ME 4 Sem

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE
IV SEMESTER 1 COURSE DIARY

10MAT41- ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-IV


SYLLABUS
Sub Code: 10MAT41 IA Marks: 25
Hours/week: 4 Exam Hours: 03
Total Hours: 56 Exam Marks: 100

PART A
UNIT 1:
NUMERICAL METHODS
Numerical solutions of first order and first degree ordinary differential equations Taylors series
method, Modified Eulers method, Runge Kutta method of fourth order, Milnes and Adams-
Bashforth predictor and corrector methods (All formulae without
Proof). 6 Hours

UNIT 2:
COMPLEX VARIABLES
Function of a complex variable, Limit, Continuity Differentiability Definitions. Analytic
functions, Cauchy Riemann equations in cartesian and polar forms, Properties of analytic
functions. Conformal Transformation Definition. Discussion of transformations: W = z
2
, W = e
z
,
W = z + (I/z), z 0 Bilinear transformations.
7 Hours
UNIT 3:
COMPLEX INTEGRATION
Complex line integrals, Cauchys theorem, Cauchys integral formula. Taylors and Laurents
series (Statements only) Singularities, Poles, Residues, Cauchys residue theorem (statement only).
6 Hours
UNIT 4:
SERIES SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SPECIAL
FUNCTIONS
Series solution Frobenius method, Series solution of Bessels D.E. leading to Bessel function of
fist kind. Equations reducible to Bessels D.E., Series solution of Legendres D.E. leading to
Legendre Polynomials. Rodirgues formula. 7 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5:
STATISTICAL METHODS
Curve fitting by the method of least squares: y = a + bx, y = a + bx + cx
2
, y = ax
b
y = ab
x
, y =
ae
bx
, Correlation and Regression.
Probability: Addition rule, Conditional probability, Multiplication rule, Bayes theorem. 6 Hours

UNIT 6:
Random Variables (Discrete and Continuous) p.d.f., c.d.f. Binomial, Poisson, Normal and
Exponential distributions. 7 Hours


UNIT 7:
Sampling, Sampling distribution, Standard error. Testing of hypothesis for means. Confidence
limits for means, Students t distribution, Chi-square distribution as a test of goodness of fit.
7 Hours
UNIT 8:
Concept of joint probability Joint probability distribution, Discrete and Independent random
variables. Expectation, Covariance, Correlation coefficient.
Probability vectors, Stochastic matrices, Fixed points, Regular stochastic matrices. Markov chains,
Higher transition probabilities. Stationary distribution of regular Markov chains and absorbing
states. 6 Hours

Text Book:
Higher Engineering Mathematics by Dr. B.S. Grewal (36
th
Edition Khanna Publishers)

Unit VIII: Text book: Probability by Seymour Lipschutz (Schaums series) Chapters 5 & 7

Reference Books:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics by B.V. Ramana (Tata-Macgraw Hill).
2. Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics by Glyn James Pearson Education.

Note:
1. One question is to be set from each unit.
2. To answer Five questions choosing atleast Two questions from each part.


LESSON PLAN

Sub Code: 10MAT41 Hours/week: 04
Sub: Engineering Mathematics-IV Total Hours: 56

Period
No.
TOPIC TO BE COVERED (IN DETAIL)
NUMERICAL METHODS
1 Numerical solutions of first order first degree O.D.E: Taylors series method-problems
2 Eulers methods - problems
3 Modified Eulers method - problems
4 Runge-Kutta method of fourth order problems
5 Milnes predictor and corrector method -problems
6 Adams-Bashforth predictor and corrector method- problems
COMPLEX VARIABLES
7 Function of complex variables, limits, continuity, and differentiability.
8 Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations in Cartesian form.
9 Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations in Polar form and Consequences.
10 Construction of analytic function in Cartesian form
11 Construction of analytic function in Polar form
12 Definition of Conformal transformation: z
2

13 Transformation : e
z

14 Transformation: + Z
Z
a
2

15 Problems.
16 Bilinear transformations.
COMPLEX INTEGRATION
17 Line integral Problems.
18 Cauchys theorem, Corollaries-problems
19 Cauchys integral formula - problems.
20 Cauchys integral formula for derivatives - problems
21 Taylors series.- Problems.
22 Laurents series.- Problems
23 Singularities, Poles, residues Problems
24 Residue theorem Problems

SERIES SOLUTION OF O.D.E AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
25 Series solution- Frobenius method
26 Series Solution of Bessels Differential Equation
27 Equations reducible to Bessels D E
28 Recurrence relations
29 Series Solution of Legendres Diff equation
30 Problems
31 Recurrence relations
32 Rodrigues formulae
STATISTICAL METHODS
33 Curve fitting by the method of Least Squares: y= a+bx- problems.
34 y = a.b
x
, y = ax - problems,
35 y=a+bx+cx
2
- problems
36 Correlation problems
37 Regression - problems
38 Addition rule, Conditional probability, Multiplication rule-Examples
39 Examples
40 Baye Theorem-Examples
RANDOM VARIABLES
41 Discrete Random Variables-PDF-CDF and examples
42 Continuous Random Variables-PDF-CDF and examples
43 Binomial Distributions Examples
44 Poissons Distributions Examples
45 Normal Distribution-Properties & Examples
46 Exponential Distribution & Examples
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
47 Sampling, Sampling Distribution, Standard error.
48 Problems
49 Testing of Hypothesis for Means,.
50 Confidence limits for Means
51 Problems
52 Students t-distribution
53 Chi- square distribution as a test of goodness of fit
54 Problems
JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AND MARKOV CHAINS
55 Concept of joint probability, joint distribution-discrete random variables
56 Problems
57 Independent random variables, Problems on Expectation and Variance
58 Markov chains-Introduction, probability vectors
59 Stochastic matrices, Fixed points and Regular Stochastic matrices
60 Markov chains, Higher transition probabilities
61 Stationary Distribution of regular Markov chains and Absorbing states
62 Problems

QUESTION BANK
SEMESTER: IV
Subject: ENGG. MATHEMATICS
Subject Code: 10MAT41

NUMERICAL METHODS
1) Using the Taylors series method,find the solution at the point 0.1 of the intial value problem
1 ) 0 ( ,
2
= = y y x
dx
dy

2) Using the Taylors series method, find the solution at the point 2 . 0 1 . 0 = = x and x of the initial
value problem 1 ) 0 ( ,
2 2
= + = y y x
dx
dy
.

3) Use modified Euler method to find y (1.2) and y (1.4) given that y
1
= x
2
+ y,
y (1) = 2 taking h =0.2
4) Using modified Eulers method obtain the solution of ) 1 (
'
y x y + = with 1 ) 1 ( = y at 1 . 1 = x
with step length 2 . 0 = h
5) Find y (0.2) and y (0.4) using R-K IV order method given y
1
+ 2xy
2
= 0 Y (0) = 1
6)Using the fourth order Runge Kutta method, solve the problem
1 . 0 2 . 0 1 ) 0 ( ,
2 '
of steps in x at y y x y = = + = .
7) By using the Milnes Predictor-corrector method, find an approximate solution of the
equation int 0 ,
2
po the at x
x
y
dx
dy
=
13 . 6 ) 75 . 1 ( 5 . 4 ) 5 . 1 ( , 13 . 3 ) 25 . 1 ( , 2 ) 1 ( 2 = = = = = y and y y y that given x
8) By using the Milnes Predictor-corrector method, find an approximate solution ofy
at 17 . 0 ) 6 . 0 ( 07 . 0 ) 4 . 0 ( , 02 . 0 ) 2 . 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( , 8 . 0
2
= = = = = = y and y y y y x
dx
dy
that given x
9)By using the Adam Bashforth Predictor-corrector method, find an approximate solution of the
equation int ,
2 2
po the at y x
dx
dy
+ =
18 . 6 ) 75 . 0 ( 6 . 4 ) 5 . 0 ( , 5 . 3 ) 25 . 0 ( , 2 ) 0 ( 1 = = = = = y and y y y that given x
10) By using the Adam Bashforth Predictor-corrector method, find an approximate solution ofy
at 18 . 0 ) 3 . 0 ( 05 . 0 ) 2 . 0 ( , 03 . 0 ) 1 . 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( , 2 4 . 0
2
= = = = = = y and y y y xy
dx
dy
that given x


COMPLEX ANALYSIS

1.Show that following functions f(z) are analytic and hence find their derivatives
i. e
z
ii. Cosz iii. Sin2z
2.Construct the analytic function f(z) = u + i v as a function z using the following data
i.u = e
x
( x cos y y sin y ) ii) v = e
x
( x cos y + y sin y )
3.Show that the following functions are harmonic and find their harmonic conjugates. Also find the
corresponding analytic function
i) u= (x-1)
3
3xy
2
+3y
2
ii) v = e
-2y
sin2x
4.Show that f(z) = x- iy / x
2
+ y
2
is holomorphic except at the origin.
5.Show that f(z) = 2z +3z is not analytic.
6.Show that an analytic function with constant modulus is itself a constant.
7.Determine which of the following function is harmonic and hence find its harmonic
conjugate. Also determine the corresponding analytic function.
i)u= e
2x
(xcos2y ysin2y )
8.Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points as below
1. z= 2,i,-2 to w= 1,I,-1.
2. z=1,i ,-1 to w=i,0,-1.
3.z=2,1,0 to w=1,0,i.
9. Show that there are two points which are left invariant by the general bilinear
transformation. What is the condition that
1. these two points coincide?
2. these are two finite fixed points
3. one finite and another infinite fixed point
4. only one infinite fixed point.

10. Prove that w=z/1-z maps the upper half of the z plane onto the upper half of the w-plane.

11. Show that the transformation w=z-i/1-iz maps the unit circle width center origin in the z-plane onto
the real axis in the w-plane.

12. Given w=z-i/iz-1 show that the unit circle with center origin in the w-plane is mapped on to the
imaginary axis in the z-plane.

13.Obtain the image of the region bounded by the lines x=1,x=2,y=1,y=2 under the transformation
w=e
z
& sketch the region.

14. If w=x+i( by/a), 0<a<b,prove that the inside of the circle x
2
+y
2
=a
2
corresponds, to the inside of an
ellipse in the w-plane.

15. Given w=cosz show that the straight lines parallel to the co-ordinate axes in the z-plane maps on to
ellipse and hyperbola in the w-plane with the same foci.

16.Evaluate,

( ) dz z
i
+ 2
0
2
along
i ) the line y =x\2
ii) the real axis to 2 and then to the point 2+ i

17. Verify Cauchy`s theorem for the function f(z) = 3z
2
+ iz - 4
where C is the square having vertices as 1
I, -1
i
18. Verify Cauchy`s theorem for the function f(z) =z
2
over the curve C formed by the line segment
joining the points O(0,0), P(2,0), Q(1,I) and O(0,0).
19. Evaluate

c
z
dz
9 4
2
where C is the circle
2 = z

20.
+
c
z z
zdz
Evaluate
) 9 )( 1 (
2 2
where C is the circle

I)
2 = z
ii)
2 2 = z

21.The necessary condition that a single valued function w= f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) may be analytic at any
point z=x+iy is that, there exists four continuous first order partial derivatives

y
v
x
v
y
u
x
u
, , ,
and satisfy the equations

y
u
x
v
y
v
x
u
,

These are known as cauchysriemann equations. Prove the above equations in Cartesian form.

22. State and prove cauchy Reimann equation in the polar form.
23.State and prove the cauchy integral theorm.
24. If f(z) is analytic inside and on a siple closed curve C and if a is a point within C then show that
+
=
c
n
n
dz
a z
z f
i
n
a f
1
) (
) (
) (
2
!
) (
.
25 If f(z) is analytic at all points inside the circle C:!z-a!=r then for all z inside C

....... ) ( ' '
! 2
) (
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ) (
2
+
+ + = a f
a z
a f a z a f z f

26.State and prove Laurents. theorm.
27. Expand the following functions in a taylors series about the indicated point:
i z z b
z
z
a
=
=
+
, sinh )
1 ,
1
1
)

28. Expand f(z) in a laurents series valid for regions as indicated:
2 1
1 ! :!
) 2 )( 1 (
3 2
) (
3 ! ! 1 ;
) 3 )( 1 (
) (
2
< <
<
+
+
=
< <
+ +
=
z and
z
z z
z
z f
and
z
z z
z
z f

29.If z=a is a pole of order m of f(z) then the residue of f(z) at z=a is denoted by R[m,a] and
show that
)} ( ) {(
)! 1 (
1
] , [
1
1
lim
z f a z
dz
d
m
a m R
m
m
m
a z

30. State cauchys residue theorem.
31.Find the residue at each pole for the following functions:
2 2
2
) 4 (
1
)
) 1 )( 1 (
)
+
+
z
z
b
z z
z
a

32. Evaluate the following integrals by using Cauchys residue theorm.
4 : ,
) 2 / (
sin
)
1 : :
4 1 (
1
)
3
6
) 2 2
=
C
C
z C dz
z
z
b
z C dz
z z
z
a

1. Obtain the solution of the Bessels differential equation x
2
y +xy + (x
2
-n
2
)y =0
leading to J
n
(x).
or.
Obtain the series solution to the Bessels differential equation leading to J
n
(x).

2. Prove the following:
x
x
x J
x
x
x J
x xJ x xJ
dx
d
x J x J
dx
d
cos
2
) ( . 4
sin
2
) ( . 3
) ( )] ( [ . 2
) ( ) ( . 1
2
1
2
1
0 1
1 0
=
=
=
=

3. When n is an non negative integer, show that y = A J
n
(x) +By
n
(x)
where A & B are arbitarary constants &
=
2
)] ( [
) ( ) (
x J x
dx
x J x Y
n
n n

is a solution of Bessels differential equation

4. Show that x
-n
J
n
(x) is a solution of the differential equation xy + (1+2n)y + xy = 0.

5. Show the following
=
+
=
= +
=
x
o
n
n
n
x
x x J x x J x xdx x J
n
x J
x
x
x J x J
x
x J
x J
0
1 0
0
2
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 / 1
] cos ) ( sin ) ( [ sin ) ( . 4
) 1 ( 2
1
) (
1
. 3
2
)} ( { )} ( .{ 2
tan
) (
) (
. 1
lim

6. Prove the following reccurence relations.
) ( ) ( ) ( ' . 6
) ( ) ( ) ( ' . 5
) ( )} ( { . 4
) ( )} ( { . 3
)} ( ) ( {
2
1
) ( ' . 2
)} ( ) ( { ) ( 2 . 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 !
x xJ x nJ x xJ
x nJ x xJ x xJ
x J x x J x
dx
d
x J x x J x
dx
d
x J x J x J
x J x J x x nJ
n n n
n n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n n
n n n
+
+
+
=
=
=
=
=
+ =


7. Show that
] cos
3
sin
3
[
2
) ( . 2
2
cos ) ( sin ) ( . 1
2
2
2 / 5
2 / 3 2 / 3
3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x J
x
x x J x x J
=
=

8. Prove the following .
= ) (
2
) ( ) ( . 1
1 2 3
x J
x
x J c dx x J

where c is an arbitrary constant.
9. If and are the roots of the equation J
n
(x)=0. Show that
=
+
1
0
2
1
)] ( [
2
1
0
) ( ) (

if x J
if
dx x J x xJ
n
n n

10. Prove that (Generating function of J
n
(x))
=
n
n
n
t t x
t x J e ) (
) / 1 )( 2 / (

11.Prove the following
1.J0(x)+2J2(x)+2J4(x)+--------=1
2.J1(x)-J3(x)+J5(x)-+-----------=sinx

12.Prove the following
2 / 3
0
0
0
2
1
1 2
2
1
2
2
) 2 2 (
) ( . 4
) sin ( 0 2 cos
) 1 (
) ( . 3
) ( ) 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 2 cos . 2
) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 2 sin . 1
1
b a
a
dx bx J xe
d x s c n x J
x J n x x
x J n x x
ax
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
+
=
=
+ =
=
=
+
=
+

13. If n is an integer,prove that
0
) sin cos(
1
Jn(x) d n x


LEGENDRES DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Obtain the series solution of Legendres Differential equation leading to
Legendre polynomial.
2. Express the polynomial in terms of legendre polynomial.
a. 2x
3
-x
2
-3x+2
b. x
4
+3x
3
-x
2
+5x-2
c. x
3
-3x
2
+5x+1
3. Prove the following:
a. ) (
3
2
) ( ) (
3
2
1
2 1 0
2
x P x P x P x x + = +
b.
3
22
) (
5
3
) (
3
4
) (
5
8
8 3 2 4
1 2 3
2 3
+ = + x P x P x P x x x
4. Show that :

) ( ) 1 ( ) ( .
) cos 5 cos 3 (
8
1
) (cos .
) cos 3 1 (
4
1
) (cos .
3
2
x P x P c
P b
P a
n
n
n
=
+ =
+ =

5. Generating Function for P
n
(x)
Prove that (1-2xz+z
2
)
-1/2
=
=0
) (
n
x Pn

5. Prove the following Recurrence relations:
a. (2n+1)xP
n
(x) = (n+1) P
n+1
(x) +nP
n-1
(x)
b.nP
n
(x) = xP
n
(x)-P
n-1

c. (2n+1)P
n
(x) = P
n+1
(x)-P
n-1
(x)
d. (1-x
2
)P
n
(x)=n{P
n-1
(x)-xP
n
(x)}
e. (2n+1)(x
2
-1)P
n
(x)= n(n+1){P
n+1
(x)-P
n-1
(x)}
f. (1-x
2
)P
n
(x) = (n+1) {xP
n
(x)-P
n+1
(x)}

6. Rodrigues Formula for Pn(x)
i.e. Pn(x) = } ) 1 2 {(
) ! ( 2
1
n
n
n
n
x
dx
d
n

7. Evaluate Po(x),P
1
(x), P
2
(x),P
3
(x), and P
4
(x) by using the Rodrigues formula.
8. Show that Pn(x) =
(
(
)
`
n
n
n
n n
x
x
dx
d
n 2
1
1 ) 1 (
!
) 1 (

9. Orthogonolity of Legendre Polynomials
i.e.
=
+
=
1
1
1 2
2
; 0
) ( ) (
n m
n
n m
dx x Pn x Pm

10. Prove the following :
[ ]
=
+
+
<
=
+
= +
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
)! 1 2 (
) ! ( 1 2
0
) ( .
.
1 2
2
2 / 1 ) 2 2 1 )( ( .
) 1 2 ( ) (
) ! ( 2
) 1 (
) ( ) ( .
n ifm
n
n n
n ifm
dx x xmPn c
n
hn
dx h xh x Pn b
dx n x x fn
n n
n
dx x Pn x f a

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. Fit a straight line by the method of least squares to each of the following data.
X: 0 1 3 6 8
Y: 1 3 2 5 4

2. Fit an equation of the form y=ab
x
to the given data
x: 2 3 4 5 6
y: 8.3 15.3 33.1 65.2 127.4

3. Fit a parabola each of the following data.
X: -1 0 0 1
Y: 2 0 1 2

4 .For the data in the following table compute (a) standard deviation of x (b)standard deviation
of y (c) covariance of x and y, and (d)the coefficient of correlation between x and y.

5. The standard deviation of x and y are 2 and 3 respectively. If the coefficient of the
correlation between x and y is 0.4, find the standard deviation of x+y and x-y,

6. Find the coefficient of correlation and the regression lines for the following data
x : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y : 10 12 16 28 25 36 41 49 40 50

7. The correlation coefficient between two variables x and y is r = 0.6. If
x
=1.5
y
= 2.00, x = 10 and y = 20 , find the regression of y on x and of x on y.

8. For the data given in the following table, compute (a) standard deviation of X,
(b) standard deviation of Y , (c) Co-variation of X and Y , and (d) the
coefficient of correlation between X and Y.
X 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
Y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9

9.Psychological tests of intelligence and computational ability were applied to
ten children. Following is the record showing intelligence ratio (I.R) and
ability ratio (A.R) . Calculate the coefficient of correlation

10.Find the coefficient of correlation and regression lines for the following data.

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Y 10 12 16 28 25 36 41 49 40 50

11. The following table indicates the test scores of ten sales person in an
intelligence test and their weekly sales (in hundred units)

Find the regression line of the sales on test scores and estimate the most probable
weekly sale of the sales person whose test score is 85.

12. In a partially destroyed laboratory data, only the following regression equations were available:
7X-16Y+9=0,5Y-4X-3=0.Find the coefficient of correlation between X and Y.

13.A correlation coefficient based on a sample of size 27 was computed to be
0.40. can we conclude at a significance level of 0.01 that the corresponding
population correlation coefficient differs from 0?

14.A correlation coefficient based on a sample of space 35 was computed to be
0.50. Can we reject the hypothesis that the population correlation coefficient is
=0.70 at 0.05 significance level?
28. A correlation coefficient of 0.5 is found from a sample of size 19 . Can we say
that the population correlation coefficient is closed to 0.3 at 5% level of
significance?

15. Find 99% confidence limits for correlation coefficient which is computed to
be 0.60 from a sample of size 28.

16.A students study habits are as follows: If he studies one night he is 70% sure
not to study next night; on the other hand if he does not study one night, he is
60% sure not to study the next night as well. Supposing that he studies on
Monday night, find the probability that he does not study on Friday night. In
the long run, how often does he study.

I.R.(x) 105 104 102 101 100 99 98 96 95 94
A.R.(y) 101 103 100 98 95 96 104 97 97 96
Test scores 40 70 50 60 80 50 90 40 60 60
Sales 2.5 6.0 4.5 5.0 4.5 2.0 5.5 3.0 4.5 3.0
17.A house wife buys 3 brands of soaps : A, B, C. She never buys the same brand on successive
weeks. If she buys brand A in a week she buys brand B in next week. If she buys brand other than A
in a week, then in the next week she is three times as likely to buy brand A as the other brand.
Supposing that she has brought brand B in the first week, find the probability of her buying each of
the three brands in the fourth week.

18. A barber takes 25 minutes to complete one hair cut on the average. If the customers arrive at an
average interval of 40 minutes, how long on the average must a customer wait for service?
A company wants to employ an additional assistant. The arrival rate of jobs is found to be 3 per
hour and the present service rate is 4 jobs per hour and the cost of present service is Rs. 7.00 per
hour. Each delayed job incurs an opportunity cost of Rs. 10.00 per hour. Should the extra
assistant be employed?

19. A normal population has a mean 0.1 and a standard deviation 2.1. Find the probability
that the mean of a sample of 900 members will be negative.

20. Find the probability that in 120 tosses of a fair coin i ) between 40% and 60% will be
heads, ii) 5/8 or more will be heads.

21. It has been found that 2% of the items produced by a certain machine are defective.
What is the probability that in a sample of 400 items, i ) 3% or more, ii) 2% or less will be
defective?

22. A certain machine part manufactured by a company has a weight of 0.5 gm on the
average with a standard deviation of 0.02gm. What is the probability that the mean weight in
two lots, of 1000 such parts each, will differ by more than 0.02 gm.

23. An urn contains 60 red marbles and 40 white marbles. Two sets of 30 marbles each are
drawn with replacement from the urn and their colors are noted. What is the probability that the
two sets differ by 8 or more red marbles.

24. A sample of 5 measurements of the diameter of a sphere were recorded as 6.33,
6.37,6.36,6.32,6.37 mm. Determine unbiased and efficient estimate of i ) the true mean, and ii)
the true variance.

25. For the frequency distribution given below, find the unbiased and efficient estimate for the mean
and variance.
x
i
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
f
i
2 0 15 29 25 12 10 4 3

26. Suppose that 10, 12, 15, 16, 19 is a sample taken from a normal population with variance
2
= 6.25, find the 95% of confidence interval for the mean .

27. If the measurement of a sample mean is recorded as 216.48 with a probable error of 0.272, find
the 95% confidence limits for the measurement.
28. Suppose that the CPU service time of a job is normal variate with standard deviation 1.5
sec. Find the how large a sample is to be taken in order to assert with 99% confidence that the
estimated mean service time is less than half a second of the true mean time.

29. In a sample of 200 items produced by a machine, 15 were found defective, while in a
sample of 100 items produced by another machine, 12 were found defective. Find 99% and
99.74% confidence limits for the difference in proportions of defective items produced by the
two machines.

30. In a hospital, 230 females and 270 males were born in a year. On the basis of this
information, can the hypothesis that sexes are born in equal proportions be rejected.

31. The mean life time of sample of 150 bulbs produced by a company is computed to be
1570 hours with a standard deviation of 120 hours. Test the hypothesis that the mean life time of
all bulbs produced by the company is 1590 hours at 0.01 and 0.05 levels of significance.

32. A sample of 100 electric bulbs produced by manufacturer A showed a mean life time of
1190 hours and a standard deviation of 90 hours. A sample of 75 bulbs produced by
manufacturer B showed a mean life time of 1230 hours with a standard deviation of 120 hours.
Is there a difference between the mean life time of the two brands at a significance level of 0.05.

33. The mean life time of electric bulbs manufactured by a company has in the past been
1120 hours with a standard deviation of 125 hours. A sample of 8 bulbs chosen from supply of
newly produced bulbs showed a mean life time of 1070 hours. Test the hypothesis that the mean
life time has not changed, using a level of significance of 0.01.

34. The following table gives the marks of 10 students in two tests

Test 1 67 24 57 55 63 54 56 68 33 43
Test 2 70 38 58 58 56 67 68 75 42 38
Can we conclude that there is a difference in the performance in the two tests at 0.5 level of
significance?

35. For the data given in the following table, compute (a) standard deviation of X,
(b) standard deviation of Y , (c) Co-variation of X and Y , and (d) the
coefficient of correlation between X and Y.
X 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
Y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9
36. Psychological tests of intelligence and computational ability were applied to ten children.
Following is the record showing intelligence ratio (I.R) and ability ratio (A.R) . Calculate the
coefficient of correlation

I.R.(x) 105 104 102 101 100 99 98 96 95 94
A.R.(y) 101 103 100 98 95 96 104 97 97 96

37. Find the coefficient of correlation and regression lines for the following data.

X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Y 10 12 16 28 25 36 41 49 40 50

38. The following table indicates the test scores of ten sales person in an
intelligence test and their weekly sales (in hundred units)

Test scores 40 70 50 60 80 50 90 40 60 60
Sales 2.5 6.0 4.5 5.0 4.5 2.0 5.5 3.0 4.5 3.0

39. Find the regression line of the sales on test scores and estimate the most probable
weekly sale of the sales person whose test score is 85.

40. In a partially destroyed laboratory data, only the following regression equations were available:
7X-16Y+9=0,5Y-4X-3=0.Find the coefficient of correlation between X and Y.

41. A correlation coefficient based on a sample of size 27 was computed to be 0.40. can we
conclude at a significance level of 0.01 that the corresponding population correlation coefficient
differs from 0?

42. A correlation coefficient based on a sample of space 35 was computed to be 0.50. Can we reject
the hypothesis that the population correlation coefficient is =0.70 at 0.05 significance level?

1. Define Random experiment, Sample space, Event and classical definition of
probability with example each.

2. State axioms of Probability and prove the following

B) P(A - P(B) P(A) B) P(A iii)
0 ) P( )
) ( 1 A) P( )
+ =
=
=
ii
A P i

3.A box contains 75 good IC chips and 25 defective IC chips. If 12 IC chips are
selected at random, what is the probability at least one chip is defective.

4. A tea set has 4 sets of cups and saucers. Two of these sets are one color and the other
two sets are of different color. If the cups are placed at random on the saucers, what is
the probability that the no cup is on a saucer of the same color.
5. A class consists of 6 girls and 10 boys. If a committee of 3 is chosen at random from the
class, find the probability that
i ) 3- boys are selected
ii) exactly 2 boys are selected
iii) atleast one boy is selected
iv) exactly 2 girls are selected

6. A five digit number is formed by the digits 0,1,2,3,4 without repetition. Find the
probability that number formed is divisible by 4.
7. If A and B are independent events, prove that
) ( ) ( 1 ) ( B P A P B A P =

B) A P( and P(A) Find
5/8, ) B P(A 1/4, B) P(A 7/8, B) P(A with events are B and A If 8.
= = =

9. In a housing colony,70% of the houses are well planned and 60% of the houses
are well planned and well built. Find the probability that a house that is well
planned is also well built.
10. A bag contains 2 white marbles and 4 red marbles and another bag contains 2
red marbles and 4 white marbles. If a marble is selected at random from one of
the two bags, what is the probability that it is a white marble.
11. Two different digits are selected at random from the digits 1 to 9.
i ) If the sum is odd, what is the probability that 2 is one of the digit selected
ii) If 2 is one of the digit selected, what is probability that the sum is odd.
12. State and prove Bayes theorem.
13. A picnic is arranged to be held on a particular day. The weather forecast says
that there is 80% chance of rain on that day. If it rains the probability of good
picnic is 0.3 and f it does not the probability is 0.9. What is the probability of good
picnic.
14. The chances that doctor A will diagnose a disease X correctly is 60%. The
chances that a patient will die by his treatment after correct diagnose is 40%
and the chance of death by wrong diagnose is 70%. A patient of doctor A,
who had disease X died, what is the chance that his disease was diagnosed
correctly.
15. A binary communication channel carries data as one of two types of signals
denoted by 0 and 1. Due to noise, a transmitted 0 is received as 1with the
probability 0.06 and a transmitted 1 is received as 0 with probability 0.09. The
probability of transmitting 0 is 0.45. If a signal is sent find
i ) the probability that a 0 is received
ii) the probability that a 1 was transmitted, given that 1 was received.
16. A ball is drawn from an Urn containing 3 white and 3 black balls. After the
ball is drawn it is placed and another ball is drawn. This goes indefinitely,
what is probability that of the first four balls drawn exactly 2 are white.
17.Define discrete and continues random variables with an example.
18. Define Probability mass function and density function.
19. Find the mean , variance and standard deviation for the following distribution
X
i
-5 -4 1 2
P(x
i
) 1/8 1/8
20. The probability distribution of a random variable X is given by the following table. Find
k and evaluate mean and standard deviation.
X
i
0 1 2 3 4 5
P(x
i
) K 5k 10 10k 5k k

21. If a random variable X has the probability density function
>
=
0 0
0 2
) (
2
x
x e
x f
x

Evaluate P(1<X<3) and P(X>0.5)
22. The length of time (in min.) that a certain lady speaks on the telephone is found to be a
random variable with density function
where else 0
0 x
) (
5 /
for Ae
x p
x

i) Find the value of A
ii) Find the probability that the number of minutes that she will speak on the
phone
a) more than 10 minutes
b) less than 5 minutes
c) between 5 and 10 minutes.

23. The probability density function p(x) of a continues random variable is given by p(x) =
y
0
e
-|x|
, -
<x<
. Prove that y
0
=1/2 and hence find mean and variance of the
distribution.
24. Obtain the mean and variance of the binomial distribution.
25. Let X be binomially distributed random variable based on 6 repetitions of an experiment.
If p = 0.3, evaluate the following probabilities
4) p(X and 4) ii)p(X 3) p(X ) > = i

26. The probability that a pen manufactured by a company will be defective is
0.1. If 12 such pens are selected at random find the probability that i )
exactly 2 will be defective ii) at least 2 will be defective iii) none will be
defective.
27.Obtain the mean and variance of Poisson distribution.
28. Suppose 2% of the items produced by a machine are defective. Find the probability that
there are 3 defective items in a sample of 100 items.
29. The number of accidents in a year to auto-drivers in a city is a poisson variate with mean
3. Out of 1000 such drivers find approximate number of drivers with a) no accidents b)
more than 3 accidents in a year.
30. Obtain the mean and variance of a Geometric distribution.
31. In a certain city the probability that rain occurs on a day during June is 5/8. Find the
probability that there is a rain on June 5
th
and not earlier.
32. The probability that the prediction of a sooth sayer will come true is 0.01. What is the
probability that his 13
th
prediction is the first one to be true.
33. A random variable X has a uniform distribution over (- ) where >0, Determine in
the following cases i ) P(X>1) ii) P(X<1/2) iii) p(|X|<1)=p(|X|>1).
34. Find the cdf for a uniform distribution in the interval (a b ).
35. On a certain city transport rute, buses ply every 30 min. between 6am and 10pm. If a
person reaches a bus stop on this rute at a random time during this period, what is the
probability that he will have to wait for at least 20 minutes.
36. If X is uniformly distributed over the interval (-1 1 ), find the density function of
Y=CosX.
37. Find the mean and standard deviation of exponential distribution.
38. Find the cdf of an exponential distribution.
39. The duration of a telephone conversation has been found to have exponential distribution
with mean 3 min. Find the probability that the conversation may last i ) more than 1 min.
ii) less than 3 min.
40. In a certain town the duration of a shower is exponentially distributed with mean equal
to 5 min. What is the probability that i ) a shower will last for at least 2 min. more given
that it has already lasted for 5 min. ii) a shower will last for not more than 6 min. if it has
already lasted for 3 min.
41. For the following joint probability distribution of two random variables X and Y, find i )
marginal distribution of X and Y ii)Cov(X,Y) iii) (X,Y)

X,Y -4 2

7

1

1/8

1/4

1/8

5

1/8

42. The following table gives the joint distribution of two random variables X and Y. Find
the probability of X given Y=0

X,Y -1 0

1
-1 0 0.2 0

0

0.1 0.2 0.1
1 0.1 0.2 0.1

43. For the distribution with the density function

< < < <

=
wise other
y x y x
y x p
0
4 2 , 2 0 ) 6 )( 8 / 1 (
) , (

evaluate i ) p(x<1,y<3) ii) p(x+y<3) iii)p(x<1| y<3)

44. For the distribution defined by the density function

=
+
wise 0
0 , 0
) , (
) 1 (
other
y x xe
y x p
y x

evaluate E(y | x) and E(x | y).

45. The joint probability density function for a distribution is

=

wise 0
0 , 0 6
) , (
3 2
other
y x e
y x p
y x

Verify that x and y are independent.

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

1. Given below are the marks of 12 students in an examination, find the mean marks
68,82,94,105,120,122,127,130,133,140,141,145.
2. A firm purchased a certain type of items from four different manufactures.
Manufacturer A supplied 50% of the items at a price of Rs 1.35 per item, B supplied 35% at a
price of Rs 1.40, C, 10%at Rs1.42 and D, 5%at Rs1.47. Find the mean price of the items.

3. The mean wage of 1oo labourers in a factory, running two shifts of 60 and40 workers
respectively, is Rs.38. the mean wage of 60 labourers working in one shifts isRs.40. Find the
mean wage of 40, labourers working in the other shifts
4. If x is the mean of n items x
1
, x
2, ..
x
n
of an observation, prove that
\
|
|
|

x xi
=0.
5. If
x1
and
x2
are the means of two samples of sizes n
1
and n
2,
prove that

the mean
x
of the
combined sample of size n
1
+n
2
is given by
x
=
n n
x n x n
2 1
2 2 1 1
+
+

6. Prove that the arithmetic progression is equal to the mean of its first and last terms.
7. Calculate the mean for the following data
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f: 1 9 26 59 72 52 29 7 1

8. Find the mean for the following data
Class 0-10
10-
30
30-50
50-
60
60-90
90-
100
Frequency 2 5 17 22 20 9

In a test carrying 100 marks given to 88 students, 77 students get above 10 marks,
72 get above20, 65 get above 30, 55 get above 40, 43 get above 50, 28 get above
60, 16 get above70, 10 get above 80 and 8 get above 90. Find the mean marks.

9. Calculate the standard deviation for the following

X 6 12 18 24 30 36 42
F 4 7 9 18 15 10 5

10. Calculate the standard deviation for the following distribution.

Class 0-5 0-10 0-15 0-20 0-25
Frequency 6 16 28 38 46

11. The following are the runs scored by two batsman x and y in ten test matches

X 30 44 66 62 60 34 80 46 20 38
Y 34 46 70 38 55 48 60 34 45 30
Who of this is (i) a better scorer (ii) more consistent?

12. The items of an observation are in the A.P. a, a+d, a+2da+2nd. Find the
standard deviation.

13. A student computed the mean and standard deviation for 100 items of an
observation as 40 and 5.1 respectively. It was later discovered that he had
wrongly copied down an item as 50 instead of 40. Calculate the correct mean and
correct standard deviation.

14. Define raw moments and central moments. Derive the relation between the central
moments and raw moments.

15. Find the first four moments about the mean for the distribution given by the
following table.

X 12 14 16 18 20 22
F 1 4 6 10 7 2
Also find the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis.

16. Calculate the coefficient of kurtosis for the following distribution.

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
Frequency 1 3 4 2

JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AND MARKOV CHAINS
17.Amarkov chain with three states ,, is defined by the transition matrix

(
(
(
(
(
(
3
1
2
1
6
1
3
2
0
3
1
0
2
1
2
1

Taking the initial state to be ,Determine n
th
step transition probability
) (n
ix
P
and absolute probability
) (
.
n
j
P
18.Determine if the following transition matrix is ergodic Markov chain
(
(
(
(
3
2
3
1
4
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
0 0
0
0
0
4
3
2
1
Pr
4 3 2 1
states Future
states esent

19.Suppose there are two market products of brad A and B ,respectively.Let each of these two
brands have exactly 50% of the total market in the same period and let the market be of a fixed size
. The transition matrix is given below
(
5 . 0 5 . 0
1 . 0 9 . 0

TO
B
A
FROM
B A

If the initial market share breakdown is 50% for each brand,then determine there market
shares in the steady st

VTU QUESTION PAPERS





10ME42 - MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND
METROLOGY


SYLLABUS
Sub Code: 10ME42 IA Marks : 25
Hrs/week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total Lecture Hrs : 56 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1:
STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT: Definition and Objectives of metrology, Standards of
length - International prototype meter, Imperial standard yard, Wave length standard, subdivision of
standards, line and end standard, comparison, transfer from line standard to end standard,
calibration of end bars (Numerical), Slip gauges, Wringing phenomena, Indian Standards (M- 81,
M-112), Numerical problems on building of slip gauges. 6 Hours

UNIT 2:
SYSTEM OF LIMITS, FITS, TOLERANCES AND GAUGING: Definition of tolerance,
Specification in assembly, Principle of inter changeability and selective assembly limits of size,
Indian standards, concept of limits of size and tolerances, compound tolerances, accumulation of
tolerances, definition of fits, types of fits and their designation (IS 919 -1963), geometrical
tolerance, positional - tolerances, hole basis system, shaft basis of system, classification of gauges,
brief concept of design of gauges (Taylor's principles), Wear allowance on gauges, Types of gauges
-plain plug gauge, ring Gauge, snapgauge, limit gauge and gauge materials. 7 Hours

COMPARATORS AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENT: Introduction to Comparator,
Characteristics, classification of comparators, mechanical comparators - Johnson Mikrokator,
Sigma Comparators, dial indicator, Optical Comparators -principles, Zeiss ultra optimeter, Electric
and Electronic Comparators -principles, LVDT, Pneumatic Comparators, back pressure gauges,
Solex Comparators. Angular measurements, Bevel Protractor, Sine Principle and. use of Sine bars,
Sine center, use of angle gauges, (numericals on building of angles) Clinometers. 7 Hours

UNIT 3:
INTERFEROMETER AND SCREW THREAD GEAR MEASUREMENT : Interferometer
Principle of interferometery, autocollimator. Optical flats. Terminology of screw threads,
measurement of major diameter, minor diameter pitch, angle and effective diameter of screw
threads by 2-wire and 3-wire methods, Best size wire. Toolmakers microscope, gear terminology,
use of gear tooth Vernier caliper and gear tooth micrometer 6 Hours

PART B
UNIT 4:
MEASUREMENTS AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS: Definition, Significance of
measurement, generalized measurement system, definitions and concept of accuracy, precision,
calibration, threshold, sensitivity, hystersis, repeatability, linearity, loading effect, system response-
times delay. Errors in Measurements, Classification of Errors. Transducers, Transfer efficiency,
Primary and Secondary transducers, electrical, Mechanical, electronic transducers, advantages of
each type transducers. 7 Hours

UNIT 5:
INTERMEDIATE MODIFYING AND TERMINATING DEVICES: Mechanical systems,
inherent problems, Electrical intermediate modifying devices, input circuitry, ballast, ballast circuit,
electronic amplifiers and telemetry. Terminating devices, Mechanical, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope,
Oscillographs, X-Y Plotters. 6 Hours

UNIT 6:
MEASUREMENT OF FORCE AND TORQUE, PRESSURE: Principle, analytical balance,
platform balance, proving ring, Torque measurement, Prony brake, hydraulic dynamometer.
Pressure Measurements, Principle, use of elastic members, Bridgeman gauge, Mcloed gauge, Pirani
Gauge. 6 Hours

UNIT 7:
TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN MEASUREMENT: Resistance thermometers, thermocouple,
law of thermocouple, materials used for construction, pyrometer, Optical Pyrometer. Strain
Measurements, Strain gauge, preparation and mounting of strain gauges, gauge factor, methods of
strain measurement 7 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Mechanical measurements by Beckwith Marangoni and Lienhard, Pearson Education, 6th
Ed., 2006
2. Engineering Metrology by R.K.Jain, Khanna Publishers, 1994.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Engineering Metrology by I.C.Gupta, Dhanpat Rai Publications, Delhi
2. Mechanical measurements by R.K.Jain
3. Industrial Instrumentation Alsutko, Jerry. D.Faulk, Thompson Asia Pvt. Ltd.2002
4. Measurement Systems Applications and Design by Ernest O, Doblin, McGRAW Hill Book
Co.

Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least 2 questions from
part A and 2 questions from part B.


LESSON PLAN
Sub Code : 10ME42 Hrs/week : 04

Sub: Mechanical measurements and metrology Total Hrs : 62

Period
NO
TOPICS TO BE COVERED REMARKS
1. Standards of measurement: Definition and Objectives of metrology,
2.
Standards of length - International prototype meter, Imperial standard
yard

3. Wave length standard, subdivision of standards
4.
Line and end standard, comparison, transfer from line standard to end
standard

5.
calibration of end
bars (Numerical), Slip gauges, Wringing phenomena

6.
Indian Standards (M- 81, M-112), Numerical problems on building of
slip gauges.

7.
System of limits, Fits, Tolerances and gauging: Definition of
tolerance,
Specification in assembly,

8.
Principle of inter changeability and selective assembly limits of size,
Indian standards

9.
Concept of limits of size and tolerances, compound tolerances,
accumulation of tolerances

10.
Definition of fits, types of fits and their designation (IS 919 -1963),
geometrical tolerance

11. Positional - tolerances, hole basis system, shaft basis of system
12.
Classification of gauges, brief concept of design of gauges (Taylor's
principles), Wear
allowance on gauges

13.
Types of gauges -plain plug gauge, ring Gauge, snap gauge, limit gauge
and gauge
materials.

14.
Comparators and Angular measurement: Introduction to
Comparator,
Characteristics,

15.
Classification of comparators, mechanical comparators -Johnson
Mikrokator, Sigma
Comparators

16. Sigma Comparators, dial indicator, Optical Comparators -principles
17. Zeiss ultra optimeter, Electric and Electronic Comparators -principles,
18. LVDT, Pneumatic Comparators
19. back pressure gauges, Solex Comparators
20. Angular measurements, Bevel Protractor
21. Sine Principle and. use of Sine bars, Sine center
22. use of angle gauges, (numericals on building of angles) Clinometers
23.
Interferometer and Screw thread gear measurement : Interferometer
Principle of
interferometery, autocollimator

24. Principle of interferometery, autocollimator
25. Optical flats. Terminology of screw threads
26. Measurement of major diameter, minor diameter pitch, angle
27. Effective diameter of screw threads by 2-wire
28. Effective diameter of screw threads by 3-wire methods Best size wire
29. Toolmakers microscope, gear terminology
30. Use of gear tooth Vernier caliper
31. Use of gear gear tooth micrometer
32.
Measurements and Measurement systems: Definition, Significance
of measurement

33. Generalized measurement system,
34. definitions and concept of accuracy, precision
35. Calibration, threshold, sensitivity, hystersis, repeatability
36. Errors in Measurements
37. Classification of Errors.
38. Transducers, Transfer efficiency
39. Primary and Secondary transducers, electrical,
40. Mechanical, electronic transducers
41. advantages of each type transducers
42.
Intermediate modifying and terminating devices: Mechanical
systems, inherent
problems

43. Electrical intermediate modifying devices
44. Input circuitry, ballast, ballast circuit,
45. Electronic amplifiers and telemetry
46. Terminating devices, Mechanical,
47. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
48. Oscillographs, X-Y Plotters
49.
Measurement of Force and Torque, pressure: Principle, analytical
balance,

50. Platform balance, proving ring
51. Torque measurement, Prony brake,
52. Hydraulic dynamometer. Pressure Measurements
53. Principle, use of elastic members,
54. Bridgeman gauge
55. Mcloed gauge, Pirani Gauge.

56. Temperature and strain measurement: Resistance
thermometers, thermocouple,

57. Law of thermocouple
58. Optical Pyrometer
59. Strain Measurements, Strain gauge,
60. Preparation and mounting of strain gauges
61. Gauge factor, methods of strain measurement
62. materials used for construction,pyrometer


QUESTION BANK

Unit-1
1. Describe with neat sketch 1) imperial standard yard 2) international prototype meter.
2. Describe with neat wavelength standard.
3. Describe with neat sketch line and end standards.
4. What is metrology? State and explain the objectives of metrology.
5. Explain the following terms 1) primary standard 2) secondary standard.
6. Describe the procedure for ringing of slip gauges. Using a slip gauge set m-87, build up the
following dimensions.29.758 mm and 2) 46.635 mm.

Unit-2
1. Illustrate the principle of go and no go gauges.
2. Differentiate between the following 1) hole basis system 2) interchangeability and selective
assembly.
3. Write in brief about BIS classes of fits
4. Write in brief about clearance fit, interference fit and transition fit.
5. Explain gauge tolerance Taylors theory.
6. Write in brief about limit gauges.
7. Write in brief about plug gauges.
8. Write in brief about selection of fits.
9. Write in brief about gap gauges.
10. Write in brief about system of limits and fits.
11. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of mechanical optical comparator.
12. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pneumatic comparators.
13. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of any one electrical comparators.
14. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of any one electronic comparators
15. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of johnsons microkrator.
16. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of brook level comparator.
17. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of sigma comparator
18. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of brook level comparator
19. Explain the method of measuring angles using clinometers
20. Explain the method of measuring angles using a bevel protractor.
21. Explain the method of measuring angles using a universal protractor.
22. Explain the method of measuring angles using a sine bar.
23. Explain the method of measuring angles using angle gauges..
24. Explain the method of measuring angles using taper gauges.
25. Explain the terms 1) wear allowance 2) gauge makers allowance
26. Give the combination of angle gauges to obtain the following angles, also sketch the
arrangement of gauges (1)34 23 43 (2)15 51 24

Unit-3
1. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of autocollimator
2. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of toolmakers microscope.
3. How pitch of a screw thread is is measured and what are the different types of pitch errors?
4. Explain the there wire method of measuring the effective diameter of a metric thread. Derive
an expression for the best size used in the above method.
5. Write short notes on terminology of screw threads.
6. How pitch of a screw thread is is measured and what are the different types of pitch errors.
7. Explain the method of measuring 1) major dia 2) pitch dia using 2 wire method
8. Explain the method of measuring 1) major dia 2) pitch dia using 3 wire method
9. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of gear tooth vernier.
10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of gear tooth micrometer.
11. Write in brief terminology of a gear tooth vernier.
12. Write in brief terminology of a gear tooth micrometer.
13. List out the uses of 1) gear tooth micrometer. 2) gear tooth micrometer.

Unit-4
1. Explain with example the three stages of a generalized measurement system.
2. Write in brief 1) accuracy 2) precision 3) sensitivity with respect to measurements.
3. Write in brief 1) threshold 2) resolution hysterisis 3) repeatability
4. Write in brief 1) loading effect 2) input impedance 3) system response
5. Write in brief about time delay in a measurement.
6. What are errors in measurements?
7. How the errors in the measurements are classified.
8. List out the importance of measurement and measurement systems
9. What are transducers? List out advantages and disadvantages of a mechanical transducer.
10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of an electronic transducer.
11. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of an electrical transducer
12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electronic transducer?
13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electrical transducer?
14. What is a pneumatic load cell? Explain.
15. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of various mechanical transducer
elements.

Unit-5
1. Explain about the mechanical systems used as the intermediate modifying stages.
2. Write short notes on Inherent problems.
3. Write short notes on Electronic amplifiers.
4. Write short notes on telemetry.
5. Write short notes on mechanical terminating devices.
6. Explain with neat diagram the working of hode ray oscilloscope.
7. Write short notes on Oscillograph.
8. Write short notes on X Y Plotters.


Unit -6
1. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of electrical dynamometer
2. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of proving ring.
3. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of prony brake dynamometer.
4. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of hydraulic dynamometer.
5. Write a short note on analytical balance.
6. Write a short note on platform balance.
7. Write a short note on hydraulic dynamometer.
8. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of Bridgman gauge
9. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of McLeod gauge
10. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pirani gauge.
11. Explain how pressure can be measured with elastic transducer.
12. Write short notes on the elastic members used in the measurement of pressure.

Unit-7
1. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of resistance thermometer
2. List the thermocouple laws.
3. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of radiation pyrometer.
4. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of pressure thermometer.
5. Explain the principles of thermocouples and illustrate the applications of thermocouples.
6. Describe with neat sketch the construction and working of vapour, pressure thermometer
with a neat sketch.
7. Write short notes on Optical Pyrometer.
8. Explain the null balance and deflection methods of strain measurements.
9. Write in brief about treatment regarding preparation & mounting of strain gauges.
10. Explain a) calibration of strain gauges b) temperature compensation
11. Write a note on strain gauge material its alloys.
12. Write short notes on Gauge Factor.

VTU QUESTION PAPER






10ME43 APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

SYLLABUS
Sub Code: 10ME43 I A Marks: 25
Hours / Week: 4 Total Hours: 3
Total Hours: 56 Exam Marks: 100

1. COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS: Theoretical (Stoichiometric) air for combustion
of fuels. Excess air, mass balance, actual combustion. Exhaust gas analysis, A/F ratio. Energy
balance for a chemical reaction, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy and internal energy of
combustion. Combustion efficiency 7 hrs

2. GAS POWER CYCLES: Air standard cycles; Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Dual & stirling cycles,
P-V & T-S diagrams, description, efficiencies and mean effective pressures. Comparison of
Otto and Diesel cycles. Gas turbine (Brayton) cycle; description and analysis. Regenerative
gas turbine cycle. Inter-cooling and reheating. 6 hrs

3. I C ENGINES: testing of Two stroke and four stroke SI and CI engines for performance,
related numerical problems, heat balance, Mores test. 6 hrs

4. VAPOUR POWER CYCLEs: Carnot vapour power cycle, drawbacks as reference cycle.
Simple rankine cycle; description, T-S diagram, analysis for performance. Comparison of
Carnot & rankine cycles. Effect of pressure and temperature on rankine cycle performance.
Actual vapour power cycles. Ideal and practical regenerative rankine cycles open and closed
feed water heaters. Reheat Ranking cycles. 7 hrs

5. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS: operation of single stage reciprocating
compressors, Work input through P-V diagram and steady state flow analysis, Effect of
clearance and volumetric efficiency .Adiabatic ,isothermal and mechanical efficiencies ,Multi
stage compressor, saving in work, optimum intermediate pressure, inter cooling, minimum
work for compression. 6 hrs

6. GAS TURBINES AND JET PROPULSION: Classification of gas turbines, analysis of
open cycle gas turbine cycle .advantages and disadvantages of closed cycle .methods to
improve thermal efficiency. Jet propulsion and rocket propulsion. 7 hrs

7. REFRIGERATION: vapour compression refrigeration system; description, analysis,
refrigerating effect, capacity, power required, units of refrigeration, COP, refrigerants and
their desirable properties, Air cycle refrigeration; reversed carnot cycle, reversed bryton cycle,
vapour absorption refrigeration system. Steam jet refrigeration. 6 hrs

8. PSYCHOMETRICS: Atmospheric air & psychrometric properties; Dry bulb temperature,
wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature; partial pressures, specific & relative humidity,
and the relation between the two. Enthalpy and adiabatic saturation temperature. Construction
7 use of psychrometric chart, Analysis of various processes, heating, cooling dehumidifying
and humidifying. Adiabatic mixing of stream of moist air. Summer and winter air
conditioning. 7 hrs


TEXTBOOKS:
1. Basic and applied thermodynamics by P.K Nag, Tata McGraw Hill pub, 2002
2. Thermodynamics- An Engineering Approach by Yunus.A.Cenegal and Michael A Boles,
Tata McGraw hill pub co, 2002

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Engineering thermodynamics by J.B Jones and G A Hawkins, john Wiley and sons Co
2. Fundamentals of classical thermodynamics by GJ Van Wylen and R E Sonnatag, Wiley
eastern
3. Thermodynamics by CP Arora, Tata McGraw Hill Internal combustion engines ML Mathur
and R.P Sharma

LESSON PLAN

Subject Code: 10ME43 Hours / Week: 04
Sub: Applied Thermodynamics Total Hours: 56

Period
NO
TOPICS TO BE COVERED REMARKS
1. Combustion thermodynamics: Interconversion of mole & mass fractions,
combustion process

2. Combustion stoichiometry
3. , theoretical Air required for combustion & actual combustion processes
4. Exhaust gas analysis, determination of the actual air-fuel ratio
5. Calculation of equilibrium composition
6. , Heat generated by combustion, energy balance
7.

Heat of reaction, kirchoffs equation, calorific value
8. internal energy of combustion, HCV
9. Adiabatic flame temperature, enthalpy &
10. Combustion efficiency, Numericals on determination of calorific value, A/F
ratio

11. Numericals on determination of adiabatic flame temperature
12. Gas power cycles: Air standard cycles: Assumptions,
13. working of carnot cycle
14. , expression for work done by engine running on carnot engine,
15. efficiencies of actual engines
16. Expression for work done & efficiencies by engine by Otto cycle, T-S & P-
v diagram

17. Expression for mean effective pressure by Otto cycle
18. Expression for work done by engine by diesel cycle, T-S & P-v diagram,
efficiency

19. Expression for mean effective pressure by diesel cycle
20. Dual cycles & stirling cycle efficiency, expression for Mep
21. Comparison of air cycles on the basis of efficiency,
22. feasibility, mep, temperature limits
23. IC Engines: Testing of Two stroke,
24. four stroke SI and CI engines for Performance
25. Morse test & Heat balance
26. Numericals
27. Numericals
28. Vapour power cycles: Carnot vapour power cycle, drawbacks a reference
cycle

29. Rankine cycle, T-s diagram, comparison of carnot & Rankine cycles,
30. Effects of pressure & temperature on Rankine cycle performance
31. Actual vapour power cycles, Regenerative cycles
32. Ideal and practical regenerative Rankine cycles
33. Open & closed feed water heaters, reheat Rankine cycle
34. Numericals on determining work done, quality of steam at the exhaust
35. Numericals on determining work done, quality of steam at the exhaust,
SSC, power ratio

36. Reciprocating compressors: Operation of single stage reciprocating
compressors

37. Work input, steady state flow analysis
38. Effect of clearance & volumetric efficiency
39. Adiabatic, isothermal & mechanical efficiencies.
40. Multi stage compressor
41. Work saving by inter cooling, optimum intermediate pressure
42. Minimum work of compression
43. Gas turbines and propulsion: Classification of gas turbines
44. Analysis of open cycle gas turbine cycle
45. Advantages and disadvantages of closed cycle
46. Methods to improve thermal efficiency
47. Jet propulsion and rocket propulsion
48. Exercise problems
49. Exercise problems
50. Refrigeration: Vapour compression refrigeration system,
51. Description, analysis
52. Reversed Bryton cycle, Refrigerating effect, power required, Units of
refrigeration

53. Expression for COP, Refrigerants & Desirable properties of refrigerants
54. Vapour absorption refrigeration system,
55. Steam jet refrigeration, Numericals
56. Psychrometry: Atmospheric air and psychometric properties
57. DBT, WBT, DPT, expressions for specific humidity, RH
58. Enthalpy & adiabatic saturation temperature, Numericals
59. Use of psychrometric charts for various processes, Numericals
60. Analysis of various processes, heating, cooling,
61. dehumidifying and humidifying
62. Adiabatic mixing of air stream, Summer & winter air conditioning


QUESTION BANK

1. Combustion Thermodynamics:
1. What is combustion?
2. Define the terms heat of formation and heat of reaction. How are they related
3. Define adiabatic flame temperature
4. Calculate the composition when 1 [Kmol H
2
] reacts with 1 [kmol O
2
] and reaches
equilibrium at 1 atm & 1500 K
5. Aniline is a popular rocket propellant. It has the benzene structure with one of H atoms
replaced with N-H
2
. The resonance energy for aniline is 291.4 [ MJ/kmol] what will the
standard heat of formation
6. Calculate the calorific value of ethane
7. Calculate the calorific value of a coal with composition of C= 51.3%, H
2
= 3.5 %, N
2
= 1.8
%, O
2
= 7.3 % , S= 0.7 % and rest being ash & moisture
8. A sample of gobar gas contains 55% methane and the rest is CO
2
. What will be its calorific
value
9. Compute the enthalpy of an exhaust gas at 1000 K with composition of CO
2
=12.3%, CO=
1.74 %, O
2
= 3%, N
2
= 76.4% and H
2
0 = 6.6 %
2. Gas Power cycles:
1. Show the efficiencies of the air standard Brayton cycle is a function of isentropic pressure
ratio.
2. cycle on p-V and T-s diagrams.
3. Sketch Otto, Diesel and Dual cycle for the (a) same maximum pressure and heat input (b)
same maximum pressure and temperature (c) same maximum pressure and output and
compare the efficiency of the same.
4. Prove that for the same compression ratio and heat input, Otto cycle efficiency is more than
Diesel cycle efficiency.
5. Derive an expression for air standard efficiency if dual combustion cycle in terms of
compression ratio, explosion ratio and cut of ratio.
6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle
turbine power plant. Show the processes of T-s diagram.
7. Draw the simple Gas Turbine flow diagram. Derive the thermal efficiency equation in terms
of pressure ratio of the cycle. Show the cycle both on p-V and T-s diagrams.
8. Write short notes on the following a) Ram-Jet b) Turbo Jet c) Rocket propulsion d) Joules
cycle e) Turbo prop propulsion systems.
9. Obtain an expression for increase in efficiency of Gas turbine with intercooling.
10. Obtain an expression for optimum pressure in the inter cooler
11. The air enters the compressor of an open cycle constant pressure gas turbine at a pressure of
1 bar and temperature of 20
0
C.The pressure of the air after compression is 4 bar. The
isentropic efficiency of compressor and turbine are 80% and 85% respectively. The air-fuel
ratio is 90%, flow rate of air is 3 Kg /sec. Find a) power developed b) thermal efficiency of
the cycle Take = 1.4 C
p
= 1kj/kg and CV= 41720kJ/kg.
12. An industrial gas turbine takes air at 1 bar and 27
0
C and compresses it to 5.5 times the
original pressure. The temperature at the salient points are, compressor outlet 251
0
C,
turbine inlet 760
0
C and turbine outlet 447
0
C calculate the compressor and turbine efficiency.
Compare for the ideal cycle and cycle considering component efficiency. Determine a)
thermal efficiency b) work ratio c) optimum pressure ratio for maximum out put and d)
optimum pressure ratio for maximum efficiency.
13. A gas turbine plant consists of 1 turbine as a compressor drive and other to drive a
generator. Each turbine has its own combustion chamber and supplied air directly from the
compressor. Air enters the compressor at 1 bar and 15
0
C and compressed with isentropic
efficiency of 76% . The gas inlet pressure and temperature in both the turbines are 5 bar and
680
0
C respectively. The isentropic efficiency of both turbines is 86%. The mass flow rate of
air entering the compressor is 23 kg./ S. The calorific value of the fuel is 42000kJ/kg.
Calculate the power output of the plant and its thermal efficiency. Take C
p
for air as 1.005
kJ/Kg K and = 1.4, C
p
for gas as 1.128kJ/kg K and = 1.34.
14. Explain the working of Striling engine and discuss its practical applications
15. Expalin the carnotization of Stirling engine

3.Gas Turbines And Jet Propulsion
1.What do you mean by the term gas turbine ? How are gas turbines classified?
2.Enumarate the various uses of gas turbines
3.Explain the working difference between propeller jet, turbo jet and turbo prop
4.State the fundamental differences between the jet propulsion and rocket propulsion
5.In an air standard gas turbine, air at a temperature of 15
0
C and a pressure of
1.01 bar enters the compressor, where its compressed through a pressure ratio of 5.
1.02 Air enters the turbine at a temperature of 815
0
C and expands to original pressure
of 1.01 bar. Determine the ratio of turbine work to compressor work and the
thermal efficiency when the engine operates on ideal Brayton cycle.
Take = 1.4 Cp =1.005 KJ/Kg K.
6.A Turbo Jet has a speed of 750 Km/h while flying at altitude of 10000 m .the propulsive
efficiency of the jet is 50 % and overall efficiency of the turbine plant is 16% .the density of
the air at 10000 m altitude is 0.173 Kg/m3 .the drag of plant is 6250 N .The caloric value of
the fuel is 48000 KJ/Kg. Calculate
i. Absolute velocity of the jet
ii. Volume of air compressed per minute
iii. Diameter of the jet
iv. Power output of the unit in KW
v. Air fuel ratio
4. Vapour power cycles:
1. Explain the need for vapour cycles
2. With a neat sketch explain the working of Rankine cycle in steam power plant
3. What is the need for Regeneration and reheat in case of Rankine engines
4. A steam turbine receives steam at 15 bar and 300
0
C and leaves the turbine at 0.1 bar and 4%
moisture. Determine, a) Rankine cycle b) steam consumption per kW per hr, if the efficiency
ratio is 0.70 c) Carnot cycle efficiency for the given temperature limits. D) Changing the
Rankine efficiency and specific consumption if the condenser pressure is reduced to 0.04
bar.
5. An ideal reheat cycle has pressure at HP turbine inlet equal to 9 Mpa, reheat pressure equal
to 1.6 Mpa and exhaust pressure equal to 7kPa. The useful work developed by the turbine is
1400 kJ/kg. Determine the temperature of steam leaving the reheater, if thermal efficiency of
the cycle is 38%. Temperature at turbine inlet is 500
0
C and steam expands to dry saturated
state before entering the reheater at 1.6Mpa.
6. A regenerative cycle has turbine inlet pressure of 40 bar and dry saturated. Steam expands in
the condenser to a pressure of 0.04 bar. Steam is bled at optimum pressure from the turbine
to heat the condensate water in the feed water heater. Neglecting pump work, determine the
cycle efficiency.
7. Steam at 500C enters from super heater into HP turbine at pressure of 150 bars. It is
expanded in the HPT to a pressure of 10 bars. Calculate the work done by the turbine per kg
if steam if the dryness fraction is 0.8.
5. Reciprocating compressors:
1. Explain the working principal of reciprocating compressors?
2. What are the advantages of multi-staging
3. What do your understand by intercooling? Explain its benefits
4. Write a short notes on the working principles of the following. A) Rotary compressor b)
Fans c) Blowers d) Turbo-compressors and Turbo-blowers
5. A single stage reciprocating compressors takes 1 m
3
of air per minute at 1.013 bar and 15
0
C
and delivers it at 800 kPa. Assuming that the law of compression is pV
1.35
= constant, and
that clearance is negligible, calculate the indicated power. A) IF the compressor is to be
driven at 360 rpm and is single acting, single cylinder machine, Calculate the cylinder bore
required assuming a stroke t bore ratio of 1.5:1. Calculate the power of the motor required to
drive the compressor if the mechanical efficiency of the compressor is 90% and that of the
motor transmission is 90%
6. A small single acting compressor has a bore and stroke both of 10 cm and is driven at
350rpm. The clearance volume is 75 cm
3
and the index of compression and expansion is
1.23. The suction pressure is 0.95 bar and delivery is 7 bar. Calculate (i) the volume of free
air at 1 bar and 20
0
C dealt with per minute, if the temperature at the start of compression is
30
0
C and (ii) mean effective pressure of the indicator diagram, assuming constant section
and delivery pressure.
7. The LP cylinder of a compound air compressor draws 0.1m
3
of air at a temperature of 15
0
C
and pressure 1 bar. It compresses the air adiabatically to 2 bar and then delivers in to a
receiver where the air is cooled to 25
0
C. This air is drawn in to the HP cylinder and
compressed adiabatically, 5 bar and delivered into the receiver. Find the power required
when the compressor makes 100 rpm. What pressure in the receiver would give the best
efficiency assuming the other data as above?
8. The following particulars apply to a two-stage single acting air compressor. Stroke =
28.5cm; pressure cylinder diameter =23cm; Final pressure = 24 bar; intermediate pressure
=5 bar; temperature of air leaving the intercooler = 34
0
C. If the air drawn in the compressor
is at 1 bar and 14
0
C, find the power required in compressing air when running at 350 rpm.
Assuming law of compression pV
1.3
= constant
6. Refrigeration:
1. Define the following terms a) Coefficient of performance b) one ton of refrigeration
2. With the help of p-V and T-s diagrams analyze the following cycles a) Carnot refrigerator
cycle b) Bell-Coleman cycle
3. What are the advantage of vapour absorption system over vapour compression system
4. Briefly discuss the applications of Cryogenics
5. A reversed Carnot cycle Refrigerator is used to manufacture ice at 0
0
C from water at 25
0
C.
Assume brine temperature used for this purpose is at-8
0
C. Find the ice formed per kW-hr.
6. A refrigerator works on Bell-Coleman cycle between the pressure limits of 100kPa and
400kPa. Air leaves the refrigerator at 6
0
C and the cooler at 32
0
C. The compression and
expansion follow the law pV
1.3
=constant. Assume C
p
= 1.005kJ/kg K and = 1.4 for air.
Determine COP of the cycle.
7. A CO
2
refrigerator is working under the temperature limits 20C and -5C. If the refrigerant
is superheated by 5C calculate the work done per kg flow of refrigerant
8. A refrigerator using Freon 12 has an evaporator saturation temperature of 248 K and a
condenser saturation temperature of 308 K. The vapour is dry saturated before the beginning
of compression and has a temperature of 338 K after compression to the condenser pressure
Calculate, a) work done per kW refrigeration b) COP of the refrigerator c) compare this
result when compression is isentropic.
9. Explain the Aqua-Ammonia absorption system
10. Explain steam jet refrigeration system
7. Psychrometrics:
1. Define the following terms a) dry air b) Moist air c) superheated vapour d) saturated vapour
e) dry-bulb temperature f) wet-bulb temperature g) specific humidity h) relative humidity I)
saturation ratio
2. Write a brief note on the following a) Comfort air conditioning b) summer and winter air
conditioning system
3. Atmospheric air at 750mm Hg has a DBT of 34
0
C and WBT of 24
0
C compute a) relative
humidity b) humidity ratio c) dew point temperature, d) enthalpy of atmospheric air and e)
density of moist
4. As a result of adiabatic saturation in a steady state steady flow device at a constant pressure
of 96kN/m
2
, the temperature of an air-water vapour mixture is reduced from 32
0
C to 22
0
C.
What is the relative humidity of the mixture at inlet?
5. Air at 20
0
C, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40
0
C, 40% RH in the ratio of 2 kg of
the former with 3 kg of the latter. Find the final condition of air.
8. I C engines
1. Define the following a) Mechanical efficiency b) Brake thermal efficiency c) indicated
thermal efficiency d) relative efficiency e) volumetric efficiency f) Air standard efficiency
g) compression ratio h) break power I) specific fuel consumption
2. Sketch the Heat balanced curves for an SI engine at constant speed and discuss the nature of
curves compare the both.
3. What is an indicator? What is an advantage of indicator diagram?
4. Define Knocking in SI engines and discuss the factors affecting knocking in SI engines
5. With the help of p- diagram explain the phenomenon of combustion is SI engines and CI
engines.
6. Discuss the effect of the following engine variables on flame propagation. A) Compression
ratio b) Engine load c) Size of engine d) Engine speed e) Turbulence

7. The following data refers to a four stroke diesel engine Cylinder diameter = 200mm, stroke
= 300mm, Speed = 300rpm Effective brake load = 500Kg, Mean circumference of the brake
drum = 400mm, Mean effective pressure = 6bar, Diesel oil consumption = 0.1m
3
/mini,
Specific gravity of diesel = 43900 Kj/Kg. Find a) Break power b) indicated power, c)
frictional power d) Mechanical efficiency e) Break thermal and indicated thermal efficiency.
8. A 6-cylinder four stroke Diesel engine of 34 cm bore and 38 cm stroke gave the following
results during testing. BP = 142 kW; N = 350rpm; Pm =3.7bar, m
f
= 44kg/hr; (CV)
f
=
44,800 kJ /Kg; m
a
=38Kg /min, Piston cooling oil = 35 Kg/min, C
p
of oil =- 2.1lJ/Kg K, Rise
in cooling oil temperature = 28
0
C, Exhaust gas temperature = 190
0
C, Ambient temperature =
20
0
C, Fuel contains 14% H
2
by mass and C
pg
= 1.05kJ/Kg K, Partial pressure of water
vapour carried in exhaust gases = 0.06 bar. Draw the heat balance sheet on minute basis and
percentage basis. Find the specific fuel consumption at full load assuming mechanical
efficiency as 0.6.
9. A 4-stroke cycle, four cylinder petrol was tested at full throttle at constant speed. The
cylinders have dia 80mm and stroke 100mm. Fuel was supplied at the rate of 5.44 Kg/hr and
the plugs of four cylinders were successively short circuited without the change of speed.
The power measured was as follows. With all cylinders working = 14.7 kW, With cylinder 1
cut off = 10.1kW, With cylinder 2 cut off = 10.3kW, With cylinder 3 cut off = 10. 4kW,
Calorific value of petrol used was 41900kJ/kg. The clearance volume of each cylinder is
100cc. Determine a) the mechanical efficiency b) indicated thermal efficiency c) the air
standard efficiency d) the relative efficiency. Take = 1.4

VTU QUESTION PAPER







10ME44 KINEMATICS OF MACHINES

SYLLABUS
Sub Code : 10ME44 IA Marks : 25
PART A
UNIT 1:
INTRODUCTION: DEFINITIONS: Link or element, kinematic pairs, degrees of freedom,
Grublers criterion (without derivation), Kinematic chain, Mechanism, structure, Mobility of
Mechanism, Inversion, Machine.
KINEMATIC CHAINS AND INVERSIONS: Inversions of Four bar chain; Single slider crank
chain and Double slider crank chain. 7 Hours

UNIT 2:
MECHANISMS: Quick return motion mechanisms -Drag link mechanism, Whitworth mechanism
and Crank and slotted lever Mechanism. Straight line motion mechanisms Peaucelliers
mechanism and Roberts mechanism. Intermittent Motion mechanisms Geneva mechanism and
Ratchet and Pawl mechanism. Toggle mechanism, Pantograph, Ackerman steering gear mechanism.
7 Hours
UNIT 3:
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS
(GRAPHICAL METHODS)
Velocity and acceleration analysis of Four Bar mechanism, slider crank mechanism and Simple
Mechanisms by vector polygons: Relative velocity and acceleration of particles in a common link,
relative velocity and accelerations of coincident Particles on separate links- Coriolis component of
acceleration. Angular velocity and angular acceleration of links, velocity of rubbing. 7 Hours

UNIT 4:
VELOCITY ANALYSIS BY INSTANTANEOUS CENTER METHOD:
Definition, Kennedys Theorem, Determination of linear and angular velocity using instantaneous
center method
KLEINS CONSTRUCTION: Analysis of velocity and acceleration of single slider crank
mechanism. 6 Hours
PART B
UNIT 5:
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS (ANALYTICAL
METHODS): Analysis of four bar chain and slider crank chain using analytical expressions. (use
of complex algebra and vector algebra) 6 Hours

UNIT 6:
SPUR GEARS: Gear terminology, law of gearing, Characteristics of involute action, Path of
contact, Arc of contact, Contact ratio, Interference in involute gears, Methods of avoiding
interference, Back lash, Comparison of involute and cycloidal teeth. 6 Hours

UNIT 7:
GEAR TRAINS: Simple gear trains, Compound gear trains for large speed reduction, Epicyclic
gear trains, Algebraic and tabular methods of finding velocity ratio of epicyclic gear trains. Tooth
load and torque calculations in epicyclic gear trains. 7 Hours


UNIT 8:
CAMS: Types of cams, Types of followers, Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration time curves
for cam profiles. Disc cam with reciprocating follower having knife -edge, roller and flat-faced
follower, Disc cam with oscillating roller follower, Follower motions including SHM, Uniform
velocity, uniform accele ration and retardation and Cycloidal motion. 7 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Theory of Machines, Rattan S.S, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi,
and 2nd edition -2005.
2. Theory of Machines, Sadhu Singh, Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., Indian Branch,
New Delhi, 2ND Edi. 2006.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Theory of Machines & Mechanisms , Shigley. J. V. and Uickers, J.J., OXFORD University
press.2004
2. Theory of Machines -I, by A.S.Ravindra, Sudha Publications, Revised 5th Edi. 2004.

One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE full questions out of
EIGHT questions, choosing at least 2 questions from part A and 2 question from part B.
Graphical Solutions may be obtained either on the Graph Sheets or on the Answer Book itself.

LESSON PLAN
Sub Code : 10ME44 Hours / Week: 04
I.A. Marks: 25 Total Hours: 56

Period.
No
Topic to be covered

Remarks
1.
Definition of theory of machine & introduction about the syllabus and
question paper pattern.

2. Definitions of link or element, type of links,
3. Constraints motions, kinametic pair, types of kinametic pair
4.
Explanation of kinametic pairs classified and different factor with
examples

5. Kinametic chain and definition of mechanism and inversion machine.
6. Definition of degrees of freedom and mobility of mechanism.
7.
Kutzbach and grubless criterion, problems to find mobility of
mechanism

8.
Classification of kinametic chain: four bar chain mechanism and its
inversions.

9. Single slider crank chain and Inversion of single slider crank chain
10. Double slider crank chain and its inversion
11.
Quick return motion mechanism: drag link mechanism, and crank and
slotted lever mechanism

12. Whit worth mechanism sketches & explanations
13.
Straight-line motion mechanism: peacelliers mechanism and Roberts
mechanism sketches & explanations

14.
Intermittent motion mechanism: Geneva mechanism sketches &
explanations.

15.
Intermittent motion mechanism ratchet and pawl mechanism sketches
& explanations

16. Toggle mechanism, Pantograph,
17. Hooks joint and Universal joint mechanism
18. Ackerman steering gear mechanism
19. Gears:definition & different types of gears.Law of
20. Problems on law of Gearing
21. Nomenclature types of gears n gear tooth
22. Involutemetry, characterization of involute action
23. Involutes, path of contact, arc of contact, contact ratio etc.
24. Problems on path of contact and Arc of contact
25. Interference in involute gear, methods to avoiding interference.
26. Determination of backlash Methods to avoid back lash
27. Deference between cycloidal and involute teeth
28.
Gear trains: types of gear trains: explanation of sample and compound
gear trains, teeth ratio. Epicyclic gear train

29.
Algebraic method to find velocity ratio of sample gear train &
compound gear trains & some problems to be solved

30.
Tabular method: explanation of tabular method to find velocity ratio of
epicyclic train

31.
Problems on tabular method explanation of tabular method to find
velocity ratio of epicyclic train

32. Problems to find velocity ratio & speed of the particular gear
33. Problems on epicyclic gear trains with table
34. Problems on epicyclic gear trains
35. Problems on epicyclic gear trains
36. Tooth load & torque calculation in epicyclic gear train & some problems
37.
Differential mechanism of all automobile & some more problems in gear
drive

38. Types of cams & follower with sketches
39. Displacement diagram of different types of motions of follower
40.
Cam profiles: drawing cam profile for the reciprocating follower having
knife edge end

41.
Problem to draw the cam profile for a cam with roller follower with &
without offset with SHM

42.
Problem to draw cam profile for a cam with knife edge and roller with
uniform velocity motion

43.
Problem to draw profile of cam of follower with uniform velocity with
offset problem with combine motion of uniform

44.
To draw cam profile when follower has URAM with & without offset of
cam axis follower axis

45. To draw cam profile when follower has cycloidal motion
46.
Problem to draw profile with combined motions i.e. SHM & UARM
during return stroke & forward stroke

47. Problem to draw the cam profile with reciprocating flat faced follower
48. To draw cam profile of disk cam with oscillating follower
49.
Motion & type of motion. Explanation of relative velocity. Ratio
between linear & angular velocity

50.
Determination of velocity in mechanism by relative velocity methods
with an examples

51. Problems to find velocity in mechanism
52. Problems to find velocity in mechanism
53.
Definition of instantaneous center. Three center in line theorem and its
application to locate the no. Of instantaneous center

54.
Problem to determine velocity in mechanism by instantaneous center
method

55.
Relation of linear acceleration with angular acceleration of acceleration
with relative velocity methods

56.
Some more problems on to find acceleration of point in the simple
mechanism

57.
Problems to determine relative acceleration point on a command line
and no separate line

58. Coniolies component and kleins contraction for slider arm mechanism
59. Problems using kleins constructions
60. Velocity analysis using complex algebra for four bar chain mechanism
61.
Acceleration analysis using complex algebra for Four bar chain
mechanism

62.
Velocity & Acceleration analysis using complex algebra for Slider crank
chain mechanism


QUESTION BANK

SIMPLE MECHANISMS
1. Explain the term kinematic link? Give the classification of kinematic link.
2. Define the fallowing:-
i) Link. ii) kinematic pair. iii) kinematic chain.
iv) Inversion v) degrees of freedom
3. What is a machine ? giving example, differentiate between a machine and a structure.
4. Write notes on complete and incomplete constraints in lower and higher pairs, illustrating
your answer with neat sketches.
5. Explain different kinds of kinematic pairs giving example for each one of them.
6. Explain the terms: lower pair, higher pair, kinematic chain, and inversion.
7. Sketch and explain the various inversions of a slider crank chain.
8. Sketch and describe the four bar chain mechanism. Why it is considered to be the basic
chain.
9. Sketch and describe the working of two different types of quick-return mechanisms.
10 Sketch a pantograph, explain its working and show that it can be used to reproduce to an
enlarged scale a given figure.
11. What are straight line mechanisms? Describe one type of exact straight line motion
mechanism with help of a sketch.
12. Describe the Watts parallel mechanism for straight line motion and derive the condition
under which the straight line is traced.
13. Sketch an intermittent motion mechanism and explain its practical applications.
14. What is the condition for correct steering? Sketch and show the main types of steering gears
and discuss their relative advantages.
15. Explain why two hookes joints are used to transmit motion from the engine to the
differential of an automobile.
16. Sketch and explain
a. Approximate straight line motion mechanism
b. Ackermans steering gear mechanism.

VELOCITY IN MECHANISMS
1. Explain how the velocities of a slider and the connecting rod are obtained in a slider crank
mechanism?
2. In a slider crank mechanism, the length of crank OB and connecting rod AB are 125 mm
and 500 mm respectively, the center of gravity G of the connecting rod is 275 mm from the
slider A. the crank speed is 600 r.p.m. clockwise. When the crank has turned 45 from the
inner dead position, determine: 1. velocity of the slider A, 2. velocity of the point G, and 3.
angular velocity of the connecting rod AB.
a. in a Whitworth quick return notion mechanism.


ACCELERATION IN MECHANISMS
1. Draw the acceleration diagram of a slider crank mechanism.
2. Explain how the coriolis component of acceleration arises when a point is rotating about
some other fixed point and at the same time its distance from the fixed point varies.
3. Derive an expression for the magnitude of coriolis component of acceleration.
4. State and prove Kennedys theorem for three instantaneous center method.
5. Using complex algebra, derive expressions for velocity and acceleration of the piston in a
reciprocating engine mechanism.
6. What do you mean by an instantaneous center? Locate all the instantaneous centers for a 4-
bar chain mechanism.
7. In a reciprocating engine, the length of the crank is 250mm and the length of the connecting
rod is 1000 mm. The crank rotates at an uniform speed of 300 rpm. By Kleins construction
determine the velocity and acceleration of the piston when the crank is at 30 degrees from
IDC.
8. Using Ravens approach, derive expressions for angular velocity and angular acceleration (
and
1
) pf the 4-bar linkage shown in figure. Hence obtain
4
and
4
for the following date.
r
1
=210mm, r
2
=60mm, r
3
=80mm, r
4
=80mm,
2
=60 degrees, n
2
=10 rpm cw,
2
=0 rad/sq.sec.

GEARS & GEAR TRAINS
1. Explain the terms: Module, Pressure angle, and Addendum.
2. State and prove the law of gearing. Show that involute profile satisfies the conditions for
correct gearing.
3. Derive an expression for the velocity of sliding between a pair of involute teeth. State the
advantages of involute profile as a gear tooth profile.
4. Derive an expression for the length of the arc of contact in a pair of meshed spur gears.
5. Derive an expression for the minimum number teeth required on the pinion in order to
avoid interference in involute gear teeth.
6. Define interference, normal pitch, and axial pitch in gears. How do you reduce the
Interference.
7. Two parallel shafts are connected by spur gearing. The approximate distance between the
shafts is 600 mm. If one shaft runs at 120 r.p.m and the other at 360 r.p.m, find the number of
teeth on each wheel, if the module is 8 mm. Also determine the exact distance apart of the
shafts.
8. The pitch circle diameter of the smaller of the two spur wheels which mesh externally and
have involute teeth is 100 mm. The number of teeth are 16 and 32. the pressure angle is 20
and the addendum is 0.32 of the circular pitch. Find the length of the path of contact of the
pair of teeth.
9. Two gears of 4 module have 24 and 33 teeth. The pressure angle is 20 and each has a
stadard addendum of one module. Find the length of the arc of contact and the maximum
velocity of sliding if the pinion rotates at 120 r.p.m.
10. Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involute teeth of module 10 mm and 20 pressure angle.
If the addendum on each wheel is such that the path of contact is maximum and interference is
just avoided, find the addendum for each gear wheel, path of contact, arc of contact and
contact ratio.
11. Two shafts inclined at an angle of 65 and with a least distance between them of 175 mm
are to be connected by a spiral gears of normal pitch 15 mm to give a reduction ratio 3:1. find
suitable diameters and numbers of teeth . determine also the efficiency if the spiral angles are
determined by the condition of maximum efficiency. The friction angle is 7.
12. What do you understand by gear train? discuss the various types of gear trains.
13. Explain the difference between simple, compound and epicyclic gear trains. What are the
special advantages of epicyclic gear trains.
14. How the velocity ratio is of epicyclic gear train is obtained by tabular method.
15. Explain with a neat sketch the sun and planet wheel.
16. A compound train consists of six gears. The number of teeth on the gears are as follows:
Gear: A B C D E F
No.of teeth 60 40 50 25 30 24
The gears B and c are on one shaft while the gears D and E are on another shaft . The A drive
gear B, gear C drives D and E drives F. if the gear A transmits 1.5 kW at 100 r.p.m. and the
gear train has an efficiency of 80%, find the torque on gear F.
17. Two involute gears of 20
0
pressure angle are in mesh. The number of teeth on pinion is 20 and
the gear ratio is 2. If the pitch expressed in module is 5mm and the pitch line speed is 1.2m/s,
assuming addendum as standard and equal to one module, find:
a. The angle turned through by pinion when one pair of teeth is in mesh; and
b. The maximum velocity of sliding.
19. In an epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two gears A and B having 36 and 45 teeth
respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 rpm in the anticlockwise direction about the centre of
the gear A which is fixed, determine the speed of gear B. If the gear A instead of being fixed
, makes 300rpm in the clockwise direction, what will be the speed of gear B?
20. An epicyclic train of gears is arranged as shown in fig. How many revolutions does the arm,
to which the pinions B and C are attached, make:
When A makes one revolution clockwise and D makes half a revolution anticlockwise, and
When A makes one revolution clockwise and D is stationary? The number of teeth on the
gears A and D are 40 and 90 respectively.
21. In an epicyclic gear of the sun and planet type shown in fig. The pitch circle diameter of
the internally toothed ring is to be 224mm and the module 4mm. When the ring D is
stationary, the spider A, which carries three planet wheels C of equal size, is to make one
revolution in the same sense as the sun wheel B for every five revolutions of the driving
spindle carrying the sun wheel B. determine suitable numbers of teeth for all the wheels.
22. An internal wheel B with 80 teeth is keyed to a shaft F. A fixed internal wheel C with 80
teeth is concentric with B. A compound wheel D-E gears with the two internal wheels; D has
28 teeth and gears with C while E gears with B. The compound wheels revolve freely on a pin
which projects from a disc keyed to a shaft A co-axial with F. If the wheels have the same
pitch and the shaft A makes 800rpm, what is the speed of shaft F ? sketch the arrangement.


CAMS AND FOLLOWERS:

1. Write short notes on the cams and followers.
2. Explain with sketches the different types of cams and followers.
3. What are the different types of motion with which a follower can move.
4. Define the following terms as applied to cam with a neat sketch:
a) Base circle, b)Pitch circle, c) Pressure angle, and
d) Stroke of the follower
5. Give the expressions for velocity and acceleration during outstroke and return stroke of the
follower.
a) When it moves with SHM
b) When it moves with Uniform acceleration and retardation
6. A cam is to be designed for a knife edge follower with the following data:
Cam lift = 40 mm during 90
0
of cam rotation with simple harmonic motion.
a. Dwell for the next 30
0
.
b. During the next 60
0
of cam rotation, the follower returns to its original position with
simple harmonic motion.
c. Well during the remaining 180
0
.
Draw the profile of the cam when the line of stroke of the follower passes through the axis of
the cam shaft, and he line of stroke is offset 20mm from the axis of the shaft. The radius of the
base circle of the cam is 40mm. Determine the maximum velocity and acceleration of the
follower during its ascent and descent, if the cam rotates at 240 r.p.m.

7. A cam rotating clockwise with a uniform speed is to give the roler follower of 20mm diameter
with the following motion:
a) Follower to move outwards through a distance of 30mm during 120
0
of cam
rotation:
b) Follower to dwell for 60
0
of cam rotation;
c) Follower to return to its initial position during 90
0
of cam rotation; and
d) Follower to dwell for the remaining 90
0
of cam rotation.
The minimum radius of the cam is 45 mm and the line of stroke of the follower is offset
15mm from the axis of the cam and displacement of the follower is to take place with simple
harmonic motion on both the outward and return stroke. Draw the cam profile.
8. A flat faced reciprocating follower has the motion:
i) The follower moves out for 80
0
of cam rotation with uniform acceleration and
retardation, the acceleration being twice the retardation.
ii) The follower dwells for the next 80
0
of cam rotation.
iii) It moves in for the next 12
0
of cam rotation with uniform acceleration and
retardation, the retardation being twice the acceleration.
iv) The follower dwells for the remaining period.
The base circle diameter of the cam is 60 mm and the stroke of the follower is 20mm. The
line movement of the follower passes through the cam centre.
Draw the displacement diagram and the profile of the cam very neatly showing all
constructional details.
9. Draw the profile of the cam when the roller follwer moves with Cycloidal motion as given
below:
a) Outstroke with maximum displacement of 44 mm during 180
0
of cam
rotation.
b) Return stroke for the next 150
0
of cam rotation.
c) Dwell for the remaining 30
0
of cam rotation.
The minimum radius of cam is 20 mm and the diameter of the roller is 10 mm. The axis of
the roller follower passes through the cam shaft axis.

VTU QUESTION PAPERS







10ME45 MANUFACTURING PROCESS II


SYLLABUS
Sub Code: 10ME45
I A Marks: 25
Hours / Week: 4 Exam Marks: 100
Total Lecture Hours: 56 Exam Hours: 3

PART A
1. UNIT 1: Theory of metal cutting: Single point cutting tool nomenclature, geometry of
single point cutting tool. Merchants circle diagram and analysis, Ernst-Merchants solution,
Shear angle relationship, Problems on Merchants analysis, Tool wear & tool failure, Tool
life, Effects of cutting parameters on tool life, Tools failure criteria, Taylors tool life
equation, Problems on tool life evaluation. 7 Hrs

2. UNIT 2: Cutting tool materials: Desired properties, types of cutting tool materials- HSS
carbides, coated carbides, ceramics, cutting fluids, desired properties, types and selection,
Heat generation in metal cutting, factors affecting heat generation. Heat distribution in tool
and w/p. Measurements of tool tip temperature. 7 Hrs

3. UNIT 3: Turning (Lathe), Shaping and Planning Machines: Classification,
Constructional features, tool layout, driving mechanisms and operations of Capstan and
turret lathes, shaping m/c and planning m/c. 6 Hrs

4. UNIT 4: Drilling machines: Classification, constructional features, drilling and related
operations, Types of drill and drill-bit nomenclature, Drill materials. 6 Hrs

PART B
5. UNIT 5: Milling machines: Classification, constructional features, milling cutters
nomenclatures, milling operations, Up milling down milling concepts.
Indexing: Simple, compound, differential &angular indexing calculations. Simple problems
on simple and compound indexing. 7 Hrs

6. UNIT 6: Grinding machines: Types of abrasives, bonding process, classification,
constructional features (cylindrical and surface grinding), Selection of grinding wheel. 6 Hrs

7. UNIT 7: Lapping and Honing Machines: Principle of operation, Construction and
applications. 7 Hrs

8. UNIT 8: Non-Traditional Machining Process: Principle, need, equipment, operation and
applications of LBM, Plasma Arc Machining, Electro chemical machining, Ultrasonic
Machining, Abrasive jet machining, Water jet machining. 7 Hrs


TEXT BOOKS:
1. Workshop Technology, Hajra Choudhry Vol-II, Media Promoters and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,
2004.
2. Production Technology, R.K. Jain, Khanna Publications, 2003.
3. Production Technology, HMT, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Manufacturing Science, Amitabha Ghosh and Mallik, Affiliated East-West Press, 2003.
2. Fundamentals of Metal Machining and Machine Tools, G. Boothroyd, McGraw Hill, 2000.

One question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any 5 full questions out of 8
questions, choosing at least 2 questions from Part A and 2 questions from Part B.

LESSON PLAN

Sub Code: 10ME45 Hours / Week: 4
Sub: Manufacturing Process II Total Hours: 52

Period.
No
Topic to be covered

Remarks
1
Unit 1: Theory Of Metal Cutting:- Single Point Cutting Tool
Nomenclature, Geometry,

2 Merchants Analysis, Ernst-Merchants Solution.

3 Shear Angle Relationship, Problems On Merchants Analysis.

4 Tool Wear And Tool Failure, Effects Of Cutting Parameters.
5 Tools Life Criteria, Taylors Tool Life Equation.
6
Unit 2: Heat Generation In Metal Cutting, Factors Affecting Heat
Generation

7 Measurement Of Tool Tip Temperature.
8 Cutting Tool Materials: - Desired Properties,
9 Types Of Tool Cutting Materials-

10 HSS, Carbides, and Coated Carbides.
11 Ceramics Cutting Fluids, Desired Properties
12 UNIT 3: Capstan And Turret Lathe Constructional Features
13 Tool Layout In Capstan And Turret Lathe
14 Shaping And Planning Machine:- Classifications
15 Constructional Features Of Shaping and Planning Machine

16 Driving Mechanisms In Planning And Shaping Machines

17 Shaping Machine, Planning Machine Operations
18 UNIT 4: Classification Of Drilling Machines
19 Constructional Features Of Drilling Machines
20
Drill Bit Nomenclature, Types Of Drill, Drill Materials, Drilling
And Related Operations

21
PART B
UNIT 5: Milling Machines:

22 Classification, Constructional Features
23 Milling Cutters Nomenclature, Operation Of Milling Machine

24 Up milling And Down Milling Concepts, Indexing
25 Simple And Compound Indexing
26 Differential And Angular Indexing
27 Calculations In Simple And Compound Indexing
28 Calculations In Differential And Angular Indexing
29 UNIT 6: Grinding Machines: Types Of Abrasives
30 Bonding Processes
31 Constructional Features Of cylindrical Grinding Machine.
32 Constructional Features Of surface Grinding Machine

33 Introduction for grinding operations.
34 Grinding wheels.
35 Machining operations related to
36 Comparison between bonding and grinding
37 Techniques to select grinding wheel

38 Selection Of Grinding Wheel
39 U NIT 7:Lapping: Principles of operation
40 Lapping m/c construction
41 Lapping applications
42 Honing: Principles of operation
43 Honing m/c construction, Honing applications

44
UNIT 8: Non Traditional Machining Processes: - Principle, Need,
Equipment

45 Operations Of Laser Beam Machining
46 Applications Of Laser Beam Machining
47 Operations Of Electro-Chemical Machining
48 Applications Of Electro-Chemical Machining
49 Operations And Applications Of Ultrasonic Machining
50 Operations And Applications Of Plasma Arc Machining
51 Operations And Applications Of Abrasive Jet Machining
52 Operations And Applications Of Water Jet Machining


QUESTION BANK

01 Briefly explain about the single point cutting tool nomenclature.
02 What is Orthogonal And Oblique Cutting?
03 State the differences between orthogonal and oblique cutting.
04 Explain the Mechanism Of Chip Formation with a neat sketch.
05 What are the types Of Chips? Explain in detail.
06 What is the concept of Merchants Analysis?
07 Draw the merchant circle diagram and derive the equation for the co-efficient of friction.
08 Describe the shear angle relationship.
09
In orthogonal cutting of a mild steel bar of 60 mm dia. on a lathe, a feed of 0.8mm was
used; a continuous chip of 1.4 mm thickness was removed at a rotational speed of 80 rpm.
Calculate the chip thickness ratio, chip reduction ratio and the total length of the chip
removed in one minute.
10
In orthogonal turning of a 50mm dia mild steel bar on a lathe the following data were
obtained rake angle =15
0
, cutting speed =100m/min, feed=0.2mm/rev., cutting force
=180kg,feed force=60kg.Calculate the shear angle, coefficient of friction, cutting force,
chip flow velocity & shear force, if the chip thickness =0.3mm.
11
Carbide tipped tool of designation 0-10-5-5-8-90-1mm(ORS) is used to turn a steel work
piece of 50mm dia. with abutting speed of 240m/min and feed of 0.25 mm/rev. The data
obtained shows the cutting force=180kg,feed force=100kg and chip
thickness=0.32mm.calculate the shear angle, shear force, friction force, coefficient of
friction and velocity of chip flow.
12 Write a brief note on Tool Wear And Tool Failure
13 Enumerate the Effects Of Cutting Parameters and elaborate.
14 Explain the tools Life Criteria in detail.
15 Give the Taylors Tool Life Equation and elaborate.
16 What are the factors that lead to the Heat Generation In Metal Cutting? Explain.
17 List the properties of Cutting Tool Materials and explain.
18 What are the Types Of Tool Cutting Materials? Give a brief explanation.
19 What is Machinability? Explain in detail the Factors Affecting Machinability.
20 Draw a neat sketch of an engine lathe and explain briefly.
21 Explain about the Capstan And Turret Lathe Constructional Features.
22 Explain the Capstan And Turret Lathe Functional Features.
23 Explain the differences between capstan lathe and turret lathe
24 Explain about the tool holding devices used in Capstan And Turret Lathe.
25 Explain about the work holding devices used in Capstan And Turret Lathe.
26 Describe the Tool Layout In Capstan And Turret Lathe.
27 Give the Classification Of Drilling Machines and explain briefly with neat sketches.
28 Explain about the Drill Bit Nomenclature.
29 What are the tools holding devices used in drilling machines? Explain with neat sketches.
30 Give the classification of shaping machines with brief explanation.
31 Explain about the Constructional and operational Features Of Shaping Machine.
32 What are the Driving Mechanisms In Shaping Machines? Explain briefly with sketches.
33 Explain the Tool And Work Holding Devices Used In Shaping Machine.
34 Explain crank and slotted link mechanism in a shaper.
35 Explain whit worth quick return mechanism in a shaper.
36 Explain hydraulic shaper with a neat sketch.
37 Mention work-holding devices in a shaper and explain any two.
38 Explain with neat sketch a planer.
39 Explain briefly different types of planning machines.
40 Explain the drive mechanisms of a planer.
41 Mention different types of milling machines and explain briefly.
42 Explain about the column & knee type-milling machine.
43 Explain the nomenclature of milling cutter.
44 Mention various milling operations and explain each one of them briefly.
45 Mention differences between up milling and down milling.
46 What does indexing mean? Explain simple & compound indexing.
47 Explain universal dividing head with neat sketch.
48 Explain the mechanism of indexing in universal dividing head.
49
It is required to divide the periphery of a job in to 87 divisions. Find the crank movement
by compound indexing.
50 Explain differential indexing with an example.
51 Index for 73 divisions by differential indexing.
52 Index for 14
0
40 by angular indexing.
53 What is grinding. Mention different types of grinding.
54 Give the classification of grinding machines.
55 Explain horizontal spindle reciprocating table-grinding machine.
56 Explain vertical spindle rotary table surface grinding machine.
57 Explain center type cylindrical grinding machine.
58 Explain center less grinding with neat sketch. Mention advantages and disadvantages.
59 Mention different types of grinding wheels with their applications.
60 Explain how you select a grinding wheel.
61 Explain the terms loading and glazing in grinding wheels.
62 Explain truing and dressing in grinding wheels.
63 Explain how balancing of grinding wheel is done.
64 What is hobbing? Mention various gear-cutting operations.
65 Explain a gear hobbing machine with a neat sketch.
66 Mention different broaching machines. Explain them briefly.
67 Explain the principle of broaching. Mention various broaching operations.
68 What is honing and lapping. Explain honing machine.
69 Explain the terms polishing, buffing, and super finishing
70 Write a brief note on non-traditional machining processes.
71 Describe the Operations And Applications Of Electric Discharge Machining.
72 Describe the Operations And Applications Of Electro-Chemical Machining.
73 Describe the Operations And Applications Of Ultrasonic Machining.
74 Describe the Operations And Applications Of Laser Beam Machining.
75 Describe the Operations And Applications Of Abrasive Jet Machining.
76 Describe the Operations And Applications Of Water Jet Machining.
77 Describe the Operations And Applications Of Electron Beam Machining

VTU QUESTION PAPERS



10ME46B - FLUID MECHANICS
SYLLABUS
Sub Code: 10ME46B IA Marks : 25

PART A
UNIT 1:
Properties of Fluids: Introduction, properties of fluids, viscosity, thermodynamic properties,
Surface tension and Capillarity, Vapour pressure and Cavitation. 6 Hours

UNIT 2:
Fluid Statics: Fluid pressure at a point, Pascals law, pressure variation in a static fluid, Absolute,
gauge, atmospheric and vacuum pressures, simp le manometers, differential manometers, total
pressure and center of pressure,
vertical plane surface submerged in liquid, horizontal plane surface submerged in liquid, inclined
plane surface submerged in liquid, curved surface submerged in liquid. Buoyancy, center of
buoyancy, metacenter and metacentric height, conditio ns of equilibrium of floating and submerged
bodies. 7 Hours
Fluid Kinematics: Types of fluid flow, Introduction, continuity equation,continuity equation in
three dimensions (Cartesian co-ordinate system only),velocity and acceleration, velocity potential
function and stream function. 7 Hours

UNIT 3:
Dimensional Analysis: Introduction, derived quantities, dimensions of physical quantities,
dimensional homogeneity, Buckinghams p theorem, Raleighs method, dimensionless numbers,
similitude, types of similitudes. 6 Hours
PART B
UNIT 4:
Fluid Dynamics: Introduction, equations of motion, Eulers equation of motion, Bernoullis
equation from Eulers equation, Bernoullis equation for real fluids. 6 Hours

UNIT 5:
Fluid flow measurements: Introduction, venturimeter, orifice meter, Pitot tube.
Flow through pipes: Frictional loss in pipe flow, Darcy- Equation for loss of head due to friction in
pipes, Chezys equation for loss of head due to friction in pipes, hydraulic gradient and total energy
line. 7 Hours

UNIT 6:
Laminar flow and viscous effects: Reynolds number, critical Reynolds number, Laminar flow
through circular pipe-Hagen poiseulles equation, Laminar flow between parallel and stationery
plates. 6 Hours

UNIT 7:
Flow past immersed bodies: Drag, Lift, expression for lift and drag, pressure drag and friction
drag, boundary layer concept, displacement thickness, momentum thickness and energy thickness.
Introduction to compressible flow: Velocity of sound in a fluid, Mach number, Propagation of
pressure waves in a compressible fluid. 7 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Fluid Mechanics by Oijush K.Kundu, IRAM COCHEN, EL SEVIER 3rd Ed. 2005.
2. Fluid Mechanics by Dr. Bansal.R.K, Lakshmi Publications, 2004.
3. Fluid Mechanics and hydraulics, Dr. Jagadishlal: Metropolitan Book Co-Ltd., 1997.
4. Fluid Mechanics (SI Units), Yunus A. Cingel John M. Oimbala. Tata MaGrawHill,2006.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Fluid Mechanics, Fundamental & applications, by Yunus A, Cenegel, John M,Cimbala, Tata
MacGraw Hill, 2006.
2. Fluid Mechanics by John F.Douglas, Janul and M.Gasiosek and john A.Swaffield, Pearson
Education Asia, 5th ed., 2006
3. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering, Kumar.D.S, Kataria and Sons.,2004.
4. Fluid Mechanics R.K.Hegde, Niranjana Murthy Spana Book House, 2005.

Scheme of examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE full questions out of
EIGHT questions, choosing at least 2 questions from part A and 2 questions from part B.

1. formula for calculating loss of head due to friction in a pipe.
2. Derive chezys formula for loss of head due to friction in a pipe
3. Explain with the help of a neat skeatches (a) Hydraulic gradient (b)Total Energy line
A pipe 60mm diameter & 9m long in which water is flow at the rate of 3m/s. If the central
pipe 3m length is replaced by a 90mm diameter pipe, determine the loss of head saved. f =0.01


LESSON PLAN

Sub Code: 10ME46B Hrs/week : 04
Sub: Fluid Mechanics Total Hours : 56

Hour.
No
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
1 Properties of Fluids: Introduction, properties of fluids
2 viscosity and kinematic viscosity and its principles
3 Thermodynamic properties
4 Surface tension and Capillarity
5 Vapour pressure
6 Cavitation.
7 Fluid Statics: Fluid pressure at a point, Pascals law
8 pressure variation in a static fluid, Absolute, gauge,
9 atmospheric and vacuum pressures, simple manometers, differential
manometers
10 total pressure and center of pressure, vertical plane surface submerged in
liquid, horizontal plane surface submerged in liquid
11 Curved surface submerged in liquid. Buoyancy, center of buoyancy,
12 metacenter and metacentric height
13 conditions of equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies.
14 Fluid Kinematics: Types of fluid flow, Introduction,), , velocity potential
function and stream function
15 , continuity equation problems
16 velocity and acceleration
17 Cartesian co-ordinate system only
18 continuity equation in three dimensions
19 Introduction, continuity equation
20 continuity equation in three dimensions(Cartesian co-ordinate system only),
21 velocity and acceleration
22 velocity potential function
23 stream function
24 Dimensional Analysis: Introduction, , , , Raleighs method, dimensionless
numbers, similitude, types of similitudes.
25 dimensions of physical quantities
26 dimensional homogeneity
27 , derived quantities
28 dimensions of physical quantities
29 Buckinghams p theorem
30 dimensional homogeneity, Buckinghams p theorem
31 Buckinghams p theorem
32 Raleighs method, dimensionless numbers
33 similitude, types of similitudes
34 Fluid Dynamics: Introduction,
35 equations of motion
36 , Eulers equation of motion
37 Bernoullis equation from Eulers equation
38 Bernoullis equation for real fluids.
39 Fluid flow measurements: Introduction,
40 venturimeter, orifice meter
41 Pitot tube and Pitot tube
42 Flow through pipes: Frictional loss in pipe flow
43 Darcy- Equation for loss of head due to friction in pipes
44 Chezys equation for loss of head due to friction in pipes
45 hydraulic gradient and total energy line.
46 Laminar flow and viscous effects:
47 Reynolds number
48 critical Reynolds number
49 Laminar flow through circular pipe-Hagen poiseulles equation
50 Laminar flow between parallel and stationery plates.
51 Flow past immersed bodies: Drag, Lift,
52 expression for lift and drag,
53 pressure drag and friction drag
54 boundary layer concept
55 Displacement thickness, momentum thickness
56 energy thickness.
57 Mach number
58 Propagation of pressure waves in a compressible fluid.
59 Revision & numerical practice
60 Revision compressible fluid
61 Ouestion Paper
62 VTU Ouestion Paper


VTU QUESTION BANK
Unit-1
1. Differentiates between Real fluids and ideal fluids
2. Explain the following
a. Concept of continuity
b. Vapour pressure
c. Surface tension
d. Viscosity
e. Compressibility
f. Newtonian fluid &non-Newtonian fluid
3. Explain the phenomenon of capillarity. Obtain an expression for capillary rise of a liquid
4. A liquid bubble of 2cm in radius has an internal pressure of 12.95 pascals.Calculate the
Surface tension of the liquid film
5. The surface tension of H
2
O in contact with air at 20
0
C is 0.072N/M. If the diameter of the
droplet is 0.04mm, calculate the pressure with in the droplet.
6. A plate having an area of 0.6m
2
is sliding down the inclined plane at 30
0
to the horizontal
with a velocity of 0.36m/s, there is a cushion of fluid 1.8mm thick between the plane and the
plate. Find the viscosity of the fluid if the weight of the plate is 280 N
7. The capillary rise in the glass tube is not to exceed 0.2mm of H
2
0, Determine its minimum
size, given that surface tension for H
2
0 in contact with air is 0.0725N/M
8. Calculate the capillary effect in a glass tube of 3mm diameter when immersed in mercury of
specific gravity 13.6 of contact angle 130
0
and surface tension 0.51N/M
9. Explain vapour pressure & its effect on cavitation

Unit-2
1. Show that the pressure in a static fluid is same in all directions
2. Explain with a neat sketch how a differential manometer is used to find the pressure
difference between two points in a fluid
3. With a neat sketch explain any two mechanical gauges
4. Define the following terms: a) Total pressure b) center of pressure
5. Derive expression for total pressure and center of pressure for a vertically immersed surface
6. Derive an expression for the depth of center of pressure from free surface of liquid of an
inclined plane surface submerged in the liquid.
7. A manometer containing mercury is connected to two points 15m apart on a pipeline
conveying water. The pipeline is straight & slopes at an angle of 15 with the horizontal.
The monometer gives a reading of 150 mm. determine the difference between the two points
of pipeline. take specific gravity of mercury as 13.6 & that of H2O as 1.0.
8. A circular plate of 2m diameter is immersed in an oil of specific gravity of 0.8 such that its
surface is 30 to the free surface. Its top edge is 2.5 m below the free surface. Find the force
and center of pressure.
9. Find the total pressure & position of center of pressure on a triangular plate of base 2m &
height 3m which is immersed in H
2
O in such a way that the plan of the plate mates an angle
of 60
0
with the free surface of the H
2
O. The base of the plate is parallel to H
2
O surface & at
a depth of 2.5 m from H
2
O surface.
10. Define metacentre & metacentric height Derive an expression analytical method for meta
center height
11. Derive on expression for calculating time of rolling of a floating body
12. A solid cylinder of diameter 4m has a height of 3 mts. Find the meta centric height of the
cylinder when it is floating in H
2
O with its axis vertical. the specific gravity of the cylinder
is 0.6
13. A ship of weight 32000KN is floating in sea H
2
O. The center of buoyancy is 1.6 m below
its center of gravity. The moment of inertia of the ship area at the H
2
O level is 8320m
4
If the
radius of gyration of the ship is 3.2m Find its period of rolling .Take specific weight of sea
H
2
O = 10.1kN/m
3

14. A circular plat 3m diameter is immersed in H
2
O in such a way that its greatest & least depth
below the free surface are 4m & 1.5m respectively. Determine the total pressure on one face
of the plate & position of the center of pressure.
15. A wooden cylinder of specific gravity 0.6 and diameter D and length L is required to float in
oil of specific gravity 0.9. Find the L/D ratio for the cylinder to float with its axis vertical
16. Explain different types if fluid flows
17. Explain the following a)path line b) stream line c) streak line
18. Derive the continuity equation for a 3 dimensional steady incompressible flow
19. Define a) velocity potential b) stream function
20. Show that the stream function =x
2
-y
2
represents a case of two dimensional flow. Find its
velocity potential
21. A stream function is given by the expression =2x
2
-y
3
.Find components of the velocity ,as
well as the resultant velocity at a point (3,1)
22. Define Flow net. mention uses & limitation of flow nets
23. Differentiate between forced vortex flow and free vortex flow
24. Derive an equation of motion for forced vortex flow and free vortex flow
25. The velocity potential function for a two dimensional flow is =x(2y-1) at a point p(4,5)
determine a) The velocity & b) the value of stream function

Unit-3
1. Define dimensional analysis? Mention advantages and uses of dimensional analysis.
2. what do you mean by fundamental units & derived units? Give examples
3. Define the following 1) Reynolds number 2) frondes number 3) Euler number 4) mach
number 5) weber number
4. write a brief note on model studies
5. Explain similitude& types of similitudes
6. describe the Rayleighs method for dimensional analysis.
7. state Bucking theorem. write the step by step procedure followed in dimensional analysis
using Bucking theorem
8. the pressure drop p in a pipe of diameter D and length l depends on the density and
viscosity of fluid flowing, mean velocity v of flow and average height of protuberance t
show that the pressure drop can be impressed in the form
p = v2

[l/d, /vD ,t/D ]

9. using Bucking theorem, show that the velocity through a circular orifice is given by
V=2gH [D/H, /vH ] Where.
H=heading causing flow, D=diameter of the orifice, =co-efficient of viscocity ,
g=acceleration due to gravity, =mass density
10. The pressure drop p between two points in pipe due to turbulent flow depends on velocity
v, diameter D, dynamic viscocity , density , Roughness K and distance between points L
,using dimensional analysis show that p/ v
2
= [L/D, VD/M ,K/D ]
11. The frictional torque T of a disc of diameter D rotating at a speed N in a fluid of viscosity
and density in a turbulent flow is given by T=D
5
N
2
[ /D
2
N] , Prove this by
dimensional analysis

Unit-4
1. Derive the Eulers equation of motions along a streamlines and reduce it to Bernoullis
equation
2. Name 3 application of Bernoullis theorem and mention the use of each
3. Derive Bernoullis equation for real fluids.
4. water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 600mm & 400 mm at the bottom & upper
end respectively ,then intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 350 k/m2 and the pressure at
the upper end is 100 KN/m
2
.Determine the difference in datum head if the rate of flow
through the pipe is 60 lit /sec
5. A 6m long pipe is inclined at an angle of 20 degree with the horizontal. The smaller section
of the pipe which is at lower level is of 100mm diameter and the larger section of the pipe is
of 300m diameter. If the pipe is uniformly tapering and the velocity of water the smaller
section is 1.8 m/s. determine the difference of pressure between the two sections.
6. An oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a taper pipe of length 50m having a
diameter of 40 cm at the upper end and 20 cm at the lower end at a rate of 60 l/s. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 50.Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher end is
2.5 bar. Indicate the direction of fluid flow. Neglect the losses.

Unit-5
1. Derive the expression of discharge through a V- notch
2. Define venturimeter ? Derive the expression for rate of flow through venturimeter
3. Derive the expression for coefficient of discharge through orifice
4. An oil of specific gravity 0.9 flows through a venturimeter having inlet diameter 200mm and
throat diameter 100mm. The mercury manometer reads 200mm, if cd=0.98, Find the
discharge
5. An orificemeter with orifice diameter 10cm is inserted in a pipe of 20cm diameter. The
pressure gauges fitted upstream & downstream of the orificemeter give reading of 19.62
N/cm
2
& 9.81 N/cm
2
respectively. co-eff of discharge for the meter is given as 0.6 Find the
discharge of water through pipe.
6. A horizontal venturimenter with inlet & throat diameters 300mm and 100mm respectively is
used to measure the flow of water, the pressure intensity at inlet is 130 KN/m2 while the
vacuum head at the throat is 350 mm of mercury. Assuming that 3% of head is lost in
between the inlet & throat find
(a)The value of c
d
for the venturimeter (b) Rate of flow
7. A 200mmx100mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe carrying water flowing in
the upward direction. A differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet & throat
gives a reading of 220 mm Find the rate of flow assume c
d
=0.98
8. Determine the rate of flow of water though a pipe 300mm dia placed in an inclined position
where a venturimeter is inserted having a throat dia 150 mm. The difference of pressure
between the main & throat is measured by a liquid of specific gravity 0.7 in an inverted U-
tube which gives a reading of 260mm. The loss of head between the main & throat is 0.3
times the kinetic head of the pipe.
9. A pitot state is used to measure the velocity of an aeroplane. If a U tube differential
monometer is connected between stagnation & Static pressures and shows 100mm of H
2
O
find the speed of the plane in km/hr, take co-efficient of the tube as 0.98 & density of air
0.125Kg/m
3
Neglect other losses.
10. Derive darcy-weisbach
11. A reservoir has been built 4 km, away from a college campus having 5000 inhabitants.
Water is to be supplied from the reservoir to the campus. It is estimated that each inhabitant
will consume 200lts of water per day, and that half of the daily supply is pumped within 10
hours, calculate the size of the supply main, if the loss of head due to friction in pipeline is
20m, Assume the co-efficient of friction for the pipeline as 0.008
12. Petrol of specific gravity 0.716 is flowing through a pipe of 200mm diamter at a rate of 600
litres/sec. The length of the pipe is 1 Km. The friction factor is f=0.052 in the equation h
f

=4flv
2
/2gD , determine the head lost due to friction & power required to maintain the flow,
kinematic viscosity of petrol is 4 x 10
-5
m
2
/s
13. A town having a population of 1 lakh is to be supplied with water from a reservoir Km
distant. Half the daily supply os 150 lit/head is supplied in 8 hours. If the head available is
15m find the size of the pipe.By Darcys formula f=0.005,By Chezys formula c=45

14. A pipe of uniform diameter connects two reservoirs at different elevations. What would be
the percentage increase in discharge if another pipe of same diameter is added from the
middle length parallel to it ? neglect minor losses and assume equal values of Darcys co-
efficient of friction f for both pipes.

Unit-6
1. Write a short note on Reynolds number
2. Derive Hagen-poiseuille equation & state the assumptions made.
3. A fluid of viscosity 8 poise and specific gravity 1.2 is flowing through a circular pipe of
diameter 100mm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is 210 N/m
2
Find (a)The
pressure gradient (b) Reynolds number of flow (c)The average velocity
4. The fluid of viscosity 0.7 N.S/m2 and specific gravity 1.3 is flowing through a circular pipe
of diameter 10cm.the maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is 196.2 N/m2.Find the pressure
gradient , the average velocity and Reynolds number

Unit-7
1. Explain the terms (a)friction drag (b) lift (c) flow pas cylinder (d) pressure drag (e)model
studies (f) Form drag
2. what is meant by boundary layer ?Explain

3. Explain mach number and with sketch explain waveforms for different values of mach
number corresponding to subsonic, sonic and supersonic conditions
4. Calculate the mach number at a point on a jet propelled air craft, which is flying at 1100
km/hr at sea- level where air temp is 20 degree C. Take =1.4 and R=287 J/kg.k.
5. A rocket travels in air at an altitude of about 18 km. where the temp is approximately -60
degree C. If the speed of the rocket is 2000 km/hr, find the mach number & mach angle
Take =1.4 and R=287 J/kg.k for air
6. Find the velocity of bullet fired in standard air if the mach angle is 30 degree.
7. Take R= 287.14 J/Kg.
0
k and K=1.4 for air. Assume temperature of air as 15 degree C.
8. Derive the continuity equation for a 2-D compressible flow in differential form
9. Show that the velocity of propagation of elastic wave in an adiabatic medium is given by
C=KRT starting from fundamentals.
A jet fighter flying at Mach number 2.0 is observed directly over head at a height of 10
km .How much distance it would cover before the sonic boom is heard on the ground?
VTU QUESTION PAPERS







10MEL37B / 10MEL47 B - MECHANICAL
MEASUREMENTS & METROLOGY LABORATORY


SYLLABUS

Sub Code: 10MEL37B / 10MEL47 B IA Marks:25
Hours /week : 03 Exam Hours: 03
Total Lecture Hrs: 42
PART A: Mechanical Measurements

1. Calibration of Pressure Gauge
2. Calibration of Thermocouple
3. Calibration of LVDT
4. Calibration of Load cell
5. Determination of modulus of Elasticity of a MS Specimen using strain gauges

PART B: Metrology
1. Measurements using optical pyrometer / toolmakers Microscope
2. Measurements of angle using sine center / sine bar/ bevel protractor
3. Measurements of cutting tool forces using
a. Lathe tool dynamometer
b. Drill tool dynamometer
4. Measurements of screw thread parameter using two wire or three wire method
5. Measurements of surface roughness using tally surf/ mechanical comparator
6. Measurements of gear tooth profile using gear tooth Vernier / Gear Tooth micrometer
7. Calibration of micrometer using slip gauges
8. Measurement using optical flats


One question from Metrology Part-A 20 Marks
One question from Instrumentation Part-B 20 Marks
Viva Voce: 10 Marks

Total Marks 50 Marks


10MEL38B / 10MEL48B - MACHINE SHOP


SYLLABUS
Sub Code: 10MEL38B / 10MEL48B IA Marks:25
Hrs /week : 03 Exam Hours: 03
Total Lecture Hrs: 42
PART A

Preparation of three models on lathe involving plain turning, taper turning, step turning, thread
cutting. Facing, knurling, drilling, boring, internal thread cutting and eccentric turning.

PART B

Cutting of V Groove dovetail / Rectangular groove using shaping and cutting of gear teeth using
milling machine.


One model from Part-A 30 Marks
One model from Part-B 10 Marks
Viva Voce: 10 Marks

Total Marks 50 Marks

ME 4 Sem

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MVJCE

IV SEMESTER 1 COURSE DIARY

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