Non-optical holography[edit]

In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any wave.

Electron holography is the application of holography techniques to electron waves rather than light waves.
Electron holography was invented by Dennis Gabor to improve the resolution and avoid the aberrations of
the transmission electron microscope. Today it is commonly used to study electric and magnetic fields in
thin films, as magnetic and electric fields can shift the phase of the interfering wave passing through the
sample.
[61]
The principle of electron holography can also be applied tointerference lithography.
[62]

Acoustic holography is a method used to estimate the sound field near a source by measuring acoustic
parameters away from the source via an array of pressure and/or particle velocity transducers. Measuring
techniques included within acoustic holography are becoming increasingly popular in various fields, most
notably those of transportation, vehicle and aircraft design, and NVH. The general idea of acoustic
holography has led to different versions such as near-field acoustic holography (NAH) and statistically
optimal near-field acoustic holography (SONAH). For audio rendition, the wave field synthesis is the most
related procedure.
Atomic holography has evolved out of the development of the basic elements of atom optics. With the
Fresnel diffraction lens and atomic mirrors atomic holography follows a natural step in the development of
the physics (and applications) of atomic beams. Recent developments including atomic mirrors and
especially ridged mirrorshave provided the tools necessary for the creation of atomic
holograms,
[63]
although such holograms have not yet been commercialized.
Things often confused with holograms[edit]
Effects produced by lenticular printing, the Pepper's Ghost illusion (or modern variants such as
the Musion Eyeliner), tomography and volumetric displays are often confused with holograms.
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The Pepper's ghost technique, being the easiest to implement of these methods, is most prevalent in 3D
displays that claim to be (or are referred to as) "holographic". While the original illusion, used in theater,
recurred to actual physical objects and persons, located offstage, modern variants replace the source
object with a digital screen, which displays imagery generated with 3D computer graphics to provide the
necessary depth cues. The reflection, which seems to float mid-air, is still flat, however, thus less realistic
than if an actual 3D object was being reflected.
Examples of this digital version of Pepper's ghost illusion include the Gorillaz performances in the 2005
MTV Europe Music Awards and the 48th Grammy Awards; andTupac Shakur's virtual performance
at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2012, rapping alongside Snoop Dogg during his set
with Dr. Dre.
[66]

During the 2008 American presidential election, CNN debuted its tomograms to "beam in" correspondents
including musician will.i.am as "holograms".
An even simpler illusion can be created by rear-projecting realistic images into semi-transparent screens.
The rear projection is necessary because otherwise the semi-transparency of the screen would allow the
background to be illuminated by the projection, which would break the illusion.
Crypton Future Media, a music software company that produced Hatsune Miku,
[67]
one of
many Vocaloid singing synthesizer applications, has produced concerts that have Miku, along with other
Crypton Vocaloids, performing on stage as "holographic" characters. These concerts use rear projection
onto a semi-transparent DILAD screen
[68][69]
to achieve its "holographic" effect.
[70][71][72]

In 2011, in Beijing, apparel company Burberry produced the "Burberry Prorsum Autumn/Winter 2011
Hologram Runway Show", which included life size 2-D projections of models. The company's own
video
[73]
shows several centered and off-center shots of the main 2-dimensional projection screen, the
latter revealing the flatness of the virtual models. The claim that holography was used was reported as
fact in the trade media.
[74]