Taking Notes

After selecting your sources, you should then take notes on that information. You will
use this information in your paper to support your thesis. Basically, there are three ways
to use information in your paper. You can paraphrase, summarize or quote applicable
information. The information that you will find will become a kind of research paper
puzzle. Later your job will be to assemble the puzzle pieces when you write your
paper.
Read more and take more notes. Enter these in the document titled Notecards.
Copy and paste the form for each selection of information. The form acts as separate
notecards in this document. You must have a minimum of nine (9) notecards
(forms) from at least three(3) separate sources completed by January 13(A-day), 2014
and January 14 (B-day), 2014. Be sure to use the links in the form for correct citation
formatting, but double-check formatting does not get lost when pasting.
You will continue taking notes from all of your required sources, but this initial due date
insures that you are doing it correctly. All of your note cards are due with the abstract of
the paper by January 22(A-day), 2014 and January 23 (B-day), 2014.

COPY AND PASTE INTO YOUR DOCUMENT TITLED NOTECARDS
Notecards
Complete the table below for each notecard.
Select, copy, and paste the table below for each notecard.
Source #1
Notecard #2
Source APA Citation

Gerber, D. A. (2013). Arthritis. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved January 11, 2014, from Grolier
Online http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0022620-00APA Citation
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Identifies the two most common types of arthritis out of the various forms.

Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)
The most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis, which is frequently associated
with aging or injury. It is also called degenerative joint disease. The second most
common type is rheumatoid arthritis.
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Out of the many types of arthritis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis seem to be the two most
common. Osteoarthritis being the first and rheumatoid being the second.



Source #1
Notecard #3
Source APA Citation

Gerber, D. A. (2013). Arthritis. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved January 11, 2014, from Grolier Online
http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0022620-00APA Citation
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Focuses on rheumatoid arthritis and specifies on the theories of how its caused, where it primarily
affects, who it affects, and what are the symptoms.
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)
Rheumatoid arthritis affects between 0.3% and 3% of the population, depending on
how the disease is defined. It is two or three times as common in women as in men. A
chronic inflammatory disease, it frequently affects the hands, wrists, knees (a
particularly disabling complication), feet, shoulders, neck (but usually not the rest of
the spine), and hips. Virtually any movable joint, even those of the jaw and larynx, can
be affected. Joint pain is characteristic, but it is not necessarily proportional to the
degree of deformity. Joint swelling and morning stiffness are common. The same joints
on both sides of the body are usually affected. Fatigue and weight loss may occur in
some cases.

The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known. One theory is that it is an aberration of
the body's immune defense mechanism, possibly involving overactive B cells or
defective immune-system regulation by T cells.

About 70% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have the hereditary histocompatibility
antigen HLA-DR4, whereas only 28% of the general population have this antigen.
However, the risk that a close relative of an arthritic will contract the disease is only
slightly higher than for the general population.
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Basically, rheumatoid arthritis is the inflammation of a joint rather that the wear and tear of it (like
osteoarthritis). The places it frequently affects are the wrists, knees, hands, feet, shoulders, neck
(apart from the spine), and the hip. Pain is a common symptom, along with swelling, morning
stiffness, and deformity (rarely). In some cases, a person suffering from rheumatoid arthritis can
experience weight loss and fatigue.

Rheumatoid arthritis in general only affects a small 3% of our population. And in that 3%, the disease
is 2-3 times more common in women than in men.

Though the direct cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not 100% known by patients or doctors, some
theories suspect it to be caused by a change in the bodys immune defense mechanism, possibly
involving defective immune system regulation.

Another theory is that rheumatoid arthritis is involved with genetics. Around 70% of patients
suffering from the disease have the histocompatibility antigen* HLA-DR4*, which is hereditary,
though there is only 28% of the population who have the antigen.

*histocompatibility antigen genetically determined toxins that induce a response from the immune
system
*HLA-DR4 a specific gene code that is commonly associated with arthritis


Source #2
Notecard #4
Source APA Citation

Arnett, Frank C., and Shervin Assassi. "Heredity and Arthritis | American College of Rheumatology |
ACR."Heredity and Arthritis | American College of Rheumatology | ACR. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.rheumatology.org/Practice/Cli
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Describes osteoarthritis and its possible connection to genetics.

Direst Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Osteoarthritis (OA) or degenerative joint disease (DJD) is the most common type of arthritis In a study comparing
identical to non-identical twins, an identical twin had a two-fold higher chance of developing OA of the hand or knee if the
other twin had the same disease. This indicates genetics may play an important role in the development of OA or DJD

Another study investigating the role of genetics in OA of the hand showed that sisters of women with this disease had a
two-fold increased risk of developing hand OA when compared to the general population


Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Osteoarthritis is basically the wear and tear of joints that affects their mobility at the same locations
as where rheumatoid arthritis usually strikes. Studies and tests indicate that genetics may possibly
play a key role in the development of osteoarthritis later in a persons life, or maybe even sooner
because it is possible for juveniles to also develop arthritis.


Source #2
Notecard #5
Source APA Citation

Arnett, Frank C., and Shervin Assassi. "Heredity and Arthritis | American College of Rheumatology |
ACR."Heredity and Arthritis | American College of Rheumatology | ACR. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
http://www.rheumatology.org/Practice/Clinical/Patients/Diseases_And_Conditions/Heredity_and_Arthritis/


Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Autoimmune diseases and their connection to rheumatoid arthritis and genetics.
Direst Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

The immune system protects us from harmful germs, but can become redirected and attack various parts of our own
bodies. This state of affairs creates a biological basis for autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis and SLE, along with
a variety of other diseases

Frequently, multiple and different autoimmune diseases are observed in the same families. For example, 11% of SLE
patients have one other relative with an autoimmune disease in their family, indicating these diseases may share some of
the same susceptibility genes

Also, certain immune system genes, like PTPN22 and STAT4 have been linked to multiple autoimmune diseases,
including and rheumatoid arthritis.
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Rheumatoid arthritis is categorized as an autoimmune disease, which is a disease where a persons
immune system produces antibodies to attack its own tissue, resulting in the pain and symptoms
caused from rheumatoid arthritis.


Source #2
Notecard #6
Source APA Citation

Arnett, Frank C., and Shervin Assassi. "Heredity and Arthritis | American College of Rheumatology |
ACR."Heredity and Arthritis | American College of Rheumatology | ACR. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan.
2014. <http://www.rheumatology.org/Practice/Cli
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Possible cures to these types of arthritis with further study of diseases relations to genetics.
Direst Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

These recent findings about the genes contributing to the many forms of arthritis are leading to new knowledge about
their cause, as well as new treatment strategies to reduce pain and crippling, and possible means of disease prevention.
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

More studies on how genetics possibly affect the cause of arthritis provide a broader view on
strategies of treatment to reduce pain and permanent damages caused by this disease. And maybe
even to possibly prevent it if a persons genes tell doctors whether the person is at risk for
developing the disease.


Source #3
Notecard #7
Source APA Citation

Strange, C. J. (1996, Coping with arthritis in its many forms. FDA Consumer (U.S.Food and Drug
Administration), , 17-21. Retrieved fromhttp://sks.sirs.comAnnotation (3-6 sentence summary of the
source)

Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Development of medication to reduce effects of rheumatoid arthritis pains.
Direst Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Increased knowledge of immunology and the inflammatory process offers more immediate promise.
Researchers have developed a drug that blocks the effects of TNF-alpha, an inflammatory protein
responsible for reactions resulting in joint damage. In short-term preliminary trials, the drug significantly
reduced symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

With more knowledge of how the immune system works, why it fights back against itself, and
processes of inflammation, researchers are able to develop drugs to block or reduce the effects of
the protein responsible for the reactions of inflammation that end in causing joint damage.


Source #3
Notecard #8
Source APA Citation

Strange, C. J. (1996, Coping with arthritis in its many forms. FDA Consumer (U.S.Food and Drug
Administration), , 17-21. Retrieved fromhttp://sks.sirs.comAnnotation (3-6 sentence summary of the
source)

Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Form of arthritis connected to genetics, other than rheumatoid arthritis.
Direst Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS--A chronic inflammatory disease of the spine that can result in fused
vertebrae and rigid spine. Often milder and harder to diagnose in women. Most people with the disease
also have a genetic marker known as HLA-B27. Affects about 318,000 Americans, usually men between
the ages of 16 and 35.

Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Other than rheumatoid arthritis, there is also ankylosing spondylitis which is another autoimmune
disease that mostly affects the spine. It is also less common in women unlike RA which is more
common in women. Its genetic marker is HLA-B27 whereas RAs genetic marker is HLA-DR4.


Source #3
Notecard #9
Source APA Citation

Strange, C. J. (1996, Coping with arthritis in its many forms. FDA Consumer (U.S.Food and Drug
Administration), , 17-21. Retrieved fromhttp://sks.sirs.comAnnotation (3-6 sentence summary of the
source)
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

1. Relation of blood and RA

Direst Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Blood tests may reveal anemia and the presence of an antibody called rheumatoid factor (RF). However,
some people with RF never develop rheumatoid arthritis, and some people with the disease never have
RF

Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Taking blood tests can possibly reveal the presence of antibodies (which connect to autoimmune
diseases) called rheumatoid factors. Studying these can increase a persons knowledge of their
possibility of developing RA. Sort of like gene testing for risks of getting breast cancer. But strangely
enough, some people who have rheumatoid factors never develop RA. Yet some people who have
the disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), never have any rheumatoid factors.


Source #4
Notecard #10
Source APA Citation

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, July 18). Arthritis. http://www.cdc.gov/. Retrieved
Jan. 25, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/arthritis.htm
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

How many people in America does arthritis affect?
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Arthritis is the nations most common cause of disability. It limits the activities of 21 million Americans
for example, preventing them from being able to climb stairs or walk more than short distances.
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Arthritis is a disease that commonly causes disability and keeps about 21 million Americans from
going out and doing simple everyday tasks.


Source #4
Notecard #11
Source APA Citation

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, July 18). Arthritis. CDC. Retrieved Jan. 29, 2014,
from http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/arthritis.htm
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Who is more likely to get arthritis at any age group? Men or women?
Direst Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Arthritis is more common among women (24.3%) than men (18.7%) in every age group
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

No matter what age, women have been proven to have a higher chance of developing arthritis than
men with a ratio of about 24% to 19%


Source #5
Notecard #12
Source APA Citation

Belliveau, J. (2013). The Role of Blood Tests. Healthline. Retrieved February 7, 2014, from
http://www.healthline.com/health-slideshow/blood-tests-rheumatoid-arthritis#2

Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

How blood tests can help detect possibilities of developing rheumatoid arthritis some time in your
life.
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Blood tests dont give you a simple yes-or-no answer to whether you have RA. But they help your doctor and
rheumatologist steer toward a diagnosis. Blood tests narrow down options and suggest how your disease
might progress.
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Taking blood tests not only give you a simple answer to whether or not you have rheumatoid
arthritis, but they also assist your doctor in making a diagnosis. Blood tests can also tell you how
your disease may progress throughout time.


Source #6
Notecard #13
Source APA Citation

Perry, Michael. M.D (n.d.). Causes of Spine Arthritis. Laser Spine Institute. Retrieved Jan. 14, 2014, from
http://www.laserspineinstitute.com/back_problems/arthritis_of_the_spine/causes/?source=google&Category=NA&KW=arthritis_cause-
bidid2925388&cpao=111&cpca=Condition+-+Arthritis+-+General&cpag=Condition-Arthritis-General-
Cause_Phrase&kw=arthritis_cause-bidid2925388&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=arthritis_cause-
bidid2925388&gclid=CJqwha21-7sCFQPNOgodtSoA4w

Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

This tells me who is most likely to develop osteoarthritis, how, and why?

Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Age osteoarthritis cases usually appear around age 45
Gender women are twice as likely to develop osteoarthritis



Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Scientists dont know exactly why, but osteoarthritis most commonly happens in women around the age of
forty-five.


Source #6
Notecard #14
Source APA Citation

Williams, C. L. (2014). Diseases, Descriptions of Some. The New Book of Knowledge. Retrieved
February 9, 2014, from Grolier Online
http://nbk.grolier.com/ncpage?tn=/encyc/article.html&id=a2007932-
h&type=0ta

Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Sums up the definition of the two main types of arthritis and what happens in those circumstances.
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Arthritis means sore, inflamed, or stiffened joints. There are two chief kinds of arthritis: osteoarthritis, which is the most common kind,
and rheumatoid arthritis.
In osteoarthritis the springy tissue, called cartilage, at the ends of the bones is worn away. The ends of the bones, rubbing together
without their natural cushion, get rough and sore. Most people over 65 years of age are affected by some osteoarthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis can occur at any age, often in persons as young as 30 or even younger. In rheumatoid arthritis a tough layer of
inflammatory tissue grows around the joints and cripples them. Fluid may develop in the joints. The joints become enlarged, painful, and
stiff. The cause of this disease is not fully understood. Treatments with anti-inflammatory substances, such as aspirin, are used to
reduce the pain and swelling.



Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Having the disease, arthritis, means that your joints are inflamed. The two most common types of
this disease are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis can happen to anyone
at any age; it is the inflammation of the cartilage tissue around a joint.

Osteoarthritis is when the cartilage tissue around a joint begins to deteriorate rather than swell. So
there is basically no cartilage in that area that is even able to swell.



Source #8
Notecard #15
Source APA Citation

UW Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine (n.d.). Managing Arthritis Pain. Ortho Washington.
Retrieved February 9, 2014, from http://www.orthop.washington.edu/?q=patient-
care/articles/arthritis/managing-arthritis-pain.html

Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

How some people manage their arthritis pain.
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

By taking action to reduce pain you may find that even routine tasks that have become difficult--like bending down or
opening a jar--become easier.
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Arthritis isnt caused solely on genetics, but also lifestyle choices. Just by making slight
adjustments to your daily routines can ease the pain of arthritis.




Source #9
Notecard #16
Source APA Citation

Medicine Net. (2013, August 30). Rheumatoid Factor. Medicinenet. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from
http://www.medicinenet.com/rheumatoid_factor/article.htm#what_is_rheumatoid_factor

Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

What is a rheumatoid factor? How does it link to genetics and the causes for rheumatoid arthritis?
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Rheumatoid factor is an antibody that is detectable in the blood of 80% of adults
with rheumatoid arthritis .
In people with rheumatoid arthritis , high levels of rheumatoid factor can indicate a tendency
toward more aggressive disease and/or a tendency to develop rheumatoid nodules and
rheumatoid lung disease

Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

A rheumatoid factor is something in the blood that is in 80% percent of adults with RA. In some
people there are high levels on rheumatoid factors that indicate that the simple RA can progress
towards a more aggressive rheumatoid disease.


Source #10
Notecard #17
Source APA Citation

Mullinax, F. (2014). Arthritis. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 9, 2014,
from Grolier Online http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0017590-0
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

To show that arthritis not only affects elderly people but also young children and teens.
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

Juvenile chronic arthritis affects patients who are younger than age 16. The illness may
affect a few or many joints, or it may show up throughout the body, with fever, swollen
lymph nodes, and general symptoms of illness. In many patients the disease will subside
by the teen years. Some teenagers may test positive for rheumatoid factors and develop
typical adult rheumatoid arthritis.

Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

There is a type of arthritis that can affect children and young teens below the age of sixteen. This
form of arthritis is called juvenile arthritis. It can happen in just one or even more than one joint and
can cause symptoms like fevers, swelling of the lymph node are, and other typical sign of illness. For
people who suffer through this, the disease may or may not subside as they grow older into the teen
years.


Source #11
Notecard #18
Source APA Citation

Nordqvist, C. (2010, April). What Are The Signs And Symptoms Of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Medical
News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/rheumatoid-arthritis/signs-of-
rheumatoid-arthritis.php

Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Signs of rheumatoid arthritis before you know you have it.
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)

In most cases rheumatoid arthritis begins insidiously. Signs and symptoms develop slowly over a period
of weeks or months. The patient may initially experience stiffness in at least one joint; often
accompanied by pain when trying to move the affected area. There may be tenderness in the joint. First
symptoms are usually felt in the small joints, such as the ones in the fingers and toes.

Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Rheumatoid arthritis doesnt just happen overnight. It is more of a disease that develops over time. A
person may begin to feel stiffness accompanied by pain in one or more joints when they try to move
the area that is affected. These signs typically start in smaller joints such as the joints in hands
(fingers) and feet (toes).


Source #1
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation

Gerber, D. A. (2013). Arthritis. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved January 11, 2014, from Grolier
Online http://ea.grolier.com/article?id=0022620-00APA Citation
Main Point (Why do you need this information for your paper?)

Tells what arthritis actually is and what effect it has on the joints.
Direct Quotation (copy and paste exact words from text of the source)
Arthritis, a general term used to denote an affliction, sometimes inflammatory, of one
or more joints. The symptoms of arthritis vary with the cause, but they may include
pain, especially on motion; tenderness; swelling; warmth; stiffness; deformity; and
limitation of motion of the involved joints.
Paraphrase (put the quotation in your own words, changing the sentence structure and diction)

Arthritis is basically a disease of the bones where there is wear and tear and inflammation of the
joints that commonly causes pain, swelling, and stiffness.