Failure criteria &Failure modes

1
Strength oforthotropic lamina
Thestrength is defined by5quantities
Th t th i t l ith th di ti Thestrength variesstrongly with thedirection
Thefailure analysis is always done inthe(L,T)frame
2
1.Maximumstresstheory
Thefailure occurs ifoneofthestressesinthenatural
axes(L,T)exceeds thecorresponding allowable stress.
Toavoid failure,thematerial mustsatisfy thefollowing
I liti Inequalities:
Incompression:
Assumesthat thefailure modesareindependent !
3
Example:Glassepoxy composite
With thenormalized properties:

L
s
c
a
l
e
!
!

o
g
a
r
i
t
h
m
i
c
L

LT
L
o

T
T
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2.Maximumstrain theoryy
Thefailure occurs ifoneofthestrains inthenatural
axes(L,T)exceeds thecorresponding allowable strain.
To avoid failure the material must satisfy the following Toavoid failure,thematerial mustsatisfy thefollowing
Inequalities:
Incompression
Ifthematerial is elastic
linear until failure,
5
Comparison Maximumstresstheory Maximumstrain theory
Maximumstresscriterion Maximumstrain criterion
Instressspace
6
Expressing themaximumstrain criterion instressspace:
7
Maximumstress
criterion
Maximumstrain theory:
Thefailure occurs ifoneofthefollowing inequalities holds:
Poisson effect Poissoneffect
>
>
L
>
L
T
Themaximumstresstheory
andthemaximumstrain theoryy
Ignoretheinteractionbetween
thefailure modes.
TsaiHillcriterion
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Stress deviator tensor
TsaiHillcriterion,preliminary:VonMisescriterion
Stressdeviator tensor
obtained bysubtracting thehydrostatic stressfrom thestresstensor
Thestressdeviator hasthesame principal
directionsasthestresstensor.Theinvariants
J
1
,J
2
andJ
3
ofthestressdeviator aredefined by
Because J
1
=0,thestressdeviator tensor
is in a state of pure shear is inastateofpureshear
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Because J
1
=0,thestressdeviator tensor is inastateofpureshear.
VonMisescriterion
1
, p
von Miseshad theintuitionthat theyielding ofmaterials begins when
theseconddeviatoric stressinvariantJ
2
reaches acritical value.
Itis straightforward todetermine thecritical valuefrom auniaxial tensiontest:
Inprincipalaxes:
Thecriterion is also called thecriterion of
Maximumdistortion strain energy (Hencky)
Octahedral shear stress Octahedral shear stress
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Maximumdistortion strain energy (Hencky)
In principal axes
Stressstrain relationship
Inprincipalaxes:
Hydrostatic stressstate:
uniform stress:
Proportional toJ
2
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Yielding occurs when:
Inplanestresses:
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Fororthotropic materials,thecriterion needs tobe expressed inthematerial axes(L,T)
von Misesinanarbitrary (nonprincipal)frame:
Extended toanisotropic behaviour byHill(1948).
Byanalogy,TsaiHillassume that failure occurs iftheinequality is violated:
Plane stresses Planestresses:
Finally:
Consistentwith
T
!!!
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L
TsaiHill:example ofglassepoxy composite
T
Both
L
and
T
areintraction
Accounts for the interaction between the failure modes
TsaiHill
Accounts fortheinteractionbetween thefailure modes
Conservative
Themaximumdifference occurs at thechangeoffailure modes
Onemusttransform thestressstateinthe(L,T)frame
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von Misesinprincipalplanestresses:
TsaiHillinplanestresses(L,T)
15
Importanceofthesign ofshear stressonthestrength ofcomposites
16
Glassepoxy
Step 1:
Transform in
(L,T)frame:
Step 2:
TsaiHill
criterion
17
Ultimate strength

xy
=5MPa
xy
=75.36Mpa
18
Failure modes
Breaking ofthefibers
k f h Microcracking ofthematrix
Debonding (separation oftheinterfacebetween matrix andfibers)
Delamination (separation oflaminae from each other)
19
Microcracking inglassreinforced epoxy
20
1.Failure under longitudinaletensile load
Individual fibers breakinarandom manner
at less than 50%oftheultimate load.
Depending on the type of fibers and matrix and V Depending onthetypeoffibers andmatrix andV
f
Thefollowing failure modesareobserved:
Brittle fracture.
Brittle with fiber pullout (matrix breaking away from thefibers).
Shear failure ofthematrix anddebonding.
Glassfibers:V
f
<0.400.40<V
f
<0.65V
f
>0.65
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2.Failure under longitudinalecompressionload
Failure modes:
Transversetensile failure
Fiber microbuckling (extensionmodeorshear mode)
Shear failure
Shear failure
V
f
small V
f
large
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Microbuckling inshear mode
(largeV
f
)
Extensionmode
(low V
f
)
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Based ontheassumption oftransversetensile failure ofthematrix,
andontheempirical formula(3.43)(compositetransversebreaking strain):
onecan develop amodelforthelongitudinalcompressivestress:
At failure At failure:
Rule ofmixtures:
Dominated by
25
y
thematrix !
3.Failure under transversetensile loads
Failure modes:
Fibers perpendicular totheloading produce stress
concentrations at the interface and in the matrix concentrationsat theinterfaceandinthematrix.
Thefailure occurs because ofthematrix orthe
interfacetensile failure (occasionally highly oriented
fibers may also breakinthetransversedirection)
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27
4.Failure under transversecompressionloads
Failure modes:
Matrix shear failure
Matrix shear failure plusdebonding
28
5.Failure under inplane shear loads
Failure modes:
M i h f il Matrix shear failure
Constituentdebonding
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