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Power System Protection
Electrical Protection Relay
Some Common Relay Terms
Code of practice Electrical Protection
Three Phase Vector Diagram
Electrical Fault Calculation
Electromagnetic Relay
Busbar Protection
Transformer Protection
Inrush Current in Transformer
Small and Large Motor Protection
Motor Thermal Overload Protection
Surge Protection and Lightning Arrester
Definition of Protective Relay
Types of Relays
List Different Protective Relays are used for Different Power
System Equipment Protection
Relays for Transmission & Distribution Lines Protection
Relays for Transformer Protection
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Types of Electrical Protection Relays or Protective Relays
Definition of Protective Relay
A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical circuit and closes its
contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the circuit breaker trip coil circuit hence
make the circuit breaker tripped for disconnecting the faulty portion of the electrical circuit from
rest of the healthy circuit.
Now lets have a discussion on some terms related to protective relay.
Pickup level of actuating signal: The value of actuating quantity (voltage or current) which is on
threshold above which the relay initiates to be operated.
If the value of actuating quantity is increased, the electro magnetic effect of the relay coil is increased
and above a certain level of actuating quantity the moving mechanism of the relay just starts to
move.
Reset level: The value of electric current or voltage below which a relay opens its contacts and
comes in original position.
Operating time of relay -Just after exceeding pickup level of actuating quantity the moving
mechanism (for example rotating disc) of relay starts moving and it ultimately close the relay
contacts at the end of its journey. The time which elapses between the instant when actuating
quantity exceeds the pickup value to the instant when the relay contacts close.
Reset time of relay The time which elapses between the instant when the actuating quantity
becomes less than the reset value to the instant when the relay contacts returns to its normal
position.
Reach of relay A distance relay operates whenever the distance seen by the relay is less than the pre-specified impedance. The actuating impedance in the
relay is the function of distance in a distance protection relay. This impedance or corresponding distance is called reach of the relay.
Power system protection relays can be categorized into different types of relays.
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Types of Relays
Types of protection relays are mainly based on their characteristic, logic, on actuating parameter and operation mechanism.
Based on operation mechanism protection relay can be categorized as electro magnetic relay, static relay and mechanical relay. Actually relay is nothing but a
combination of one or more open or closed contacts. These all or some specific contacts the relay change their state when actuating parameters are applied to
the relay. That means open contacts become closed and closed contacts become open. In electromagnetic relay these closing and opening of relay contacts are
done by electromagnetic action of a solenoid.
In mechanical relay these closing and opening of relay contacts are done by mechanical displacement of different gear level system.
In static relay it is mainly done by semiconductor switches like thyristor . In digital relay on and off state can be referred as 1 and 0 state.
Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as
1. Definite time relays
2. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)
3. Instantaneous relays
4. IDMT with inst.
5. Stepped characteristic
6. Programmed switches
7. Voltage restraint over current relay
Based on of logic the protection relay can be categorized as
1. Differential
2. Unbalance
3. Neutral displacement
4. Directional
5. Restricted earth fault
6. Over fluxing
7. Distance schemes
8. Bus bar protection
9. Reverse power relays
10.Loss of excitation
11.Negative phase sequence relays etc.
Based on actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as
1.Current relays
2. Voltage relays
3. Frequency relays
4. Power relays etc.
Based on application the protection relay can be categorized as
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1.Primary relay
2. Backup relay
Primary relay or primary protection relay is the first line of power system protection whereas backup relay is operated only when primary relay fails to be
operated during fault. Hence backup relay is slower in action than primary relay. Any relay may fail to be operated due to any of the following reasons,
1) The protective relay itself is defective
2) DC Trip voltage supply to the relay is unavailable
3) Trip lead from relay panel to circuit breaker is disconnected
4) Trip coil in the circuit breaker is disconnected or defective
5) Current or voltage signals from CT or PT respectively is unavailable
As because backup relay operates only when primary relay fails, backup protection relay should not have anything common with primary protection relay.
Some examples of Mechanical Relay are
1. Thermal
(a) OT trip (Oil Temperature Trip)
(b) WT trip (Winding Temperature Trip)
(C) Bearing temp trip etc.
2. Float type
(a) Buchholz
(b) OSR
(c) PRV
(d) Water level Controls etc.
3. Pressure Switches.
4. Mechanical Interlocks.
5. Pole discrepancy Relay.
List Different Protective Relays are used for Different Power System Equipment Protection
Now lets have a look on which different protective relays are used in different power system equipment protection schemes
Relays for Transmission & Distribution Lines Protection
SL LINES TO BE PROTECTED RELAYS TO BE USED
1 400 KV
Transmission Line
Main-I: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme
Main-II: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme
2 220 KV
Transmission Line
Main-I : Non switched distance scheme (Fed from Bus PTs)
Main-II: Switched distance scheme (Fed from line CVTs)
With a changeover facility from bus PT to line CVT and vice-versa.
3 132 KV Main Protection : Switched distance scheme (fed from bus PT).
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Transmission Line
Backup Protection: 3 Nos. directional IDMT O/L Relays and
1 No. Directional IDMT E/L relay.
4 33 KV lines Non-directional IDMT 3 O/L and 1 E/L relays.
5 11 KV lines Non-directional IDMT 2 O/L and 1 E/L relays.
Relays for Transformer Protection
SL VOLTAGE RATIO AND
CAPACITY OF TRANSFORMER
RELAYS ON HV SIDE RELAYS ON LV SIDE COMMON
RELAYS
1 11/132 KV
Generator Transformer
3 nos Non-Directional O/L Relay
1 no Non-Directional E/L Relay
and/or standby E/F + REF Relay
- - Differential Relay or
Overall differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT
Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
2 13.8/220 KV
15.75/220 KV
18/400 KV
21/400 KV
Generator Transformer
3 nos Non-Directional O/L Relay
1 no Non-Directional E/L Relay
and/or standby E/F + REF Relay
- - Differential Relay or
Overall differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT
Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
3 220 /6.6KV
Station Transformer
3 nos Non-Directional O/L Relay
1 no Non-Directional E/L Relay
and/or standby E/F + REF Relay
3 nos Non-Directional O/L Relay Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
4 Gen-volt/6.6KV UAT 3 nos Non-Directional O/L Relay 3 nos Non-Directional O/L Relay Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
5 132/33/11KV upto 8 MVA 3 nos O/L Relay
1 no E/L Relay
2 nos O/L Relays
1 no E/L Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
6 132/33/11KV above 8 MVA &
below 31.5 MVA
3 nos O/L Relay
1 no Directional E/L Relay
3 nos O/L Relay
1 no E/L Relay
Differential Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
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WT Trip Relay
7 132/33KV, 31.5 MVA & above 3 nos O/L Relay
1 no Directional E/L Relay
3 nos O/L Relay
1 no E/L Relay
Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
8 220/33 KV, 31.5MVA &
50MVA 220/132KV, 100 MVA
3 nos O/L Relay
1 no Directional E/L Relay
3 nos O/L Relay
1 no Directional E/L Relay
Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
9 400/220KV 315MVA 3 nos Directional O/L Relay
(with dir.highset)
1 no Directional E/L relay.
Restricted E/F relay
3 nos Directional O/L Relay for
action
3 nos Directional O/L Relay
(with dir.highset)
1 no Directional E/L relay.
Restricted E/F relay
Differential Relay
Overflux Relay
Buchholz Relay
OLTC Buchholz Relay
PRV Relay
OT Trip Relay
WT Trip Relay
Over Load (Alarm) Relay
Points to be remembered in respect of protection of transformers
i. No Buchholz relay for transformers below 500 KVA capacity
ii. Transformers up to 1500 KVA shall have only Horn gap protection
iii. Transformers above 1500 KVA and upto 8000 KVA of 33/11KV ratio shall have one group control breaker on HV side and individual LV breakers if there is
more than one transformer.
iv. Transformers above 8000 KVA shall have individual HV and LV circuit breakers.
v. The relays indicate above shall be provided on HV and LV
vi. LAs to be provided on HV & LV for transformers of all capacities and voltage class.
vii. OLTC out of step protection is to be provided where master follower scheme is in operation
viii. Fans failure and pumps failure alarms to be connected.
ix. Alarms for O.T., W.T., Buchholz (Main tank & OLTC) should be connected.
thermally protected MOVs
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