HUM 1000: WORLD CIVILIZATION

LECTURE NOTES BY PROF. V. G. SIMIYU

Sourc! o" A"r#c$ H#!%or&.
W'& !'ou() * !%u)& !ourc! o" A"r#c$+ '#!%or&,
European scholars had a very strong bias against African History. Karl Marx, for
example, ignored Africa in all his writings. And his professor at the University of erlin,
Hegel said that Africa had not contributed anything to world history. !hese are only two
examples from the nineteenth century European scholars. !hey are called Eurocentric
scholars i.e. they view African history and civili"ation from the European point of view.
#ndeed, they present material on Africa and on other civili"ations in the world from the
European perspective. #n the twentieth century there were others. $e shall cite only two.
%rofessor &eligman who said that Africa did not contribute anything to world civili"ation.
!hat the world civili"ation was the wor' of the white man. #f there was anything that
loo's li'e a civili"ation it was the of the white race, or people with some elements of the
white race. He tal'ed of (ilo)Hamites as an African race with elements of the white man
and that it was responsible for civili"ation in Africa. !he truth is that there are no (ilo)
Hamites in the world. Another one was %rofessor !revor *oper who argued that there
was no African history. He said that before the coming of the white to Africa it was all
tribal warfare and dar'ness. And that dar'ness cannot be a sub+ect of history. !here was
only the history of the white man if Africa.
!he main reason for the argument advanced by these Eurocentric scholars was that there
were no written sources which they could use to write the history of Africa.
However, there were other scholars and historians who believed that it was not only
possible to write African history and civili"ation from the African perspective i.e. from
the Afrocentric viewpoint but that there were sources which one could use to do +ust that.
Here then, we list in any order what can serve as sources of African history. $e also list
other items which may not have historical content as such but which play an important
role in African civili"ation.
$ays in which African History can be collected.
) Myths and legends
) Archeology
) %hilosophies
) Art , sculptures
) -ife style, attire
) .ideos, photographs
) /ol' tales
) riddles
LANGUAGE FAMILIES OF AFRICA
0. (ilo 1 &aharan
a2 (ilotic
b2 &emitic 1 Arabic, 3ewish 45iddish2
6. $estern &udanic
a2 Mandingo
b2 Malin'e

serere
)wolof
ambara

7 Kongo 1 Kordofanian
8hadian group of languages and the large antu family of languages
stretching from 8ameroon through central and eastern Africa to southern
Africa.
9 8ushitic :roup of languages. !hese are in eastern Horn of Africa.
) &ongs , dances
) $ritten sources
) Historical -inguistics
) 8ulture
) Epics
) Historical (arratives and oral
traditions
) /ood , agric
) 8lothing;s
!hey include the languages of Ethiopia, <+ibouti, &omalia and north)eastern
part of Kenya and some few cli=ue languages of !an"ania li'e the &andawe
and the #ra=w.

8f, 8hris Ehret;s boo's, >Ethiopians and East Africans? and >History of the &outhern
(ilotes?.
According to 8hris Ehret the 8ushitic spea'ing people
were the widely spread people in Eastern Africa. !hey pushed to their present lands by
the early antu immigrants into the region and the early (ilotes li'e the Maasai. ut gave
the immigrants many loan words which still survive in the antu languages of eastern
Africa and the languages of southern (ilotes. &pecialist of historical linguistics have used
data from that discipline to write the histories of eastern African peoples especially in
migration and settlement as well as in cultural interaction.
Arc'o(o-& $+) Ar% "$c%!
!he study of fossili"ed art facts , materials
Most arts materials are good evidence of history.
V#)o . TV. /'o%o!
!hese are very good sources of Historical information. !hese can be watched year after a
years.
ORAL TRADITIONS
!hey are the most wide and important sources of African History. #n societies that
depend on the oral word, people have developed a very high capacity of memory.
Or$( traditions are historical narratives that have been memori"ed and have been
transmitted by word of mouth from generation to generation. /or any narrative to =uality
as an oral tradition, it must be traced ultimately to an eye witness of the event or events
described. !here must be a period of at least two 1 three generations between the
generation that witnessed the event and the generation receiving the narrative.
Or$( '#!%or&
!his is the history as told by the living people who participated in the events they
describe.
A+ E0$1/( o" Or$( %r$)#%#o+!
@ral traditions collected show that in 0AA7 a European man called 3oseph !hompson
passed through Mumias and went to Mt. Elgon, Masai, coast and bac' to Europe.Earlier,
<r. -udwig Krapf in 0A99 went to Abyssinia and even wrote two boo's called ? !ravels
in Abyssinia?. /rom what he heard from the A'amba people about Mt. Kenya he coined
the word > Kenia? for the mountain and later the name, changed to Kenya, was extended
to the country in 0B6C by the ritish colonialists.
e.g. !he Uganda railways construction was started in 0ABD in Mombasa.
TIME FRAME
How do Africans deal with time frame in historical perspectiveE.
) they use generations 6F G 6 years
) !hey use leadership cycles, e .g the Ki'uyu have three leadership generations
that alternate in power every period of about 9C years. !hese are Maina, Mwangi,
and #rungu. #rungu has since faded away.
) rites of passage
*ites of passage are stages of transition from childhood to adulthood of young people
through circumcision and other forms of initiation.
!hose that use circumcision follow the Age sets 4Age groups2.
E.g. u'usu Kalen+in
0. Kolongolo 1 0BCC)0B0C Korongoro
6. Ki'wameti 1 0B06)0B66 Kip'oimet
7. Kananachi 1 0B69 1 0B79 Kaplelach
9. Kinyi'ewi 1 0B7F 1 0B9F Kimnyige
D. (yange 1 0B9A 1 0BDA (yongi
F. Maina 1 0BFC 1 0BHC Maina
H. 8huma 1 0BH6 1 0BAF 8humo
A. &awa 0BAA 1 0BBA &awe.
Each set had F age groups and each age group or subset was two years. A =uic'
calculation of the above totals 0CC years. !his system is so good that the :overnment of
Kenya has adopted it for use during the national population census to help enumerators
determine the approximate ages of illiterate citi"ens.

WRITTEN SOURCES
Much as the Eurocentric scholars and historians said that there were no written
documents to use to write African history, there were and are many documents available.
#t was more of the =uestion of attitude rather than the so)called lac' of documents. $e
describe some of these documents.
0. Ancient Egyptian documents
6. Ancient Ethiopian documents in :u;e" language.
7. Ancient European document
0. :ree' 1 herodetus 1 D
th
century .8
) ptolemy;s :eography 40)6
nd
A<2.
6. *omanI the periplus document of the Erythrean sea 46
nd
A<.
Jen+ Empire 1 lac' empire
Acient singwaya Empire
9. Muslim scholars
a2 al masud B
th
1 0C
th
centuries west Africa :hana 'umbi saleh 4silent trade w"
carried out.
b2 al a'r. Almoravids of :Hna empire 40C
th
1 00
th
2
c2 !raveller from morocco to (orth 1 East 1 Mogadishu he described what he
saw ibn atutta 409
th
2
D. Early European travelers
0. %ortuguese prince Henry the (avigator who traveled up to the $est
African coast.
6. %ortuguese called de -ogos 40D
th
2.
7. -oe Africanus 1 40D
th
2.
F. Modern European !ravelers.
0. M.%.8 .olner 40B
th
2
6. Mungo par'. 0HAH !ravels in Egypt
7. 8.M.& a2 <r -udwig
b2 <r 3ohn *ebman 0AA9
9. &pea'e
D. <r. <avid -ivingston
F. Henry Morten &tanley 1 He was wor'en on an assignment of
the King of elgium -eopard ## &tanley.
H. 3ac'son
8olonial Administrators
0. C.H.W HOBLEYI 0ABBI !he Ethnography of the Eastern province of Uganda.
0B6BI Kenya from chartered company to crown colony.
6. 8harles E(#o%
!he $hite Man;s 8ountry. He was against the Africans, the Maasai.
7. M8 *oss. He wrote a boo' 'nown as Kenya from $ithin.
#an .ansinca is said to be father of @ral traditions in Africa.
CONCLUSION
#t;s now clear from what we have discussed there were and still are many sources of
African history which anybody interested would have used tho write the history of the
African peoples. #t;s the =uestion of attitude rather than lac' of sources.
II HUMAN ORIGINS
!here are two basic theories about the origins of humanity. !he creation by :od. $e
shall not tal' about that in this lecture. !here;s the scientific origin on the basis of
tangible archaeological findings. !hat is what is going the entire focus of our discussion.
*esearch into human origins is relatively recent. &ir 8harles -yell published a boo'
entitled >%rinciples of :eology? in 0A7C and in the boo' 8harles -yell wrote that the
earth is a result of many millions of years of great changes. !his raised controversy from
religious =uarters because -yeell seemed to =uestion the creation of the universe by :od.
#n 0ADB another 8harles called <arwin published a worse boo' than of -yell called
>@rigin of &pecies?. #n the boo' <arwin explained his theory of evolution. !his
publication raised even much more controversy than ever before. !his was seen as an
outrageous contradiction of :od;s wor'. (onetheless, <arwin argued that in that
evolution there was a statement that thene is very stiff competition for swivel of species.
#n 0AH0 8harles wrote a boo' called the <escent man.
#n 0B69 in &.A a man 'nown as <esmond <agt found fossils of an ape and named it
Austropithecus 4&outhern Ape2 the last stage of human evolution # gave rise to
Homogenus.
!he theory is that Austropithecus was the Humanoid type of Ape. they are two types of
Apes
0. !ree dwelli ng ape 1 *obust shortis in length.
6. !he ground dwelling ape 1 :racile in mov;t and -ongish.
-ovis &. -EAKE5 came to E.A to do further research in primitive society. !hey later
moved to (orthern !anganyi'a at @lduvai 0BDB ) FC,CCC. #n 0B70) !he -ea'ey
excavations were made at oldwai :orge in !an"ania.
!hey came up with 9 layers
!hey didn;t come up with a lot. #n 0BDC <r. ois gave them funds to continue their
research. #n 0BDB -ea'ey found the 0
st
important humanoid fossil. !he
University of 8alifornia -os Angeles 4U8-A2 laboratories returned an age of FCC,CCC
years. !here was controversy from religious =uarters and others disputing -ea'ey;s
findings and especially the suggestion that human life could have begun in Africa.
However, the respected (ational :eographic found the findings of -ea'ey serious and
funded him for more research.
0BF9) the -ea'ey;s forth fossil dating 0.HD million is -eatoh and they found fossils of
+aws and teeth of A adults and 7 children. #n 0BH0 *ichard -ea'ey fou nd a s'ull which
was 7.D million. He went ahead and found a school called Kobi /or a in !ur'ana.
between 0BH6)0BHH a team of Archeologists shifted attention to Ethiopia. #n the late
early BCs they found other fossils in northern Ethiopia we returned 9.D million years.
0BBA 1 /rench team wor'ing in !ur'ana 8.< 3ohanson is &outh Ethiopia in @mo valley
from 0BH6)B0HH come across fossils of 9C individuals 9CK complete female was nic'
named -ucy reason was caused of the bond eeetles 8.E song -ugs in the s'y.
$hat is the story of human evolutionsE
Humanoids have been categori"ed into 7 categories and the 7
rd
having 6 sub species.
0
st
1 Homo habilis havi ng up to 0.A million years
6
nd
1 Homo erectus 1 0.A 1 C.7 millions years
7
rd
1 Homo sapiens 1 7CC,CCC 1 0CC, CCC years
ed 9
ed 7
ed 6
ed 0
Homo sapiens sapiens0CC,CCC 1 9C,CCC years.
E:5%!#A( 8#.#-#JA!#@(
INTRODUCTION
:ree' historian by the name Herodotus lived around 9AC)96D 8 said that Egypt is the
gift of the (ile, he was referring to one natural phenomenon that ta'es places every year
in Egypt firm time in memorial. this is t he rising of the (ile and subse=uent loading of
the (ile valley and this process happens with ama"ing regulating waters on river (ile
begin to rise from early 3ul y and by end of 3uly and waters goes beyond the ban's and
floods and valley and for 7 months August, &eptember and @ctober and the valley
remains flooded and by end of @ct the waters are bac' into within the ban's. y that
time the water has deposited very fine and very fertile silt onto the valley. !he river (ile
has two branches, the $hite (ile that starts from -a'e .ictoria at 3in+a. And
immediately it leaves la'e .ictoria it moves into another la'e Kyoggah then into -a'e
Albert. !he river is still in Uganda. As soon as it leaves Uganda and enters &udan it gets
into the marsh land of ahr 1el) :ha"al. !hus the river;s flow to the north is considerably
slowed down and most of its silt is deposited in these various ecological areas. #ts water
is clear and that;s why it is called the $hite (ile. #t;s the $hite (ile that ma'es it the
longest river in the world, over 9,CCC miles long !he river reaches Khartoum where it
receives its biggest tributary, the lue (ile from -. .ictoria to the Mediterranean sea.
!he other branch called lue (ile starts firm la'e !ana in Ethiopia. !he lue (ile is
shorter but itflows in rapids through the vegetation and forests until it +oins the $hite
(ile at Khartoum. #t carries along a lot vegetable matter and the rich silt. !he silt gives
the water a deep dar' blue colour, hence the name !he lue (ile. #ts been estimated that
over three =uarters of the water of the combined river the three =uarters of the silt
deposited onto the Egyptian valley come from the lue (ile.
!he Egyptians did cultivation of the crops from (ov) on words i.e. wheat barley. And its
said that without the (ile there would be no Egypt. Egyptians reconned that firm one
flooding of the (ile to the next it was a period of 7FD days.
*ising of the (orth starts the appears in the s'y in east in 3uly and will not appear again.
Egyptians rec'oned that from one rising of the (ile to the next it;s a period of 7FD days.
Egyptians were the first to draw a calendar of 7FD days and they divided it into four
seasons of 7 months. Every month was 7C days L 7FC G D. !hey noticed that every years
there was an extra day.
!he valley is long HDC miles firm 1 ( it;s widest in the (orth in the lower valley and its
much narowers in the south.
%*E 1 <5(A&!8# E:5%!
y the end of the (eolistic period several denominations had ta'en place in Egypt
between DCCC)9CCC 8. !hat period was characteri"ed by a mixture economy. :rowing
wheat, barley of crops and also raising of live stoc' cattle 4big livestoc'2, sheep, goats
and pigs 4small2.
!hey had institution councils of elders before 9CC 8. 8ulturally there have evidence
that they practiced circumcision of the male before 9CCC 8 one phenomenon of :oeg
native.
!he rise of &ahara <esert it is one of the youngest ma+or deserts. #t begun to rise firm
and end of the %aleolithic period about 06CC 8 and spread rapidly and xxxx firm and
west i.e. Atlantic side and in short time it had reached the red sea. !he effect of that was
that Egypt was split into two :eog regions on par's, the higher apart was is the south
continued and mixture economy of crop husbandly and animal husbandly with large and
small animals. #t was in continuous harmony that the rest of E.A. the (orthern part is
lower Egypt speciali"ed in irrigation Agriculture lower Egypt abandoned live stoc' and
concentrated on crops. #t retains only one of the large animals, the don'ey as a beast of
burden. Among the birds it develop a breed of birds called (ile :oose.
y 9CCC 8 Egyptians had developed the technology of irrigation , they made canals
to lead the waters to their fields. the 9
th
milleneum 8 was characteri"ed by some
developed i.e. irrigation agriculture politically to 'ingdoms emerged one as the upper
Egypt , Upper 'ingdomM its capital was a town called thinis and the other one was lower
Egypt , lower 'ingdom a town 'nown as Memphis. 8ulturally Egyptians begun to
consider their rulers as gods and actual gods that led to ma+or techni=ue inventions.
!he xxxxx of the bodies of the pharaohs who rendered them alive and young. y the
end of 9
th
millennium i.e. around 70 8 the rulers of upper 'ingdom , upper Egypt was
called menes con=uered the lower 'ingdom and unified the trye 'ingdom 4unification and
he established the capital of the unified 'ingdom at t he unified 'ingdom.
(ama unified the system of pharaoh. He then began to <ynastic Egypt and the building
of pyramids also begun at that time. !he history of Egypt has been divided into 7 periods,
old, middle and new 'ingdom. #n total firm (ama to t he last Egyptian pharaoh who was
con=uered in 777 8. Egypt was ruled by 7C dynasties, specifically native dynasties and
8ushitic dynasties.
!he periodisation
0. @ld 'ingdom 6HCC 1 66CC 8
6. Middle 'ingdom 6CDC 1 0ACC 8
7. (ew 'ingdom 0DHC)0CBC 8
9. %eriod of <ecadence 0CBC 1 777 8 , 7C8
%eriods of first intermediance
&econd intermediate period
OLD 2INGDOM
#t is also 'nown as the pyramid period and it is the most famous. 0)7 <ynastic are called
!hinife dynastic because (ama founded them and he was firm the city of thinis.
#. !he viligation Agric enabled Egyptians not only to produce enough food for
themselves but also to have a surplus. !his surplus was used to feed non)agric
sectors of society e.g. Architects scribes, Engineers, doctors, attendants to royal
families e.t.c.
##. !he belief that pharaoh was a :od meant that by time of unification and pharaoh
had become powerful and government was centrali"ed so the :od owned all the
land symbolically and also in practice he had huge estates we ware cultivated for
him by slaves, e.g. were the first to be sown every year and also to be
harvested. He was also a :ood provider that in time of food shortage people were
given free provisions in royal stores. Everyone had to obey t he pharaoh and
submit to t he authority of the pharaoh and the advice was >if you want to ' now
what to do in life, stic' to the pharaoh and be loyal?.
.arious occupation had its own esteem baa most of the esteem went to the
describes another achievements of the first 7 dynastic , building of t he step
pyramids.
!he person who begun them was a genius 'nown as imho tep an Engineer,
architect and a man of medicine he was a personal of 7
rd
dynasty of "oser.
!o me'. the step pyramids they used sun dried bric's. the pyramids step arch was copied
firm west Africa firm #slamic culture e.g. in the city of mop ti.
!he greatest of old 'ingdom i.e 0)F dynsties and it was a great achievement. !he stones
don;t appear in Egypt therefore they were fetched very far firm of (ubian desert and they
were carried on hand by slaves. they transported t hem either along river (ile on boat on
the (avigable apart of burden was the river wasn;t navigable. @n river in Khatoum there
were F catarac's were the watch was not navigable and that;s were they used the
don'eys. #t has been suggest that they used the level principle.
the pyramids of the 9
th
dynasty are t he most famous. 8heaps pyramid 1 one of the
pharaohs it is hug e. Also the pyramid of 'hufu pharaoh. these are some of the wonders
of the world. !he pyramids were tombs, they were not +ust monuments of beauty
therefore for religious purposes they were tombs for pharaohs. After the mummification
bodies were placed in the pyramids in the 9
th
points of the campus e .g. E,&,(,$ and in
an angle of 9DC and Egyptians believed that after the pharaohs become young they passed
through the side of the sunset.
!his was for religious purposes. After F
th
dynast the societies were fired and had spent a
lot of money in pyramid .Most pharaohs were dying before finishing the pyramids so the
rule was changed to any pharaoh who wanted power had to build a pyramid or his
predecessor it was expensive to build a xxxxx as a lot of people had to be ap id # .e. he
aman preist.
!owards end of F
th
dynasty, a period of chaos set in occasioned by several factorsM
i. pol. leadership was wea' and some of the provides 4(orms2 too' advantages of
the wea'ness of the central government to declare their independent. !heir rule
begun to fight over the central thorn and others claimed immortality li'e the
pharaoh. !he floods of the (ile failed to materiali"e therefore drought and famine
set in and all prosperity vanished. %eople lost confidence in the pharaohs. %eople
rioted and ransac'ed government offices and threw document in the streets. it was a
long period of chaos of 66CC 1 6CDC. #t was called the 0
st
intermediate period. !here
were so many tyrants terrosting ordinary people, oppressing them. $hile famine
was on, the state increased taxes that worsened conditions of ordinary people and
foreignness infiltrated the country.
one contemporary complied >All happiness has vanished, # show all the land
intermail each mans heart is for himself a man sits with his bac' turned while one
slays another. !hese dynasties were firm H)0C dynasties and the rules firm 00
th
dynasty restores law and order and founded the middle 'ingdom that was 6CDC 1
0ACC8.
!he construction of the pyramids had stopped dwung the first intermediate period
we had been exhausting of the treasury so the pharaoh of the 00
th
'ingdom didn;t
construct any pyramids instead promoted people welfare
one said > # gave the destitute and brought up the orphan. # caused him who was
nothing to reach his goal li'e him who was some body?. &o in the promotion of
peoples welfare, the pharaohs of the middle 'ingdom launched public wor's to
provide employment of the youth e .g the drainage and irrigation of some maish
land called fayum near a city melphis were the pro+ect yielded 6H,CCC acres of
Arable land.
!hey continues the mummification but in their liberalism they allowed ordinary
people who cud affords to mummify their bodies to their dealt ones. #t has been
called the unfortunately those mimmies were not well preserved.
Mummificatly was a very expensive process and only government could do it well.
After the 06
th
dynasty, there was yet another period of chaos, the 6
nd
intermediate
period o ffically form 0ACC)0DHC 8, 0H6C 8.
<uring that After the 06
th
dynasty, there was yet another period of chaos, the 6
nd
intermediate period o ffically form 0ACC)0DHC 8, 0H6C 8.
<uring that period of %alestinian called H'sos 0H6C 8 invaded Egypt firm that
(orth invaded the <elta and cut he country into two. they ruled over the (orthern
part and left the southern part on its own but they established sm 'ind of techni=ues
li'e horse chariots, composite bow and now made out of wood. #ts said that biblical
3oseph who become the government official in charge of sores ac=uired the
NNN..
ut mostly colonialism by Hy'sos humiliated the Egyptians so much that in their
reaction they mobili"ed a strong nationalistic movement. !hey were in the city of
!hebe united of Egyptians who fought against the hy'sos using their weapons,
above then out of their country pursued them to %alestine in con=uered them there.
@ne of the !hebes sed >(o man can settle down were despailed 4ruined2 by the
taxes of the Asiatics, # will grapple with him so that # may rip often his belly, my
wish is to save Egypt in to smile the Asiatics when the Egyptians were drove out,
they coloni"ed %alestine. #t was the new princess who founded the new 'ingdom
0DHC)0CBC 8.
one of the greatest was called thuthmosis iii he was one of the neps of the new type
of Egyptian civilians very energetic and also very aggressive. He inherited the
throne form his dad when he was still very young and concubines of one the
pharaoh itatshepsut 409BC)09FB2 was supposed to maintain the regency adult royal
on behalf of young ruler but instead she over threw him and declared herself the
pharaoh she used support of Amon priests she rules it 6C years portraits her self in
many public statues, portraits as a man sm time sporting the royal beard. she adopt
ed for herself all the royal tittles except the might bull. &he described herself in the
following words >Exceedingly good to loo' upon a beautiful maiden fresh services
of nature all together divine.
ut she was a good leader, mounted a number of military campaigns, when she died
in 09FB 8 thuthmose was the 7
rd
and age of power. He revenged against the step
mon. he ordered that all her pain tings be defaced and statues bro'en down firm
public places thrown into the =uality.
thuthmose 7
rd
has been described by European Historians as the (apaleon of Egypt.
He led successful military campaigns 0H of them recon=uered patestine and even
&yria. He fixed his noethrn boundary to his new state of the river euphuists as the
river that flows bac'wards. #n the south (ubian, the &udan had become
independent so he brought them bac' under his control. Egypt was very powerful
under !hurmose ### when he con=uered countries li'e &yria, !unisia, he didn;t over
threw the rulers firm either thrones but he only demanded that t hey give him their
sons whom he brought to Egypt and after introducing t hem to Egyptian values
cultures etc he sent t hem bac' home to become loyal ambassadors and Egyptians
civil.
#n terms of public wor's, he built obelis's that were built on solid stone, broad at
the base and narrow at he top +ust for purposes of beauty and the was saying that
those public monuments were saying his new management endure through out the
future forever and ever. some of those obelis+'s were ta'en illegally to sm of the
ma+or cities in the worlds in -ondon, *ome, #taly and (ew 5or'.
AME(H@!E% ###
he was pharaoh firm 09C6)07F7 8. Historians say that the Egyptian civilians and states
reached that the climax during reign of Amenhotep ###, Egypt had con=uered lands.
!hebe the capital boasted of beautiful temples in honours of the son :od Amon East of
the (ile in 'arna' and -uxer. *ulers of foreign states sent in gifts firm &yria, abylonia,
Hittes and sm either daughters in exchange of as'ed for gold adding for gold is as
common as dust in your land.
After Amenhotep there was a ma+or decline in Egypt and the successors was
Amenhoteps #. 0DHC)0CBC 8 due to one reason. Amenhotep provo'ed a religious
struggle against the priests of the son :od Amon. up to that time Egptians worshiped the
:od, but Amenhotep orderd that they worship one :od. he even changed his name to
Ahenton the one who had devo ted the city called A'hetaton and remo ved the capital
firm !hebe and the priest weren;t happy so they encourag"ed people to rebel the xxxx
become wea' and so Egypt declined dwung reign of A"menhopte #. he died in 079H and
his little boy replaced him 4!utan'hame2. He ruled from 079H)077A 8 at B years and he
literacy become the puppet of the Amon priests who to ld him to transfer the capital bac'
to !hebe and t he networ' of polytheism.
His reign was forgotten after firm millemium because it wasn;t so great. After he died
sm short period too' place and a new military too' event and founded the 0B
th
dynasty
wre tried to establish t he control over %alestine. ut there was a lo ng struggle over
&yria between t he Hittites up to the reign of the last great pharaoh of Egypt *amses ##.
He signed the 0
st
international treaty between states we have been praised for its Hitites
and ranses recogni"ed their mutual sovereignty ever %alestine while Egyptians and the
*amses recogni"ed the Hittite sovereignty over &yria. !he treaty also provided four
mutual assistance incase of attac' firm a 7ty. !hey recogni"ed the respect for each others
bac'. !he treaty provided for extraditions.
*amse ## built public momuments, statues buildings li'e the hypostyle Hall which was
build in honour of the :od Amon at 'anna'.
After *amses these was a long period decadence from 0CBC 1 777 .c.
%E*#@< @/ <E8A<E(8E 40BBC)7772 .8
!his period was moved by the rising power of the Amon priests who become very
powerful and the capital was still thebe. @ne Amon priest was able to establish his sown
dynasty in upper Egy pt and abo ut t he same time marchany priests in the (orth set up
their own dynasty over the (ile delta. Egypt was new divided. -ibyans too' advanta"ge
of that na invaded Egypt in B9C 8 they established their own shisha'. he said to haxve
been a contempotary of #srael.
to centuries later blac' 'ushites form (ubia invaded Egypt and founded their own
dynasty 6D
th
dynasty. !he 'ushites ruled o ver Egypt up to 60 8. Eurocentrics send t he
on ly blac' pharaoars were 6F
th
dynasty.
!he 'ushites copied many aspxects of Egyptian cv. writing of the Egyptian
4Hierogyphics2 e.g. a well of water they would draw waves. !he 'ushites also practoised
mummification they built pymids in fact most of the pyramids of Egypt are in t he sudan
part of the region only difference is they were smaller in si"e. ut they were still tombs
for pharaohs. !hese was a short period of :lory dwing the region of the 6F
th
dynasty D6D
8.
Egyptains were able during that period to establish t heir power over %alestine b ut they
were unable. %horaoh (echo who to connect the mouth of the (ile and the red sea. He
also did more. He commissioned a group of phoenicains to circumnavigate the African
con tinent.
#n D6D 8 Egypt was invade by %ersians and that was the end of the 7C dynsties that
had ruled o ver Egypt for nearly 7CC years. /rom 77 8 Macedonian reign over Egy pt
bt Alexander 4Hellenistic periof of civilasation2. Hellenic is gree' civil in gree'. !he
famous rulers of Egypt were called of the ptolemies 4%tolemaic reign of Egpt about 7CC
years. !hgese was a line of female rulers called 8leopatra and they were all ptelomaic
and the F
th
was in power for some time over 6C years and she has on desxcribed as the
most beautiful women in the world. &he was con=uered by Augustus &i""a in 77 8 her
*oman lover was Mar' Antony. the story death and that Mar' Anthony was commom.
$hen the *omans xxx in 77 8 in Egypt she was fed up to mar' Anthony.
from 7C 8 Egypt time a province of *ome until the *oman empire collapsed in 90H
A<. !here was a temporary period of independent Muslims con=uered in 90H A< and
they are still their who were the Ancient EgyptiansE !hey were the 8aucasoid people
under certain theory. @thers say that Ancient Egyptians were blac' rulers i.e 8he' anto
<iop. All balac' rulers people have Eumelanin in their s'in which protects s'ins cells
firm destruction by sun rays. !he sun rays common at the e=uator. chech Anta <iop
argued that if we go by louis -ea'ey;s research that Humanity had to go by dar' s'in
due to Eumelanic raxys. 8hec' An ta <iop was a nuclear scientists and t hen he went into
Historical funding s he wrote boo's lxi'e genetic lin's between Egypt throo ugh pictures.
He was firm &enegal. he was a member of scientific scholars. He died in 0BAF. he went
to paris museum 4Musee de l; home2 where he was allowed to cut s'in for microscope
observation and he counted he melanin cells and found out they were blac' people. ut
Eurocen trices sed that the mimmiues were blac' due to old age.
Herodotus 49AC)96D 82 wrote several Histories and in one of the passangers he wrote
>According to Egyptian and people he callers colichidiasn Ethiopians 2 are blac's and
they are blac's not because they have been burnt by the sun but by race. they have chic'
lips, broad nose and 'in'y hair and of all people in the world Egyptians and Ethiopians
are t he only people who practice circumcisions. +ews of palestines and their neighbors
themselves admit that they borrowed the custom recently from Egyptians. ut among
Egyptians and Ethiopians # could not tell who borrowed the custom firm the other for it
indeed a very ancient practice among them and its interesting to niote that they do it
exactly the same way.
8he' Anta <iop mentioned several other scholars e.g Aristolo with a light touch who
died in 766 8. he was tal'ing about mortal virtual the people. %eople who are
excessively blac' are cowards li'e the Egyptians and people who are excessively whit e
are also cowards. A /rench travelers called volnies went to Egypt in 0BA7 1 0HAD and in
0HAH he published a boo' in patus entitles travels in Egypt and in that boo' he writes a
passage > # was fascinated by the loo' of the sphinx > # stone statues very tall want a
human face and body of cat2. # was struc' by the negma of the sphinx, its negroid
features brad nose, thic' lips and multutto faces and then # remembered the famous es
passage the Herndotus and then he =uotes Herndotus passage. then he said that all these
are Arabs, :ree's, *omans etc and they must have lost most of their original negroid
features but have maintained original negroid muold?.
Ho* E-&/%#$+ r/r!+%) %'1!(3!.
$hen they were using the pictographic writings, they referred to themselves t hey shared
a picture of woof burnt on one end. they later developed the alphabet 7C letters they
used the letters to KM! to refer to themselves meaning bac'. their religion was also
KM! religion and their :od was An the me ant the great negro.
!hey painted the races of people they 'new that time E.: &emites, -ibyans, Egyptians
and (ubians. Egyptians and (ubians were drawn as blac's were represented as fice
people in royal places while whites were represented as captives, prisoners or even this
hands tied behind their bac's.
(-$c#! o" %' E-&/%#$+!
the ancient Egyptians civ,. made many contributions to world civ. !hey borrowed firm
other civili"ations e.g Mesopotamian civili"ation in areas li'e ports will. hey also made a
lot of original invasions those invasions have been passed on as aprt of human heritage in
short as part of world civil.
0. Egyptian ligancies can be divided into
6. e.g. materials legacies and scientific legacies. !hose are broad of division and vice
versa in scientific legacies they were a lot.
8raft 4materiasl legacies2
Egyptians excelled in the various craftsmanship and some of their achievements have
been declared as wonders of the world.
S%o+ cr$"%
!hey developed techni=ues of spitting stone, wor'ing on t hem and using them for
building some times of buildings some times e .g. pyramids built during old 'ingdom.
!hey were tombs for housing the pharaohs religious purposes2. %haraohs themselves
were goals and after their bodies had been mummified, the bodies were put there and
supposed to time alive again, pyramids of gi"e near Memphis declared one of the
pyramids were built of solid stones faced from as for as the (ubian desert over 0CC 'm
away, they developed techni=ues of splitting the roc' they heating and cooling during
night and day. that technical has remained in the present as one of the Egyptian legacies
in that filed. Egyptians also developed stone mercenary 4built stone houses2 for the
pharaohs and also ric+ they reached a stage where by they resting cavities in stinmes as a
leisure restign place for the pharaohs. Middle 'ingdom built obelis's in solid stone as
public moments. !hey made stone monuments, statues to represent various aspects of
their civil and creations. !he sphincs for example the me d of solid stone. it portrays a
multiple features symbolism as a human face on one side although ugh its original
negroid soldiers in A< 0HBB but the rest of the body is of a cat with its massive apws. the
cat held ascetical figure in the acc ient Egyptian culture, philosophy and mythology.
.irtually every pharaoh including the woman pharaoh had statues of himself , herself
meda. the statues of *am"es ## mounting a big horse is world famous so stone craft to
(eolithic period that one of the excellent legacies of Egypt in crafts because ordinal
people lived in the normal chariot manner li'e other people in other chariot societies but
the achievements of ancients Egyptians in stones crafts for t he nobility and hi gh class or
ama"ing inaccuracy and exactitude. the angles of the pyramids e.g. age so accurate
where reveals the high =uality of sto ne polishing b y Egyptian stone crafts men;s.
$ood and boat made
wood tech in Egypt was also very ancient because bac' to the prehistoric times the
Egyptians i.e. neither period. Egyptians made boats to sail on the navigable parts of the
(iles and some of the huge stones that were used for building the pyramids could have
been partially transported on beats and the navigable sections of the (ile.
Ancient Egyptians also made boats for sea failing purposes,. they sailed in the red sea to
palest inbe, misopotamia and Asian cret. in the south they sailed up to the east coast of
EA up to a country named prut were was and by ancient Egyptian , &omalia. 8heops
boat measures over 97 meters long and about 6C meters wide. it was made by putting
together 07 layers to timber using different types of +oints and without any use of nail to
ma'e the boat totally water proof. it capacity 9C tones its preserved at the cairo musiem.
G($!! 14+
Egyptians may not have invented glass but they definitely contributed a lot to its
development. :lass beads have been found and dated to 7DCC 8 the preunifictaion
period. :lass as such was fully established by 0FCC <8 transparent glass appeared in
Egypt by the period of tutan'hamun 407CC 82 a special type of glass had appeared
called polychromatic glass 4decorations within the glass ware2 by HCC 8 Egyptians
were made special products of glass e.g aves called alabaster was being manufactured
export in the world.
Mosedonian rulers of Egypt after 7CC 8 made Alexandrian of the world of that time
and even roman rulers imported glass firm Egypt.
P$/&u!
#t;s a water need it grows to about 0 O metres 1 6m. Egyptians had multiple uses for
papyus. !hey could use it f or ma'ing strong ropes. @ne of the %ersian generals xerxes
used papynus haursies to ma'e a bridge to Asia for con=uering those states 8ould be used
for ma'ing mats inhotep e.g. introducing construction of pillars using papyrus. #t could
also be used f or ma'ing wic's in lamps. aa the must famous use of papyrus and biggest
legacies of ancient Egyptians was use of payrus for ma'ing paper. %aper 1 for derived
from the ancient Egypt word papers to mena big house. !he greater occupation in Egypt
after Amon priest hood was scribe. &cribes were important because they wrote down
anything went on at the palace of pharaohs.
papyrus paper they very ancient in the Egyptian history and because was used a long time
by :ree's, mostern Arabs etc. several sheets made about 0 meter made one scroll and
Egyptian paper was held in one hand and read while un folded. Egyptian boo's
accounted onto in pages but in length and the scholars say that they were about 7CC 'm
of Egyptian documents and boo's and the world hadn;t interpreted even 0CC 'm. some
of the most famous documents papyus are in different countries e.g (ew 5or' -ondon
moscos etc.
H$+) *r#%#+-
initially Egyptians had a pictographic hand writing 'nown as Hideograms e.g wave 1
water 1 mouth touching a wave of water 1 thirst , drin'ing, symbol of an old adn holding
a stic' 1 wisdom. #ts was pictographic writing and then syllabic writing and finally the
alphabet was had 7C letters and to show the unpact of the Egyptians alphabet over the
modern alphabet was that 69 of t he present la tin alphabet of 6D letters come for firm of
7C Egyptian letters.
FLA5 AD T E5TILE INDUSTRY
/lax is also a plant and that still grown in *ussia as an economic crop but the biggest
world producer of flax that *ussia it grows not mo re than 0 meter. the stem has fibres
which were carefully removed by Egyptian women who made thread through spinning
of the fibres. !he thread was woven in to cloth and that was t he rise of the Egyptian
textile industry. the textile industry was entirely a women;s industry. bac' in D7CC 8
(edithic period. Egyptian woman become experts in cloth ma'ing, by the time of the
new 'ingdom Egyptian women were capable of producing very long thread out of
which they made various types of clothing particularly loose filting clothing for evening
dress. y 0FCC they were producing a special type of flax in materials called yssuss
there was exported. -ong lengths of flax clot h were re=uired for mummification because
mummification process re=uires a lot of rapping of the body in t he flax materials.
$hen *omans con=uered Egypt, they made Alendadria the head =uarters of their textile
industry.
METALLUGY
Egyptians li'e other humans were not good in iron wor'ing, in any case iron techni=ue
was the most recent ma+or techni=ue in world history and civil. but Egyptians wor'ed
on other metals :old and silver. they didn;t have a special word for silver as they tal'ed
of 6 types of :oldM 5ellow gold obtained firm (ibian in the south and t hey called it
(ub bcuase it come form (ubian ad they had white go ld which was silvers. $hen they
combined t he 6 to ma'e an alloy they called it electrum. they were used in daily life of
Egyptians and all either gold and silver.
Egyptians also wor'ed on cheaper metals e.g copper. y 7DCC before unified they had
developed tactics for wor'ing on copper t hey hammered it in to different ob+ects.
Around 6CCC 8 the years have described as the cop per age in Egypt. Although copper
has benn more associated with cuprum , 8yprus acient latin then for 8yprus. the
scientific short tern for copper was cu. (one the less the Egyptians made medial tools
coins were stamped. copper was also mixture with thin to ma'e a stronger item. copper
on its own was soft in meleable, tin also was the same but when the two are alloyed,
they form a strong metal called bron" so bron" items are much stronger. the bron" age
was superior to the copper age. And tin was rate in the would so humanity searched for a
more serious metal and by the end of 6
nd
mellinum 8 in techni=ue was adopt ed from
Mesopotamia. #n Africa, ancient alloy centers were more in &udan, a'sum in Ethiopia
(umidia in (orth Africa, (o' in (igeria.
ur'oba in E.A, Jimbabwe . #ron techni=ue was most superior of its metals.
-E:A8#E& #( &8#E(8E&
ancient Egyptians excelled in sciences as well. under pure sciences , applied sciences.
they excelled in areas li'e survey, Astronomy, Math;s, medicine, architecture etc.
A!%ro+o1&..
Egyptians were very good observes of the s'y and natural phenomena. their observations
of the rising of the wawtres of the (ile and rising of the north star led them to conceive
the first 7FD days calendar which was in the entire history humanity. !heir year was
divided into for seasons of 7 months each. each month 7C days, giving a total of 7FC
days. they added D days to ma'e t he complete year but they also noticed that every 9
years was a discrepancy of 0 day which was a feast believed to be a gift firm god. !he
extra 0 day of the Egyptian calendar was divided much the Egyptians calendar was
divided much later by a roman called ceasr into 9 =uarters to give birth to what to 'now
as 3ulain calendar from 3ulius 9H 8 ceaser which is 7FD P days which was what most of
the world was on. Again much latter in A< 0DA6 a pope commissioned a ishop to
recalculate bac' wards to years one when it would be presumed which the year of birth
of the land 3esus 8hrist for 8hristians that how A< and 8 came up. Astronomy so in
his calculations be was off t he mar' by F years. pope :eorge .### had commissioned
him and that calendar was called :egoriasn calendar was differs from the 3ulian calendar
by about 0H days and its used by the athodox church.
!he Egyptians in pure astronomy identified correctly the 9 cardinal points of the campus
E,(,$,& and in fact t he pyramids were oriented in line the 9 pyramids camps meaning
that the pyramids were not +ust built at random. <uring t he old period, Egyptian
Astronomas were able to identify the true , magnate (orth to the nearest degree. there
errors margin was less than 0 degree.
MATHEMATICS
they may not have been extremely well in Algeria, Authmetics because even their
multiplications were extended additions and divisions were extended subtractions .
However Egyptians were excellent in geometry. in fact herodutus and archmedis said
that geometry was born in Egypt and especially applied geometry. the are where they
practices applied geometry very well was in survey in fact the professions of survey was
born in Egypt and was by necessity. Every year he (ile in its flooding washed away the
land boundaries and in an areas where land was so spacious and scarce no farmer would
accept to loose their lad. the land was divided through triangles.
Egyptians surveyors every year after the flood went to the ground and carried out
computations to claim every farmers land. !hey did that in the old 'ingdom by 6ACC
8. medicine. !hey practiced all the ma+or braches of made. they diagnosed disease,
descry bed t he symptoms and treated t he patients. the greater Egyptians doctors was
imhotep who was the personal physician to pharaoh "oser 7 rd dynasty wrote medial
wor's 'nown as treaties giving instructions to other doctors on symptoms of disease,
diagnosis and treatments.
His wo's were stored at a particular library near the city of Memphis where a monument
had been built in his hanour. he was defied worshiped as a god ancient Egyptian doctors
treated all sorts of diseases ca 'ey of the throat, gastric disorders, stomach ailments,
bilhar"iah s'in ailments e .g cancer, t hey also carried out swigery, treated bro'en +aws
and bones dentistry.
their medicines were mainly herbal medicines. they used oils and ointments potions
suppositories for diarrhea imhotep was the first to introduce professional ethnics in
practice of made. he introduced the oath to be sworn by doctors before they carried out
medicine. the oaths was > # will do my best to give the best medicament to my patients #
will promote they welfare, # will not administer poison through # be as'ed, # will not
procure abortion?.
the :ree' hypocrites had access to the library of imhotep at Memphis, copied it and in
the western civil he was said to be t he father of medicine which every scholar of
medicine should ta'e first before becoming a doctor.
MUMMIFICATION
#t was done for purely religious purposes. it involved a lot of science but it was a process
by which ancient Egyptians believed they rendered the dead pharaoh alive and young
forever because they believed that pharaoahs were gods and gods don;t die, so when t
hey died something was done to their bodies to render them aligning.
in mummification they prepared the body by removing some internal organs which could
be mummified and they not they removed the intestines and stomach and other internal
organs through the side of the body,. !hey drew out the brain through the nostril
meaning they had very good 'nowledge of human anatomy. !hey used a chemical
4natrom2 which was a compound of very serious atoms sodium carbonate, sodium bi
carbonate salt and sodium sulphate. !hey made a solution out of that solution and
nitrate2. the compound of li=uid was extremely poisonous. they also used large amounts
of t heir cloth to wrap the mummify in through many layers and at every layer of flux
cloth they applied a fresh amount o fnatron solution and both layers were re=uired in
huge amounts and that mummification was a very expensive excessive, only the state
could do it well of mind 'ingdom afford so when pharaohs had allowed private
mummify of beloved ones, the result was very poor, the private mummies to middle
'ingdom have rotted but those which were done earlier are in excellent conditions e.g.
amenhotep ### *amses ## are in good conditions, and !utmosis ### a re all in good
conditions.
mummify was one of the greatest legacies of Egyptian civil because if was done by
doctors and other medical scientists but overall authority was t he among priests. when
doctors finished their scientific part, the amon priest too' over and addressing the
mummy saying there you are alive. there you are alive and young once again and alive
for even? then the body was put in the pyramid it was believed that the pharaoh
ascended to heaven following the sins rays to +oin the other gods.
Mummify was one of t he greatest scientific legacies of Egyptian civil.
ARCHITECTURE
Egyptians built stone houses for t he pharaohs, for the rich. !he ancient Egypt architects
were able to curve in roc's imhotep as an engineers and as an architect introduced the
use of vaults and pillars in t he structures of buildings. He used bandles of papyrus
twisted together to form very strong vaults. impotep came up with a concept of pillars to
supp ort buildings.
the Egyptians civil left a lot of legacies in world civil materials leagacies life. stones
pyramids one of H wonders of t he world, alphabet, mummify they are now part of
egyptain contribution to world civil.
CIVILISATION TO THE REST OF AFRICA
many scholars including late che' anta diop believe that not only was there a direct lin'
age between the ancient Egyptian give of transmission of the ancient Egyptian
civili"ation to the rest of sub)&aharan Africa. they start from the view point that the
ancient Egypt civilation was a blac' therefore not was ne groid, Africa in case of E.A it
was direct and immediate and its part of what has been descry bed as the (ile
civili"ation. because the movement of ideals and peoples from Egypt south was direct
and immediate between even regard to $.A some scholars have point ed out that there
was so much historical linguistic and cultural lin'ages between the ancient Egyptians
civili"ation that stung up in $.A
#n E.A relates between Egypt have been demonstrated in the form of languages (ilotes
languages of even some antu languages li'e Kiswahili. E.A. also had relates which
countries of the %ersian gulf and part of the decline of the Egyptian civili"ation the
con=uest of Egypt by the %ersian empire in D6D 8.
!hat when Egypt was made a province of the %ersian empire. %ersia also threatened to
invade Ethiopia. the threat was serious enough to ma'e the rulers of Ethiopia to begin
paying annul tribute to the rulers of pessia and so form about DCC 8 on wards t here
was a steady relationship between pessia and t he eastern coast of Africa. for a long time
that relationship too' t he form of trade so there was a steady trade between East Africa
went items li'e ivory, twitters shell, *hynosorus horn, !obacco both dry and powered,
ghee honey and must important of all bee wor's. t he bee wor's was extremely important
because it was used for ma'ing boats , sailing across #ndian ocean. the dhows depended
on the monsoon winds 4trade winds2 trade winds are those winds that promote trade
between various areas of the world e.g. #ndian ocean;s and countries on shore on the
western shore of the #ndian ocean. $inds are named after the directions form which they
come e.g north eateries because they come from the (.E directions. /orm about the
month of (ovember those winds form the himalayes nad blow towards east coast of E.A.
!hey cross the Arabian desert therefore they shade off their moisture and by the time
reach E.A they are dry. !hey came form the himalaya months so they are cold at night.
!hey blow across E.A from (ovember and mage' direction ie, forms the &. $ of E.A
and they are called &. westelies and due to shape of &.$. at the e=uator which is narrower
at the e=uator, those winds blow form the channel of Mo"ambi=ue they are normally
cool.
but t hey bring rain over E. Africa due o that moisture and its described as period of
long rains over E.A as and so traders form %ersia, #ndia observed the movement of those
winds and form march they wind load the dhouts with their e=uipment. to E.A they
brought metallic items ie faiallances 4'nives, cutlery2, porcelain ware sil' producrs
4textiles2.
and form E.A to persioan they too' slaves. !he trade went on till the rise to #slam most of
the slaves form E.A were ta'en to particular provinces form %ersia called &hiras. in the
H
th
in &audi Arabia rose #slam Muslims con=uered %ersia so by begin of H
th
A< %ersia
was under #slamic civili"ation. #n fact most of the great Muslims scholars in several fields
e.g Math;s, sciences were %ersians though in history they are written as Muslim scholars.
#slam spread to E0. A. through %ersians in the year H00 A< prince Hassan in Ali sailed
to E. coast of Africa which has F sons and turned the &hira"i state empire. $hen it was
Hassans between the succeed the pap and the throne his half and bros a criminated
against him because has mum which an Ethiopian slave so in anger he migrated to E.A
where he established several states. !here xxxx made a direct pol. impact on E.A by the
4B
th
a full empire had established itself to the E. 8oast of Africa. the name become antu
nad become the shira"i empire.
from 406 1 07C the &hora"is empire flourished on the east coast of African and over
shadowed the earlier &in'waya empire. and that when even Kiswahili a antu land
evolved as a commercial long went many %ersians loan words between nonetheless its
antu lang.
the &hira"s empire reached the climax in the 09
th
to wards end of 0D
th
%ortuguese made
their advert into E.A first it was artholomew <ia" who reached the cope but it was
.asco da gamma who made the biggest impact, went aro und the cape of good hope,
&hira"as too' over t hose states up to Malindi 1 #ndia .asco <a gamma sailed . He
accomplished that between 09BA and 0DC6. during climax of &hora"i empire coastal city
stayed flourished from north Mogadishu, -amu, Malindi, :edd, Mombasa, Jan"ibar,
<a", %emba, &ofala in Mo"ambi=ue.
!he %ortuguese ended the shiga"i %ersian rule over E.A and 0F
th
1 0A
th
the %ortuguese;s
rules over the east coast of Africa.
almost very 0 except %ortuguese scholars say that the %ortuguese rule over E.A was the
worst every they intensified he #ndian ocean slave trade ta'ing e. farican to the east
#ndians or bac' into the Atlantic to their American colony 4ra"il2 and they also supplied
slaves to t heir &panish colonies t hey built an entrepot for holding slaves in Mombassa.
#n terms of other trade they didn;t do much, they tried to sulpress the trade between the
countries to the gulf e.g. they made imitations of the porcelain were produced either own
low =uality products they made imitations of all of empire. fort 3esus to the is new part
of national museums of Kenya. !o distinct products of aircrafts.
%ortuguese were around for to and it was the @man Arabs from the middle east who
ended t he %ortuguese rule on the E. coast of Africa. !he @man Arabs ruled form Muscat
firm 40B
th
2.
&eyyid said was born in 0AC9 died in E.A 0ADF. he transferred has capital to Jan"ibar in
0A9C so he ruled form Jan"ibar be was the sultan. Him and his sons and grand sons
established the Arab state of Jan"ibar. His sons succeeded him in order form !hawaini 1
Ma+id 1 argash 1 Khalifa. arglash introduced clove plantations in Jan"ibar within a
short time Jan"ibar become the longest producer of cloves.
!he cloves plantations and coconut acre wor'ed by slaves. slaves were recruited on the
island themselves and also from the main land when eventually slavery and slave trade
was abolished many of those slaves and either descendants remained xxx and they are
now called mainlanders in E.A slavery was mostly on the islands. %olitically even when
&eyyid said was ruling Mascat, he claimed that has empire @man wasn;t limited to the
islands only but went into the interior of E.A.
After angash and Khalita the ritish had come and were determined to remove slave
trade from 0AAA there was fight between the ritish and Arabs. royal families resisted the
ritish because the Arabs wanted to continue slave trade , slavery.
$hen the ritish eventually defeated the Arabs they declared their colonial protectorates
over E.A :ermans did the same over !anganyi'a and also get protectorates in *wanda
and urundi the ritish declared ptotectorates in Uganda 0AB9, and over Kenya 0ABD. #t
was initially 'nown as E.A protectorate.
ritish and :ermany signed treaties declaring Jan"ibar no protectorates around east
Africa except the 0C miles strip from !anganyi'a and a small part of the interior of E.A
one of the provisions of that agreement was that shalai law would be applied in the 0C
mile strip. #n 0B6C ritish declared interior of s'y a colony meanwhile :ermans had been
stripped off either colonies after the 0
st
world was :erman was ta'en as under the
mandate league of nations to prepare them for self rule even *wanda and urundi were
given to elgium .
#n 0B6C the interior of E.A was called Kenya colony and the 0C mile strip remained a
protectorate under the sultan of Jan"ibar officially that were the sharia court was to be
established but it become liberali"ed.
#n 0BF6 a new agreement between sultan of Jan"ibar and ritish government for the
sultan to surrender the 0C mile strip in 0BF0. However the sultan re=uested that since has
sub+ects were used to sharuia should law and following the 0C miles under sharia law.
!hat was accepted and put in the agreement.
ZANZIBAR
$hen sayyid said has followers went ahead and started the Arab state. the economy was
in the hands of the Arabs. %lantation econ of cloves ad coconuts, the lab our Bslave
labour2. #t was Arabs who minted the wealth of Jan"ibar the rich Arabs coufl have ha lf a
million trees of cloves. !hat discrimination made the Arabs bitter education followed the
Arabs i.e. first grad from nlu' called MUH&#( become an administration.
!he Arabs started as'ing for independent by late 0BDCs Arab wanted indecency of the to
islands i.e. Jan"ibar ad pemba. after were reluctant because many of their were not
educated and giving independent was li'e giving the Arabs more power.
#n Jan"ibar by late FCs three nationalities came up i.e. J(%, J%%%, afro 1 shira"i party
which was the biggest. !he ritish made and electro role which was biased against the
ans and favoured mostly the Arabs i.e. faro)shira"i party. leader of afro)shira"i was abeid
'arume.
A rule was made that when the president was from the island then the ..% should come
from the main land. $hen overall president is form island and .% was from main land he
was not the president of the main land. when the president is form mainland, therefore a
president in the island what ma'es him the ..% overall.
the islanders are not happy about the union they thin' that the main -anders separate
them from the union and they have a strong movement party.
THE INTERIOR PEOPLE OF EAST AFRICA
!he people of the interies of East Africa starting form the coast there are the mi+i'enda 4B
cities2 and each had their own specifics. i.e. :iriama, 8homic, <igo, 3ibana, <uruma,
Kauma, *ibe, *abai, Kambe, up to 0B09 they lived in settlements called Kaya. Kaya was
a settlements surrounded by a circular hedge and there are three successive hedges. Kaya
were built for defensive purposes against &wahili slave raiders at heights of security . At
the inner most gate they put a pot of medicine san' into the ground containing protective
medicine and the pot was and is still called the /ingo. Kaya up to date are sacred places
ideally one most get off shoes before entering Kaya. $omen are not supported to enter
there except those who live there. !here was a sacred forest were the elders go to pray
and houses and a 'raal for 'eeping cattle.
as the head of Kaya was M"ee from council of elders called $a"ee was Kaya. !hey are
in charge of xx authority of the Kayas. !hey are in charge of +ustice, law and order,
crime and punishment. !hey are highly respected because they are the custodians of the
'nowledge and culture and civilians of the Mi+i'enda people they also disseminate that
'nowledge to the younger generations. they have some 'ind of hierarchy their mother
Kaya when xxx increases an other Kaya 'nown as daughters Kaya.
the inhabitants be the $a"ee of the mother Kaya. !here are famous Kaya e.g Kaya
/ungo, Kaya Kambe, Kaya <uruma Kaya *ibai. !he Mi+i'enda say they came form a
placer called &ingwaya and they spread to other parts of the coast. !hey claim in history
that some of the xxx people e.g. 'i'uyu came from &ingaya ) they practiced male
circumfusion. !he process of becoming M"ee wa Kaye which very complex. to =uality
you have to be of a certain age and when you are accept ed you are given a special
wal'ing stic' 4double thronged septre2 i.e. stic' was two branches and every M"ee wa
Kaye carries it around as symbol of has authority and when he entered any house which
was not his, he must stic' it about in front of the door of the house he has entered to
show whoever passes b y that in that house the $a"ee wa Kaya retreat into the Kaya
forest part were they go to pray for the Kaya people they pray for a fertility of the soil
and people.
!here was M"ee wa Kaya. !he person can;t therefore enter and as' =uestions. cultivation
was done outside the Kaya some were fairly big and others small, gra"ing livestoc' was
also done outside the Kaya and so the Mi+i'enda formed a compact write of civili"ation.
&ome aspects that describes modernity i.e. as recent as 0BACs they were refusing to use
modern ploughs believing it was witch craft. positively in terns of medicinal 'nowledge
they have a very potent anti)sna'e venom.
!he menu
!hey live around Mt. Kenya their capital was Meru town. !hey have a similar institute
called (+uri (che'e and which also council of elders that his strict orders in which to
+oin the council.
!he (+uri (che'e are also custodians of law and order, crime they have their own
traditions of police made up of young men. $hen a case is committed they send their
police. !hey are s o strict that once a case has been sent to the (+uri (che'e they believe
that +ustice must be done. the believe in trail by ordeal. !he claimer of the case is made
to go through the ordeal i.e. he was ta'ing to that place of ordeal, stripes na'ed and
holds a goat on his nec' and goes round saying >if am lying let the blood of this goat 'ill
me? and the elders 'eep spearing the goat. #f the person was lying and the clan of the
aggresson must pay blood fine.
!he (+uri (che'e they are also the custodians of the Meru xxxxxx. !raditionally it was
the (+uri (che'e who allocated to every family the land to till. !hey advocated use truc'
where you can eat the fruits of the land but didn;t own it. ideally land was owned by
the (+uri (che'e.
!hey have the (+uri (che'e shrine were they go to pray for the welfare of Meru,
fertility of land and human beings. $omen are not allowed in the shrine and women are
not members of the (+uri (che'e. !he highest authority and owned by the non
centrali"ed authority.
8E(!*A-#&E< &5&!EM&
!he Karagwe 'ingdom, *wanda, urundi, uganda, unyoro. uganda began getting
powerful in 0A9C, the powerful 'ing was Kaba'a Mutesa # it was highly centrali"ed
system. Kaba'a had his on government. !he legislature that made laws was called
-u'ii'o and the head of government 4prime minister2 is called the Kati'iro that system
operated before coming of ritish. $hen Mutesa died he was succeeded by Mwanga.
Mwanga cooperated with the ritish at first. Mwanga decided to resist the ritish and
even made an alliance what the 'ing of bunyoro but the ritish deposit him around 0ABD
and they appointed a reagent called approlla 'agwa who signed the famous uganda
agreement in 0BCC which was an important document.
unyoro
the 'ing was called 'abalega he didn;t collaborate at any one time which the ritish. he
fought the ritish from around 0AAA 1 0AB6. around 0AB9 Mwanga +oined him. unyoro
is slightly to the north west. Mwanga +oined Kabalega until 0ABA when they were caught
and exited till they died.
uganda agreement of 0BCC
it was in a way that it had to intentions to enable the ritish not only to control uganda
but also to extend their colonial rule to the rest of Uganda.
to reward the aganda 'ings for collaborating with the ritish. in that regard some
provision to uganda Agreement were unfair to some people of $estern Uganda.
some countries were punished for resisting the ritish e.g. !oro, An'ole, unyoro, lost
some countries to uganda and throughout the history of Uganada the countries are
'nown as the lost countries of uganda.
in 0BC7 signed agreements with the other countries and upto 0B7Cs they signed
treaties but land western returned.
in uganda Kaba'a did not own all land but it was owned by the ata'a leaders
of those clans were called ata'a chiefs. the clan lands were unfairly included in the
uganda Agreement as owned by the Kba'a.
in the 0B7Cs the ata'a chiefs formed ata'a chief associations to fight for their
farm lands.
one of his titles was &abassa+a.
lunda 4in Angola2
lunda 'ingdom was owned by Quen "inga who resisted the %ortuguese for a long time
time. she called herself swana mulunda 4mothers of the lunda2.
$E&! A/*#8A
*ise of the Asante state. the Asante belonged to a language group 'nown as the Edo)
spea'ing people who belonged to the A'an are semi matriarchal.
%atriarchal
%atrineal 1 the descent is through t he males lines
%atrilocal) the husband moves from his home # woman;s
&emi) matriarchal 1 son of the sisters who inherits the throne.
there are two groups of people in Asante 'ingdom they are the A'an spea'ig people. the
fante nad den'yira. the den'yira in one of their victories too' one of the provinces of
asenta as their hostage. he was called osei tutu. he was 'ept hostage for two years then
he escaped and 'ept bac' to his people.
he had a spiritual advisor European boo's call him a witsh doct or. osi tutu had received
three items from their gods. he had received the golden stool, golden spear and golden
axe. he also received a specialM message to ta'e to the asante people. they were called the
F oyo'o clans. the most important of them 'umasi and <waben. osie tutu summined
leaders of the F oyo'o clans and passed them a message from god that for the Asante to
win war decisively against the <en'yira they must ma'e a human sacrifice. one of the
leaders of the oyo'o clans should surrender one of their sons to be sacrificed to the
local gods.
all of them refused and it was osie tutu;s sister who offered her son who was 'illed and
blood was offered to the god. the next was against the den'yria the asante won the
war.
!he next war osie tutu summoned his people and they agreed with the den'yira. !he
constitutions ideas were as followsI
) !he leaders of the asante state was the asante hence. He had all the powers it was
only him to ronounce death penalty. !he most fierce arm of the asante army were
those armed with bows and arrows called asante archers.
$hen he died it wasn;t his son to inherit the throne, it was the son of the sister
because the sister which the one who had offered the sacrifice her son. !hat how
succession came about.
) since the thrice items of power came from the gods who descended form osei
tutu, they were above the asante hence e.g no body even sat on the golden stool
not even the Asante hence its more important, higher in authority than even the
asante hene.
when they rule in sessions even the asante hen;s chair which lower than the golden
stool.
) below the asante hene were the leaders of the F oyo'o clans. they are all e=ual in
power nad authority. they are called oman hene each rules the different clans e.g.
dwaben 1 dwaben hene , 'amusi 1 'umasi hene
) 'umasi is the head=uarters of all the asante. asante hene lives in 'umasi. the
'umasi hene is an annual feast , ceremony all the oman henes go to 'umasi to
celebrate the year and pledge their loyalty to the 'umasi hene.
) the system of inheritance and authority is very well structured
0. the asante hene
6. heir apparent
7. =ueen mother 4mum of asante hene2
9. =ueen mother but of the apparent succession was not automatic though it limited
the elections
@sei !utu 4first asasnte hene2 he founded the satte 1 40F
th
2. opo'u was B6
nd
asante hene2
40A
th
2 about 0H0H0 1 0HD0. he transformed the small asante state into an empire. the
metropolitan asante composed of F oyo'o clans. the cosmopolitan asante which was
ruled by military governors who con=uered the various areas. they maintained law and
orders. they collected tributes in form of taxes which were given into 'umasi. opo'u were
also expanded internal trade of the asante empire.
there were two types of trade
0. (orthern trade across sahara desert
it brought in items from north Africa and the middle east. ma+or item was desert
salt and several others. the asante hene valued that trade because it was honest
trade. the asante also had their own textiles i.e. che=ued materials
6. the southern trade 4coast tradeC this was what the Europeans particularly at the
%ortuguese port of Elmina. they brought gun power, spirits and other European
items. there was a "ilo with the coastal trade people at the coast were the fante.
they played middle man role in trade between Europeans and sante people. but
the sante people didn;t li'e it and they wanted to deal with the Europeans directly.
they accused fante of dishonesty. they also accused them of adulterating things
from the Europeans.
/ante traders mixed gun power with base metals. opo'u ware also allowed
Muslim traders to some to his empire but he refused to become a Muslim, he
continued his after religion.
@po'u ware had tried to change the constitution and bring the European system
of ministries and the army refused. the secession asante hene carried out the
reforms he had wanted to carry out by end of 40A
th
beginning of 0B
th
t he asante
empire was more efficiently run , effectively administered than the e=uivalent
states Europe of that time it had a full cabinet system.
!HE A&A(!E EM%#*E #( !HE 40B
!H
2
the 40B
th
was mar'ed by the continuous , fre=uent conflict between the asante and the
ritish. !he struggle was over the ritish intention to coloni"e the interior of the small
possession at the coast around the port city of Accra.
eventually the ritish won the asante hene who opened the continues was called osie
bonus. its said in the asante traditions that asante hene was called bonus because he was
the 0
st
to the large waters of the Atlantic ocean. He came to the throne in 0ACF. and the
0
st
clashes between the asante army and the ritish occurred during his reign. 0
st
war was
0ACA and it was inconclusive. another clash was 0A0F and it was also inconclusive. in
0A69 the very year that osei bonus died there was a ma+or war between the ritish army
and the asante army. the most famous told were the asante achers. that war calminated in
adecisive victory by the asante amry over the ritish army. that ritish defeact by an
after army sent shoc' through the world and it was the 0
st
time an after arm had defeated
that army of humilitain for ritish.
&ession of asante hene osei bonus continued his rebellion against the ritish there were a
number of asante henes; 'wa'u <wa #, ##, ###, #.. !he ## complained bitterly against the
ritish resident at Accra on the coast. Has complain centered mainly on the fact that the
ritish resident was sending to the =ueen of England false into about asante empire and
asante hene was as'ing the resident to stop lying.
he ritish resident also accused the asante henes of engaging in Human sacrifice. asante
henes were denying that and pointing out that the allegation was based on a wrong
interpretation of the asante custom. the custom was as followsM only the asante hene
could send any body to death as =uite a xxx of people were sentenced to death for
various crimes. there was a custom according to which when on asante hene died some
people are buried out him in belief that they were going to serve him in the life here
after so convicts on deaths to be considered it an honour to be buried what the asante
hene.
!HE @*:A(#JA!#@( @/ !HE &!A!E
*eforms that were carried out by opo'u wave made asante empire very powerful and
organi"ation was 'umasi capital city what minister for defense also head to army,
minister for education and religious rites.
they divided to days of the wee' into two groups, some days were good, t hey were
auspicious days and bad days were in auspicious days. e.g. defect of military death news
if a person delivered goods news in inauspicious days, he was put to death.
there was a minister in change of transport and he was in charge of roads. distance were
counted in number of days +ourney. royal messengers traveled during day only. the
people who lived along the road were supposed to maintain to road near there home.
there was also two ministers for trade.
one was in change of trade with Europeans at the coast and currency which in countries.
there was also a minister in change of intention trade especially trade with Muslim traders
from (.A across sahara.
finally in 0BH9, there was a ma+or war between asante and ritish and this time the
ritish had more advanced weapons e.g canon. the ritish won the war and they
imposed a treaty over the asante called treaty of fomena on the coast. the terms were
haish against the Asante hene but not dynastic. the provisions of the treaty included the
following. Asante authorities were ordered to withdraw from the con=uered lands # .e.
cosmopolitan asante and be reduced to the inner care, the metropolitan Asante.
but the asante hene was left in power and the ritish form that time on began to interfere
into the internal affairs of asante 'ingdom with regards to succession. t he ritish
instigated on succession dispute which turned into a civil war. two flactiosn claimed the
right to have one of their the asante hene. the civil war waged for 0C years. the flaction
that won was led by premphen ## in 0AAA. premphen twined out to be a very good
ruler, instead of revenging against members of advisory sections, he gave amnesty and
reunited the 'ingdom but the ritish had never given up hope of con=uering the interior.
in 0AB9 on the basis of flimsy grounds the ritish deposed premphep from power and
they deported him to E.A to the sechels islands. they also exiled premhpeh;s cousin who
was the heir and has mother. they thought they had completed the political authority of
the asante but they didn;t 'now that there was a 9
th
personality who was e=ually
powerful the mother of heir parent who was e=ually successful.
!he exile had ta'en place in 0ABF then 5aa Asantewa too' over leadership of Asante
'ingdom in four years the Asante planned secretly to revenge against humiliation by
ritish. early 0BCC, the ritish resident at Accra went on an official visit toKumasi and
historians say that never had a ruler made such diplomatic blanders.
He addressed elders in very rude language. he told them that your Asante here will never
come bac' am now your Asante here and why haven;t you given me the golden stool to
sit on. tensions and emotions were high so a bullet went off from either side but the
Asante army =uic'ly surrounded the small army the Europeans had gone with.
the ritish were held hostage for two months and many African soldiers were 'illed
by residents managed to send for reinforcement from Accra. finally Asante was stormed
by the ritish and the Asante army was defeated.
yaa Asantewa was also arrested and ta'en to the &eachelles. the top four royals were now
exiled . that;s when the ritish in 0BCC declared a colony over the intention of the
territory was now renamed gold coast colony.
it;s that colony was in 0BDH was the 0
st
blac' African colony to win independent from
ritain after a struggle under a leadership of Kwame ('urumah. on the independent day
Kwame ('urumah changed the new from gold coast to :hana for some reasonsI)
i2 He wanted to honour the great ancient empire of :hana
but he also wanted to show that Africans had great
empires in the past and it should be learned as part of
African history.
world wars
the 0
st
half of the 6C
th
witnessed to very devastating wars that have come to be 'nown as
world wars but they =uic'ly turned into world wars because of globali"ation they
occasioned a lot of destruction of industries, factories, agriculture land but most
important of all they caused great losses of human life.
the to wars caused a total of AC million lives. 6D in the 0
st
world war and D7 in 6
nd
. and
while ma+ority of the dead during the 0
st
world war were soldiers. many of them died
during the war to trenches, they overwhelming ma+ority of people who died were
civilians. it was because of the nature of the bombings by the already development air
forces of elgioerers. the causes of the 0
st
world war can be divided into 6I
long term causes and short term causes. but as said the 6
nd
world war was caused by 0
st
world war and by the expansionist policy of Hitler.
0
st
world war
when the 0
st
world war bro'e out in warly August 0B09, the leaders of Europe both
political and military sincerely believed that the war would be =uic' and short that it was
the war to end all the wars. the war to usher in permanent peace in Europe. they were
soon to discover horribly that the war soon turned out to be long, tedious, brutal and
bloody. it lasted more than 7years from 0B09 to end of 0B0A and the same leaders would
rudely discover that it wasn;t going to be the last of the wars. peace would be very
elusive in the inter war period between 0B0B and 0B7B.
the causes of 0
st
world war are divided into 6
long term causes and immediate causes. and others as medium causes.
long term causes
the long term causes went far deep into the history of the European nations in the 0B
th
.
i.e. rivalry between European states, the spirit of revenge , rise of hostile bloc's, the
ethnic shaverism among bal'ab countries.
rivalry it was one of the ma+or long term causes of 0
st
world war. it revolved around
struggle for power among ma+or European states virtually in all fields of human
endeavors especially economically, industrial and military fields.
/rom about the mid of the 0B
th
European countries were competing against each other
in economy. ritain was the most advanced in economy and intended to continue that
dominancy over other European powers and international trade she was the most leading
country and *ussia begun to coloni"e high colony, but intended to be the ma+or colony in
*ussia but faced competition from /rance. then regard with the @tto man empire was still
bac'ward but she had begun to moderni"e the agdad railway.
ritain wanted to win the tender for that railway and there she faced competition from
/rance and from the newly united :ermany. then there were colonies which were
important economically. which provided raw materials for European industries and so
there was colonial rivalry in the last 6C years between European powers.
%opulation was an important component of the economy and the powers of the
various European powers grew at the drift rates and that also fueled the economic
competition and other forms of competition. !he ritish population grew at an average of
6K per year between 0A9A 1 0B09.
!he /rench population growth rate grew at the lowest rate of less than 0K per year
between 0A9A )0B09 and between 0ABC;s and 0B09 the /rench population was growing at
CK i.e. population was aging and that negatively affected all spheres of development i.e.
social, political and military. *ussian population was growing at a fairly high rate but
*ussia was a bac'ward country between 0A9A )0B09.
!he only dynamic population was :erman after 0AH0. :erman had weighed a deliberate
war against /rance in 0AAC)0AH0 with aim of achieving unification of :ermany states.
&he defeated /rance, achieved the unification and embar'ed on all around development
so population of :ermany was growing at a high rate of nearly 7K per year in 0A00)
0B09.
in the industry, there was also stiff rivalry among European powers especially between
ritain and unified :ermany e.g. in iron production ritain had been for a long time the
leading producer but however after. 0AH0 :ermany begun to increase her iron production
such that by 0B09 :ermany was the leading iron producing in Europe.
steel
in 0A9A by far the leading production steel was from ritain followed by /rance far
behind. but from 0AH0 :ermany;s development instilled production it was so impressive
that by 0B09 :ermany was producing more steel than both ritain and /rance combined
i.e. in general industries sector :erman was the leading producer in Europe followed by
*ussia.
chemical industry
ritain and /rance had been the leading countries in chemical instruct but through
aggressive policy by government :erman chemical industry development. by 0B09 one
area of chemical industries i.e dyes.
y 0B09 of all the ritish imports of dyes 70,9 were being imported from :erman alone
and :erman could produce and colour ritish uniform and tric' the ritish.
military
in the period between 0AH0)0B09 :ermany released a military recruitment achieving a
large army. *ussia had the largest European army but the numbers meant nothing
because of bac'wards.
rivalry in the (aval power between ritain and :ermany for a long time ritain was the
(aval power of the world. ritain had destroyed the &panish Amada in 0DAA.
from that time ritain was the leading naval power from 0ABC;s :ermany development a
deliberate of developing the navy. by 0ABC :ermany was at power with ritain.
by 0ABC the to nations were even in naval power and the more :ermany approached
e=uality with ritain the more ritain became irritated, nervous etc.
the to sides built huge warships called man of war. :ermany had produced one huge man
of war and ritain had always had one called Queen Eli"abeth 0 and the to men of war
met in the north in a battle and it was a draw. no side won none engaged in battle again.
other powers of rivalry was the creation of hostile diplomatic bloc's of the side of
:ermany, Austria Hungarian empire, @tto man empire and the opposite were the Entete
>mutual understanding?. they normally referred to themselves as Allies. the Entente
cordial was composed of ritain, /rance and *ussia.
the Allies of :ermany were also called triplicate. they were competing for power and
Alliances through secret diplomacy but had small states e.g. were protecting. the
triplicate were protecting &erbia.
the Allies were protecting osnia.
the al'an war,ethnic &hovinism from 0ABC;s the region of the al'an i.e. &outhern of
the Europe was full of ethnic wars in the 0ABC;s around 0BCF, 0BCH then finally between
0B00, 0B07, those small states were under the @ttoman empire was wea' and couldn;t
control them so they were always fighting hence they heightened the tension.
the last al'an war of 0B00, 0B07 contributed a lot i.e short term cause.
the Assassination in &erbia of the royal prince of the Austria Hungarian throne, prince
/eddnard together with his wife. they were on an official visit in &erbia and a student
called :avrillo principle who was among a group of militant youth who were against the
government in &erbia and also Austria Hunagarian empire. they were mainly operating
from ritain.
the big powers moved in supporting small ones, &erbia was supported by Austria
Hungaery and :ermany, they mitigated &erbian government to ma'e impossible
demands from osnia that among all conditions the osnia government should
carry out investigations among the small group supported by /rance, #taly and ritain.
hey told the osnian government to refuse so tensions intensified along the lines.
Assassinations was in May 0B09. by 6A
th
3uly countries were mobili"ing war and by 0
st
August they had declared war.
spirits of revenge, war between :ermany in 0AHA and :ermany had many states and the
most powerful was %russia and when she defeated /rance the occasion was getting
:erman unification. long standing rivary between :erman and /rance between the
territories i.e. Alcers and -orraine. the provinces are very rich and minerals iron and
other minerals and the to countries have been fighting over them.
the highlights
the elgiarans dashed for the war front hoping to ma'e a =uic' victory and ending the
war. nothing of the sort happened. by <ecember 0B09 there was a huge stabili"ation of
the north front and for 7 years its going to be a stagnant war. each side is going to dig
huge trenches and pile up bags of sand and lie below bags of sand i.e. it was called war of
trenches. soldiers are going to die corposes will be found with diaries and moving poems.
!he powers fighting the war are colonial powers so each colonial power was going to
mobili"e its powers.
the two main are ritain and /rance. ritain was in Asia, west indies and African
they will bring in their colonial empire so by mobili"ing their colonial empires they made
the was a would was U&A will +oin later in 0B0H. @ne ma+or battle 0B0F. !he battle of
vesldar the hero was the /rench field martial phillippa petain. He become the commander
in chief of the Allied forces. #n oct 0B0H the carried out a socialist reunion, they over
throw the imperialist re union and treaty of breast titou'. so *ussia loses 0,7 of its
territory i.e. western part u'rain.
the Americans entered the war in 0B0H and 0BHA that changed the fate of the war reason
:erman was sin'ing American troops of ships because they had said they would sin'
any ships heading to the alliance side. &o U&A entered the war on the side of allies to
ma'e the would peaceful for trade.
other allies were 3apan and #taly in 0B09 #taly was told if she +oined the war on Allies
side she would getI
02 the waters around her
62 she would get territories Africa called Heligoland. later
they agveitaly the eastern province of Kenya which
went as far as 3uba land.
the war ended (o 0,0B0A. A peace treaty was signed in paros called .ersailles treaty
form nov)3une 0B0B.
8@(&EQUE(8E&
:ermany was dedared the aggression notion, it was to be punished02 she was to pay war
indemnities intrilliosn of dollars she we to pay up to 0BFD to ma+or countries of the war.
:ermany army was to be limited not to be below a certain number of troops. since
:ermany was the one that was aggressing /rance, to Assue /rance there was to be a
bugffer "oe i.e. 6C'm. having been declared t he aggressor, :ermany was also declared
primitive and has colonies were given away i.e. !ogo and 8ameroon 1 r. and /rance.
!anganyi'a 1 ritain, urundi and *wanda to elgium reason was the troops that were
defeated went to those troops.
the establishment of the legue of nations. %resident of U&A wudrof $ilson came up
with 09 points and among the organi"ations whose members would be restricted to states
called league of (ations. under the league of nations they created a mandate to be in
change of the former :ermany colonies.
finally, the ma+or conse=uences was loss of lives 6D m people died in the war. !he
ma+ority of industries, farmlands and post war famine.