LESSON 20: Trigonometric Functions

Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to accomplish the following:
differentiate functions involving trigonometric functions;
solve problems involving differentiation of trigonometric functions; and
apply trigonometric identities to simplify the functions.
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
At the start of the meeting, give a 5-minute check-up ui! on the identities of
trigonometric functions, which should have been previously given as an assignment to
the students for readiness. After the check-up ui!, using the "#$, flash the identities
for thorough review of the formulas. %how the derivation of the derivative of sin x
while you may &ust give the derivative of cos x or ask your students how they may
derive it. 'ou or your students may show some exercises on the derivation of the
other trigonometric functions. (f possible, use the constructivist approach of engaging
your students in the examination, problem solving and reasoning for future research
work. Allow your students to participate and solve for themselves in differentiating
other examples after giving them the differentiation formulas for all trigonometric
functions.
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
)o maximi!e students* participation and involvement in the classroom, and to
check+measure students* comprehension of the lesson, the following activities are
suggested: recitation, practice exercise ,no credit-, check-up ui! ,with credit-, and
homework ,differentiation problems and &ournal writing, with credit-. $oint out to your
students their mistakes and give further explanations to concepts with which they are
confused.

TOPICS FOR READINESS
(dentities to simplify differentiation or simplify the result of differentiation.
#ence the following formulas.
190
%ome (mportant .ormulas
/. 0eciprocal .unctions
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
tan
/
sin
cos
cot
cot
/
cos
sin
tan
x cos
/
sec x
sec
/
cos
x sin
/
csc x
csc
/
sin




1. %um+2ifference of )wo Angles

( ) y sin x cos y cos x sin y x sin t t
( )
( )
cos cos cos sin sin
tan tan
tan
/ tan tan
x y x y x y
x y
x y
x y
t
t
t
t
m
3. 2ouble Angle .ormulas:
sin1x41sinxcosx
/ x cos 1
x sin 1 /
x sin x cos x 1 cos
1
1
1 1



x tan /
x tan 1
x 1 tan
1

5. %uared (dentities:

x csc x cot /
x sec x tan /
/ x cos x sin
1 1
1 1
1 1
+
+
+
191
5. %ome $roperties of 6imits:
6imit of a 7onstant
c c lim
a x

6imit of the 8ariable

a x lim
a x

6imit of %everal )erms

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] x f ... x f x f lim
n 1 /
a x
t t t

( ) ( ) ( ) x f lim ... x f lim x f lim

n
a x
1
a x
/
a x
t t t
6imit of a $roduct
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
1

1
]
1

x g lim x f lim x g x f lim
a x a x a x
6imit of a 9uotient
( )
( )
( )
( ) x g lim
x f lim
x g
x f
lim
a x
a x
a x

where
( ) : x g lim
a x

;. %ome )heorems on 6imits

/
x
x sin
lim
a x

:
x
x cos /
lim
a x

192
DISCUSSION OF THE TOPIC
Derivatives f t!e Tri"#$etric F%#cti#s
.or the differentiation formulas of the trigonometric functions, all you need to
know is the differentiation formulas of sin u and cos u. <sing these formulas and the
differentiation formulas of the algebraic functions, the differentiation formulas of the
remaining functions, that is, tan u, cot u, sec u and csc u may be obtained. )his lesson
will show you the derivation of some of these functions. =ncourage your students to
do some derivation exercises using other methods. %tart with,
( ) radians in x , x sin x f
using the definition of the derivative of f wrt x:
( )
( ) ( )
k
x f k x f
x f
h
+

:
lim >
denoted by
( ) ( ) x sin
dx
d
x > f
, you have:
( )
( )
k
x k x
x
dx
d
k
sin sin
lim sin
:
+

k
x k x k x
k
sin sin cos cos sin
lim
:
+

k
k x x k x
k
sin cos sin cos sin
lim
:
+

( )
1
]
1

k
k x
k
k x
k
sin cos / cos sin
lim
:

( )
k
k x
k
k x
k k
sin cos
lim
cos / sin
lim
: :
+
1
]
1

( ) ( )
k
k
x
k
k
x
k k k k
sin
lim cos lim
cos /
lim sin lim
: : : :
+

%ince sin x and cos x do not contain h, as : h , they remain as constants. )hus,
( ) x sin x sin lim
: h

and
( ) x cos x cos lim
: h

and from ,;a- and ,;b- you arrive at:

( ) ( ) ( )/ x cos : x sin x sin
dx
d
+
or
( ) x cos x sin
dx
d

?y following the above procedure and using the appropriate formulas, the derivative of
cos x is given by:
( ) radians in x , x sin x cos
dx
d

.or the derivative of the tan x, cot x, sec x, and csc x, they may be obtained using the
derivative of sin x and cos x.
=xample 1:./. .ind the derivative of the following functions:
193
a-
( )
,
_

x cos
x sin
dx
d
x tan
dx
d
b-
( ) x cot
dx
d
c-
( ) x sec
dx
d
d-
( ) x
dx
d
csc
%olutions:
a-
( )
,
_

x cos
x sin
dx
d
x tan
dx
d
apply the derivative of a uotient,

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1
x cos
x cos
dx
d
x sin x sin
dx
d
x cos
x tan
dx
d

( )[ ] ( )[ ]
x cos
x sin x sin x cos x cos
1

4
x cos
x sin x cos
1
1 1
+

x cos
/
1

( ) x sec x tan
dx
d
1

b-
( ) x cot
dx
d
=ncourage the students to name or enumerate the different methods of
differentiation to obtain its derivative. Aside from using the procedures for obtaining
the derivative of sin x and tan x as shown above, you may use:
( )
1
x
x
dx
d
x
/
dx
d


,
_

)hus,
( )
,
_

x tan
/
dx
d
x cot
dx
d

( )
( )
1
x tan
x tan
dx
d


x tan
x sec
1
1

194

x cos
x sin
x cos
/
1
1
1


x sin
/
1

( ) x csc x cot
dx
d
1

c-
( ) x sec
dx
d
<se derivative of a power,

( ) ( )
/
x cos
dx
d
x sec
dx
d

( ) ( ) x cos
dx
d
x cos
1


[ ]
( )
1
x cos
x sin


x cos
/
x cos
x sin


( ) x sec x tan x sec
dx
d

d- (t can be shown that:

( ) x csc x cot x csc
dx
d

=xample
1:.1
2ifferentiate the following and simplify:
a-
x 3 sin 1 y
b- ( )
x sin
e x y c- ( ) ( )
1 1
x 3 / cos x h
195
(f u is a differentiable function of x, then the following are differentiation
formulas of the trigonometric functions
( )
dx
du
u cos u sin
dx
d

( )
dx
du
u sin u cos
dx
d

( )
dx
du
u sec u tan
dx
d
1

( )
dx
du
u csc u cot
dx
d
1

( )
dx
du
u sec u tan u sec
dx
d

( )
dx
du
u csc u cot u csc
dx
d

d-
3 3
x 5 cos x 5 sin 3 y e-
( ) x
1
x
tan 1 x f
f-
( )
x /
x
tan log x g
3

g- ( )
x 1 cos
x 1 sec y h-
( )
x cot /
x cot 1
x h
1
+

i- ( ) ( ) / x csc x .
3
+
%olutions:
a-
x 3 sin 1 y

( )( ) 3 x 3 cos 1 > y

x 3 cos ; > y
b- ( )
x sin
e x y

( )
x 1
/
x cos e x > y
x sin

( )
x 1
x cos e x
x
x
x 1
x cos e
x > y
x sin x sin

c- ( ) ( )
1 1
x 3 / cos x h

( ) ( ) [ ]
1
1
x 3 / cos x h
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]( ) x ; x 3 / sin x 3 / cos 1 x > h
1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
1 1
x 3 / cos x 3 / sin 1 x ; x > h
from: sin 1x41 sin x cos x
( ) ( )
1
x 3 / 1 sin x ; x > h
d-
3 3
x 5 cos x 5 sin 3 y
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) [ ]
1 3 3 1 3 3
x /1 x 5 cos x 5 cos x /1 x 5 sin x 5 sin 3 > y +
from: x sin x cos x 1 cos
1 1

( ) [ ]
3 1
x 5 1 cos x 3; > y

3 1
x @ cos x 3; > y
e-
( ) x
1
x
tan 1 x f

( ) /
1
/
1
x
sec 1 x > f
1

,
_

,
_

( ) /
1
x
sec x > f
1


( )
1
x
tan x > f
1

f-
( )
x /
x
tan log x g
3

( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) 1
1
]
1

1
1
3
x /
/ / x /
x /
x
sec e log
x /
x
tan
/
x > g
196

( )
( )( )
( )
x /
x
cos
/
x /
x
sin
x /
x
cos
x /
x x / e log
x > g
1
3

( )
( )
1
1
x /
x
cos
x /
x
sin
/
x /
e log
x > g
1
3

( )
( )
( )
x /
x
cos
x /
x
sin 1
/
x /
e log 1
x > g
1
3

( )
( )
( )
x /
x 1
sin
/
x /
e log 1
x > g
1
3

( )
( )
( )
1
]
1

x /
x 1
csc
x /
e log 1
x > g
1
3
g- ( )
x 1 cos
x 1 sec y 44444444 variable base to a variable power
Apply ln on both sides:
( )
x 1 cos
x 1 sec ln y ln

( ) ( ) x 1 sec ln x 1 cos y ln
?y logarithmic differentiation,

( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) [ ][ ]( ) 1 x 1 sin x 1 sec ln 1 x 1 tan x 1 sec
x 1 sec
/
x 1 cos > y
y
/
+
1
]
1

[ ] x 1 sec ln x sin 1
x 1 cos
x 1 sin 1
x 1 cos > y
y
/

1
]
1

( )[ ] x 1 sec ln / x 1 sin 1

( )[ ] y x 1 sec ln / x 1 sin 1 > y
( )( )( )
x 1 cos
x 1 sec x 1 sec ln / x 1 sin 1 > y
h-
( )
x cot /
x cot 1
x h
1
+

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]
( )
1
1
1 1 1
x cot /
/ x csc x cot 1 x cot 1 / x csc 1 x cot /
x > h
+
+

( )
( )
[ ] x cot / cot 1
x cot /
x csc 1
x > h
1 1
1
1
1

+

( )
[ ] / x cot
x csc
x csc 1
1
1
1
1


( )
( )
( )

,
_

/
x sin
x cos
x sin 1
x csc
/ x cot 1
x > h
1
1
1
1
1
197

( )
1
]
1

x sin
x sin x cos
x sin 1
1
1 1
1

( ) x 1 cos 1 x > h
or
( )
x csc
x cot 1
x cot /
x cot 1
x h
1 1

+

( ) x sin
x sin
x cos
1 x h
1

,
_

( ) x cos x sin 1 x h
( ) x 1 sin x h
( ) ( )( ) 1 x 1 cos x > h
( ) x 1 cos 1 x > h
i- ( ) ( ) / x csc x .
3
+

( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) / x csc 1
x 3 / x cot / x csc
x > .
3
1 3 3
+
+ +

( )
( ) ( ) [ ] ( )
( ) / x csc 1
/ x csc / x cot / x csc x 3
x > .
3
3 3 3 1
+
+ + +


( ) ( ) ( ) / x csc / x cot x
1
3
x > .
3 3 1
+
1
]
1

+
198
=xample 1:.3. A narrow hallway /meter wide runs perpendicularly into another
hallway. A thin pole @ meters long is carried hori!ontally along the
narrow hallway and around the corner. #ow wide must the other
hallway be to permit thisA
%olution:
)he problem here is to maximi!e x, the width of the second hallway, so
that the pole can freely move around the corner. )o do this, express x in
terms of . (n the figure, both angles refer to . BhyA )here is a theorem in
geometry which states that when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
the corresponding angles are eual. (f a part of the pole measures r meters,
the other part measures @-r, the total length of the pole being @ meters. %et
up an euation for x, the uantity to be maximi!ed. <sing 72=:
cos 4
r
x
or x 4 rcos
=liminate r from A?7,
csc 4
/
r @
or r 4 @ - csc
substitute ,1- in ,/-,
x 4 ,@ - csc-cos
distribute,
x 4 @cos -
sin
/
cos
or x 4 @cos - cot
199
differentiate with respect to ,
: C csc D C sin D @
d
dx
1

-@sin E

1
sin
/
4 :

+
1
3
sin
/ sin @
4 :
-@sin
3
E / 4 : or
@sin
3
4 /
sin 4
3
@
/
or
1
/
3:
:
200
E&ERCISES:
Froup work:
2ifferentiate the following and simplify
/. ( ) ( )
3
x 5
5 sin ln x h
1. ( ) ( )
3 1
x ln cos x f
3.
( )
x 5 cos 1
x 5 sin
x g
+

5.
( ) x 1 cos x 5 sin 1 x 1 sin x cos 1 x .
#omework: "dd seat no., solve odd numbers and even seat no., solve even
numbers.
<se logarithmic differentiation to find dy+dx:
/.
x cos 3 /
sin
y
3

1. ( ) ( )
x tan
x sin x .
3.
( ) y x tan y +
5. ( )
1
1
x /
x 1 cot
x .
+

5.
: xy xy cot +
7heck-up 9ui!
/.
: y csc x sec
1 1
+


201