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welded joints
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Welded Joint
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Welded joint
The joining of two or more metallic components by introducing fused metal (welding rod) into a fillet between the
components or by raising the temperature of their surfaces or edges to the fusion temperature and applying pressure
(flash welding).
Figure 1 shows three types of welded joints. In a lap weld, the edges of a plate are lapped one over the other and the
edge of one is welded to the surface of the other. In a butt weld, the edge of one plate is brought in line with the edge of
a second plate and the joint is filled with welding metal or the two edges are resistance-heated and pressed together to
fuse. For a fillet weld, the edge of one plate is brought against the surface of another not in the same plane and welding
metal is fused in the corner between the two plates, thus forming a fillet. The joint can be welded on one or both sides.
Because welded joints are usually exposed to a complex stress pattern as a result of the high temperature gradients
present when the weld is made, it is customary to design joints by use of arbitrary and simplified equations and
generous safety factors. The force F of direct loading, and consequently the stress S, is applied directly along or across
a weld. The stress-force equation is then simply F = SA, in which A is the area of the plane of failure (Fig. 2). For
eccentric loading, the force F causes longitudinal and transverse forces of varying magnitudes along the weld. See
Structural connections
McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering. 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
welded joint
A gastight joint obtained by uniting metal parts, such as iron and
steel that require welding, in the plastic or molten state.
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. Copyright 2003 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Warning! The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically
biased.
Welded Joint
a segment of a structure or article where parts are joined by welding; the joined parts may be of the same material or of
different materials.
Classification of joints and welds. The relative positions of the joined components are the basis for the various
categories of joints: butt joints, T-joints, lap joints, and corner joints. Each type of joint has specific characteristics that
Welded Joint definition of Welded Joint in the Free Online Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Welded+Joint
1 of 5 08-May-14 02:31 PM
depend on the welding method chosen, whether arc welding (Figure 1), electroslag welding (Figure 2), resistance
welding (Figure 3), or some other method. The segment of the welded joint directly connecting the components being
welded is called the weld. All types of welds can be classified according to the metal-deposition technique used as
single-pass welds, welds formed from the center toward the ends, and welds formed by backstep welding. Welds can
be also distinguished by the spatial positioning during welding as vertical, horizontal, downhand, and overhead welds.
Welds can also be classified according to the method by which their cross sections are formed as single-layer and
multilayer welds. State and industry standards specify the basic types of welded joints, the structural components of
edges and welds, and the tolerances and feasible ranges for the thicknesses of the components beingjoined. These
data apply to all types of welds.
Characteristics of welded joints. A welded joint contains a number of zones formed in the material of the welded
components. These zones differ from the base material and among themselves in chemical composition, structure,
physical and mechanical properties, microstressing, and macrostressing. A welded joint made by fusion welding (Figure
4,a) exhibits a zone containing the weld metal, a fusion zone, a heat-affected zone, and a zone where the properties and
structure of the base metal remain unchanged. A welded joint formed by pressure welding (Figure 4,b) does not have a
zone containing weld metal or a fusion zone. It consists of a joint zone, in which interatomic links have been formed
between the joined components, a mechanically affected zone, and a zone of the adjacent base metal.
Figure 2. Types of welded joints and welds used in electroslag welding: (a) butt
joint, (b) T-joint, (c) corner joint; (1) butt weld, (2) fillet weld, (3) weld for corner joint
The material in the weld may consist of an alloy formed by the melted base material, the electrode material, and/or filler
material, or it may consist solely of the melted base metals. In the heat-affected zone, the base metal does not undergo
melting; however, in individual sections of this zone the effects of heating and cooling can change the properties and
structure of the base metal in various ways. In the general case of fusion welding of low-carbon steel, the heat-affected
zone of a welded joint consists of the sections shown in Figure 5. The overheated section (I) directly adjoins the fusion
zone. The material in this section has been heated to a temperature above 1100C and has acquired a coarse-grained
structure; consequently, the strength of the material has been lowered. In the grain-refined, or normalized, section (II),
the material has been heated to temperatures in the range of 900-1100C; this heating causes a reduction in grain size
and an increase in strength. In the partially grain-refined section (III), the metal has been heated to temperatures in the
range of 700-900C. The metal in this section is characterized by a nonhomogeneous structure or partial grain refining.
In the recrystallized section (IV), the metal has been heated from 500C to a temperature corresponding to the critical
point A
1
, which causes a reduction in strength and, sometimes, plasticity. In the aging section (V), the metal has been
heated to temperatures of 100to 500C; it does not exhibit any visible structural changes but differs from the original
base metal by its lower strength, which is most strongly pronounced in the temperature range of 100-300C. The width
of the heat-affected zone during welding depends on the welding method, the technological process, the thermal
conditions, and the thermal and physical properties of the base metal.
Figure 3. Types of welded joints and welds used in resistance welding: (a) butt
Welded Joint definition of Welded Joint in the Free Online Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Welded+Joint
2 of 5 08-May-14 02:31 PM
joint formed by resistance welding, (b) butt joint formed by fusion welding, (c) lap
joint formed by a single row of spot welds, (d) lap joint formed by multiple rows
of spot welds, (e) lap joint formed by a single seam weld
Properties of welded joints. The quality of a welded joint is determined by the joints operational condition and the
resistance to failure caused by brittleness or fatigue. The operational condition of a welded joint is characterized by a
complex combination of properties in alternating zoneslayers that differ from the base metal and from one another in
their strength properties. The layers with higher strength properties are conventionally called hard, and the adjacent
layers with lower strength properties are called soft. Many factors determine which layers
Figure 4. Welded joints formed by (a) fusion welding and (b)
pressure welding; (1) weld metal, (2) fusion zone, (3) joint zone,
(4) heat-affected zone, (5) adjacent base metal
qualify as soft layers. They include the properties of the base metal and welding materials, the methods and conditions
for welding and heat treating, and the temperature and rate at which loads are applied. The weld itself, the fusion zone,
the weakened sections of the heat-affected zone, and the interspersed layers of other nonbase metals may be soft
layers. Deformations are localized in the soft layers. If the layers are extremely thin, the deformations do not lower the
load-carrying capacity of the welded joint. However, if soft layers are relatively thick, the load-carrying capacity of the
welded joint is limited by the properties of the soft layers.
In designing and fabricating welded structures, it is necessary to take into account the influence of the stress-strain
state on the operational condition of welded joints, the accuracy of joint dimensions and shapes, and the stability of such
properties during actual use. In a stress-strain analysis, a distinction is made between the zone of plastic deformations,
the zone of elastic deformations, and intrinsic residual stresses, both tensile and compressive. Diagrams of temporary
and residual longitudinal deformations and stresses in the butt joint of a plate made of carbon steel are shown in Figure
6.
The resistance of welded joints to failures caused by brittleness or fatigue depends on the properties of the metal and
on the presence of stress concentrators and deformation concentrators in the metal. Some concentrators are part of
the design of a joint, for instance, sections where the cross section of a joint changes abruptly, as in a transition from
the weld metal to the base metal in a T-joint or lap joint. Others are formed by the production process, for example,
abrupt transitions with reentering angles where the weld is reinforced, poor penetration, incomplete coalescence, and
cuts. Still other concentrators may have a physical or chemical origin, such as pores, slag inclusions, and cracks in the
welds or the heat-affected zones.
The formation of a welded joint is accompanied by a thermoplastic process of deformation of the base metal. This
process is most clearly exhibited in welded steel structures; it causes brittleness in some areas of the heat-affected
zone. The greatest degree of brittleness is caused by aging that occurs during the deformation process of the metal at
temperatures of 150-300C. In the aging sections, the welded joints exhibit a limited resistance to failure caused by
brittleness.
Figure 5. Diagram of the heat-affected zone: (I) overheated section, (II) grain-
refined (normalized) section, (III) partially grain-refined section, (IV)
recrystallized section, (V) aging section; (1) weld metal, (2) fusion zone
During the formation of a welded joint, the dimensions of the components being joined are reduced, both in the
longitudinal direction and the transverse direction. This shrinkage is taken into account in designing and fabricating
welded objects.
Design principles for welded joints. Two methods for calculating the strength of welded joints under static loads are
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used in the USSR: the limit-state method, used in civil engineering, and the method of permissible stresses, used in
machine building.
Figure 6. Temporary and residual deformations and stresses in the butt joint of a plate made of carbon steel: (a) plate, (b) diagram of temporary
deformations for max< t, (c) diagram of temporary deformations for max > t, (d) diagram of residual deformations res, (e) diagram of residual
stresses t; (1) zone of plastic deformations from compression, (2) zone of elastic deformations, (3) and (4) tensile and compressive stresses and
deformations
Industrial standards and design norms for structures specify the design values of welded joints made of steel of various
strengths. The values include tensile strength , compressive strength , shear strength in butt welds , and shear
strength in fillet welds , as well as the permissible tensile and compressive stresses
w
and shear stress
W
. The
calculation of fatigue effects on welded joints in the metal structures of machines is made according to generally
accepted methods of fatigue calculation for machine parts. The effects of low temperatures on the operational condition
of welded joints can be taken into account in the design and fabrication stages by the choice of appropriate base metals
and welding materials, by correct design and selection of adequate processes and by material quality-control methods.
In calculating the strength of welded joints under static loads, the effects of stress concentrators and of temperature are
usually negligible for commonly used carbon steels and low-alloy steels. In calculating the fatigue strength of welded
joints, the effects of stress concentrators and residual stresses are taken into account by specifying the values of
permissible stresses. The limit-state method is used to calculate the fatigue resistance of welded joints in bridge spans
and in industrial steel structures.
REFERENCES
Nikolaev, G. A. Svarnye konstruktsii, 3rd ed. Moscow, 1962.
Okerblom, N. O. Konstruktivno-tekhnologicheskoe proektirovanie svarnykh konstruktsii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1964.
Nikolaev, G. A., S. A. Kurkin, and V. A. Vinokurov. Raschet, proektirovanie i izgotovlenie svarnykh konstruktsii.
Moscow, 1971.
Trufiakov, V. I. Ustalost svarnykh soedinenii. Kiev, 1973.
A. A. KAZIMIROV
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Welded Joint definition of Welded Joint in the Free Online Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Welded+Joint
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