1

Review of Nuclear Physics-I

Chemical Energy Rearrangement of Electrons
Nuclear Energy Rearrangement of Nucleons
Rutherfords Model
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Mass Charge
Proton 1.6726110
-24
g +1.60219 10
-19
Columbs
Electron 9.10956 10
-28
g -1.60219 10
-19
Columbs
Neutron 1.67492 10
-24
g 0
Review of Nuclear Physics-II
Z - No of Protons
A - No of Protons + No. of Neutrons
Isotope Same Z, different A
Enormous Hollow space
Large number of neutrons for collisions of occur.
x
A
Z
Radius of Nucleus ~ 10
-15
m
Radius of Atom ~ 10
-10
m
Density of Nucleus ~ 10
17
Kg/m3
Density of Atom ~ 10
3
Kg/m3
2
Stability of Nucleus-I
Unstable Radiation Stable
Fission Neutron expulsion
Radioactivity
Transformation of unstable nucleus by
Spontaneous emission of radiation
Stable band
N=P
5 . 1 1 =
P
N
45
o
N
Stability of Nucleus-II
Postulate Probability of nuclear disintegration is
constant.
Population N
Time dt
Disintegration dN
I-order ODE One condition
Initial Value N = N
0
at t = 0
=
Ndt
dN
Constant =

1
t
o
e N N

=
N
0
N
t
Half life
2 ln T
2
1
=
2
1
T
t 693 . 0
0
e N N

=
5 . 0
N
N
T
0
2
1
=
00978 . 0
No
N
lives half 10
0313 . 0
No
N
lives half - 5
=
=
2
1
T
0
e 5 . 0
N
N

= =

=
693 . 0
T or
2
1
Stability of Nucleus-III
Every disintergration Radiation
Units Bequrrel =1 dps or s
1
1 curie = 3.7 10
10
Bq
Activity
Stability of Nucleus-IV

dt
dN
Rate of emission of Radiation
= N
1g of Radium
3
Analysis of Decay Chain-I
Practical chains are long
3 chain has all the characteristics
Fission Products are Radio active
AB C D..
AB C (Stable)
Population Balance
Rate of change= Production Rate Destruction Rate
A A
A
N 0
dt
dN
=
B B A A
B
N N
dt
dN
= 0 N
dt
dN
B B
C
=
t
Ao A B B
B A
e N N
dt
dN

= +
Analysis of Decay Chain-II
t
o
e N N

=
A A
A
N 0
dt
dN
= With N
A
= N
A0
at t = 0
B B A A
B
N N
dt
dN
=
Using as the integral factor
t
B
e

t ) (
Ao A
t
B B
t B A B B B
e N e N e
dt
dN

= +
( ) dt e N e N d
t ) (
Ao A
t
B
A B B

=
[ ]
t
0
) (
t ) (
Ao A
Fin
In
t
B
A B
A B
B
e
N e N

Since N
A
+ N
B
+ N
C
= N
A0
+ N
B0
+ N
C0
, we can estimate N
C
( ) 1 e
N
N e N
t ) (
A B
AO A
Bo
t
B
A B B

=

Analysis of Decay Chain-III
( )
t t
A B
AO A t
Bo B
B A B
e e
N
e N N or

+ =
With N
B
= N
B0
at t = 0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2 4 6
Series1
Series2
Series3
N
A
/N
Ao
N
B
/N
Ao
N
C
/N
Ao
N
B0
/N
A0
= 0, N
C0
/N
A0
= 0,
A
/
B
= 0.8
4
After some time, term 1 vanishes
In term 2, the second term vanishes
t t
A B
e e

<<
[ ]
t t
A B
AO A t
Bo B
B A B
e e
N
e N N

+ =
A B
A
A
B
A B
A A At
Ao
A B
A
B
N
N
Or
N
e N N

=

Transient Equilibrium
Special Cases -I
A B
> For
Special Cases -II
A B
>> For
B
A
A
B
N
N

=
B B A A
N N =
The above implies that the activities are equal irrespective of
the initial activities. This is called Secular equilibrium