SEECS PARKING ACCESS

SYSTEM
Phase 1


Project Supervisor
Mr. Kamran Zaidi

Research Assistant
Saad Ali
Saad_ali@outlook.com
(BEE-4 graduate)


Co-Supervisors
Dr. Amir Hayat
Mr. Saqib Rizwan
Contents
Block Diagram ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Parking Entry ............................................................................................................................................. 2
Parking Exit ................................................................................................................................................ 3
System Components ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Inductive Loop Sensor System .................................................................................................................. 5
Theory of Operation.................................................................................................................................. 5
AVR Controller Boards .............................................................................................................................. 7
Electronic Components Used .............................................................................................................. 10
Working ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
Flow Chart (Parking Entry) ...................................................................................................................... 14
Explanation Parking Entry ...................................................................................................................... 15
Flow Chart (Parking Exit) ......................................................................................................................... 16
Explanation Parking Exit .......................................................................................................................... 17
Interfacing of different components .......................................................................................................... 18
Scheduled Performance Checks .............................................................................................................. 19
Recommendation: Alteration in inductive loop sensor .............................................................................. 20


SEECS PARKING ACCESS SYSTEM
Block Diagram
Parking Entry









The entry system consists of RFID access panel, an auto barrier (MAG IntelliBarrier, series BR500) and
two inductive loops installed inside ground. The barrier opens when a valid RFID is shown to the
scanner.
Loop 2 controls closing of the barrier. A vehicle exiting the loop 2 indicates it has passed the barrier and
it is safe to close it now. Loop 1 is a secondary safety loop which prevents the barrier from closing in
case a vehicle is present under it. The barrier does not close if a vehicle is over either loops.
RFID Card
Scanner
Custom-made
controller
board + sensor
Barrier motor
control board
(factory made)
Inductive Loop
Sensors
Card
Authentication
Signal
Barrier up
Signal
Barrier
down Signal
Barrier
Motor
Feedback
(handled by
factory-made
board)
Motor
Power

Loop 1
Loop 1 was pre-installed and consists of multiple turns of <1mm diameter wire. Inductance of the loop is
55uH. Dimensions of the loop are around 7 feet x 1 foot

Loop 2
Loop 2 consists of 5 turns of 1.5mm diameter. Dimensions of loop are 6 feet x 4 feet.
And Inductance of loop is around 170uH.

Parking Exit









Custom-made
controller
board + sensor
Inductive Loop
Sensor
Barrier
Motor
Barrier Up
Signal
Barrier
Down Signal
Barrier motor
control board
(factory made)
Motor
Power
Feedback
(handled by
factory-made
board)

The exit system consists of an auto barrier (MAG IntelliBarrier, series BR500) and a single inductive loop
inside the ground. The barrier automatically opens whenever a car is present over the loop and waits for
a certain time before closing the barrier.

Loop
The loop exit consists of 4 turns of 1.5 mm diameter wire. Dimensions of the loop are 6 x 6 feet and
inductance is around 130uH






System Components

Inductive Loop Sensor System
Inductive loop sensors are used extensively for parking access systems, vehicle classification, traffic light
signal operations and other purposes. The technology was introduced in early 1960s. The principal
components of an inductive-loop detector system include:
One or more turns of insulated loop wire wound in a shallow slot sawed in the pavement.
Lead-in cable from the curbside pull box to the intersection controller cabinet.
Electronics unit housed in a nearby controller cabinet.
Theory of Operation
The electronics unit transmits energy into the wire loops at frequencies between 10 kHz to 200 kHz,
depending on the model. The inductive-loop system behaves as a tuned electrical circuit in which the
loop wire and lead-in cable are the inductive elements. When a vehicle passes over the loop or is
stopped within the loop, the vehicle induces eddy currents in the wire loops, which decrease their
inductance. The decreased inductance actuates the electronics unit output relay or solid-state optically
isolated output, which sends a pulse to the controller signifying the passage or presence of a vehicle.

The inductance of the loop is given by equation

This equation shows that coil inductance is directly proportional to the turns squared and the coil
area, and inversely proportional to coil length. Although the inductance formula as written is not
directly applicable to a roadway inductive loop, the formula can be modified by a factor F' to
account for the nonuniform flux in the roadway inductive loop.


In this case equation, l is referred to as the "length of the current sheet." Equation 2-6 shows that
iron, with a relative permeability greater than one, will increase the loop inductance. Although
the greatest increase in inductance occurs when an iron core passes directly through the loop, the
iron mass of a vehicle engine, transmission, or differential will slightly increase the loop
inductance. This condition is called the "ferromagnetic effect."


Loop with Electronic Sensor







AVR Controller Boards
Entry Barrier
Schematic Design

PCB Layout



Exit Barrier
Schematics

PCB Layout

Electronic Components Used
Entry Barrier Exit Barrier
2 x VD 108B Loop Sensor (with sockets) VD 108B Loop Sensor (with sockets)
Loop wire (40m approx) Loop wire (40m approx)
Loop wire(installed previously, length unknown) 2x c945 transistors
AVR ATtiny13 microcontroller AVR ATtiny13 microcontroller
7812 Voltage Regulator 7812 Voltage Regulator
7805 Voltage Regulator 7805 Voltage Regulator
2A Bridge Rectifier 2A Bridge Rectifier
4700uF Capacitor 4700uF Capacitor
100uF Capacitor 100uF Capacitor
10uF Capacitor 10uF Capacitor
2x c945 transistors 2x 2-pin terminal block
3x 5K resistors 1x 3-pin terminal block
3x 2-pin terminal block 3x 5K resistors
1x 3-pin terminal block On-off button
On-off button

Major Parts
Power Supply
The factory made controller board for barrier has a 12VAC output. That 12V is converted to DC using a
diode bridge and 4700uF capacitor is used to reduce ripples. That output voltage is little higher than
12VDC so it is converted to exact 12V using 7812(to be used by loop sensors) and 5VDC using 7805(to be
used by microcontroller)

AVR ATtiny13
Main controller that controls opening and closing of barrier and as well as receives output from RFID
Card Scanner and monitors all the timing and counters.
ATtiny13 was chosen because of the following reason
Our required I/O pins are 5 and 4 for entry and exit barrier respectively and ATtiny13 is an 8-pin
controller with 6 I/O pins making it ideal in terms of size and functionality.
It has 1 timer and multiple external interrupts making it a good choice for efficient
programming.
Previous experience with AVR controller and its proven reliability.


The controller should be programmed to run at 9.6MHz for the code provided with the report. For this
purpose CKSEL fuse bits should be set to 1 0, CLKDIV8 should be unprogrammed and RSTDISBL (Disable
external reset) should also be left unprogrammed.

Electronic Loop Sensor (VD-108B)
VD-108B single loop detector is used for detecting vehicles and which were fit for parking lots,
vehicle roll station or controlling traffic light systems and so on. The way of output of VD-108B is
TTL.
Technical Details
Supply Voltage: 7-12VDC@200mA
Frequency range: 29 KHz-90 KHz
Reaction time: 100ms
Output Delay: 2s (alternative)
Sensitivity: 0.02%-0.2% adjustable in 4 grades.
Environmental compensation:
Automatic drift compensation
Loop inductance: 80uH-300 uH (including the connecting wiring)
Ideal 150Uh uH (41khz)
Loop conn. Wiring: Max.5 meters.
Storage temp: -40C-+85C
Operating temp: -20C-+55C
Relative humidity: 95%
Package: standard relay package
Dimensions: 27mm (L)*21mm (W)*37mm (H)



Working
Flow Chart (Parking Entry)



Counter <= 0 ?
No
Yes
Barrier Open
Counter + 1
15 second timer
reset and start
Counter - 1
RFID Card
Scanned and
Validated?
15 seconds
timeout?

Car crossed
loop1 and
loop 2?
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Barrier down,
counter forced to
0
Explanation
Parking Entry
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Result
Card scanned at RFID scanner and
rejected
No action
Card scanned and accepted Vehicle does not cross barrier Barrier opens automatically
closes after 15 seconds
Load shedding or power failure Barrier was open when power
failure occurred
After power restore(supply or
generator) system waits for 20
seconds and then closes the
barrier
Card scanned and accepted Vehicle crosses before 15
second timeout
Barrier closes as soon as car exits
the 2
nd
loop
Card scanned and accepted and
vehicle has moved on but has not
completely crossed the
barrier(barrier still open)
Another card is scanned in
meantime
15 second timer restarts, Barrier
doesnt close until both cars have
passed or timeout occurs
Barrier is open for any reason
mentioned above
Not more than one card scan
in meantime
Barrier closes as soon as car
crosses the 2
nd
loop.
Barrier is about to close or closing A car(without scanning the
card or entering from opposite
direction) is over either loops
Barrier reopens and stays that
way till car has crossed both loops
or timeout occurs(with car no
more under the barrier)


Flow Chart (Parking Exit)




Car exited the
loop?
No
Yes
Barrier Open
5 seconds timer
reset and start
A car over the
loop ?
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
A car over the
loop ?
5 seconds
timeout
Barrier Close
Yes
Explanation Parking Exit

Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Result
Car is over the loop Barrier opens automatically
Car exits the loop System waits 5 seconds for
another car and if not detected,
closes the barrier
Car entering from opposite
direction
Barrier doesnt open .

Barrier closing A car comes over the loop in
meantime
Barrier reopens and remains
open till car has passed and 5
seconds are elapsed after that.
Load shedding or power failure Barrier was open when power
failure occurred
Barrier remains opens and closes
only after a car has crossed
it(auto-closing not implemented
for pedestrian safety)















Interfacing of different components

























RFID Scanner
Relay Board
Red
Black
Brown
Orange
NO
COM
AVR Controller Board
RFID Connector
12VAC/15VDC
Control Panel
Down Up COM
Down Up COM
12VAC
Different parts of the system are interfaced as shown in the figure above. AVR controller board refers to
the custom made board for this project. Control Panel is a factory-manufactured board fitted in the
casing of barrier. The control panel provides different functionalities including inductive loop sensor
connectivity. However we are using it to only control up and down movement of barrier. AVR controller
board is responsible for making decision of closing and opening of barrier. The loop sensors (not shown
in above figure) are also connected to AVR Controller Board.
The AVR controller board can be powered with 12VAC (converted to DC it would be around 15V) or
15VDC directly. We are using a 12VAC supply from control panel as a power source to our AVR board.
The barrier can be moved up and down by shorting the up and down pin with COM respectively. But as
we are using the supply from control panel as power supply for our AVR board, the ground reference of
both boards is common so COM pin of both boards may be left unconnected.
Scheduled Performance Checks

Checking of proper functionality of system is recommended at least once a month.
Proper functioning can be verified by following the following steps.
1- Scan the card but do not let a vehicle cross, the barrier should go down automatically after 15
seconds.
2 - Scan the card and use a metal object (like the white painted metal barrier cover) and slide it across
both loops as a car would cross the barrier. The barrier should go down as soon as the object has
crossed the second loop.
3 - Scan the card and place the metal object on either loop. The barrier should not go down after 15
seconds.
4 - Scan the card, wait for around 5 seconds or more then scan the card again. Dont let a car cross. The
barrier should go down automatically after 15 seconds of 2
nd
card scan.
5 - Perform double card scan as in previous example, and use a metal object and slide it across both
loops as a car would cross the barrier. Do it twice. The barrier should not go down until the metal object
(replacement for car) has crossed the loops twice.
6 - Remove the barrier panel cover so that you can see the inductive loop sensors. Turn off the system
from the circuit breaker and turn it back on. The LED on both inductive loop sensors should blink
continuously for 3-4 seconds and then followed by a slow blinking where the off time is much larger
than on time. If on and off time are equal, that means the loop attached to that sensor is faulty. Check if
it is broken at some location. Then check its inductance with the help of LCR meter. Inductance should
be above 50uH and below 800uH. If it isnt perform a short-test to find out of the loop is broken.
7 - Place the metal object on each loop one by one and both at the same time. The LED on
corresponding inductive loop sensor should turn on and remain on as long as object is above the loop.

Recommendation: Alteration in inductive loop sensor
The first inductive loop at the entry barrier which was installed previously, if moved away from
barrier(closer to RFID scanner) can improve the system because in that way it will be able to detect a car
a little before it actually comes under the barrier providing greater safety and reliability. If any such
alteration is carried out I recommend placing it around 2 feet from the current location. And the black
wire which was used in Loop 2 should be used. I have left sample of wire in EMS lab. The loop size and
shape should be similar to the current loop 1 and 7 or more turns should be used (taking care that its
inductance is above 80uH). The current loop 1 although it works has an inductance of only 50uH which is
below the specifications of loop sensor mentioned in its datasheet.