Factors affecting mental health

Good mental health is more than just the absence of mental illness. It can be seen as a state of mental health that allows
one to flourish and fully enjoy life.
Everyone experiences down times in life. The ability to cope with negative experiences varies greatly from one person to
another and, in large part, determines whether people enjoy their lives.
Some of the factors that affect the mental health of youth are as follows.
Self-esteem
This is the value we place on ourselves, our positive self-image and sense of self-worth. People with high self-
esteem generally have a positive outlook and are satisfied with themselves most of the time.
Feeling loved
Children who feel loved, trusted and accepted by their parents and others are far more likely to have good self-esteem.
They are also more likely to feel comfortable, safe and secure, and are better able to communicate and develop positive
relationships with others.
Confidence
Youth should be encouraged to discover their own unique qualities and have the confidence to face challenges and take
risks. Young people who are brought up to have confidence in themselves are more likely to have a positive attitude,
and to lead happy and productive lives.
Family breakup or loss
Separation or divorce or the loss of a parent or sibling is extremely painful. Finding ways to cope and adjust to the
changes wrought by these events is critical for everyone, but particularly for youth. How grief is handled can affect
young people negatively for years to come. If children are having difficulty coping, professional help is recommended.
Difficult behaviour
When people are unhappy, they either internalize their unhappiness or act out. The latter usually appears as bad
or difficult behaviour, such as using abusive language, being aggressive or violent, damaging property, stealing, lying,
refusing to comply with requests or expectations at school or home, or displaying other inappropriate actions. If such
behaviour is serious and persistent, the young person and his or her family might require professional help.
Physical ill health
Diseases, injuries and other physical problems often contribute to poor mental health and sometimes mental illness.
Some physical causes (such as birth trauma, brain injury or drug abuse) can directly affect brain chemistry and
contribute to mental illness. More commonly, poor physical health can affect self-esteem and people's ability to meet
their goals, which leads to unhappiness or even depression. In such cases, receiving the best possible treatment for both
the physical problem and the resulting psychological consequences is key to optimal recovery to good mental health.
Abuse
The mental health of abused children is at great risk. Abused children are more likely to experiencemental disorders or
mental illness during childhood and into adulthood.
Abuse may be physical, sexual, psychological or verbal. It may not always be evident or easily recognized. Regardless of
the form it takes, abuse cannot be tolerated. Children need to be protected from abuse and helped to overcome its
negative effects. Abuse can cause feelings of low self-esteem, lack of self-confidence, depression, isolation and anger
all feelings that impair a child's chance to lead a happy life.
Trust in others and feelings of being safe and cared for are key components to recovery from abuse. Few children are
able to recover on their own. Support is critical, and professional counselling is sometimes required. If abuse is
discovered early, the chances of a child returning to a healthy state of mind and avoiding serious mental disorders are
greatly enhanced.
These are but a few of the factors that can affect children's mental health and contribute to mental illness. If you would
like more information, a list of some reliable websites and resources is included on this website under Useful Links and
Resources.











Definition and Importance of Mental Health


So many things have been said about mental health. It is the key to wholesome adjustment; It denote a sound state of
mind; and it means facing and accepting the facts squarely. The United States National Committee for Mental Hygiene
defines mental health as The adjustment of individual to themselves and the world at large at maximum effectiveness,
satisfaction, cheerfulness and socially considerate behavior and the ability to face accept the realities of life.
Factors Affecting Mental Health
Mental Health aims primarily to the attainment and preservation of ones personality and behavior. It scope goes
beyond our homes, and includes the school, church, hospital and other institutions that helps develop stable emotional
reactions and desirable behavioral pattern in individual of all ages.
There are three factors affecting mental health. These are
(a.) Hereditary Factors
(b.) Physical Factors; and
(c.) Socio-cultural Factors.
The Importance of Emotions to Mental Health
Emotions are feelings of love, excitement, anger and frustration. When you respond to a negative or positive situation
you are experiencing emotions. These are five basic emotions: love, happiness, anger, fear and sorrow. When you are
exposed to a situation, you assess it as either helpful or harmful, good or bad. Your assessment and response is called
emotion.
Sometimes you are confronted w/ certain situation or problems and you respond to them in order to prevent, avoid or
control emotional distress. There are many ways of attempting to resolve problems of living w/c are called coping
strategies or skills. Here are some ways of coping w/ emotional problems: 1) you can try to change the situation that
causing the emotional distress., 2) you can try to change the Interpretation of the situation so that it has less importance
and is not so distressing, or 3) you can try to change the negative feeling w/o changing the situation or how you think
about it. There are also some intelligent ways of handing your emotions. Here are some of them.
Negative Feelings and Attitude
when social and emotional needs are not met, some negative feelings and attitude are develop. These
are loneliness, alienation and emptiness, mild depression and mild anxiety.

Coping w/ Emotional and Mental health

Defense mechanism are ways of deceiving yourself and others about your real conscious desires, reactions and
emotions. Defense mechanism are constructive ways of dealing w/ some situations and their uses are considered
normal. They are not signs emotional disorder; however, an excessive use of your defense mechanisms.
1. Rationalization
2. Sublimation
3. Regression
4. Projection
5. Repression
6. Fantasy and day-dreaming

Responsible for the Prevention of Mental Illness
Philippines Mental Health Association Inc.
The Philippines Mental Health Association (PMHA) is a private, nonprofit and nonsectarian organization located at 1s
East Avenue, Quezon City. It is the only association of its kind at the level in the Philippines.

5 Basic Emotions: Love, Happiness, Anger, Fear and Sorrow
Mental Disorder/Illness

Mental Illness - is a state of being in which the person is uncomfortable meeting everyday events and relating to orders.
Psychosis
Psychoses are major serious forms of mental illness, whose behaviors are unpredictable. The psychotic person is
characterized by a wholly unrealistic interpretation of himself and the life around him His ego has lost control over the
personality. Psychotic persons may be quiet and docile at one time and hyperactive, and even violent in another. They
are socially inept.
Psychoses may be classified as organic or somatogenic and functional or psychogenic
1. Organic Psychoses are those ailments caused by changes in the brain or central nervous system like senile dementia
w/c is attributable to deterioration in the aged, psychoses due to disturbances of circulation, trauma, drugs and
intoxication, disturbances of metabolism, growth nutrition, or endocrine dysfunctions. Psychoses due to new
growth and psychoses due unknown or heredity cause buy associated w/ organic changes.
Organic psychoses mat stem from a wide variety of cause, but damage or injury to the brain or other parts of the central
nervous system is always involved.

2. Functional Psychoses are serious mental disorder involving the total personality w/ no
Observable tissue damage.
If emotional stress is not given proper management. It may result to abnormal behavior such as:
a. Personality Aberrations. The behavior shown in the mild forms of maladjustment deviates from
what is normally acceptable to society.
b. Psychosomatic Disorder. (psycho physiological reaction). These are disorder pertaining to the relationship of
bodily symptoms w/c arise on the basis of psychological factors.
c. Neurosis is a disorder of behavior of behavior due to emotional tension resulting from frustration, conflict,
depression or mark insecurity. Neurosis is classified into group.

1. Anxiety Reaction manifest itself principally in diffused and consciously.
Experienced feelings of anxiety and apprehension for w/c there seems to be no specific
basis reality.
1.a. Neurasthenia is a psychoneurotic condition involving chronic fatigability, chronic irritability to concentrate.
1.b. Hypochondria is the outstanding manifest of Neurosis in all dominatingpreoccupation w/ the bodily processes,
and complaints of specific and nonspecific aches and pains.
2. Hysteria Psychoneurotic condition characterized by symptoms of organic Disorders, as blindness, deafness.
Uncontrollable emotional excitement.

Impulse-Control Disorders cannot control an impulse to engage in harmful behaviors, such as explosive anger, stealing
(Kleptomania), setting fires (Pyromania), gambling, or pulling out their own hair (Trichotillomania).

Anorexia Nervosa compulsive dieting associated with un realistic fears of fatness.
Anxiety Disorder Excessive apprehension worry and fear.
a. Phobias are fears of specific object, situations or activities.
b. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder in w/c people experience sudden, intense Terror such physical symptoms as
rapid heart beat and shortness breath.
c. Obsession people w/ obsessive compulsive disorder experience intrusive thoughts or Images.
d. Compulsion feel compelled to perform certain behaviors.

Mood Disorder also called affective disorder, create disturbances in a person emotional life.
Example: Depression, Mania, and Bipolar disorder.
Symptoms: Feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness, physical pain changes
In appetite, sleep patterns, and energy level.

Schizophrenia Experience delusion of persecution-false belief that other people are plotting against
them.
Symptoms: Delusion and hallucinations, disorganized, thinking and speech, bazaars
behavior.
Cognitive Disorder
Example: Alzheimer Disease Memory Loss.

Bulimia Nervosa (Eating Disorder) Repeatedly engaged in episode of binge eating, usually followed
by self induced vomiting or the use of laxative, diuretics or other medication to prevent weight gain.
Ways of preventing Mental Disorder/Illness
The promotions of mental health is not the sale of medical profession or its branch of psychiatry alone but of all
organized social activities and institution, such as family, employment, church, the educational system, the recreational
outlets and the special protective services. Different professionals and services may help such as:

1. Psychiatrist are physician or medical doctors who have at least 3 years special training in the theories and
techniques of psychoanalysis.
2. Psychoanalysis have background in psychology. Strives to expose the ego in the treatment situation and the original
emotional conflicts w/c it could not solve in the past.
3. Group Therapy a form of psychotherapy wherein 6 to 10 person meet once or twice a week under the is direction of
a train leader or therapist.
4. Psychotherapy is a method of verbal treatment w/c has been labeled, the talking cure the aim of w/c is to free or
to alleviate the clients mental illness.
5. Psychologist are person whose academic training have been on the study of human behavior.
6. Psychiatric nurses are registered nurse who have a masters degree in an appropriate program and one and a half to
two yrs. In psychiatric settings.
7. Clinical Mental Health Counselors are person who have a masters degree and 2 yrs. Of counseling experience.

AGING
Definition of terms:
1. Aging - Normal development factor or a continuous life-long process that begins at birth and death.
- irreversible biological changes that occur in all living things w/ the passage of time.
2. Young ushers in the first or relatively early stages of life, growth and development.
3. Old age The final stage of life span.
4. Gerontologist are medical doctors who specialized in the study of aging and care of the elderly in society.

Sign of Aging
A. Physical Changes
B. Psychological or mental Changes
C. Sociological Changes
Biological and Social Theories of Aging
1. Wear and Tear theory
2. Waste product theory
3. Mutation and Auto-Immune theory
4. Free Radical theory
5. Cellular error in copying or error catastrophe theory
6. Genetic of Pacemaker theory
7. The DNA Tumor Viruses theory


Death Education
Death - the irreversible cessation of life and the imminent approach of death.
- the departure of soul from the body.
- in modern times, death has been define as occurring when the vital function case and the person stop
breathing.
Thanatology is the study of death. It is a relatively new field but much progress in the study has been made.

In death education, you are encouraged to identify inaccurate or harmful perceptions about death. You should be
able to describe death-related anxieties and overcome denial of death. You have to accept the realities about death,
such as:
1. every living thing must and will die
2. death is final and irreversible
3. grief responses are normal and necessary
4. certain cultural activities and rites may follow after death
5. individuals need social support during bereavement










Kasaysayan ng Ekonomiks
Ang salitang "ekonomika" na hango sa salitang Wikang Kastila "economica" ay mula sa mga salitang Griyego [oikos], na
nangangahulugang "pamilya, sambahayan, estado" at [nomos], o "kaugalian, batas" at may literal na kahulugan na "pangangasiwa
ng sambahayan" o "pangangasiwa ng estado". Ang isang ekonomista ay isang tao na gumagamit ng konseptong pang-ekonomika at
mga datos sa kanyang trahabo, o isang tao na nakatamo ng isang degree sa paksang ito mula sa isang pamantasan.
ang kasaysayan ng ekonomiks ay nagsimula sa pagaaral ng mga b.ansa / sa mga bansa , halimbawa ang pagunlad , pagbagsak ,
pagkasira ,produksyon ng isang bansa. Dahil ang ekonomiks ay isang agham-panlipunan na tumatalakay sa limitadong yaman ,
pangangailangan ,lubusang paggamit ng yaman sa mundo. ang ekonomics ay isang pangkat ng mga disiplinang akademya na
pinagaaralan ang mga aspeto ng mundo/bansa .
sa ekonomiks malalaman ang kahirapang umiiral sa isang bansa . Unang itinuro ang ekonomiks sa BATAS ATA PAMAHALAAN


Ang ekonomiks ay isang agham-panlipunan na tumatalakay sa limitadong yaman, mga pangangailangan at walang
katapusang luho ng tao, at sa lubusang paggamit ng mga yaman ng mundo.
Ang ekonomiks ay agham na tumatalakay sa produksyon at distribusyon ng yaman ng bansa.
Ang ekonomiks ay agham-panlipunang tumatalakay sa kung paano maaaring maimpluwensyiyahan ang isang tao dahil sa
sistema ng ekonomiya.
Ang ekonomiks ay agham-panlipunang tumatalakay sa pagpili ng likas na yaman kung saaan sagana ang isang pamahalaan.
Ang ekonomiks ay isang agham na nag-aaral sa gawi ng taong may kinalaman sa ugnayan ng pangangailangan at kakapusang
may alternatibong gamit.
Ang ekonomiks ay pag-aaral ng sangkatauhan sa pangkakaraniwang pang-araw-araw na buhay. Sinusuri nito ang bahagi ng
kilos ng tao at pangkahalatang iniuugnay sa pagkakamit at paggamit ng pangunahing pangangailangang materyal ng tao.
Ang ekonomiks ay ang pag-aaral kung paano tinustustusan ng tao o lipunan ang walang hanggang pangangailangan at
kagustuhan sa pamamagitan ng mahusay na alokasyon o pagbabaha-bahagi ng pinagkukunang-yaman.
Ang ekonomiks ay matagal ng umiiral sa mundo .

Adam Smith
Masasabi na nagsimula ang sistematiko at siyentipikong pag-aaral ng ekonomiks noong huling bahagi ng ika-18 siglo. Isa sa
pinakakilalang aklat na nakilala noong 1776 ang aklat na An Inquiry to the Causes and Nature of Wealth of Nation ni Adam Smith.

Si Adam Smith (1723-1790) ay isang pilosopo at propesor ng Ekonomiks mula sa Scotland. Itinuturing si Smith na "Ama ng Klasikong
Ekonomiks" dahil sa kaniyang pangunguna na ipaliwanag ang mga prinsipyo ng ekonomiya at ang daan tungkol sa pag-unlad ng isang
bansa.

Layunin ni Adam Smith na malaman ang sanhi ng pagyaman at paghihirap ng mga bansa. Ayon sa kanya maaaring yumaman
ang isang bansa kung; (1) makapaglalaan ito ng sapat na puhunan; (2) tumataas ang produktibidad ng paggawa.

Naunawaan niya na ang pagtaas ng produksiyon sa pamamagitan ng espesyalisasyon o paghahati ng gawain ay magdudulot ng
pagtaas ng produksiyon ng isang ekonomiya.

Iminungkahi ni Smith na di-dapat makialam ang pamahalaan sa pakikipagkalakalan at hayaan ang mga tao na magpasiya kung
ano ang tunay na makakabuti sa kanila at sa buong bansa. Ito ang konsepto ng free enterprise.

Ipinaliwanag pa ni Smith na ang pagkakaroon ng kompetisyon sa pamilihan sa pagitan ng mga negosyante at mamimili ay
makakabuti sa pangkabuong kalagayan ng pamumuhay ng mga tao.

Ayon kay Smith, maaaring makialam ang pamahalaan upang ayusin lamang ang mga sistema ng pakikipagkalakalan at alisin
ang anumang hadlang sa malayang kompetisyon sa pagitan ng mga mga tao sa pamilihan.

Nagpahayag ng doktrinang Laissez Faire o Let Alone Policy

David Ricardo

Isa sa nagbigay-buhay sa pag-aaral ng ekonomiks ukol sa paggamit ng modelo na binubuo ng magkakaugnay na mga konsepto at
argumento na nagnanais na maipaliwanag ang ilang obserbasyon ukol sa ekonomiks ay si David Ricardo (1772-1823).
Si Ricardo ay isang negosyanteng Ingles na yumaman sa stock market. Ayon kay David Ricardo, naniniwala siyang darating ang
panahon na hihina ang pag-unlad ng mga kapitalista. Hihina ang produksiyon ng paggawa dahil kakaunti ang lupa at likas na yaman.
Lumalaki ang populasyon kasabay ng paglaki rin ng mga pangunahing pangangailangan ng tao lalo na sa pagkain. Ang mga lupang
dating hindi nagagamit ay pakikinabangan na ng tao upang matugunan ang kaniyang mga pangangailangan. Kung patuloy na
gagamitin ang lupa, lalong bababa ang pakinabang na nakukuha dito hanggang sa tuluyang humina ang produksyon nito.

Ayon kay Ricardo, ito ang "Batas ng Lumiliit na Dagdag na Pakinabang (Law of Diminishing Return." Magkakaroon ng pagtaas
ng upa sa lupa, pagbaba ng tubo ng kapital, at pagtigil ng pamumuhunan na magdudulot ng suliraning pang-ekonomiya.

Si Ricardo rin ang nagpaliwanag ukol sa batayan sa pakikipagkalakalan ng mga bansa, ang kaisipan tungkol sacomparative
advantage kung saan ang isang bansa ay gagawa lamang ng mga produkto na higit na mababa ang gastos at ang ibang produkto na
mataas ang gastos sa paggawa ay angkatin na lamang.( tumutukoy sa kakayahan ng isang tao o ng isang bansa upang makabuo ng
isang partikular na produkto oserbisyo sa imas mababang halaga kaysa sa ibang bansa.)

Halimbawa: if, using machinery, a worker in one country can produce both shoes and shirts at 6 per hour, and a worker in a
country with less machinery can produce either 2 shoes or 4 shirts in an hour, each country can gain from trade because their internal
trade-offs between shoes and shirts are different. The less-efficient country has a comparative advantage in shirts, so it finds it more
efficient to produce shirts and trade them to the more-efficient country for shoes. Without trade, its opportunity cost per shoe was 2
shirts; by trading, its cost per shoe can reduce to as low as 1 shirt depending on how much trade occurs (since the more-efficient
country has a 1:1 trade-off). The more-efficient country has a comparative advantage in shoes, so it can gain in efficiency by moving
some workers from shirt-production to shoe-production and trading some shoes for shirts. Without trade, its cost to make a shirt was
1 shoe; by trading, its cost per shirt can go as low as 1/2 shoe depending on how much trade occurs.

Thomas Robert Malthus
Si Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) isang Ingles na unang tumawag-pansin sa mas mabilis na paglaki ng populasyon kaysa sa paglago ng
mga pinagkukunang-yaman at ng produksiyon.
Ayon kay Malthus, kung patuloy ang pagdami ng tao samantalang ang lupa na kaniyang pinagkukunan ng pagkain ay hindi
naman nadaragdagan darating ang panahon na hindi na ito makakasapat sa kanilang mga pangangailangan.

Ayon sa kaniya kailangan ng agarang pagpaplano ng pamilya at pagpapaliban ng tao na mag-asawa. Katulad ni Ricardo, malaki
ang nagawang kontribusyon ni Malthus upang maunawaan ang mga kadahilanan ng pagbabago ng presyo ng produkto sa pamilihan,
sahod ng mga manggagawa, at ang upa sa lupa.

Ayon sa Malthusian Theory of Population, angpopulasyon ay nagdaragdag sa isang geometric ratio,
habangang pagtaas sa suplay ng pagkain sa isang arithmetic ration.

Ang kawalan ng pagkakaisa ay humantong sa laganap nakahirapan at gutom, na kung saan ay maitatama lamang sa
pamamagitan ng mga natural na pamamaraan tulad ng sakit,mataas na dami ng sanggol na
namamatay, gutom, digmaan.Ang kanyang pangunahing kontribusyon ay sa sektor ngagrikultura.

Ayon sa teorya na ito, may dalawang hakbang upang makontrol ang populasyon: preventative at positive check.
Angpreventative na paraan ay kontrol sa panganganak, atgumagamit ng iba't-ibang mga paraan upang kontrolin
angkapanganakan; at positive check tulad ng natural calamities,digmaan, atbp.

Karl Marx
Nakilala si Karl Marx (1818-83) sa kaniyang aklat na Das Kapital.
Si Marx ay isang manunulat at rebolusyonaryong Aleman.

Ayon kay Marx, ang teknolohiya ang magiging lahilan ng pagsulong ng isang bansa sa ilalim ng kapitalismo at ang kakayahan
nitongkumikha ng yaman ngunit iilan lamang ang maaaring makinabang dahil patuloy na maghihirap ang tao lalo na ing mga
manggagawa.

Ayon kay Marx, hindi babagsak asng kapitalismo ng dahil sa pagbaba ng produksiyon at sakulangan ng mga teknolohiya na
siyang paliwariag ng mga naunang ekonomista kundi ang lubhang kailangan ay ang pagbabago sa kaugnayan ng mga tao sa isa't-isa.

Naniniwala na dapat bigyang-pansin ang suliranin kung paano ipamamahagi ang nagawang produkto sa pag-unlad ng
ekonomiya.

Sa ilalim ng kapitalismo ay ang pagkakakani-kaniya ng bawat tao ang pangunahing sanhing kahinaan nito. Ayon sa kaniya,
maaari lamang itong mabago sa pamamagitan ng pagpapalit ng sistema patungong sosyalismo at sa huli komunismo kung saan lahat
ng mga tao ay pantay-pantay at magkakaroon ng lipunang walang uri o classless society.

Dagdag pa niya na nararapat lamang na kumpiskahin ang mga pribadong pag-aari ng gamit sa produksyon at gawin itong pag-
aari ng buong lipunan at alisin ang sistemang pasahod. Ang konseptong nabuo ni Marx ukol sa tao at produksyon ay hindi
nagtagumpay sa mga maunlad na bansa. Ilan sa mga sosyalistang bansa na sumunod sa kaisipan ni Karl Marx ay ang mga bansang
China, Russia at ibang maliliit na bansa sa Gitna at Silangang Europa.

Noong dekada 90, nagsipagbagsak ang ekonomiya ng mga bansang sosyalista at nahirapan makabangon pa ang mga
ito. Nagkaroon ng suliranin kung paano matutugunan ang pangangailangan ng mga tao at pagtugon sa suliraning kung paano
mapapaangat ng pamahalaan ang estado ng ekonomiya ng mga nabanggit na sosyalistang bansa.

Malaki din naman ang naitulong ng mga doktrina ni Marx sa pagbuo ng mga samahang pang-manggagawa.

Alfred Marshall at Leon Walras
Sina Alfred Marshall (Principles of Economics, 1890) at Leon Walras (Elements of Political Economy, 1894) ay maituturing na
mga ekonomistang neoklasiko sapagka't sumunod sila sa mga teoryang sinimulan ng mga klasikong ekonomista tulad nina Ricardo at
Smith.

Naniniwala ang mga neoklasiko sa malayang pamilihan at ganap na kompetisyon upang bigyang kasagutan ang
pangangailangan ng lipunan. Kung magkakaroon lamang ng kondisyong nabanggit, makakamit ng lipunan ang pinakamaayos
nakalagayan pang-ekonomiya.

Ipinaliwanag din ng mga neoklasikong ekonomista na kailangan ang aktibong pakikilahok ng pamahalaa upang bigyang
solusyon ang mga suliraning pang-ekonomiya ng bansa.

Noong 1874 at 1877 inilabas ni Leon Walras ang aklat na Elements of Pure Economics, akda na nagging dahilan upang
kilalaning father of the general equilibrium theory.
Ang general equilibrium theory inihaharap upangipaliwanag ang pag-uugali ng supply, demand, at mga
presyo saisang buong ekonomiya sa ilan o maraming merkado.

Si Alfred Marshall ay pinakamahusay na akda ng,Principles of Economics (1890), ipinakilala sa akdang ito ang mga kaisipan
ng, kabilang elasticity of demand, surplus ng mga mamimili,, at representative firm o ang mga kinatawan
ngkompanya. Ang kanyang akda on the theory of valueiminungkahi niya na ang oras bilang isang kadahilanan sapagtatasa sa cost-
production principle.
John Maynard Keynes
Si John Maynard Keynes ay itinuturing na "Makabagong Ama ng Makroekonomiks." Nakilala siya sa aklat na General Theory of
Employment, Interest, and Money na inilathala noong 1936.

Sinaliksik ni Keynes ang dahilan ng krisis ng paghina ng ekonomiya ng bansa noong panahon ng "great depression" noong
1930.

Ayon kay Keynes, hindi laging mabisa ang pamilihan sa pagsagot sa lahat ng suliranin ng ekonomiya ng isang bansa. Ayon sa
kaniya, maaring hindi maging sapat ang pamumuhunan sa isang ekonomiya upang patuloy na paunlarin ito.

Maaaring mabigyan ng solusyon ang suliranin kung ang pamahalaan ay makikialam sa ptimamagitan ng tamang alituntunin sa
pananalapi at pinansiyal.

Binigyang-pansin din Keynes na ang paggastos ng pamahalaan o pagbabawas ng buwis ay magbubunga ng tiis at trabaho na
siyang magpapalago sa kabuuang ekonomiya ng isang bansa.

Thorstein Veblen
Estados Unidos, 1857-1929

Isa sa nangungunangInstitutionalists, siya aypinakamahusay para sa kanyang teorya ng "hayag na pagkonsumo". Ayon ka Veblen,
laging may kontrahansa pagitan ng mganegosyante at mgamamamayan sa pamamagitanng nagsasabi na ang lipunanay palaging may
salungatansa pagitan ng umiiral nakaugalian (existing norms) atbagong mga kaugalian naginawa na likas na sa ugali ngtao na
manipulahin at alaminang tungkol sa pisikal namundo kung saan namin umiiral.

Irving Fisher
Estados Unidos, 1867-1947
Sa kanyang mga akda, malinaw na gumamit siya ng statistical data upang ipaliwanag ang kanyang mga pag-aaral sa ekonomiya.


Francios Quensnay 1694 1774

Tinaguriang Confucius ng Europa. Kabilang siya sa mga pangkat ng Physiocrats naniniwala sa kahalagahan ng kalikasan o mga
klase ng yaman ng bansa (Rule of Nature) sa pag-unlad ng bansa.

Siya ay may-akda ng Tableau Economique(Economic Table) noong 1758, na tumatalakay sa pagdaloy ng mga mahahalagang
salik ng produksyon ng mga produkto at serbisyo sa iba ibang sector ng ekonomiya; ayon dito, upangf magkaroon ng balance o
ekwilibriyo sa ekonomiya, kailangang gamitin ng wasto ang likas na ayaman ng isang bansa upang umunlad.

Physiocrats VS Merkantilista, tinuligsa ng mga merkantilista na naniniwala sa kapangyarihan ng mahahalagang metal tulad ng
ginto at pilak upang mapaunlad at maisulong ang ekonomiya ng bansa; naniniwala din ang mga merkantilista na ang pagakakaroon
ng maraming ginto at pilak ang magiging daan sa pagyaman ng bansa.














ADAM SMITH DAVID RICARDO THOMAS ROBERT MALTUS

















KARL MARX LEON WARLAS ALFRED MARSHALL















JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES THORSTIEN VEBLEN IRVING FISHER



















FRANCIOS QUENSNAY

Quensnay,keynes,veblen