1.) Neolithic Revolution- the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture.

2.) Systematic agriculture-planting crops, and domesticating animals for food, clothing and work
3.) Domestication- taming of animals
4.) Artisans-made jewelry and weapons
5.) Catal huyuk- one of the first true cities
6.) Polytheism is the worship of or belief in multiple deities
7.) City state- a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
8.) Fertile Crescent- a crescent-shaped region containing the moist and fertile land in the Middle
East
9.) Theocracy- a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
10.) Hammurabi- 18th century b.c., king of Babylonia: instituted a legal code.
11.) Upper Egypt-the strip of land, on both sides of the Nile valley that extends between Nubia,
and downriver to Lower Egypt
12.Lower Egypt- the northernmost region of Egypt: the fertile Nile Delta, between Upper Egypt
and the Mediterranean Sea
13.) Menes (Narmer- an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period.
14.) Pharaoh- a ruler in ancient Egypt.
15.) Hieroglyphics- incomprehensible symbols or writing
16.Israelites- a member of the ancient Hebrew nation, especially in the period from the Exodus
to the Babylonian Captivity
17.) King David- the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah
18.) Jerusalem- one of the oldest cities in the world. It is considered holy to the three major
Abrahamic religions
19.) King Solomon- 10th century b.c., king of Israel (son of David).
20.) Monotheistic- believing in one god
21.) Phoenicians- a member of a Semitic people inhabiting ancient Phoenicia and its colonies;
creators of the first alphabet
22.) Indo- Europeans- of or relating to the family of languages spoken over the greater part of
Europe and Asia as far as northern India
23.) Hittites- a member of an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria
that flourished from circa 1700 to circa 1200 BC.
24.) Assyrians- the language of ancient Assyria, a dialect of Akkadian
25.) Persians- ancient Iranians who under Cyrus and his successors founded an empire in
southwest Asia.
26.) Himalaya- mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the
Tibetan Plateau.
27.) Indus River -an Asian river that rises in Tibet and flows through northern India and then
southwest through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea
28.) Monsoon -a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia
29.) Mohenjo Daro- one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and
one of the world's earliest major urban settlements
30.) Aryans- a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the
2nd millennium BC, displacing the Dravidian and other aboriginal peoples.
31.) Hinduism- a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, developed from Vedic
religion
32.) Reincarnation -a person or animal in whom a particular soul is believed to have been
reborn.
33.) Karma- the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as
deciding their fate in future existences
34.) Buddhism - a nontheistic religion that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and
practices of Buddha
35.) Siddhartha Gautama- the Buddha
36.) Mandate of Heaven- the idea that heaven granted East Asian emperors the right to
rule based on their ability to govern.
37.) Dynasty (cycle)- a line of hereditary rulers of a country.
38.) Huang He- is the second-longest river in Asia
39.) Chiang Jiang- The longest river of China and of Asia
40.) Filial Piety- a virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors.
41.) Qin Shi Huang- First Emperor of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC
42.) Polis- a city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for
philosophical purposes.
43.) Acropolis- a citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill.
44.) Oligarchy- a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
45.) Tyrant- a cruel and oppressive ruler
46.) Democracy - a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of
a state, typically through elected representatives.
47.)Socratic method- a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and
answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas.
48.) Philosophy- the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence,
especially when considered as an academic discipline.
49.) Herodotus- Greek historian, famous for his History dealing with the causes and events of
the wars between the Greeks and the Persians
50.) Socrates- a classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western
philosophy.
51.) Olympus- Mountain; mythical abode of the greater Grecian gods
52.) Hellenistic Era- the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after
Alexander's conquest.
53.) Euclid- Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry"
54.) Archimedes - ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.
55.) Triumvirate- A triumvirate is a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals,
each a triumvir
56.) Julius Caesar- Roman general, statesman, Consul, and notable author of Latin prose. He
played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of
the Roman Empire.
57.) Augustus- founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor
58.) Pax Romana- the peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire.
59.) Dictator (Roman Empire) - A dictator is a ruler who wields absolute authority
60.) Feudalism- the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands
from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles,
while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him
homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
61.) Fief- an estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service.
62.) Vassal- a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance.
63.) Feudal contract- contract between lord and vassal pledging protection in exchange for
service
64.) Knights- a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor.
65.) Justinian- Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565
66.) Constantinople - the capital city of the Roman, Byzantine, Latin, and the Ottoman empires.
67.) Palestine - geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the
Jordan River
68.) Balkans- geographical region of Southeast Europe
69.) Hagia Sophia- a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul
70.) Pope- the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.
71.) Monk - a member of a religious community of men typically living under vows of poverty,
chastity, and obedience.
72.) Patriarch - any of those biblical figures regarded as fathers of the human race, especially
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, their forefathers, or the sons of Jacob.
73.) Schism- a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by
differences in opinion or belief.
74.) Khanate- a Turkish-Mongolian-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a
Khan or Khagan
75.) Mongolia- landlocked country in east-central Asia.
76.) Ghengis Khan- the founder of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous
empire in history after his demise.
77.) Pax Mogolica- describes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on
the social, cultural, and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the
Mongols conquered
78.) Allah- The name for God, the Supreme Being, in the Arabic language; the common name
for God in Islam.
79.)Arabian peninsula - is a peninsula of Western Asia situated north-east of Africa
80.) Mohammad- Arab prophet of Islam
81.) Islam- the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through
Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah
82.) Quran- the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad
by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic.
83.) Shia- one of the two main branches of Islam, followed especially in Iran, that rejects the
first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor.
84.) Sunni- one of the two main branches of Islam, commonly described as orthodox, and
differing from Shia in its understanding of the Sunna and in its acceptance of the first three
caliphs.
85.) Sultan- a Muslim sovereign.
86.) Caliph- the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.
87.) Urban II- initiated the First Crusade and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the
manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church.
88.) Crusade- a medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the
Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.
89.) Infidels- a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than
one's own.
90.) Saladin- the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.
91.) Richard the lion hearted- a leader of the Third Crusade, great military leader
92.) Black death- one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the
deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 134850.
93.) Anti-Semitism - hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
94.) Taille- a tax levied on the common people by the king or an overlord.
95.) Sahara- the world's hottest desert and the third largest desert
96.) Savanna- a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.
97.) Berbers- a member of an indigenous people of North Africa. The majority of Berbers are
settled farmers or (now) migrant workers.
98.) Timbuktu- a city in the West African nation of Mali
99.) Papal states- territories in the Italian peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope
up
100.) Sacraments- a religious ceremony or act of the Christian Church that is regarded as an
outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual divine grace, in particular.
101.) Heresy- belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine
102.) Interdicts- an authoritative prohibition.
103.) Inquisition- an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX circa 1232 for the
suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming
notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat
Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government.
104.) Bering straits- a strait between Alaska and the Russian Federation in Asia, connecting
the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean
105.) Inuit- indigenous people of northern Canada and parts of Greenland and Alaska
106.) Hopewell- early Native American culture centered in the Ohio River valley from about the
second century BC to the fourth century AD
107.) Cahokia- a group of very large prehistoric Indian earthworks in southwestern Illinois
108.) Iroquois- a member of a former confederacy of North American Indian peoples originally
comprising the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca peoples
109.) Italian renaissance- a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy
during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between
Medieval and Early Modern Europe
110.) Florence- the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence
111.) Niccolo Machiavelli- an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and
writer based in Florence during the Renaissance.
112.) Secular- not subject to or bound by religious rule; not belonging to or living in a monastic
or other order
113.) Cosimo de Medici- laid the foundations for the Medici family's power in Florence,
becoming the city's ruler in 1434 and using his considerable wealth to promote the arts and
learning
114.) Petrarch - an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest
humanists
115.) Raphael- an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance
116.) Fresco- a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the
colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries
117.) Vernacular - architecture concerned with domestic and functional rather than monumental
buildings
118.) Humanism- a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval
scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought
119.) Flanders- A historical region of northwest Europe including parts of northern France,
western Belgium, and southwest Netherlands along the North Sea
120.) Albrecht Durer- a German painter, engraver, printmaker, mathematician, and theorist from
Nuremberg
121.) Christian humanism- emphasizes the humanity of Jesus, his social teachings and his
propensity to synthesize human spirituality and materialism
122.) Indulgence- a grant by the pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still
due for sins after absolution; unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread
abuse during the later Middle Ages
123.) Lutheranism - major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of
Martin Luther, a German monk and theologian
124.) Edict of Worms- A meeting of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's imperial diet
at Worms in 1521, at which Martin Luther was summoned to appear, Luther committed himself
there to the cause of Protestant reform, and his teaching was formally condemned in the Edict
of Worms
125.) Peace of Augsburg- a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic
League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of
Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany
126.) King Henry VIII- King of England (1509-1547)
127.) Annul- declare invalid (an official agreement, decision, or result)
128.) Bloody Mary- Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death, Her
executions of Protestants caused her opponents to give her the sobriquet "Bloody Mary"
129.) Ignatius of Loyola- a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
130.) Prince Henry - son of the Portuguese king John I, was an important figure in 15th-century
Portuguese politics and in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and the Age of Discoveries
131.) Colony - a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country,
typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country
132.) Conquistador- a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru
in the 16th century
133.) Triangular trade - a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports
from one country by its exports to another
134.) Middle passage- the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West
Indies
135.) Tokugawa Leyasu- the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan,
which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868
136.) Oda Nobunaga- the initiator of the unification of Japan under the shogunate in the late
16th century, which ruled Japan until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, He was also a major daimyo
during the Sengoku period of Japanese history

137.) Daimyo- one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun
138.) Samurai- a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, especially a member of
the class of military retainers of the daimyos
139.) Janissaries- a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th
and 19th centuries
140.) Ottoman- the Turkish dynasty of Osman I (Othman I)
141.) Safavid Empire- one of the Islamic "gunpowder empires", along with its neighbours, its
arch rival the Ottoman Empire, and Mughal Empire. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the
Safaviyya Sufi order, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Azerbaijan region
142.) Babur- a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally
succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became
the first Mughal emperor
143.) Geocentric Theory- a description of the cosmos where Earth is at the orbital center of all
celestial bodies
144.) Rationalism- a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and
knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
145.) Heliocentric Theory- a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a
central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies
revolve around it
146.) Scientific method -a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the
17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the
formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses
147.) Enlightenment -a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries
emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition
148.) Social contract- an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for
social benefits
149.) Philosophe- the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment
150.) Laissez Faire- a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering
151.) Salon- a regular social gathering of eminent people (especially writers and artists) at the
house of a woman prominent in high society
152.) Absolutism - the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical,
ethical, or theological matters
153.) Louis XIV- a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre;
longest reign in French history
154.) Peter the great- czar of Russia
155.) Czar- leader of Russia
156.) St. Petersburg - the second largest city in Russia
157.) Charles I- monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland
158.) Constitutional monarchy- a form of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of
State
159.) Glorious revolution- the last genuine revolution in Britain
160.) Divine right of kings- the doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not from their
subjects, from which it follows that rebellion is the worst of political crimes
161.) Federal System- pertaining to or of the nature of a union of states under a central
government distinct from the individual governments of the separate states
162.) Declaration of independence- the public act by which the Second Continental Congress,
on July 4, 1776, declared the Colonies to be free and independent of England
163.) Bill of rights- the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and
guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship
164.) Yorktown- a historic village in southeastern Virginia to the north of Newport News; site of
the last battle of the American Revolution
165.) Estates- a class or order regarded as forming part of the body politic, in particular (in
Britain), one of the three groups constituting Parliament, now the Lords Spiritual (the heads of
the Church), the Lords Temporal (the peerage), and the Commons. They are also known as the
three estates
166.) Declaration of the rights of man - a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in
the history of human rights
167.) Tennis court oath- a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who
were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789
168.) Reign of terror- a period of remorseless repression or bloodshed, in particular Reign of
Terror, the period of the Terror during the French Revolution
169.) Coup detat- a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government
170.) Simon Bolivar- a military and political leader
171.) Jose de San Martin- an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of
South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire
172.) Consulate- the government of the first French republic (17991804) by three consuls
173.) Nationalism- advocacy of political independence for a particular country
174.) (Napoleonic) Civil Code- code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of
religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified
175.) Continental System- the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against
Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars
176.) Duke of Wellington - one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th century
177.) Extraterritorial- denoting the freedom of an ambassador or other embassy staff from the
jurisdiction of the territory of residence
178.) Open door policy- a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United
States policy in the late 19th century and early 20th century outlined in Secretary of State John
Hay's Open Door Note, dispatched in 1899 to his European counterparts
179.) Opium War- the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China
under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire
180.) Treaty of Kanagawa- opened Japan to trade with the United States, and thus the West
181.) Mutsuhito- the 122nd Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession,
reigning from February 3, 1867 until his death on July 30, 1912
182.) Capital- the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of
government and administrative center
183.) Entrepreneur- a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on
greater than normal financial risks in order to do so
184.) James Watt- up a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements to the
Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution
in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world
185.) Robert Fulton- an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing
the first commercially successful steamboat
186.) Socialism- a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the
means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the
community as a whole
187.) Jewel in the crown- India was pretty much England's most valuable country
188.)Sepoy mutiny- a revolt of the sepoy troops in British India
189.) Bombay- a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea; India's second
largest city
190.) Indian National Congress- the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and
central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement
191.) Mohandas Ghandi- the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India
192.) Imperialism- a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or
military force
193.) Racism- the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities
specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or
races
194.) Direct rule- a system of government in which a province is controlled by a central
government
195.) Indirect rule- a system of government of one nation by another in which the governed
people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers
196.)Annexed- append or add as an extra or subordinate part, especially to a document
197.) Militarism- the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a
strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national
interests
198.) Triple alliance- military alliance among Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
199.) Triple Entente- an alliance between Britain, France and Russia
200.) Kaiser Wilhelm- emperor of Germany 18881918
201.) Trench warfare- a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each
other
202.) War of attrition- a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to
gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions
203.) Western front- a term used during the First and Second World Wars to describe the
contested armed frontier between lands controlled by Germany to the east and the Allies to the
west
204.) propaganda- information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or
publicize a particular political cause or point of view
205.) Fourteen points- a statement given on the 8th of January, 1918 by United States
President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and
calling for postwar peace in Europe
206.) Self-determination- the process by which a country determines its own statehood and
forms its own allegiances and government
207.) Treaty of Versailles- one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I
208.) League of Nations- an international organization to promote world peace and cooperation
that was created by the Treaty of Versailles
209.) Woodrow Wilson- 28th President of the United States; led the United States in World War
I and secured the formation of the League of Nations
210.) Appeasement- the action or process of appeasing
211.) Rhineland- the name for several areas of Western Germany along the Middle and Lower
Rhine between Bingen and the Dutch border, or very rarely between the confluence with the
Neckar and Cologne
212.) Sudetenland- the German name to refer to those northern, southwest, and western areas
of Czechoslovakia which were inhabited mostly by German speakers
213.) Blitzkrieg- an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory
214.) Winston Churchill- a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
215.) Isolationism- a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups,
especially the political affairs of other countries
216.) Neutrality- the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement,
217.) Stalingrad- a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the
Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in the south-western Soviet
Union
218.) D-day- the day (June 6, 1944) in World War II on which Allied forces invaded northern
France by means of beach landings in Normandy
219.) London blitz- is the phrase used in English to describe the period of sustained strategic
bombing of the United Kingdom by Germany during the Second World War
220.) Tehran conference- a strategy meeting held between Joseph Stalin, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943
221.) Yalta conference- A meeting between the Allied leaders Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin in
February 1945 at Yalta
222.) Postdam conference- a conference held in Potsdam in the summer of 1945 where
Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill drew up plans for the administration of Germany and Poland
after World War II ended