on
loaded members due to a reduction in
material properties at high temperatures
near the arc. In some cases, the load can be
removed from the reinforced member un-
til welding is complete; however, this can
be impractical and is usually not required
because the effect of welding heat is highly
localized.
Member strength can be evaluated
based on a reduced cross section, where the
high-temperature area near the arc is inac-
tive in resisting load. The width of inactive
material is proportional to the heat input,
which is dependent on the current, voltage
and arc travel speed. For welds with low
heat input, the inactive width is less than
3 in. parallel to arc travel and 2 in. perpen-
steelwise
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dicular to arc travel. However, the inactive width can be much
larger for high heat input processes, such as fux-cored arc
welding (FCAW). The welding procedure specifcation (WPS)
provided by the erector will include the required information
for heat input calculations.
General guidelines for low heat input are:
Low welding current
Small diameter electrodes
Allow time for welds to cool between successive passes
Use stringer beads only (in lieu of optional stringer or
weave beads)
Intermittent welding in short lengths
Temperature crayons or other suitable means should be
used to monitor the temperature of the base metal near
the weld
Member Tolerances
All members have initial imperfections. The initial out-of-
straightness has a critical effect on the lateral buckling strength
of columns. Figure 8 shows this effect using three magnitudes of
initial out-of-straightness. The column that is in tolerance, rep-
resented by the solid line, has typical column behavior where
the P- curve is almost linear until the maximum load is ap-
proached. The middle curve, representing the column with
0

= 0.48 in., is out of tolerance by a factor of three. This column
behavior is characterized by a more nonlinear P- curve, which
results in a higher second order moment and lower strength.
The bottom curve represents a damaged column.
For reinforced members, geometric imperfections are
caused by a combination of:
Imperfections of the non-reinforced member resulting
from rolling, fabrication and erection
P- deformations from the initial load in the member
Shrinkage deformation from welding of reinforcement
(see Figure 9)
All imperfections except weld shrinkage deformation can be
measured prior to member design. Weld shrinkage deforma-
tion for non-loaded members can be estimated using empirical
equations (for example, see Blodgett, 1966). The values should
be adjusted to account for any load in the member at the time
of welding.
According to Section 6.4.2 in the AISC Code of Standard Prac-
tice, the maximum variation in straightness for a built-up shape
is
1
1000 of the length between points of lateral support. The total
post-weld out-of-straightness for members with signifcant ini-
tial load is likely to exceed this valueespecially where singly
symmetric reinforcement is used. Because the column curve
in the AISC Specifcation is based on the maximum variation
in straightness allowed by the AISC Code of Standard Practice,
any out-of-straightness in excess of 1/1000 of the length of the
member must be accounted for in member design. This can be
accomplished using any of the methods in Chapter C of the
Specifcation.
Contract documents must convey the importance of
minimizing weld distortion. As a minimum, a simple draw-
ing note should be provided, stating, Reinforcement shall
be welded by qualified welders using techniques and se-
quences that minimize post-weld distortion of the member.
Welding procedure specifications and welding sequences
shall be submitted to the engineer of record for review.
In the design stage, distortion can be minimized by select-
ing intermittent welds and other welds with low heat input.
Post-weld member tolerances should also be included in
the contract documents.

0 1 2 3 4
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
(in.)

0
= 0.16 in.

0
= 0.48 in.

0
= 1.20 in.
P

(
k
i
p
s
)
steelwise

Fig. 8. Load versus lateral deformation for columns with

various initial out-of-straightness.

CENTROID
OF WELDS
y
CENTROID OF
BUILT-UP MEMBER
Fig. 9. Camber due to weld shrinkage.
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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 27
ON THE SURFACE (pun intended), applying a protective coat-
ing to structural steel may seem like a pretty simple procedure.
In reality, a properly applied coating system encompasses
quite a bit: surface and edge preparation; abrasive blast cleaning to
SSPC-SP10/NACE No. 2, Near-White Metal Blast Cleaning and
the associated indirect requirements, including abrasive cleanli-
ness and compressed air cleanliness as well as solvent cleaning per
SSPC-SP 1; coating materials and associated thinners; mixing and
application of sophisticated, multi-component, multi-layer coat-
ings; masking of connections; dry flm thickness consistency; cure
times and handling; and time allowances for owner quality assur-
ance inspection.
Sophisticated Coating
Given everything involved in the application of a sophisticat-
ed paint system, how can you ensure its done properly? In 2010,
AISC and SSPC published AISC-420-10/SSPC-QP 3Certifca-
tion Standard for Shop Application of Complex Protective Coating Sys-
tems. By specifying AISC-420-10/SSPC-QP 3 as a bid requisite,
facility owners can have confdence that the corrosion protection
system they are paying for is being installed by a shop that has
proven its capabilities to an outside auditor.
Ive heard people ask, Why go to the trouble and expense of
writing a coating specifcation when all the information needed
is on the manufacturers product data sheets? Its important to
remember that these sheets contain recommendations; they are
not intended to act as a specifcation. Product data sheets often
contain multiple surface preparation and coating thickness rec-
ommendations based on the intended service environment. They
are not prepared for entire coating systems (just single products)
and they do not contractually invoke inspection (quality con-
trol) check points or the frequency in which these tests must be
performed. It is best to think of a product data sheet as simply
an instruction manual for a coating. It tells us how to mix the
product, what to reduce it with, what equipment can be used to
apply the product and under what conditions the product can
be applied and cured. While relying on manufacturer product
sheets to convey the contractual requirements of a sophisticated
paint system is cheaper up front, it can become very expensive
when poor quality is the end result.
Verifying Quality
Acknowledging that specifying (and verifying) quality will
greatly reduce the opportunity for coating problems after the
steel is erected, the question then becomes: Which specifc qual-
ity control checkpoints should be invoked by specifcation, and
how is quality to be verifed?
First and foremost, a fabrication shop that applies a sophis-
ticated paint system should have and implement a written qual-
ity control program. The written program should incorporate
management responsibilities related to quality, technical capa-
bilities of the shop, training of shop personnel, implementation
of process controls, internal auditing, purchasing procedures,
evaluation of subcontractors and suppliers, calibration and use of
inspection equipment and quality control inspection procedures.
The program should also contain standard forms for document-
ing these items as well as the results of project-specifc quality in-
spections. If the shop is AISC-420-10/SSPC-QP 3 certifed, they
have all of the above. Specifcations may also require the shop
to prepare and submit a project-specifc work plan and quality
control plan, based on the corporate plan.
Below are some common in-process quality control check
points that can be specifed and subsequently verifed in the shop,
as well as some of the more modern inspection instrumentation
that a shop can use to streamline quality control inspections and
documentation practices.
Measuring ambient conditions and surface temperature.
The prevailing conditions of air temperature, relative humidity
(the ratio of moisture in the air relative to total saturation), dew
point temperature (the temperature at which moisture con-
denses on a surface) and the temperature of the steel surface are
all important attributes and must be measured and recorded (in
the area where the coatings will be applied) prior to mixing the
coating and throughout the application process. Most coating
manufacturers indicate, on the product data sheets, the accept-
able air and surface temperature rangesa minimum, maxi-
mum or acceptable range for relative humidityand that the
surface temperature should be a minimum of 5 F higher than
the dew point temperature to preclude condensation. Specify-
ing a minimum amount of moisture in the air is an important
A properly installed coating system adds not
only protection to fabricated structural steel,
but also value.
BY WILLIAM D. CORBETT
product focus
SPECIFYING
VALUE
William D. Corbett
(bcorbett@kta.com) is a vice
president and group manager
Professional Services with
KTA-Tator, Inc.
28 JANUARY 2014
consideration for coatings that use moisture to cure (e.g., ethyl
silicate inorganic zinc primers and moisture cure urethane
products). Specifying a maximum amount of moisture in the
air is an important consideration for coatings that are adversely
impacted by excessive humidity during application and cure
(e.g., epoxy and polyurethane). While a manufacturer may indi-
cate that a minimum of 40% relative humidity is acceptable, a
coating specifcation can require a minimum of 50% humidity
to attain proper cure of a moisture cure product. Similarly, a
product data sheet may indicate that up to 90% relative humid-
ity is acceptable; however, the coating specifcation can invoke
a maximum of 85% relative humidity. Ambient conditions and
surface temperature can be measured and auto-logged using
electronic (digital) psychrometers (Figure 1).
Pre-Blast Ceaning Inspections
Pre-blast cleaning inspection check points include verifying
that the abrasive is clean, the compressed air is clean and dry
and the grease, oil and other lubricants used during the fabrica-
tion process are removed. Note that each of these checkpoints
is automatically invoked when an SSPC surface cleanliness
standard, such as near-white, is specifed (i.e, these are indirect
requirements of the SSPC Surface Cleanliness Standards). These
inspections are described below.
Abrasive cleanliness. There are two primary concerns re-
lated to contamination of the abrasive media: oil and elevated
conductivity caused by soluble salt contamination. The transfer
of either of these contaminants onto the steel during cleaning
can adversely impact the performance of the coating system;
testing is particularly important when the abrasive is recycled.
The procedure described in ASTM D7393, Standard Practice
for Indicating Oil in Abrasives can be specifed to verify that the
abrasive is not contaminated with oil (Figure 2).
The procedure described in ASTM D4940, Standard Test
Method for Conductimetric Analysis of Water Soluble Ionic Con-
tamination of Blasting Abrasives can be specifed to verify that
the abrasive does not contain elevated levels of ionic contami-
nation (Figure 3).
Compressed air cleanliness: Anytime compressed air is
used to propel the abrasive during blast cleaning, perform a
blow-down to remove surface dust or atomize a coating (e.g.,
conventional/pressure pot spray), its cleanliness must be veri-
fedi.e., do not assume that the moisture and oil extractors are
providing adequate air cleanliness. The procedure described in
ASTM D4285, Standard Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in
Compressed Air can be specifed to verify that the compressed air
does not contain water and oil contamination (Figure 4).
Grease/oil removal: Prior to mechanical methods of sur-
face preparation (e.g., abrasive blast cleaning), surfaces must be
visually inspected to verify that there is no visible grease, oil
lubricants or cutting compounds on the steel surfaces that may
contaminate abrasive media or be spread across adjacent sur-
faces. SSPC-SP 1, Solvent Cleaning is an indirect requirement of
the SSPC Surface Cleanliness Standards (Figure 5). Inspection
of surfaces can be performed visually, by wiping the surfaces
with a cotton cloth, using black light forescence or using a wa-
ter break test. There are no ASTM standards governing this
type of inspection; however, it is nonetheless a critical inspec-
tion checkpoint.
Post-Blast Cleaning Inspections
After surface preparation is completed, there are two pri-
mary inspections that must be performed prior to primer appli-
cation: an inspection for surface cleanliness and surface profle
and a visual inspection of the prepared surfaces for residual dust
and abrasives. These inspections are described below.
product focus
Fig. 1

Fig. 2 Fig. 3 (above) and Fig. 4 (below) Fig. 5

Courtesy of DeFelsko Corporation Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc.
Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc.
Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 29
Assessing surface cleanliness. SSPC and NACE Interna-
tional have jointly published surface cleanliness standards. The
two most commonly specifed for shop steel include SSPC-SP
6/NACE No. 3, Commercial Blast Cleaning and SSPC-SP 10/
NACE No. 2, Near-White Metal Blast Cleaning. Both of these
standards require 100% removal of all mill scale and rust (and
paint, if present). SSPC-SP 6 allows up to 33% staining to re-
main on each 9 sq. in of prepared steel, while SSPC-SP 10 al-
lows up to 5% staining to remain on each 9 sq. in of prepared
steel. Verifying either of these levels of surface cleanliness can
be challenging, so SSPC created a visual guide (SSPC-VIS 1;
Figure 6) containing color photographs of seven initial con-
ditions (rust grades) of steel (four uncoated and three coated)
and various degrees of surface cleanliness for each of the initial
rust grades, including SSPC-SP 6 and SSPC-SP 10. The visual
guides are used to calibrate the eye before evaluating surface
cleanliness. While the written standard is the governing docu-
ment, the specifer can invoke the use of SSPC-VIS 1 for the
inspection of the prepared surfaces.
Measuring surface profle. Surface profle anchors the
coating system to the steel, and the depth of the surface profle
must be compatible with the coating system. A surface profle
that is too shallow can result in loss of adhesion, while exces-
sive surface profle can result in pinpoint rusting of rogue peaks
or the consumption of more paint to fll the profle in order to
prevent pinpoint rusting. To this end, a minimum and maximum
surface profle must be specifed; the specifer may also elect to
specify the shape of the surface profle (e.g., angular). The size
of the abrasive media should not be specifed; rather it is the re-
sponsibility of the shop to determine the proper abrasive size in
order to achieve the required surface profle depth.
There are two standards for the specifer to consider. ASTM
D4417, Standard Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface
Profle of Blast Cleaned Steel and SSPC-PA 17, Procedure for De-
termining Conformance to Steel Profle/Surface Roughness/Peak
Count Requirements are designed to be used in conjunction with
one another. ASTM D4417 describes how to acquire measure-
ments while SSPC-PA 17 contains requirements for frequency
and location of instrument readings and evaluation criteria to
ensure that the profle over the entire prepared surface com-
plies with the project specifcation (Figures 7, 8 and 9).
Assessing residual surface dust/abrasive. Residual dust
and abrasive media that remain on steel surfaces after abrasive
blast cleaning is performed must be removed prior to primer
application (typically by blowing-down with clean, dry com-
pressed air; vacuuming can also be effective) to prevent loss
of adhesion as well as coating defects (pinholes). Oftentimes
specifcations will require a dust-free surface, which is es-
sentially impossible to achieve (or for that matter, verify). The
most common method of assessing surface dust is not covered
by a standard and involves wiping a lint-free clean cloth across
the surface and visually observing the surface for swipe marks.
When swipe marks are no longer discernible, the surface is con-
sidered ready for primer application. Alternatively, a specifer
may elect to invoke ISO 8502, Part 3 Assessment of Dust on
Steel Surfaces Prepared for Painting, which incorporates the
use of a clear adhesive tape that is pressed onto the surface and
removed. The tape is compared to a rating chart that illustrates
fve levels of surface dust. Dust size can also be comparatively
rated by this method, although arguably less important. Natu-
rally if this method is invoked, the acceptable level of dust must
also be specifed.
Coating mixing, thinning and application inspection. In
this case, a review of the manufacturers product data sheets, com-
bined with observation, is the best tool available to verify that the
coating materials are being mixed, thinned and applied properly
product focus

Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9

Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc. Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc. Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc. Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc.
Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc.
30 JANUARY 2014
product focus
(Figure 10). In fact, coating specifcations often invoke the PDS
for mixing and thinning instructions. PDS also contain recom-
mendations for compatible application equipment, spray pressures,
tip sizes, etc. Note that the thinner type and amount is considered
an essential variable by the Specifcation for Structural Joints using
High Strength Bolts, Appendix ATesting Method to Determine
the Slip Coeffcient for Coatings Used in Bolted Joints, published
by AISC and the Research Council on Structural Connections
(RCSC). Consideration should be given to this when connections
are slip-critical. The minimum cure time, coating thickness and
thinner type/amount are all listed on the test certifcate prepared
by the testing laboratory. The certifcate can typically be provided
to the shop by the coating manufacturer.
Dry flm thickness. Achieving the specifed thickness of each
coating layer is perhaps one of the more challenging tasks for an
applicator, particularly when complex elements are being coated.
Measurement of coating thickness is governed by two standards:
ASTM D7091, Standard Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Met-
als and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous
Metals and SSPC-PA 2, Procedure for Determining Conformance
to Dry Coating Thickness Requirements. Like surface profle mea-
surement, the two standards are designed to be used in conjunc-
tion with one another. The ASTM standard focuses on gage use
(Figure 11), while the SSPC standard focuses on the frequency
of coating thickness measurement, the acceptability of the mea-
surements and how to handle nonconforming areas of thick-
ness. Appendices 2 and 3, while not mandatory, provide methods
for measurement of coating thickness on steel beams (girders)
and for a laydown of beams, structural steel and miscellaneous
parts after shop coating. The appendices can be invoked by the
specifer if desired; otherwise the frequency of measurement is
based on 100-sq.-ft areas. Note that the current (2012) version of
SSPC-PA 2 contains a chart listing fve Coating Thickness Re-
striction Levels. Each level provides a tolerance for gauge read-
ings (each individual gauge measurement), spot measurements
(the average of fve gauge readings within a 1.5-in. circle) and
area measurements (the average of fve spot measurements over
100-sq.-ft areas). If the level is unspecifed, then Level 3 becomes
the default (gauge readings unrestricted; spot measurements +/-
20% of the specifed thickness range; area measurements within
the specifed range). The tolerance of the spot measurements for
Levels 1 and 2 are more restrictive, while levels 4 and 5 are less
restrictive. Also, if the specifer does not establish an acceptable
range of thickness for each coating layer (and the manufacturer
does not indicate a range on the PDS), the range (minimum and
maximum thickness) is established at 20% of the target thickness.
Curing. Drying, dry-to-recoat and curing are not the same,
especially when it comes to industrial protective coatings. For
example, inorganic zinc-rich primers (commonly used in the
shop) dry very quickly, especially in a heated shop. However
these primers need moisture to cure, so topcoating them when
they appear to be dry but before adequate dry-to-recoat times
are achieved can result in catastrophic delamination failure.
Depending on the conditions in the shop and the coating type,
it may take 18 to 24 hours or more (even a few days) before an
applied coating has achieved an adequate dry-to-recoat condi-
tion. (For ethyl silicate inorganic zinc-rich primers, the coating
manufacturer may permit misting with water or steamafter
an initial cure for a few hoursto keep the coated surface wet
for a minimum amount of time, in order to accelerate curing
or to promote curing when the relative humidity is too low.)
Solvent rub tests and hardness tests can be used to verify that
coatings are dry-to-recoat and can withstand the solvents and
contractive curing stresses of subsequent coating layers. ASTM
D5402, Standard Practice for Assessing the Solvent Resistance of
Organic Coatings Using Solvent Rubs can be used on convertible
coatings like epoxy and urethane, while ASTM D4752, Stan-
dard Practice for Measuring MEK Resistance of Ethyl Silicate (In-
organic) Zinc-Rich Primers by Solvent Rub was written specifcally
for assessing the cure of inorganic zinc-rich primers. Pencil
hardness (ASTM D3363) is referenced by some coating manu-
facturers to assess the hardness of the applied coating. In this
case, a minimum hardness value is used as an indication of ad-
equate dry-to-recoat condition or cure. (Note that full curing
of some coatings can take weeks or months to achieve, but the
coating is serviceable during this time.)
Specifying quality and verifying quality workmanship (i.e.,
specifcation compliance) helps reduce the opportunity for pre-
mature coating breakdown and/or failure of the corrosion pre-
vention system. Despite what can seem to be a higher up-front
cost, facility owners should recognize the value and long-term
benefts that come with preparing a well-written specifcation
and contracting with a fabrication shop that embraces quality.
Specifying an AISC-420-10/SSPC-QP 3 certifed shop is a step
in the right direction.

Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc.

Courtesy of Fischer Technologies, Inc.
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32 JANUARY 2014
LEADERS IN MOST ORGANIZATIONS know that the ability
to continuously innovate is one of the few competitive advan-
tages that remain in this new economy. The steel construction
industry is no exception.
As pointed out by Bill Addis, author of Creativity and Innova-
tion: The Structural Engineers Contribution to Design, structural
engineers do so much more than ensure that a building stands
up straight and doesnt fall over when subjected to heavy loads.
Engineers can also enable a building to function more effec-
tively, reduce the risk of time and cost overruns and give archi-
tects greater opportunities for expression. Innovations in any of
these areas can add value. Similarly, innovations in the steel fab-
rication process can create signifcant competitive advantages.
While there is certainly consensus among most leaders that
innovation is essential, there seems to be a lot of confusion
around what exactly innovation is and how to create a highly
innovative culture. Interestingly, by being clear on what inno-
vation actually is, approaches for creating a more innovative
culture also become clear.
Creativity or Innovation?
For many, the words creativity and innovation are synony-
mous. However, they are actually quite different. Although cre-
ativity can assist in innovating, it is certainly not necessary.
In fact, there is research showing that people who are too
creative are actually very unlikely to innovate. This is because
innovation has a lot more to do with execution than it does with
creativity. Someone who has too many creative ideas often
never sticks with one of the ideas long enough to create the
disruption in the feld, marketplace, etc., that we refer to as an
innovation. The most important element of being innovative is
the ability to stay with an idea long enough, even in the face of
signifcant opposition, to actually make the idea a reality and
have it adopted by at least a small group of people.
A perfect real-world example of this is Bill Gates, one of the
most innovative people of our time. Gates did not create DOS,
which was the foundation on which Microsoft was built. He
bought DOS from people who were likely much more creative
than him. But those people werent innovators. They didnt
have the vision and the courage to stick with their idea for years,
despite having no real market for it, until the market emerged
around their idea. But Bill Gates did. He is an innovator.
As you might guess, people like Bill Gates, who are naturally
very innovative, are quite rare. The vast majority of people are
not naturally inclined to innovate. This is because most people
have a moderate to strong cognitive bias, called the status quo bias.
The status quo bias results in a strong, subconscious preference
for maintaining things the way they have been. It is based on our
need to ft in. The need for belonging is one of the most power-
ful human needs, and doing things that buck the status quo can
certainly be associated with taking the risk of not being accepted
by others. Unfortunately, the stronger the status quo bias is in a
person, the less likely he or she is to create innovative solutions
that bring value to his or her organization or customers.
Forging an Innovative Culture
With this understanding, a general approach becomes clear for
creating a culture that is more conducive to innovation. We need
to create a culture where people feel safe to take the risk of sug-
gesting and acting on ideas that dont conform to the status quo
and that arent met with broad acceptance when frst introduced.
In general terms, we accomplish this by working to serve our peo-
ple and consistently demonstrating that we truly care about them.
Serving and caring for our employees helps to build and sustain
an innovative culture because leaders who care about their people
are much better at modeling and teaching empathy. Being able
to empathize with others is essential for determining what they
might need and how we can solve their problems. People with
high levels of empathy are much more likely to see a need that our
customers might have and thereby add value for our customers by
meeting that need, whether its simply a matter of better customer
service or an entirely new product or service that we can offer.
Empathy is also extremely helpful when we are in the process
of advancing a new idea. Again, the most important element of
innovation is the ability to execute on an idea. Unless we are in a
one-person company, this means that we often need the support
of others to be able to move our idea forward. We need to be
able to understand the point of view of others and discern their
motivations. According to a study published in the Havard Busi-
INVITING
INNOVATION
BY MATT TENNEY
business issues
Creating a highly innovative culture
takes much more than creativity.
Matt Tenney (matt@matttenney.
com) is a trainer and keynote
speaker and the author of Serve
To Be Great: Essential Leadership
Lessons from Prisons, Monasteries,
and Extraordinary Companies.
You can learn more about Matt at
www.matttenney.com.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 33
out huge amounts of chatter, concern,
and worryand people got back to
work. What likely will be astonishing
to many is that SAS had record profts
in 2009 even though Goodnight was
perfectly willing to let his then-33-year
track record of increased proft come
to an end.
Crowley goes on to explain Good-
nights faith in his employees ability,
noting that while he anticipated that
the recession would hinder profts in
the short term, he knew that his team
would produce breakthrough prod-
ucts while his competitors were cutting
costs. Thus far, hes been pleased with
the results.
While there are certainly inherent
differences between the software/inter-
net industry and the construction indus-
try, the opportunities for innovation are
there. Its a matter of identifying them,
understanding them and ultimately tak-
ing advantage of them.

ness Review (Finding and Grooming Break-

through Innovators, 12/08), this ability to
understand the motivations of others and
craft a message that addresses their needs is
the most essential skill for people trying to
innovate within an organization.
Another reason serving and caring for
our people is so important is that with con-
sistent care, our people trust us more and
they know they wont be penalized for tak-
ing appropriate risks and failing. The more
secure people feel, the more likely they are
to suggest and act on innovative ideas. We
are essentially removing the status quo bias
by removing the status quo.
Two companies that have demonstrated
just how powerful this tactic can be are
Google and software giant SAS, both of
which are among the most innovative com-
panies in the world. And every year, these
two companies are highly ranked among
the best companies to work for; on For-
tunes 2013 list of Best Companies to Work
For, they were ranked as number one and
two, respectively.
The examples of how Google works to
care for employees are almost legendary.
They include free, on-site haircuts; gyms;
pools; break rooms with video games, ping
pong, billiards and foosball; on-site medi-
cal staff for easy doctor appointments; and
the option to bring ones dog in to work.
But Google didnt invent this type of
incredible workplace culture. They actually
emulated the culture at SAS, a company
that has produced absolutely phenomenal
business outcomes. SAS has posted record
earnings for 37 consecutive years, including
$2.8 billion in 2012. CEO Jim Goodnight
often says that the secret to the companys
success is taking care of its employees.
In the fall of 2008, when the Great
Recession was imminent, Goodnight
offered a great example of just how pow-
erful this can be. Many companies at that
time were laying off large numbers of
employees. But Goodnights response to
the recession was dramatically different,
as Mark C. Crowley, author of Lead From
The Heart: Transformational Leadership For
The 21st Century, describes in an article he
wrote for Fast Company magazine:
In early January 2009, Goodnight held
a global webcast and announced that none
of its 13,000 worldwide employees would
lose their job. He simply asked them all
to be vigilant with spending and to help
the frm endure the storm. By making it
very clear that no one was going to be laid
off, Goodnight told me, suddenly we cut
34 JANUARY 2014
AISC
and the IBC
Whose rules rule?
With adoption by reference, it couldnt be any easier to determine.
BY ERIN CRISTE AND CHARLES J. CARTER, S.E., P.E., PH.D.
WE OFTEN HEAR from practicing engineers how much
they dislike having to search through multiple documents to
determine which requirements apply and which ones trump
others when conficts exist. We understand this sentiment and
have worked to ease this burden.
AISC produces as few different documents as possible with as
little change from edition to edition as possible. We also coordi-
nate with the International Building Code (IBC) and related stan-
dards developers, like ASCE 7 and ACI 318, to make sure AISC
standards are easy to use and cohesive. And we revise our stan-
dards less oftennow every six years so that we still match the
three-year module of the IBC cycle but dont have code changes
happening before the previous changes have even been used.
Steel Design Requirements
All of this has created a situation in the IBC of which we
are very proud: Todays IBC requirements for steel design and
construction are simple references to AISC 360 and AISC 341
(AISCs Specifcation for Structural Steel Buildings and Seismic
Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings). Adoption by reference
helps make the requirements more uniform from edition to
edition and also from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
This makes sense and has grown from history. Since
the frst AISC Specifcation in 1923 and the frst AISC Steel
Construction Manual in 1928, the requirements and further
recommendations, respectively, have been provide in AISC
documents. Since then, and even when the local and model
building code landscape was more complex than it is today,
the actual requirements always got back to what was pro-
vided in the AISC Specifcation and related standards. Today,
the IBC adopts AISC standards by reference, making it even
more streamlined.
What does adoption by reference mean? It means that de-
sign requirements are in one place, not multiple places, and
gaps, overlaps and conficts can be minimized. The IBC has
been doing this in steel for many cycles now, and the 2012 IBC
continues this beneft. Table 1 on the following page illustrates
how the pattern has progressed in recent editions of the IBC.
This summary is not all-inclusive but rather covers notable as-
pects of the adoptions.
Erin Criste is staff engineereducation (criste@aisc.org), and
Charles J. Carter (carter@aisc.org) is vice president and chief
structural engineer, both with AISC.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 35
As mentioned before, few changes were
made in steel design between the 2006 IBC
and 2009 IBC as the reference standards
were the same. There also were minimal
changes from the AISC 360-05 to AISC
360-10, other than changes that were de-
sirable for versatility, economy and ease of
use. Looking forward, we expect this trend
to continue.
Need to fnd these AISC standards?
Theyre all available as free downloads
(PDFs) at www.aisc.org/epubs. Theyre
also printed into the AISC Steel Construc-
tion Manual and Seismic Design Manual, so
you have them already if you possess ei-
ther or both of these publications. Historic
AISC standards, and virtually all of our
other documents, also are availableand
are free downloads to AISC membersat
www.aisc.org/epubs.
Quality Requirements
Another example of how the approach
of adoption by reference has improved
the requirements in the building code, is
with quality assurance and special inspec-
tions. Quality requirements exist, and
have for some time, in many documents,
including those produced by AISC, AWS,
ICC and RCSC. Yet there previously was
no roadmap for how these separate docu-
ments should all work together. Many ar-
guments resulted and much money was
spent, yet it remained unclear what the
right path should have beenuntil now,
that is. With the adoption of AISC 360-
10 Chapter N and AISC 341-10 Chapter
J in the 2012 IBC Chapter 16 for steel
quality requirements, the roadmap is
provided and the appropriate quality re-
quirements are clear.
Chapter N and Chapter J do not re-
place the AWS, AISC, IBC and RCSC re-
quirements. Rather, they provide an over-
all picture of how they all work together.
Whats more, it really is the whole picture
that is presented, addressing both the qual-
ity control that is required of the fabricator
and erector, and the quality assurance that
is performed by third-party inspectors.
Table 1 IBC 2003 IBC 2006 IBC 2009 IBC 2012
Loads and system
requirements
IBC Chapter 22 ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-05 ASCE 7-10
Steel design
with R=3
AISC LRFD,
ASD, and HSS
Specications
AISC 360-05 AISC 360-05 AISC 360-10
Steel design other
than R=3
AISC 341-02 AISC 341-05 AISC 341-05 AISC 341-10
Pages for steel
design in IBC
Chapter 22
8 3 3 3
Getting Up to Speed
Weve read many articles on topics like this for other materials and are
amazed at how much of the discussion in them must be devoted to how the
base standard is modified and adopted into the IBC. For AISC standards, the
adoption by reference is direct and there is no such need. So, were happy to
say that getting up to speed with IBC requirements is no more complicated
than getting up to speed with AISC requirements. Adoption by reference is a
win-win for everybody!

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BUCKLI NG REST RAI NED BRACES
ABOVE
the Action
BY GREG BAKER, AIA, AND JOE DIESKO, AIA

36 JANUARY 2014

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Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 37
ITS TYPICAL TO SEE a blimp hovering over a football
stadium on game day. A hovering press box? Not so much.
But the new press box at the University of California Berke-
leys (Cal) Memorial Stadium, home of the Golden Bears foot-
ball team, appears to do just that.
The modern, two-story structure is 437 ft long, including a
387-ft-long main box truss and two end-span cantilevers of 25
ft each. On game days, it is flled with up to 1,700 sports report-
ers, coaches, university offcials, alumni and donors, providing
outstanding views of not only the playing feld and stadium but
also the San Francisco Bay Area.
Sidelined for Renovations
Built in 1923 as a memorial to Californias fallen heroes
of World War I, Memorial Stadium sits on a fault line that is
creeping a little more than a millimeter per year.
The Hayward Fault is a strike-slip fault, says Bob Milano
Jr., assistant athletic director for the university. One side of the
plate moves slowly north and the other side moves slowly south.
It was slowly ripping the stadium in half.
Besides slow movement along the fault, seismic activity of a more
catastrophic scale was also a problem. By 1998, the university had as-
signed a poor rating to the stadium in a self-performed, campus-
wide seismic safety study. With a 62% chance of a 6.7-magnitude
or higher earthquake occurring sometime in the next three decades,
university offcials knew something had to be done.
Cal hired HNTB Corporation in association with Studios
Architecture of San Francisco to create and implement a master
plan for renovating the historic stadium and surrounding area.
HNTB was confdent it could provide the university with a fa-
cility on top of the fault that would be just as safe as building
a new stadium adjacent to the fault. As a result, the university
broke ground in December 2010 on the $474 million project.
There were three major components to the renovation:
Seismic renovation. The original faade was maintained and
shored in place while the demolition of the old non-ductile con-
crete seating bowl occurred. The faade was eventually connected
Floating over Cal Berkeleys Memorial Stadium, a sleek,
new press box complements the structures historic Beaux Arts faade.
Greg Baker is a senior project manager for HNTB and was the
senior technical architect for the renovation and seismic retrot of
Memorial Stadium. You can reach him at gpbaker@hntb.com.
Joe Diesko was HNTBs director for the projects renovation and can
be reached at jdiesko@hntb.com.

Modern atop classic.

The new press box uses 1,350 tons of structural steel.

Jeffrey Katz Photography, courtesy of HNTB

38 JANUARY 2014
to a new concrete seating bowl structure meeting current seismic
code requirements. The stadium was divided and retroftted into
seven separate structures, two of which straddle the active Hay-
ward Fault. Per Forell/Elsessers design, the renovation allows
the stadium to accommodate 2 ft of vertical movement and 6 ft
of horizontal movement along the fault in the event of an earth-
quake that statistically would only occur every 1,200 years. The
retroftted structure provides a modern seismic-code-designed
building that is well-equipped for ground shaking in the event of
a surface fault rupture directly beneath the structure.
Historic preservation. Memorial Stadiums inclusion in the
U.S. National Register of Historic Places made preservation
of the stadiums faade and seating bowl a key requirement. To
achieve this, two-thirds of the stadiums interior was gutted
and replaced while the historic faade was preserved through
an extensive temporary bracing system.
Facility upgrades. The early 20th century stadium was up-
dated for the 21st century with improvements that include a
public plaza at the stadiums entrance and a state-of-the-art
145,000-sq.-ft athletic training center for the football team
and 12 other collegiate sports.
First of its Kind
The stadiums previous permanent press box served the
medias needs until 2001. At that time, the press box was de-
termined to be extremely vulnerable to a seismic event and was
torn down. A temporary one was built with the understanding
that a new, permanent press box would eventually be included
as part of a stadium upgrade.
Essentially, the university was asking us to make the new
press box very much a part of the game day experience but not
a part of the physical stadium, says Fernando Vazquez, HNTB
project designer for the renovation and seismic retroft.
The interplay play of steel with glass was a design goal from
day one. Structural and aesthetic qualities inherent to steel
modernity, fexibility and the ability to create a lightweight ap-
pearancemade it right for the project, and thus it incorpo-
rates 1,350 tons of structural steel.
Any other material wouldnt have made sense, noted
Vazquez. The design wanted to be steel and so it was.
The frst level of the press box, which is curved to mirror the
existing stadium wall below, houses the print, radio and TV media
functions in 10,200 sq. ft of space. This level is framed with fully
welded wide-fange trusses. Two primary trusses span longitudi-
nally between the supporting core walls and columns with a maxi-
mum span of 100 ft. Perpendicular to these trusses are two-bay
transverse trusses at each gridline that cantilever the press box and
club seating 14 ft toward the feld from the main trusses (which
themselves cantilever 15 ft past the cores). In addition there are
horizontal trusses at each foor level of the press box to brace the
structure to the main core walls and resist lateral seismic loads.
This series of trusses support the steel-and-glass-enclosed pre-
mium club space on the second foor. This 24,000-sq.-ft club level
cantilevers in four directions off the 3D truss, offering outdoor
seating on one side and balconies on the other three sides.
The 25-ft cantilevered balcony on the back and at each end
of the press box is supported by a space truss comprised of 6-in.
and 10-in. round HSS. This balcony truss system, which includes

Truss framing for the press box. Inset: connections at truss corner. The cantilevered glass deck is obscured to block
street views of the balconies.
Jeffrey Katz Photography, courtesy of HNTB
Herrick
Courtesy of HNTB
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 39

seismic and out-of-plane bracing, has several multimember joint

connections with some joints connecting up to eight members.
The cantilevered glass deck is obscured to block street views of
the balconies, giving club members an added element of exclusiv-
ity as well as a dramatic 180 view of the Bay Area, including the
San Francisco skyline and the Golden Gate Bridge.
The new press box is a design-driven concept, says Vazquez.
It is not modeled after any existing structure. While many of
the design elements are common in architecture, this may be
the frst time they have been combined in such a manner.
The idea to foat the press box sprang from an initial
brainstorm when Vazquez presented a sketch with the press
box fying over the stadium. This drawing led to the overall
concept of using the bare minimum number of supports, which
indeed produces the effect of a foating structure.
The design also altered the more traditional approach to press
boxes. Modern news media and event operations require signif-
cant space as evidenced by other stadium press boxes, which are
typically three and four stories tall. Adding that many stories to
Memorial Stadium would have made the structure disproportion-
ate in size to the stadium bowl and therefore overly conspicuous.
With the help of steel, Cals press box avoids this by com-
pressing and then stretching the program to produce a longer,
fatter design that reduces the structures height, mass and
weight, Vazquez explains. Further, the long, horizontal design
has almost no vertical lines, leaving the traditional archways of
the Beaux Arts stadium unbroken.
At the same time, the design permits a compelling juxtaposi-
tion between the stadiums classic style with the light, contem-
porary press box. Had designers attempted to mimic the stadi-
ums Beaux Arts look with the press box, notes Milano, the two
structures most likely would have competed against each other.
The universitys forward-thinking perspective welcomed
the modern structure concept, he says. The historic commu-
nity was very much in favor of not copying the past.
Seismic Integrity
While aesthetic considerations were open to debate, seismic
considerations were not. The press box is supported by four 15-ft-
tall W14x398 pivoting steel columns (with 6-in.-diameter high-
strength steel pins sandwiched by fve 100-ksi steel gusset plates,
top and bottom) and four concrete cores that penetrate all levels
of the stadium. Each core measures 18 ft by 24 ft and contains an
elevator and staircase that provide access to the press box. This de-
sign separates the seating bowl and press box structures, allowing
them to move independently in the event of seismic activity.
Sixteen fuid viscous dampers (one on each side of each core)
act as shock absorbers, buffering movement between the two
structures and tempering accelerations in the press box. (These
dampers, manufactured by Taylor Devices, have a +/-5-in. stroke
and a 440-kip force capacity.) Vertical post-tensioning in all of the
cores allows them to rock by providing a restoring force and a con-
stant compression force to maintain elasticity. The combination of
the vertical post-tensioning and fuid viscous dampers allows the
two structures to work together to resist strong ground motions.
If the core wall system were to rock, the large drift angle of the
cores would cause large bending and shear forces in the press box
above. To alleviate these forces and economize the design, the press
The modern two-story structure is 375 ft long.
Courtesy of HNTB
40 JANUARY 2014
box is supported on steel pins at the center of each of the four cores.
These innovative pins allow the press box to pivot on the cores dur-
ing an earthquake and minimize damage to the steel structure. Each
7-in.-diameter high-strength steel pin is sandwiched by fve 100-ksi
steel gusset plates. The entire press box structure is supported on 16
of these high-strength pin assemblies (eight 6-in. assemblies at the
center columns and eight 7-in. ones at the concrete cores).
The cores are the only exits from the press box, explains
Rene Vignos, structural engineer of record with Forell/El-
sesser Engineers, Inc. They had to be able to emerge from an
earthquake with minimal, controlled damage to allow people to
safely exit the structure. Thanks to the steel pins, rocking tow-
ers and dampers, they will. This type of rocking system is an
innovation in the seismic design world that enabled this foat-
ing press box to be built right next to the active Hayward Fault.
Assembled on the 50-Yard-Line
Due to the complex nature of the site and surrounding neigh-
borhood, there was limited space on which to erect and construct
the press box. Steel allowed the structural framing to be assem-
bled and welded at mid-feld (since the entire stadium was being
renovated), disassembled into fve parts and then lifted into place.
One of the largest crawler cranes in the country, a 750-
ton Liebherr LR1750 with a 253-ft boom and a 65-ft rolling
counterweight extension, plucked up each of the fve pieces
and hoisted them into place a top the cores. Carefully selected
splice locations were predetermined to ensure each of the fve
segments would be within the cranes capacity for weight and
reach. Each of the segments exceeded 75% of the cranes capac-
ity and were therefore considered critical lifts. The two largest
lifts of the fve segments were both 165 tons at a 160-ft reach,
which used more than 98% of the cranes capacity. The crane
used 900 tons of counterweight to pull off the lift.
Meet the Press
The new press box and renovated Memorial Stadium, which
now seats close to 63,000, opened in time for the Golden Bears
2012 campaign. While the designers no doubt appreciate what-
ever positive recognition the architecture and structural system
garner, perhaps the most rewarding recognition is that of the
people who spend the most time there: the press.
The features of Memorial Stadiums new press box have
defnitely impressed the media, says Herb Benenson, Assistant
Athletic DirectorAthletic Communications with Cal. From
the broadcast booth and the main press writing sections to the
clear sight lines, the modern environment meets all of the me-
dias needs and helps them to do their jobs better.

The Memorial Stadium project is one of AISCs 2013 IDEAS

2

Award winners. See the May 2013 issue for more.
Owner
The University of California at Berkeley, Calif.
Architects
HNTB Architecture, Inc., Los Angeles
STUDIOS Architecture, San Francisco
Structural Engineer
Forell/Elsesser Engineers, Inc., San Francisco
General Contractor
Webcor Builders, San Francisco
Steel Erection Engineering Consultant
Hassett Engineering, Inc., Castro Valley, Calif.
Steel Team
Fabricator and Erector
The Herrick Corporation, Stockton, Calif. (AISC Member/
AISC Certied Fabricator and Erector)
Detailer
SNC, Compton, Calif. (AISC Member)
New University
Club Level
Restored
Historic
Faade
New Media
and Broadcast
Level
New
Concourse
Simpson Center for
Student-Athlete High
Performance

Working on the HSS of the

cantilevered balcony.
A diagram of Memorial Stadiums renovation work and new elements.
Courtesy of HNTB Courtesy of UC Berkeley
Theres always a solution in steel.
American Institute of Steel Construction
One E Wacker Drive, Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60601
www.aisc.org 312.670.2400
Class begins February 24, 2014
AISC
Night School

www.aisc.org/nightschool
Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering
for Building Structures
Presented by Rafael Sabelli, S.E.
Monday nights 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time
(90 minutes each)
2/24 Seismology and Earthquake Effects
3/3 Dynamics and Response
3/10 Building Dynamics and Response
3/17 Steel Behavior
3/31 System Ductility and Seismic Design
4/7 Steel Systems
4/21 Building Confguration Issues
4/28 Building Codes
42 JANUARY 2014
Creative collaboration and framing fexibility allow a university hospital project
to successfully take on a major programmatic change
well into the construction phase.
BY FAZ EHSAN, P.E., PH.D.
Taking Things
in a New
DIRECTION
All images courtesy of Thornton Tomasetti
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 43

ONE OF THE COUNTRYS largest universities is adding

what will be one of the countrys largest hospitals to its campus.
Construction of the $464 million James Cancer Hospital
and Solove Research Institute at The Ohio State Universitys
Wexner Medical Center (WMC) in Columbus is on track to
reach substantial completion later this year. When it opens, the
20-story, 1.1 million-sq.-ft facility will be one of the 15 tall-
est hospitals in the U.S. The hospital includes seven acute can-
cer care foors, three critical care foors and one bone marrow
transplant foor and will accommodate 420 new beds. In ad-
dition, it houses operating rooms, chemotherapy stations, an
interventional radiology suite and an emergency department.
The design integrates patient care, research and education
space on several of the hospitals foors.
Superstructure Selection
The buildings structural system consists of a steel super-
structure supported on auger cast pile foundations. Resistance
to lateral loads is provided by concrete shear walls at elevator
cores. As the project is located in a food plain, a 27-in. concrete
mat slab was used in the basement to resist hydrostatic uplift.
The selection of a steel framing system was driven by a num-
ber of factors, the most important of which was the need to
create a fexible space. Large bay sizes were required to accom-
modate the variety of programmatic elements to be included in
the facility and to minimize column transfers. Typical bay sizes
were 30 ft, 8 in. in the east-west direction and varied from 23
Steel framing for the linear accelerator vaults.
When it opens, the 20-story, 1.1 million-sq.-ft facility will be
one of the 15 tallest hospitals in the U.S.
Tower crane tie-ins were used in lieu of traditional tie-in members.
Faz Ehsan (fehsan@
thorntontomasetti.com) is a
senior principal at Thornton
Tomasettis Chicago ofce.
Multiple Thornton Tomasetti
and Cives Steel design and
construction team members
contributed to this article.

44 JANUARY 2014
ft, 8 in. to 46 ft, 4 in. in the north-south direction. In all, the com-
pleted building will use 12,550 tons of structural steel.
Steel structures are also advantageous for congested construc-
tion sites, where portions of a new structure may be constructed over,
under and sometimes through existing facilities. For this project, a
multi-level bridge spanning approximately 90 ft (employing a steel
truss with W14 diagonals, verticals and chord members) connects the
new facility to the existing Rhodes Hospital to the east. The bridge
was required to span over a portion of the hospital that needed to
remain operational during construction. In addition, it required an
independent gravity and lateral support system since the existing
hospital did not have the capacity to support the new loads. The so-
lution was to support one end of the bridge on two cruciform-shaped
steel columns (made from W24176 members) threaded through
the existing building and supported on a grade beam and micropile
foundation system, which minimized the disruption to operations.
Sudden Shift
The ability of the steel superstructure to be retroftted during
construction and beyond was another major factor in the system
selection. In large complex healthcare facilities, the construction
schedule may last for a number of years, with the structural construc-
tion proceeding well ahead of the build-out. Advances in medical
technology as well as changes in the programmatic requirements of
the facility during construction can be addressed with relative ease in
a steel superstructure. Such programmatic changes can certainly be
signifcant, but generally not as much as adding an entire foor after
construction begins. But thats just what happened with the WMC.
In December 2010, almost three months after construction had
commenced, OSU received a $100 million federal grant that was
to be used to construct a new radiation oncology center. The center
would include seven linear accelerators, a brachytherapy unit, MRI
and CT rooms and other support functions. Two options were
studied for locating the proposed center: building a standalone fa-
cility adjacent to the new hospital or integrating it with the already-
under-construction WMC.
In the standalone option, the new radiation oncology center
would be built on the site of an existing parking structure adjacent
to the hospital. In this scenario, however, travel distances for the
patients between the new center and the hospital would be signif-
cant. In addition, the parking structure would need to be replaced,
adding to the infrastructure costs.
Integrating the new center with the hospital, while minimizing
travel distance and eliminating the need to replace the parking struc-
ture, had its own challenges. The linear accelerators, with their heavy
shielding and vibration requirements, would ideally be located on
grade (OSU has a commitment that no patient functions are to be
located below grade, where some clients typically might locate linear
accelerators vaults). But since the hospital is located in a food plain,
all sensitive medical equipment had to be located on an elevated foor.
That being the case, it was determined that the program for the radia-
tion oncology center, in order to fulfll a patient frst strategy, would
be located on a new second foor that would be inserted into the exist-
ing design. Other hospital functions would need to be relocated to
maximize the beneft of the radiation oncology foor. There would
also be a very signifcant impact on the mechanical, electrical and
plumbing systems. But the advantages of improving inpatient move-
ment and the ability to leverage the hospital services in the integrated
scheme outweighed potential design and construction challenges, and
the decision was made to proceed with the integrated scheme.
The project uses 12,550 tons of structural steel.
A model of the bridge between the WMC and
Rhodes Hospital.

A Revit model of the WMC.

Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 45

A Race Against Time
The building was well under construction when this decision
was made, creating a new project schedule that encompassed
all trades. Practically all the piles under the building footprint,
as well as approximately half of the pile caps and mat founda-
tions, had already been installed. In addition, nearly 30% of the
steel superstructure had already been fabricated, up through
and including the sixth foor. The start of steel erection was
delayed fve months, but the new project schedule accounted
for this shift and the steel package fnished on time within the
new schedule. (The overall project schedule was extended by
eight months; building an entire new facility would have taken
an estimated additional three to four years.)
At this point, the key issues to be addressed included minimiz-
ing the impact on the construction schedule and reusing struc-
tural components that had already been constructed or fabricated.
To keep the pile rigs on site and avoid remobilization, structural
engineer Thornton Tomasetti began to develop additional pile
and pile cap requirements, based on generalized load assump-
tions, as soon as a general layout of the radiation oncology foor
became available. The structure was also reanalyzed for wind
and seismic loads that accounted for the additional height and
mass of the building. Additional piles were installed and newly
installed pile caps and mat foundations were reinforced to sup-
port the new loads. The status of design and construction were
reviewed by the design and construction teams via conference
calls and web meetings almost every other day.
The steel fabricator, Cives, had already procured all wide-
fange steel from the mill and had completed fabrication
through Level 6 when the new direction was approved. Detail-
ing was completed through Level 11, with the initial detailing
model complete through the roof.
In order to assess the impact of the change to the building col-
umns, it was agreed that the most effcient approach would be for
Thornton Tomasetti to develop an entirely new column schedule
for the building, which would allow Cives to review against col-
umns that had already been detailed and fabricated. It was deter-
mined that more than 825 column members were impacted, and
Cives and Thornton Tomasetti were determined to reuse as many
as possible. Modifed splice locations resulting from the use of
existing and/or previously fabricated material were proposed by
Cives and were reviewed by the design team. As a result of this
collaboration, a coordinated column schedule was developed that
maximized the use of original material, and only 17 out of the 825
impacted members were deemed unusable.
For the steel foor framing, the approach was also to reuse
and repurpose as many of the members as possible, and more
than 3,000 pieces of fabricated steel were reworked to the new
design. Beams that had already been fabricated but were larger
than required to support the design loads were not replaced
wherever possible. At other locations, where the new strength
and serviceability requirements were exceeded, previously fab-
ricated beams were reinforced with plates and T-sections. A
surplus list of fabricated steel members was maintained and
continuously updated by Cives and shared with the design team.
As the design and construction continued to progress, scrap
steel from the surplus list was used wherever possible.
Linear Accelerator Vaults
The location of the linear accelerator vaults on the elevated
structure posed unique challenges to the design team. Linear ac-
celerators require signifcant shielding to prevent radiation from
escaping to surrounding areas. The concrete walls, foors and ceil-
ings of the vaults range between 4 ft and 5 ft thick, with areas of
both normal-weight and high-density concrete. To minimize dis-
ruption to the construction sequence, a steel frame was designed
to support the vault foor and ceiling concrete. The concrete slab
was designed to be cast in two pours; the initial pour was designed
as a reinforced concrete slab on steel deck to support the shielding
concrete, which was cast in a second pour. Floor framing members
were embedded into the shielding concrete to maximize the head-
room at the foor below. Had an all-concrete system been used, the
vault concrete would have required shoring down to the founda-
tions two stories below. The steel approach allowed the steel con-
struction to proceed well ahead of the vault concrete placement
and hence eliminated the need for this shoring.
Another erection innovation involved the tower crane tie-ins.
Due to setbacks in the building profle, which created a large
distance from the north tower crane to the superstructure at the
tie-in levels, traditional tie-in members were insuffcient. Leverag-
ing their knowledge of the base building, Thornton Tomasetti de-
signed and detailed a secondary structure on the roof of the lower-
rise portion of the building, allowing the tower crane tie-in forces
to be transferred to the base building using conventional tie-in
members. (Without the temporary tower, a leave-out bay, through
complex spaces on the imaging foors, would have been required.)
The versatility of the steel superstructure to accommodate
change, the collaborative approach of the design and construction
teams and timely decisions by the owner allowed a very signifcant
change to be incorporated into a project that was well under con-
structionin a sense adding a bonus foor to the building that
will no doubt add to its value when it opens.

Owner
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
Architect
HOK, Chicago and New York
Associate Architect
Moody Nolan, Columbus
Structural Engineer
Thornton Tomasetti, Chicago
Construction Manager
Turner Construction/Lend Lease
Steel Fabricator
Cives Steel Mid-West Division, Wolcott, Ind.
(AISC Member/AISC Certied Fabricator)
The multi-level bridge spans approximately 90 ft between the
two structures.
46 JANUARY 2014
WATER AND POWER NEEDS are ever-growingespe-
cially in Southern California.
Recognizing these needs and the subsequent need to accom-
modate expanding programs and future growth of on-site staff,
the City of Pasadena, Calif., hired Gonzalez Goodale Architects
and structural engineer Brandow and Johnston, Inc., to design
the new two-story, 31,400-sq.-ft City of Pasadena Department
of Water and Power Offce Building.
As the new facility is set in the foothills of Pasadena, the
architect elected to use two-story curtain wall systems along
the entire north face of the building and part of the west face
to maximize daylighting. A structural steel framing system
was chosen to further support this goal, as it minimized
visible framing and brought more natural light into the
building. As the building is located in a high-seismic zone
and considering its critical naturethe designers decided to
employ a buckling restrained braced frame (BRBF) system for
the lateral system. (Brandow and Johnston worked directly
with BRBF-manufacturer Star Seismic during the design
phase to determine the widths of the braces and gusset plate
sizes, and the system uses Star Seismic Power Cat braces
with pin-type connections.) Not only does the BRBF system
provide better ductility and seismic performance, it also helps
control the framing member and foundation sizes. And as it
remains exposed along the west and north sides, the designers
felt it provided a clean and more pleasing aesthetic than that
of a conventional braced frame system.
Lightweight concrete fll over metal deck supported by com-
posite steel framing supports the second foor, while the roof is
constructed as rigid insulation over metal decking supported by
steel framing. The foundation system consisted of conventional
spread footings with grade beams at the braced frames and con-
tinuous wall footings at the remainder of the building. In all,
the building uses approximately 180 tons of structural steel.
To emphasize the north curtain wall system, the second-
foor diaphragm at the north side of the building was set back
12 ft, 6 in. from the exterior two-story wall. Since the BRBFs
are located at the perimeter of the building, an exposed hori-
zontal truss system was designed using 20-in.-deep HSS and
8-in.-diameter standard HSS to transfer the lateral loads to the
braced frames. This exposed horizontal truss system blended
well with the exposed BRBF along the north wall.
Buckling restrained braced frames maximize aesthetic appeal,
seismic preparedness and fexibility for the City of Pasadenas new offce building.
BY KIM CARAVALHO
Braced for the
FUTURE
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 47
NORTHEAST
MODEL VIEW
SOUTHWEST
MODEL VIEW

Going for Gold

Achieving LEED Silver certifcation was an initial goal for
the design team, but the project was actually able to achieve
Gold certifcation thanks in part to a 950-sq.-ft green roof that
was incorporated into the design. While this element elevated
the projects green status, it also created a structural challenge
by requiring the entire second foor of the east side of the build-
ing to be set back 10 ft, 6 in. from the frst foor, as it was to be
located on top of the frst foor. This created a discontinuous
lateral system at the second foor since the braced frames were
only located at the building perimeter. Through coordination
with the architect, the columns for the east-side second-foor
braced frame were continued down to the foundation level,
eliminating the need for a large transfer girder.
The roof diaphragm also features two discontinuities along
the middle section. The properties directly to the east are resi-
dences at a fnished grade, varying from approximately 8 ft to
15 ft above the fnished grade of the building. To minimize the
view of the mechanical units on the roof from the neighbor-
ing residences, an approximately 24-ft-wide 47.5-ft-long area
was depressed about 1 ft, 6 in. to create a mechanical well. The
perimeter beams around the mechanical well were suffciently
Kim Caravalho is a principal
with Brandow and Johnston.
You can reach her at
kcaravalho@bjsce.com.
increased in depth to support both the main roof deck and the
depressed deck and provided direct shear diaphragm transfer.
A cantilevered roof screen was still required, but the team was
able to reduce its depth thanks to the depressed mechanical
well. The roof screen was designed using HSS44 cantilever
posts welded directly to the steel roof beams.
A view from the north elevation.
A Revit structural model of the building.
Heliphoto
Brandow and Johnston
48 JANUARY 2014

Rather than using concrete fll over the

metal deck at the mechanical well to reduce
acoustical issues, raised concrete platforms
were designed at the perimeter of the units
to reduce the weight and, therefore, seis-
mic impact. Additional steel beams were
required between the main beams to sup-
port stem walls at the edges of the raised
pads, and rebar dowels were welded direct-
ly to the steel beam fanges.
Immediately adjacent to the mechanical
well, an approximately 24-ft-wide 48-ft-
long clerestory was designed over the con-
ference/training room. To minimize the
obstruction of the clerestory windows, a se-
ries of 5-in.-diameter double-extra-strong
HSS columns were designed to cantilever
off the roof framing to resist lateral loads.
The architect selected perforated metal
panels to shield the west and south sides
from the Southern California summer heat.
A system of HSS64 outriggers and posts
cantilevering from the structure were de-
signed to support the panels; the width of
the member sizes was minimized in order
to maximize the amount of natural light
coming into the building.
Avoiding Conict
The entire design team, incorporating a
BIM mindset, used Revit to produce con-
struction documents, allowing coordina-
tion between disciplines to determine any
conficts between the structural system and
the mechanical/electrical/plumbing systems
early on. This was particularly effective in the
area of the mechanical well. Since the well
was dropped slightly, there was less ceiling
space below for ductwork. Clash detection
found one instance of ductwork conficting
with a steel girder; the girder was subse-
quently reduced in depth to avoid confict.
Revit was also useful in determining the
required top of steel elevations, particularly at
the east and west ends of the building. In gen-

West elevation at night. West elevation, and BRBs, under construction.

Heliphoto Brandow and Johnston
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 49
eral, the roof sloped downward to the north
and south from either side of the mechanical
well and clerestory. Due to the width of the
well and clerestory, this presented a challenge
for a small section at the middle of the east and
west sides where the roof sloped in two direc-
tions along some of the roof beams; these roof
beams were subsequently lowered enough
to avoid protruding above the metal decking.
Where required, shim plates and/or tapered
WT sections were added above the beams to
allow for bearing of the metal decking. These
lowered beams required special detailing for
the connections since the steel beam/girder
top fanges were at different elevations and
the bottom fanges of the beams were below
the bottom fange of the girders.
A second phase of the project (yet to be
constructed) includes a seismic upgrade of
the existing offce building and warehouse,
as well as the addition of a 180-ft-long
39-ft-wide carport canopy, topped with
photovoltaic panels. The structure will fea-
ture a series of cantilevered columns at the
middle, with the roof framing cantilevering
off the columns in both directions. This
second phase will further enhance what has
already proven to be a successful greener-
than-expected building that acts as a good
neighbor to nearby residents.

Owner
City of Pasadena, Calif.
Architect
Gonzalez Goodale Architects, Pasadena
Structural Engineer
Brandow and Johnston, Inc., Los
Angeles
General Contractor
Morillo Construction, Inc., Pasadena
BRBF Supplier
Star Seismic, Park City, Utah
(AISC Member)

The horizontal truss at the second oor of the north elevation. The perforated metal panel system of the west elevation.
Heliphoto Heliphoto
50 JANUARY 2014
LAKE ONTARIO holds nearly 400 cubic miles of water.
A few hundred yards north of the lake, in downtown To-
ronto, sits another body of watertiny in comparison but im-
pressive in terms of biodiversity for its size.
At 135,000 sq. ftand holding 1.5 million gallons of water
and more than 13,500 marine and freshwater creaturesthe
recently opened Ripleys Aquarium of Canada is one of the
countrys largest aquariums.
Designed by local frm B+H Architects in collaboration
with San Diegos RJC Architects, who developed preliminary
interior design, the aquarium is open 365 days a year and is ex-
pected to draw in millions of visitors annually to its permanent
and special exhibits and associated educational programming.
The buildings geometric complexity and programmatic
requirements called for an innovative approach to project
design and documentation. Key design considerations included
structural accommodation of the multi-facetted aluminum-
clad building envelope, large expanses of glazed faade and
long column-free sightlines throughout the space.
Building information modelling (BIM) played a crucial role in
the projects delivery. It served as a platform to investigate and test
various structural framing solutions in a 3D environment, which
ensured comprehensive capture of all complexities, and facilitated
coordination and collaboration between consultants, including
streamlining the overall fabrication and construction process.
Unobstructed Views
The entrance lobby of the structure was designed to represent
the crust of the earth breaking open to reveal an entrance to the
aquatic world. To achieve this, a 39-ft-high curtain wall faade
wraps the perimeter of the entrance. The need for an unobstructed
view to the interior precluded the use of any vertical bracing. Alter-
natively, HSS66 horizontal plan bracing was used, translating loads
down to the braced main core through two horizontal V-braces
with member sizes varying from HSS66 to HSS1010 on extreme
ends of the lobby for lateral stability.
The buildings steel framework, incorporating 780 tons
in all, provided large open spaces and long, unobstructed
sightlines to the aquatic exhibitions. The placement of each
steel column was carefully scrutinized, with the aesthetically
optimum solution resulting in a layout of irregularly spaced
columns (size optimization was performed after column loca-
tions were determined using SAP2000). To establish a vertical
bracing arrangement against wind and seismic loading, the
BIM brings structural and visual optimization into Torontos angular new aquarium.
BY PETER OLENDZKI, P.ENG.
The Life
AQUATIC
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 51

team took advantage of the architectural layout, which pro-

vided an opportunity for a braced core at an optimal location
near the center of the structure. This was then augmented
with carefully coordinated braces around the perimeter of
the structure to address the torsional behaviour of the struc-
ture under lateral loads. HSS sections were chosen to address
the high axial loads in both tension and compression load-
ing. The long spans required to achieve column-free views
within exhibit spaces were accommodated with W1000249
(W40149) beams reaching spans of 95 ft. The simple, cross-
sectional geometry of the beams ensured an even coating of
the entire surface area with a three-part, anticorrosive paint
system (especially important considering the high humidity
and various saltwater exhibits in the building) of zinc-rich
primer, epoxy and a polyurethane topcoat.
Simplifying Complexity
Incorporating BIM into the structural design process played
a crucial role in expediting the creation of the structural analysis
model and accommodating changes to the framing systems. Ensur-
ing careful modeling of the steel in Tekla allowed the engineering
team to use the modeled members as part of the structural analysis

Peter Olendzki (peter.olendzki@

entuitive.com) is a design engineer
with Entuitive in Toronto.
Careful modeling of the steel in Tekla ensured the nite
element members would also be properly modeled. The
analysis model was then exported directly to SAP2000 via an
application programming interface (API).
The building incorporates 780 tons of steel and 1.5 million
gallons of water.
At left: repetitive framing at columns, shown with inll girts,
achieves the required geometry. At right: architectural models
shown with transparency relative to proposed framing.
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52 JANUARY 2014
model. This model was completely developed in Tekla, including
fxities and preliminary loading, and was then exported via an appli-
cation programming interface, API, to SAP2000 for analysis and de-
sign. Changes in the model could easily be exported throughout the
project as updates were made, a process that ensured the BIM model,
analysis model and contract documents were constantly in sync.
Coordination was especially challenging. In addition to the tra-
ditional architectural, mechanical, electrical and structural coordi-
nation, additional life-support systems (LSS) and electrical systems
unique to the exhibits had to be integrated throughout the build-
ing. Preconstruction modeling, done in Revit and Navisworks by
the consultants and contractor, ensured systems were properly in
place virtually before being installed on-site.
While the primary structure created its own design complexi-
ties, the real challenge was in framing the perimeter cladding
systems. The main goal was to identify a form of repetitiveness
in the framing, considering the seemingly random geometry that
surrounded the structure, to simplify fabrication and erection.
The architectural Revit model was imported into Tekla, creat-
ing a 3D-based blank canvas for which our engineering solutions
could be developed. After reviewing the position of the clad-
ding relative to the primary structure in various areas, a framing
scheme emerged in which some form of repetitiveness could be
achieved. Framing for the cladding system girts was attached to
the main perimeter structural columns in order to achieve the
desired geometry. This scheme allowed the use of a small num-
ber of relatively similar connection details that were typical for
each frame. Double angles were used for the frames to allow
simpler connection back to the main structure.
Two architectural legs branching off the structure, forming
walkways into two separate entrances, also created unique framing
challenges with their non-orthogonal geometry, providing another
opportunity for BIM to facilitate development of a framing scheme.
A fnite-element analysis showed the legs attracted much more lat-
eral and gravity forces than initially assumed. This was mitigated by
providing sliding bearing plates at the base of both legs.
As it sits in the shadow of the CN Tower, a special design
criteria for the aquarium was to ensure any ice falling from the
tower would not penetrate the roof. In addition to concrete pav-
ers on the roof, intended to break up the ice, the steel deck was
specially designed to withstand the force exerted by the impact
of falling ice.
BIM Snapshots
An interesting structural challenge was encountered in the proj-
ect at the contract documentation phase. Many months were spent
developing and modeling the intricate detailing required for the
cladding framing, but when the time came to translate these designs
to traditional 2D sections and elevations, no number of sections
could fully capture the complex geometry. Each new section cut re-
quired more sections to capture the framing in this area, which is
why we chose to use isometric details throughout the project.
Initially, signifcant time was invested in creating various tra-
ditional 2D sections of areas with complex framing. Sections cut
from Tekla were exported to AutoCAD to clean up line work, as
the non-orthogonal and sloping framing was not clear. It was
quickly determined this method was very ineffective for two rea-
sons: First, trying to accommodate minor architectural tweaks in
the structural framing was ineffcient, as each section needed to
be re-exported and cleaned up; and second, it seemed that every
section called for another two sections to clearly illustrate that area.
We eventually decided to use 3D isometric detailing and
elevations to present the required framing; in essence, snap-
shots were taken from our BIM model. All connection forces
and additional information typically shown in 2D sections were
also included. The challenge now was to communicate the ge-
ometry of the building to the fabricator.
B+H Architects developed a clever solution by documenting the
3D coordinates of all points where cladding panels met (these values
were extracted from the Revit model). This allowed any trade with
3D modelling capabilities to model the planes of the cladding de-
fned by the given coordinates. In the case of the fabricator, once the
planes were modelled, a cladding thickness was provided to ensure
the steel framing was offset by the proper amount. Using our draw-
ings and the Tekla model, the fabricator was able to develop shop
drawing-ready framing with minimal problems.

Key design considerations included structural accommodation of the multi-facetted aluminum-clad building envelope,
large expanses of glazed faade and long column-free sightlines throughout the space.
Entuitive/Rita Wong
3,700 design and construction professionals
100+ educational seminars 200+ exhibitors
To view the advance program, visit www.aisc.org/nascc
Including the World Steel Bridge Symposium,
the Technology in Steel Construction Conference, and the Annual Stability Conference.
2014NASCC
Metro
Toronto
Convention
Centre
TORONTO
ON-
TARIO
C
a
n
a
d
a
MARCH
2628
The Premier Event for
EVERYONE INVOLVED
IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
of Steel-Framed Buildings and Bridges
Register early!
Registration fee increases $10 each week.
54 JANUARY 2014
Owner
Ripley Entertainment
Architects
B+H Architects, Toronto
RJC Architects, San Diego
Structural Engineer
Entuitive, Toronto
General Contractor
PCL Constructors, Inc.
Steel Team
Fabricator
Benson Steel Ltd., Bolton, Ontario
Erector
McCormick-Campbell Steel Services,
Bowmanville, Ontario
Detailer
Compusteel Detailing Services, Inc.,
Ft. Erie, Ontario
Pushing the Envelope
The emergence of BIM as a commonplace tool for design-
ers is leading the conversation on best practices for optimum,
cost-effective and client-focused solutions. Visualizing, devel-
oping, creating and delivering projects in a 3D environment
provides signifcant opportunities for project delivery, setting
a new standard that enables rapid testing of solutions that
generate the best options for project goals. Cutting-edge soft-
ware and technology enable architects and engineers to envi-
sion and create design solutions that were previously unattain-
able, opening new doors to the imagination and pushing the
envelope of what is possible in the built environment. This
was certainly the case with Ripleys Aquarium of Canada.

Ripleys Aquarium of Canada is just a few minutes walk from

the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, which will host NASCC:
The Steel Conference March 26-28.
A Tekla model of the primary and secondary structural systems.
An overlay of the structural, mechanical and life support system models.

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The entrance lobby (framing above) was designed to represent

the crust of the earth breaking open to reveal an entrance to the
aquatic world.
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2/20 Phoenix, AZ
2/27 Pasadena, CA
3/6 Denver, CO
3/6 Atlanta, GA
3/11 Memphis, TN
3/13 Sacramento, CA
3/18 Greenville, SC
4/10 Washington DC
4/17 Raleigh, NC
4/22 Portland, ME
4/24 Dallas, TX
4/29 Philadelphia, PA
5/6 Spokane, WA
5/6 Boston, MA
5/9 Las Vegas, NV
5/9 Omaha, NE
5/13 Harrisburg, PA
5/14 Chicago, IL
5/15 Fresno, CA
5/15 Tulsa, OK
5/20 Milwaukee, WI
Go to www.aisc.org/seminars for more information.
$350 for Members,
$600 to Bring-a-Buddy (Sign up two people and save $50 per registrant!)
The 2nd Edition Seismic Design Manual will be available for purchase for $100
(a discount from $175 member price/$350 non-member price)
The Louis F. Geschwindner Seminar
Seismic Design Manual and Application
of the 2010 AISC Seismic Provisions
Written by Thomas A. Sabol, S.E., Ph.D. | 0.8 CEUs/8.0 PDHs
AISC
2014 seminars
Theres always a solution in steel.
American Institute of Steel Construction
One E Wacker Drive, Ste. 700
Chicago, IL 60601
www.aisc.org 312.670.2400
56 JANUARY 2014
opened in 1956 and crosses I-10 in Baldwin Park, Calif., rough-
ly 20 miles east of downtown Los Angeleshad to be demol-
ished and rebuilt in order to span the newly widened freeway.
The replacement bridge, one of several being replaced or
expanded for the project, was designed to span 80 ft over the
I-10 westbound lanes and 157 ft over the eastbound lanes and
HOV lanes, for a total bridge length of 654 ft, including ap-
proach ramps. While these approaches employ concrete box
girders, a steel through-truss serves as the main span over the
freeway. The new bridge, which doubles as a structural land-
mark and gateway for the town, provides an expanded 10-ft
wide walkway, which meets current ADA requirements, and
convenient pedestrian access over the freeway to Baldwin
Parks downtown.
Pedestrian and Seismic Vibration
It is now well known that, under pedestrian excitation, foot-
bridges can exhibit large-amplitude vibrations that can impact
serviceability. This is especially true for a footbridge with a
relatively longer span, which can become a line-like structure
with low natural frequencye.g., close to or less than 1 hertz
(Hz). If not adequately designed or mitigated, such a bridge
can exhibit vibrations of signifcant amplitude when subjected
to pedestrian loading within the designed static capacities of
the bridges. The AASHTO LRFD Specifcation for Pedestrian
Bridge Design requires that the fundamental frequency in a
HIGHWAY WIDENING is nothing new in southern California.
The recent addition of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes
to a roughly 12-mile stretch of Interstate 10 east of Los Ange-
les illustrates this. Of course, as a highway expands, surrounding
infrastructure must also be altered. As a result of the I-10 expan-
sion, the concrete Bess Avenue Pedestrian Overcrossingwhich
The widening of Interstate 10 in suburban
Los Angeles provided the opportunity to build a new
pedestrian overcrossing with an attractive through-truss as the centerpiece.
Paul Chung (paul.chung@dot.ca.gov) is the structure design
quality manager for the California Department of Transportation
in Los Angeles and currently manages the structure program of
Caltrans Design-Build projects in Southern California. Jason Fang
(jason.fang@dot.ca.gov) is the senior bridge engineer for the
California Department of Transportation in Los Angeles.
HANGING
^
10
BY PAUL CHUNG, P.E., AND JASON FANG, P.E., PH.D.
(over the)
Images courtesy of Caltrans
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 57

vertical mode of the pedestrian bridge without

live load shall be greater than 3.0 Hz to avoid the
frst harmonic. In the lateral direction, the funda-
mental frequency of the pedestrian bridge shall
be greater than 1.3 Hz to prevent the users from
the discomfort or concern caused by structural
vibration.
Since the Bess Avenue POC is certainly a
long-span pedestrian bridge, 3D structural analy-
sis was conducted with SAP2000 to ensure that
it provides suffcient stiffness against unwanted
vibrations. A special through-truss247.5 ft
long, 11.5 ft high and 11 ft widewas used as
the main bridge element (with spans of 80 ft
and 157 ft, divided by a concrete pier between
the westbound and eastbound/HOV lanes) and
a 5.2-ft-deep concrete box girder superstructure
was used for the two approach ramp structures.
Members include HSS1212
5
8 for the top and
bottom chords, HSS86 and HSS88 for
the vertical struts, HSS55 for the top strut
and HSS64 for the bottom strut.
Due to the bridges location in a high-seismic
zone (M=7.5), plus the irregular geometry of the
bridges layout, the complex nonlinear response
may dominate the structural dynamic behavior in
an earthquake event, which cannot be accurately
predicted by elastic modeling. Based on the

The bridges total length is 654 ft, including

approaches.
A special 247.5-ft-long through-truss is used as
the main bridge element.
58 JANUARY 2014
Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria (SDC),
a balanced design strategy was employed
for the seismic design. The structure
was divided into three portions, isolated
by expansion joints and designed to act
independently to accommodate out-of-
phase movements between them: the
concrete box girder superstructure for two
approach ramp structures and the steel
truss for the main portion spanning over
I-10. The steel truss was supported by a
spherical fxed bearing on Bent 5 and steel-
reinforced elastomeric bearing pads with
anchor bolts on both ends; these supports
provide extra stiffness.
The truss was built via the accelerated
bridge construction (ABC) method, which
eliminates falsework and minimizes the im-
pact on traffc during construction. It was
erected in two phases; the frst segment
was erected over Bent 5 in a six-hour win-
dow and the remaining portion was erected
in a second six-hour window and spliced
with the frst segment.
Using approximately 100 tons of steel,
the bridge now serves as a welcoming
gateway for Baldwin Park and provides
better access to the town center from the
residential areas on the opposite side of
the highway.

Owner and Structural Engineer

California Department of Transportation
General Contractor
Flatiron West, Inc., San Marcos, Calif.

A SAP2000 model of the

main span and approaches.

The bridge accommodates a widened I-10.

A K E E S A F E T Y P R O D U C T
A K E E S A F E T Y C O MPA N Y
Metro
Toronto
Convention
Centre
TORONTO
ON-
TARIO
C
a
n
a
d
a
MARCH
2628
WORLD STEEL
BRIDGE SYMPOSIUM
3,700 design and construction professionals
100+ educational seminars 200+ exhibitors
To view the advance program, visit www.steelbridges.org
The Premier Event for
EVERYONE INVOLVED
IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
of Steel-Framed Bridges and Buildings
Including NASCC: THE STEEL CONFERENCE,
the Technology in Steel Construction Conference, and the Annual Stability Conference.
Register early!
Registration fee increases $10 each week.
IABSE
60 JANUARY 2014
news
People and Firms
In the November 2013 article Special Delivery (p. 30), The Herrick
Corporation was incorrectly listed as the steel detailer for the Sutter Heath
Eden Medical Center project in Castro Valley, Calif. The detailer was actually
Candraft Detailing, Inc. (an AISC member), which won Tekla North American
and Global Awards for the project.
CORRECTION
NASCC
Facility and Site Tours at NASCC
Autodesk, Inc., has signed
a definitive agreement with
the shareholders of Graitec
(an AISC member) to acquire
certai n technol ogy assets,
including Graitecs Advance
Steel and Advance Concrete
product lines and associated
employees.
Trimble has acqui red AISC
member CSC, Ltd., from ISIS
Equity Partners LLP. CSCs
products i ncl ude sof tware
solutions for the analysis and
design of steel and concrete
buildings. The company will
become part of the Trimble
Buildings Structures Division.
EVRAZ North America (an
AI SC member) announced
Jerry Reed as the companys
new executive vice president
of long products, a position
formerl y hel d by presi dent
and CEO Conrad Winkler.
Re e d or i gi n a l l y j oi n e d
EVRAZ i n 2011 as seni or
vi ce presi dent of busi ness
dev el opment f or Nor t h
Ameri ca, and for the past
year has ser ved as chi ef
c o mme r c i a l
and busi ness
devel opment
o f f i c e r f o r
E V R A Z
H i g h v e l d
S t e e l a n d
Vanadi um i n
South Africa.
Tom Harrison,
S.E., P.E., AIA, LEED AP, has
accepted the position of chief
structural engineer at Holabird
& Root. He has spent 25 years
in the industry, cofounded the
American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) Sustainability
Committee and has served as
chairman on ASCEs Committee
on Aesthetics in Design.
AISCs ePubs detailing resources have
been updated to include the very frst
detailer training CD collection. AISC
and NISD jointly created a series of 12
detailer training CDs in 2000. These
CDs contained instructional videos and
PDFs of example drawings covering the
basics of the structural steel industry as
well as 2D detailing.
AISC members can now download
the contents of these golden-oldie CDs
from the ePubs page: www.aisc.org/
epubs. (This page features free con-
tentsuch AISCs latest standards and
specificationsas well as members-
only content.)
TECHNICAL RESOURCES
Detailing Resources Available for Download
In addition to the more than 100 techni-
cal sessions, extensive product showcase
and plentiful networking opportunities
that will take place at NASCC: The
Steel Conference in Toronto, March
26-28, this years conference also offers
free tours of a local ironworker training
facility and a highly anticipated adap-
tive reuse project in Torontos Down-
town West.
Ironworkers have a knack for build-
ing soaring towers and bridges spanning
thousands of feet. But how does an iron-
worker go from an apprentice to a full-
fedged journeyman? Join Iron Workers
Local 721, Toronto, the Ironworker Man-
agement Progressive Action Cooperative
Trust (IMPACT) and AISC on a tour of
the Ironworkers Training Facility to get a
behind-the-scenes look at how ironwork-
ers become cowboys of the sky, hoist-
ing steel beams, tying rebar, welding and
much more.
Or, you can tour the Queen Richmond
Centre West. To accommodate an incred-
ibly tight sight, the project called for an
11-story reinforced concrete offce tower
to be perched atop of three, 70-ft-tall
architecturally exposed structural steel
(AESS) delta frames. This also allowed
for the adaptive reuse of two existing
buildings.
The construction site tour and pre-
sentation will focus primarily on the de-
sign and construction of the delta frames,
which feature the massive 17.5-ton cast
steel nodes. Also to be discussed is the
table-top steel platform, which was de-
signed to integrate with the reinforced
concrete tower above. The delta frames
are primary elements of the gravity and
lateral force resisting systems for the
building. Due to the extreme magnitude
of loading, the delta frame members and
cast nodes are concrete flled for com-
posite action.
Both tours are scheduled for the
morning of March 26, the first day of the
conference. The ironworker training
facility tour will take place from 8:30
a.m. to 11:30 a.m. and includes a boxed
lunch. The construction site tour will
be held from 8:00 a.m. to 10:30 a.m.
There is no charge to take these tours.
However, registration is required and
capacity is limited, so be sure to sign up
early via your conference registration
form to secure your spot! To register for
NASCC and to view the advance program,
go to www.aisc.org/nascc.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 61
news
EVENTS
Steel Sessions at 2014 Structures Congress
STEEL TOOLS
Theres a Steel App for That
This past summer AISC launched a mo-
bile app contest, with a prize of $5,000,
that tasked entrants with creating an
app that could potentially improve the
workfow of designers or builders of steel
structures.
The winning app? I-Search, a free An-
droid app (available on Google Play) that
allows users to determine which wide-
fange sections meet their search criteria.
Created by winning submitter Struc-
turx, I-Search references members listed
in the 14th Edition AISC Manual and
2010 AISC Specifcation. If youre measur-
ing wide-fange sections in the feld, it lets
you perform quick beam checks. If you
have a damaged column, you can use it to
determine the column section for analysis
checks. It can even help you if youre sitting
in a design meeting and need to run quick
calculations to estimate member sizes.
Since I am a design engineer by
profession, most of my ideas come from
thinking of things that would help me in
what I do, said Kip Ping of Structurx,
who designed the app. I have had some
other ideas but was waiting to see how
successful our frst app was before com-
mitting time, energy and money to them.
Also, I think apps are better when they
are simple, and at some point an app can
become too complicated.
The main startup screen shows a wide-
fange with four search criteria options:
fange width and thickness and web depth
and thickness. The search criteria are en-
tered in grey boxes to conduct your search.
The more information you enter, the more
specifc your search results become, and
you can set tolerances for all search criteria.
The database from which to select mem-
bers includes current and historic I-shapes,
back to 1873, for domestic rolling mills.
After providing your search criteria
and hitting Search, the wide-fange
section(s) matching your criteria will ap-
pear in a list. You can then analyze one
of the listed shapes as a column or beam
with a user-specifed applied load by
entering the required information. For
columns, this includes height, unbraced
length in both weak and strong axes and
material yield strength. For beams, it in-
cludes main span, top fange unbraced
length, material yield strength, defection
limits and loads (dead and live only). You
check the section as either a column or
beam, then simply hit Analyze and the
basic checks are completed. For columns,
the checks include compactness, elastic
buckling stress, critical stress and nomi-
nal capacity. For beams, they include
shear, moment and defection checks.
You also have the option of designing
with ASD or LRFD; this option is listed
under the defaults along with the toler-
ances for the search criteria. In addition,
the data is presented in basic text that can
be copied and pasted and disseminated to
other team members.
You can download the app at www.
steeltools.org. Its free and can be modi-
fed to make improvements and incorpo-
rate new features. For example, I-Struc-
ture currently only lists domestically
produced wide-fange sections, though
it could be modifed to include angles,
channels and HSS. Additionally, code
checks per the 2010 AISC Seismic Provi-
sions could be added. Another modifca-
tion could be a check based on reduced
sections by allowing the user to modify
section properties. Applying metric con-
versions to the data is yet another possi-
ble modifcation. The coding for the app
is available for modifcation at github.
com/structurx/i_search and is licensed
under GNU Public License.
AISC will post more mobile apps at
www.steeltools.org as they are discov-
ered or developed. If you have ideas or
suggestions for new apps, visit www.aisc.
org/steelapps or email solutions@aisc.
org. To learn more about I-Search, visit
www.structurx.com.
Registration is now open for the 2014
ASCE/SEI Structures Congress, which
will be held in Boston, April 35, at the
Sheraton Boston Hotel and Hynes Con-
vention Center.
The technical program features more
than 120 technical sessions, including a
track of steel-related topics:
New AISC Design Guides: AISC
Design Guide 26, Design of Blast Re-
sistant Structures and Design Guide
28, Stability Design of Steel Build-
ings, presented by the authors,
provides an overview of these two
new AISC Design Guides.
Steel Connection Innovations
features recent research and stud-
ies on various connection topics,
such as partially restrained bolted
beam-to-column connections, gus-
set plate stability and prediction of
fracture of welded moment con-
nections under cyclic loading.
Steel Braced Frame Innovations
includes presentations on seismic
design of multi-tiered braced frames
and eccentrically braced frames.
Composite Construction fo-
cuses on new analysis and design
procedures for steel-concrete
composite shear walls and com-
posite frame systems.
AISC is a Gold sponsor of the Con-
gress. To register for the Congress or view
a Preliminary Program, visit content.
asce.org/conferences/structures2014.
62 JANUARY 2014
news
EVENTS
FABTECH Shines Optimistic Light on Future of U.S. Manufacturing
REGIONAL NEWS
AISC Has a New Face in the Upper Midwest
Novembers FABTECH conference and
expo set records for the highest number
of attendees, exhibitors and foor space in
the shows history. Show organizers re-
ported that 40,667 people attended and
1,573 exhibitors displayed their products
and technologies across 650,000 sq. ft
of foor space at Chicagos McCormick
Placeall signs that U.S. manufacturing
may have a bright future.
Featured panelists at the conferences
State of the IndustryExecutive Out-
look Roundtable session agreed that the
U.S. is in a manufacturing renaissance.
Jeff Oravitz, president and CEO at
MetoKote Corporation in Lima, Ohio,
said the U.S. manufacturing sector re-
naissance is being driven by a surge in
low-cost energy production. He ex-
plained that many American companies
that survived the 2009 downturn ratch-
eted up productivity and made them-
selves more competitive, and he believes
that growth is sustainable as long as the
U.S. addresses the skilled labor shortage
and the countrys infrastructure needs.
Bill Adler, president of Stripmatic Prod-
ucts in Cleveland and chairman of the Pre-
cision Metalforming Association (PMA),
believes there is certainly a manufacturing
renaissance in many areas, thanks in part to
the creation of new technologies. However,
he is more cautious. Using a baseball anal-
ogy, he said that since the 2009 recession,
manufacturing has hit a single and is at
frst base. But we need to be careful not
to get picked off trying to go to second.
Manufacturing must still fgure out how to
be globally competitive.
The session moderator, Alan Beau-
lieu, president of ITR Economics, com-
mented that the manufacturing renais-
sance is helped by companies moving
production back to the U.S., not because
of patriotism but rather because costs are
competitive. Oravitz agreed, saying that
it bodes well for U.S. manufacturing that
supply chains are getting shorter and
there is a growing emphasis on quality.
The panel agreed that one factor that
can slow the manufacturing renaissance is
the shortage of skilled labor in the U.S.,
which was also the main topic of discus-
sion at the conferences Solutions for a
Qualifed Workforce Pipeline panel ses-
sion. A common theme in both sessions
was that the sector must do a better job
promoting manufacturing as a career and
work with educators and parents to expose
the younger generation to todays modern
technologies, innovations and current op-
portunities available in the industry.
Manufacturing is an exciting feld
that offers good jobs with good wages and
benefts making cutting edge products
using new technologies, said Oravitz.
The economic session ended with
Beaulieu asking the audience for a show
of hands of those who are optimistic
about the future of manufacturing; more
than half raised their hands.
Next years FABTECH will take place
November 1113 in Atlanta as well as in-
ternationally. FABTECH Canada will
take place March 1820 at the Toronto
Congress Centre. On April 1012, the
inaugural FABTECH India, co-located
with the India Institute of Weldings
Weld India Exhibition, will take place in
New Delhi. And FABTECH Mexico will
be held on May 68 at the Centro Bana-
mex in Mexico City.
For more information on FABTECH,
visit www.fabtechexpo.com.
Matthew D. Brady, P.E., LEED Green
Associate, has been promoted to Upper
Midwest Regional Engineer in AISCs
Market Development department, replac-
ing Monica Shripka. He represents AISC
in the states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio,
Michigan and Wisconsin, educating proj-
ect de-
c i s i o n
m a k e r s
on the ad-
vant ages
of design-
ing and
bui l di ng
in struc-
tural steel.
Most re-
cently, he
worked as
an advisor
in AISCs Steel Solutions Center, devel-
oping conceptual solutions for a variety
of steel structures including parking ga-
rages and multi-story residential, offce,
industrial, educational and healthcare
buildings.
Prior to joining AISC, Matt worked in
a variety of roles including construction,
forensics and design, both as a consult-
ing engineer and an internal designer for
A/E frms. He has worked on the design
of bridges, buildings and non-building
structures, many of which involved steel
design, detailing, fabrication and erec-
tion. He earned his bachelors and mas-
ters degrees from the University of Illi-
nois at Urbana-Champaign, and for the
past 10 years he has served in the Illinois
Army National Guard, including a tour
to Afghanistan in 20082009.
Matt has been with AISC for nearly
three years as a Steel Solutions Center
Advisor and is very qualifed to take on
the role and challenges this new position
brings, said Tabitha Stine, S.E., P.E.,
LEED AP, AISCs director of technical
marketing. He brings strong interper-
sonal skills, a broad background in the
steel industry, experience with our mem-
bers and vast technical knowledge to
educate decision makers on the benefts
and expertise in using structural steel.
Matt will be a great asset to our feld staff
team, and we look forward to him help-
ing increase the market share of fabricat-
ed structural steel in the region.
You can follow Matt on his AISC
My Region Upper Midwest page or on
Twitter (@UpperMidwestRE). To learn
more about AISCs regional engineers
and to see whos in your region, visit
www.aisc.org/myregion.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 63
news
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
AISC Elects Three New Board Members
AISC elected three new members to its
Board of Directors at its recent Annual
Meeting of the Members of the Institute
in Cape Elizabeth, Maine.
Stan Baucum, director of structural
products at Gerdau Long Steel North
America in Midlothian, Texas; Dan
Kadrmas, president of TrueNorth Steel
in West Fargo, N.D.; and John OQuinn,
executive vice president of Hirschfeld In-
dustries Bridge Division in Greensboro,
N.C., will immediately begin serving on
the AISC Board, assisting with the orga-
nizations planning and leadership in the
steel construction industry.
I am pleased to welcome Stan, Dan
and John to the AISC Board, comment-
ed AISC Chair Jeffrey Dave of Dave Steel
Company, Inc., Asheville, N.C. This is a
very experienced group, and their knowl-
edge of our industry and experience with
the activities of AISC will allow each of
them to have an immediate positive im-
pact on the Board. I thank them for their
commitment of both time and resources
while further serving our industry.
Baucum has nearly 30 years of ex-
perience in the steel and construction
industry. His employment history with
long steel production has included posi-
tions in quality control, sales and sales
management, as well as serving as a
director of engineered products. He
also worked within the construction
industry at one of the countrys largest
general contracting frms. Previously,
he served as a board member for the
North American Steel Sheet Piling As-
sociation (NASSPA), participated in
the European Committee for Iron and
Steel Standardization in Brussels for the
Structural Steels - Sheet Piling (ECISS/
TC 10SC 4 Standardization) and has
served on the MSCI Plates and Shapes
Council since 2008.
Kadrmas has served as president of
TrueNorth Steel since 2005 and has also
been the president of FTC Transport,
Minnkota Windows and Rommesmo
Companies; previously, he served as
chief fnancial offcer for six years for
these companies. He has also served
as president of Cornerstone Holding
Company since 2009 and as a board
member since 2006. He recently com-
pleted his two-year term as president of
the Central Fabricators Association, and
before that he served for two years as
vice president.
OQuinn has 33 years of experience in
the structural steel fabrication industry.
As executive vice president of Hirschfeld
Industries Bridge Division, hes respon-
sible for all management aspects of four
steel fabrication plants in the eastern U.S.
as well as two in San Angelo, Texas, and
oversees a total of 650 employees. Previ-
ously, he served for four years as senior
vice president of sales and operations for
the companys East Coast Bridge Divi-
sion; he joined the company in 2006 as its
vice president of sales. He has also served
on the Executive Council of the National
Steel Bridge Alliance, AISCs bridge divi-
sion, for the past three years.
You can view a full list of AISCs Off-
cers and Board Members at www.aisc.org.
Baucum Kadrmas OQuinn
More than one billion tons of steel have
been recycled by the North American
steel industry since 1988, according to
the Steel Recycling Institute (SRI), a
business unit of the American Iron and
Steel Institute (AISI). SRI marked its
25th anniversary in 2013 with this mile-
stone achievement and the release of the
2012 steel recycling rates.
For 2012, the overall recycling rate
for steel was 88% with nearly 84 million
tons of steel recycled. This included rates
on appliance and construction products,
which are based on industry estimates of
retail and scrap collections.
On the structural side, based on
construction and demolition industry
estimates, about 98% of out-of-service
structural plates and beams are recycled
every year.
The steel industrys recycling accom-
plishments are also at the core of other
environmental advances by the North
American steel industry. Since 1990, the
steel industry has improved its energy ef-
fciency per ton by 27% and has decreased
its CO
2
emissions per ton by 33%.
The steel industrys internationally
recognized energy effciency, coupled
with the recycling rate that is the highest
of any material, proves our commitment
to sustainability and resource conserva-
tion, said Thomas J. Gibson, president
and CEO of AISI. For 25 years, steels
recycling successes have been spear-
headed by the SRI and we look forward
to another quarter century, where steel
leads social, economic and environmen-
tal advances.
You can learn more about structural
steel and sustainability on AISCs website
at www.aisc.org/sustainability.
MARKET NEWS
One Billion Tons of Steel Recycled over Past Quarter Century
64 JANUARY 2014
To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail gurthet@modernsteel.com.
marketplace
Looking for something from an old issue of
Modern Steel Construction?
All of the issues from MSCs first 50 years are now
available as free PDF downloads at
www.modernsteel.com/backissues.
Search employment ads online at www.modernsteel.com.
Are you looking for software, products, or services for your next project?
You can find it in Modern Steel Constructions online product directory.
http://modernsteel.com/product_categories.php
If youre a provider of software, products, or services and would
like more information about being listed or enhancing your current listing,
contact Louis Gurthet at:
gurthet@modernsteel.com or 231.228.2274
Advertise Your Job Openings in MSC!
MSC employment ads also appear online!
www.modernsteel.com/classifieds.php.
(Please note that these ads no longer appear at www.aisc.org.)
Contact: Lou Gurthet at 231.228.2274
or gurthet@modernsteel.com
Visit steelTOOLS.org
Join the conversation at AISCs new
le-sharing, information-sharing website.
Here are just a few of the FREE resources now available:
More than 160 steelTOOLS utilities available for downloading
Discussion blogs where your can connect and share ideas with
your peers
Files posted by your peers in special interest libraries, including:
A Pocket Reference to W Shapes by Depth,
then Flange Width
Welding Capacity Calculator
Moments, Shears and Reactions for Continuous Bridges
Video: Bridge Erection at the SeaTac Airport
Got Questions? Got Answers?
Participate with us at steelTOOLS.org.
AISC Continuing Education Seminars
www.aisc.org/seminars.
Like AISC on Facebook
facebook.com/AISCdotORG
Follow AISC on Twitter
@AISC
Business opportunity- Immediate territories available
for sales representatives promoting EZ Riser Roof
Raising. Ground floor opportunities with guaranteed
protected territories in this exciting and fast growing
business. We RAISE THE ROOFS on existing buildings
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minded individuals to join us. Check us out at www.isenj.com and click
on the EZ Riser page. Contact kevin@ezrusa.com (973)361-6780
LATE MODEL STRUCTURAL
STEEL FABRICATING EQUIPMENT
Peddinghaus Ocean Avenger II 1000-1 CNC Beam Drill, Siemens
840D CNC, (1) Drill Head, 40 x 60 Beam Capacity, 2004 #20877
Peddinghaus BDL1250 CNC Beam Drill, 50 Max. Beam, (3) 10 HP
Spindles, PC Ctrl (Upgrade 2005), 2000 #21739
Controlled Automation 2AT-175 CNC Plate Punch, 175 Ton, 30 x 60
Travel, 1-1/2 Max. Plate, PC CNC, 1996 #23503
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CNC, 30 x 60 Trvl., Triple Gag Head, Ext. Tables, 2005 #19659
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Heads, 250 Ton Shear, 40 Infeed, PC Based CNC #23321
Controlled Automation BT1-1433 CNC Oxy/Plasma Cutting System,
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Voortman VB1050S Horizontal Straight Cut Band Saw, 20 x 44,
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employment
To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail gurthet@modernsteel.com.
Search employment ads online at www.modernsteel.com.
ProCounsel, a member of AISC, can market your skills
and achievements (without identifying you) to any city
or state in the United States. We communicate with
over 3,000 steel fabricators nationwide. The employer
pays the employment fee and the interviewing and
relocation expenses. If youve been thinking of making
a change, now is the time to do it. Our target, for you,
is the right job, in the right location, at the right money.
RECRUITER IN STRUCTURAL MISCELLANEOUS
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Buzz Taylor
PROCOUNSEL
Toll free: 866-289-7833 or 214-741-3014
Fax: 214-741-3019
mailbox@procounsel.net
Business Development Representative(s)
AISC is looking for seasoned business development professionals, preferably
on the West Coast, to join our growing team of Business Development
Representatives and help promote the use of structural steel to decision
makers in the construction industry across the U.S. and show others the
advantages of designing and building with steel.
Email your resume and cover letter (including salary requirements) to:
HR@aisc.org
Advertise Your Job Openings in MSC!
MSC employment ads also appear online!
www.modernsteel.com/classifieds.php.
(Please note that these ads no longer appear at www.aisc.org.)
Contact: Lou Gurthet at 231.228.2274
or gurthet@modernsteel.com
NSBA Managing Director
AISC is looking for an accomplished executive to join our senior
management team as the leader of our bridge division. The National
Steel Bridge Alliance (NSBA) is the technical and marketing arm of
the steel bridge community and is dedicated to increasing the market
share of steel bridges.
The NSBA Managing Director will develop key relationships with
bridge owners, government ofcials, designers and constructors,
and will provide strategic leadership and direction for the NSBA team
to implement programs and tactics to address all facets of marketing,
government relations, and technical support for the steel bridge industry.
To apply, please email your resume and cover letter
(including salary requirements) to: HR@aisc.org
Structural Engineers
Are you looking for a new and exciting opportunity in 2014?
We are a niche recruiter that specializes in matching great structural
engineers with unique opportunities that will help you utilize your talents
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We will save you time in your job search and provide additional
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For Current Openings, please visit our website and select Hot Jobs.
Please call or e-mail Brian Quinn, P.E.
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Structural Steel Operations Manager needed:
A talented and accomplished leader needed to join our team with the following experience:
Background in structural steel industry
Bachelors degree in engineering or a technical degree
10 yrs minimum as a manager with a structural steel fabricator, GC, etc
5 yrs minimum in a leadership role
Expertise in quoting projects for simple and full scale projects
Expertise working with blueprints to quote/cost entire projects
Expertise in construction, building and architectural codes, regulations and standards
Signifcant project management experience
Demonstrated leader with industry success and P&L responsibility
You will oversee all aspects of fabrication, total processing operation including
quoting, project management, and full scale project completion working with general
contractors. You will be responsible for business development, customer interaction,
project coordination from blueprint to nished product.
This is an exciting role for someone driven by incentive compensation, technical
diversity/capability and working to help complete major construction projects being
a supplier of quality products and services to the industry. Qualied candidates may
apply with a resume, geographic preferences/restrictions and salary/yearly earning
details toejudd@tebbenssteel.com
Chief Estimator
Steel fabricator in the Southern US requires an experienced Chief Estimator to lead/
manage 8-10 estimators in all aspects of the bid proposal, including sub/vendor pricing.
Building and maintaining teamwork within the department and the company, as well as
sub/vendor relationships, is essential. Large project experience is required. This person
must be a team builder and will report to VP of Sales.
Very competitive salary and benets. All information is in complete condence and will
not be shared. Please send/email resume to the below address which will be forwarded
to employer:
Louisgurthet@centurytel.net or
Louis Gurthet 3970 S Manitou Trail, Cedar Michigan 49621
Purchasing Manager
Medium-Large Southeastern structural steel fabricator is seeking seasoned Purchasing
Manager to manage all aspects of purchasing and the application of materials for
processing. Specic attention to scheduled requirements is a must. Applicant will be
a team player, providing and receiving critical information within departments of the
company. Nurturing and maintaining vendor relationships is essential. Purchasing
Manager will report to VP. Generous beneft package and salary. Please send resume
to blind email or address:
Louisgurthet@centurytel.net or
Louis Gurthet 3970 S Manitou Trail, Cedar Michigan 49621
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 65
66 JANUARY 2014
THIS PAST SEPTEMBER marked the 12th anniversary
of 9/11, and construction is nearly complete on the National
September 11 Memorial Museum, which features several
steel artifacts.
Two of these are the steel tridents. Soaring from their
base one level below grade up into the glass atrium of the
museums entry pavilion, the forked columns stand approxi-
mately 70 ft tall and weigh 50 tons apiece. According to the
museum, several of these steel tridentsoriginally referred
to as treesformed the perimeter structure of the Twin
Towers lower floors. Rising from the base, they branched
from one column into three at the sixth floor, then the three
columns continued to the tops of the towers.
Visible not only from inside the building but also from the
memorials plaza, the two tridents installed at the museum serve
as a visual reference to the original World Trade Centerand
actually stood next to each other on the eastern faade of the
original North Toweras well as a symbol of endurance.
The progress inside the museum has been remarkable, says
9/11 Memorial president Joe Daniels. As we move toward the
museum opening this spring, it is rewarding and deeply moving
to see this historical institution taking shape. From iconic pieces
of steel carrying messages of the recovery effort to rescue vehicles
representing the bravery and courage of our first responders,
these artifacts will preserve the powerful story of 9/11 for genera-
tions to come.
More than 8,000 tons of structural steel was used in the 9/11
Memorial and Museum, which was designed by Davis Brody Bond.
The entry pavilion, designed by architect Snhetta (Adamson
Associates was the architect of record) and structural engineer
Buro Happold, uses 1,200 tons of steel, fabricated and erected by
AISC member/AISC Certified fabricator/Advanced Certified Steel
Erector W&W/AFCO Steel.
To learn more about the 9/11 Memorial and Museum, visit
www.911memorial.org. Also, next months issue will feature
One World Trade Center, which sits across the memorials
plaza from the museum and has recently been named the tallest
building in the hemisphere.

topping
out
TRIDENT TRUE