Voltage Regulator

CHAPTER 1
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved
Objectives
Describe the basic concept of voltage
regulation
Discuss the principles of series, shunt, and
All rights reserved
Discuss the principles of series, shunt, and
switching voltage regulation
Discuss IC voltage regulators and some of
their applications
Regulated Power Supply
Lecture 1
All rights reserved
Lecture 1
Objectives
Describe the concept of
Voltage Regulation
Describe and calculate Line
All rights reserved
Describe and calculate Line
and Voltage Regulation
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
DC supply is needed by most electronic
devices.
All rights reserved
devices.
The efficiency of most electronic equipment
depends on the ability of the voltage
regulator of the DC power supply.
INTRO INTRO
It is an electronic circuit built to convert ac
voltage to DC voltage, at a certain
maximum current.
The following could be produced:
All rights reserved
The following could be produced:
DC voltage from ac source
DC voltage from DC source
ac voltage from ac source
ac voltage from DC source
The voltage can be stepped up (higher than
the source) or stepped down (lower than the
source)
INTRO INTRO
All rights reserved
source)
Can be classified as linear power supply or
non-linear power supply.
Voltage regulator is used to reduce the
source voltage at a pre-determined value
LINEAR POWER SUPPLY LINEAR POWER SUPPLY
All rights reserved
A power device is operating in the
linear/active region.
Dissipates a large amount of energy.
The power device switches between the
saturated region and the cutoff region
NON NON--LINEAR POWER SUPPLY LINEAR POWER SUPPLY
All rights reserved
Has low power dissipation
Also known as a switching regulator
Both types can be built using discreet
components, using ICs or a combination
of discreets and ICs
To complete the circuit, discreet power
All rights reserved
To complete the circuit, discreet power
transistors, op-amps and comparators are
used.
A hybrid IC contains discreet and
integrated circuits in one package.
BLOCK BLOCK DIAGRAM DIAGRAM
All rights reserved
FUNCTION OF THE BLOCKS FUNCTION OF THE BLOCKS
Transformer
To step down the ac voltage to a suitable value
All rights reserved
Rectifier
To change the ac voltage to a dc voltage.
The dc voltage at this stage is full of ripples
Filter
To reduce the ripples to an acceptable level.
Regulator
FUNCTION OF THE BLOCKS FUNCTION OF THE BLOCKS
All rights reserved
Regulator
Has 2 basic functions
To eliminate any remaining ripples
To ensure that the output voltage remains constant
even if there are changes in the input (ac) voltage,
changes in the load or changes in temperature.
VOLTAGE REGULATION VOLTAGE REGULATION
2 basic categories:
(i) Load regulation.
Output voltage remains almost
constant despite changes in load
All rights reserved
constant despite changes in load
(ii) Line regulation
Output voltage remains almost
constant despite changes in input
(line) voltage
An ideal power supply has a constant output
voltage irrespective of the amount of current
drawn from it.
For a practical power supply, the output voltage
will fall when the load current increases.
LOAD REGULATION LOAD REGULATION
All rights reserved
will fall when the load current increases.
V
O(NL)
no load output voltage
V
O(FL)
full load output voltage.
I
L(FL)
full load current (max current
available from the power
supply)

The ability of the power supply to keep its
terminal voltage constant despite changes
in load current is given by the following
equation

All rights reserved
equation
% Load Regulation (V
reg(load)
) =
% 100
O
O
I
V
Percent of line regulation determines the ability
of the practical voltage regulator to determine
the output voltage, V
O
when the line input
voltage, V
i
changes, where other factors such
as load resistance, R and temperature is
LINE REGULATION LINE REGULATION
All rights reserved
as load resistance, R
L
and temperature is
assumed constant.
% 100 , %
) (

=
i
O
line reg
V
V
V regulation Line
The regulated output of a power supply is
15 V. When the input voltage drops by 5 V,
the output drops by 0.25 V. Determine the
Example
All rights reserved
the output drops by 0.25 V. Determine the
% V
reg
.
Note : For ideal case, % line V
reg
would be zero
% 5 % 100
5
25 . 0
= =
V
V
% line regulation
Voltage regulation using capacitor as a
filter would not be able to stabilise the
DC output voltage when load current
and line voltage changes.
All rights reserved
and line voltage changes.
A simple discreet regulator, such as a
zener diode can be used to improve the
regulation.
End of Lecture 1
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 1
Lecture 2
All rights reserved
Lecture 2
Objectives
To look at zener diode
regulator disadvantages
and improve on the design
All rights reserved
and improve on the design
using Series Regulators
Zener Diode Regulators
All rights reserved
- Regulated output if V
IN
> V
Z
- Changes in I
L
will cause changes in I
Z
- Change in I
Z
causes V
L
to change
- For big changes in I
Z
, change in V
L
is also large
- Power dissipation in zener diode is high
- This type of regulator is unable to control current changes
Refer to the zener diode regulator, determine :
(a) Minimum current, I
Z(min)
and maximum current, I
Z(max)
in
the zener diode.
(b) minimum power dissipation, P
DZ(min)
and maximum power
dissipation, P
DZ(max)
for the zener diode.
Example:
All rights reserved
dissipation, P
DZ(max)
for the zener diode.
(c) Suitable power rating, P
RS
for resistor R
S
.
R
S
D
Z
V
Z
100
12 V
R
L
(220 - 600)
V
i(ave)
18 V
I
Z
mA 60
100
12 18
R
V V
I
S
O i
S
=
=
mA 45 . 5
220
12
mA 60
R
V
I I I I
(min) L
O
S (max) L S (min) Z
= = = =
mA 82 . 41
600
12
mA 60
R
V
I I I I
O
S (min) L S (max) Z
= = = =
All rights reserved
mA 82 . 41
600
mA 60
R
I I I I
(max) L
S (min) L S (max) Z
= = = =
mW 84 . 501 ) 12 )( mA 82 . 41 ( V I P
Z (max) Z (max) DZ
= = =
resistor mW 1 a choose Thus value. this at twice be must rating Resistor
36 . 0 100 ) 60 ( ) (
2 2
mW mA R I P
S S RS
= = =
mW 4 . 65 ) 12 )( mA 45 . 5 ( V I P
Z (min) Z (min) DZ
= = =
Refer to the zener regulator:
(a) calculate I
S
, I
Z
and I
L
. Calculate the power
dissipated by R
S
and R
L
.
(b) calculate the percent regulation when R
L
is
Exercise
All rights reserved
L
removed (V
O
open) and V
O
increases to 9.2 V.
Refer to the zener diode regulator, determine the
minimum and maximum allowable load current.
Given: V
Z
= 5.1 V when I
ZT
= 35 mA
I
Zmin
= 1 mA, r
Z
= 12 , I
Zmax
= 70 mA
Exercise
All rights reserved
- add a voltage follower to improve current control
I
L
Q
1
I
E
I I
All rights reserved
R
L
+
_
I
S
I
B
R
S
V
i
V
O
V
Z
D
Z
I
Z
1) (
I
1) (
I
I
L E
B
+
=
+
=
1) (
I
I I - I I
L
S B S Z
+
= =
BE Z O
V - V V =
Series Regulators
Summary Summary Summary
Using BJT as voltage follower to improve current variations
All rights reserved
V
O
= V
Z
- V
BE
Example 1.1
1) (
I
1) (
I
I
L E
B
+
=
+
=
1) (
I
I I - I I
L
S B S Z
+
= =
Series Regulators
Using Darlington Pair
All rights reserved
V
O
= V
Z
- 2V
BE
Example 1.2
Regulator using Darlington Pair Regulator using Darlington Pair
DP
L
DP
1 E
2 B
I I
I
+ + =
=
All rights reserved
BE Z O
DP
L
S
2 B S Z
2 1 2 1 DP
V 2 V V
I
I
I I I
=
=
=
+ + =
Series Regulators
Improved BJT version with BJT feedback
All rights reserved
) (
2
2
2 1
BE Z O
V V
R
R R
V +
+
=
) V V (
R
R
1 V
V
R R
R
V
V
R R
R
V
V V V
Z 2 BE
2
1
O
2
2 1
2
O
O
2 1
2
2
Z 2 BE 2
+
+ =
+
=
+
=
+ =
Series Regulators
Series Regulator block diagram:
V
IN
V
OUT
Control
element
All rights reserved
Basic series regulator circuit:
Error
detector
Sample
circuit
Reference
voltage
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Control element
Q
1
D
1
V
REF
+
Error detector
R
2
R
3
Sample
circuit
The control element maintains
a constant output voltage by
varying the collector-emitter
voltage across the transistor.
Series Regulators
The output voltage for the series regulator circuit is:
2
OUT REF
3
1
R
V V
R

= +

(a) What is the output voltage for the series regulator?
(b) If the load current is 200 mA, what is the power
dissipated by Q ?
All rights reserved
dissipated by Q
1
?
2
OUT REF
3
1
100 k
1+ 3.9 V
47 k
R
V V
R

= +

(a)
(b)
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
D
1
V
REF
+
R
2
R
3
47 k
100 k 3.9 V
18 V
4.7 k
= 12.2 V
P = VI
= (18 V 12.2 V)(0.2 A)
= 1.16 W
End of Lecture 2
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 2
Lecture 3
All rights reserved
Lecture 3
Objectives
To work on further improvement
using current limiter
Constant current limiter
All rights reserved
Protection Circuit Protection Circuit
2 types of Current Limiter:
All rights reserved
Fold back current limiter
Constant Current Limiter Constant Current Limiter
All rights reserved
V
O
remains constant until maximum output current I
L(max)
is
reached. When I
L
exceeds I
L(max)
, V
O
will drop and I
L
increases
just slightly above I
L(max)
. This value of I
L
will remain even if the
output resistor, R
L
is shorted.
Series Regulators
Current limiting prevents excessive load current. Q
2
will
conduct when the current through R
4
develops 0.7 V across
Q
2
s V
BE
. This reduces base current to Q
1
, limiting the load
current.
All rights reserved
current.
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
Q
2
Current limiter
R
4
+
The current limit is:

L(max)
4
0.7 V
I
R
=
For example, a 0.7
resistor, limits current
to about 1 A.
Series Regulators
current limiting
V
O
All rights reserved
I
L
I
max
V
reg
Example 1.3
Refer Tutorial Q2
Constant Current Limiter Constant Current Limiter
All rights reserved
A series voltage regulator maintains an output voltage V A series voltage regulator maintains an output voltage V
O O
of of
25 25 V. V. What is a suitable value for R What is a suitable value for R
SC SC
to limit the maximum to limit the maximum
output current, I output current, I
L(max) L(max)
, of 0.5 , of 0.5 A ? A ? Using the calculated value of Using the calculated value of
RR
SC SC
, calculate the value of , calculate the value of VV
OO
when when RR
LL
= 100 = 100 and when R and when R
LL
= =
10 10 ??
End of Lecture 3
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 3
Lecture 4
All rights reserved
Lecture 4
Objectives
To work on further improvement
using current limiter
All rights reserved
View the block diagram of Shunt
Regulator
Fold Fold--back Current Limiter back Current Limiter
All rights reserved
,
When shorted when V
O
= 0 V and I
L
= I
SC ,
P
D
=(V
i
V
O
)I
SC
= (20 0)1A= 20 W (for constant current
limiter)
P
D
=(V
i
V
O
)I
SC
= (20 0)0.5A=10 W (for fold-back current
limiter)
Advantage of fold Advantage of fold--back CL back CL
All rights reserved
limiter)
When operating at maximum current
when V
O
= 15 V and I
L
= 1 A
,,
P
D
= (V
i
V
O
)I
L
= (20 15)1 A = 5 W (for both current limiters)
When a short circuit occurs, a regulator with constant current
limiter will have to dissipate 20 W of power at Q
1
while one
with fold-back current limiter needs to dissipate only 10 W of
power.
.
All rights reserved
V
BE2
= V
RSC
V
R3
V
R3
will increase or decrease if V
O
increase or decrease. At this
point Q
2
is still non-conducting.
All rights reserved
( )
O RSC
4 3
3
3 R
V V
R R
R
V +
+
=
If I
L
increases to I
L(max)
or fold-back current I
FB,
voltage V
RSC
is big
enough until V
BE2
0.7V where
0.7V V
BE2
= V
RSC
V
R3
At this point, I
L
will be limited and Q
2
will be conducting (ON).
If regulated output voltage
is 10 V, calculate:-
(a) shorted load current,
All rights reserved
I
SL
(b) maximum load current,
I
Lmak
.
(c) power dissipation in
transistor 2N3055 when
the load is shorted
Series Regulators
Fold-back current limiting drops the load current well
below the peak during overload conditions. Q
2
conducts
when V
R5
+V
BE2
= V
RSC
and begins current limiting. V
R5
is
found by applying the voltage-divider rule:
All rights reserved
An overload causes V
R5
to
drop because V
OUT
drops.
This means that less
current is needed to
maintain conduction in Q
2
and the load current drops.
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
+
Q
2
R
4
D
1
R
3
R
2
R
6
R
5
found by applying the voltage-divider rule:
R
SC
) V R I (
R R
R
V
o SC L R
+
+
=
6 5
5
5
Series Regulators
Fold-back current limiting
All rights reserved
Refer Tutorial Q3
Shunt Regulators
Shunt Regulator block diagram:
Basic shunt regulator circuit:
V
IN
R
1
V
OUT
Control
element
Error Reference
All rights reserved
Basic shunt regulator circuit:
element
(shunt)
Sample
circuit
Error
detector
Reference
voltage
V
IN
V
OUT
R
2
Q
1
+
D
1
R
4
R
3
R
L
V
REF
Error detector
Control
element
Sample
circuit
R
1
The control element maintains
a constant output voltage by
varying the collector current in
the transistor.
Shunt Regulators
Shunt regulators use a parallel transistor for the control
element. If the output voltage changes, the op-amp senses
the change and corrects the bias on Q
1
to follow. For
example, a decrease in output voltage causes a decrease in
All rights reserved
Although it is less efficient
than the series regulator, the
shunt regulator has inherent
short-circuit protection. The
maximum current when the
output is shorted is V
IN
/R
1
.
example, a decrease in output voltage causes a decrease in
V
B
and an increase in V
C
.
V
IN
V
OUT
R
2
Q
1
+
D
1
R
4
R
3
R
L
V
REF
Error detector
Control
element
Sample
circuit
R
1
End of Lecture 4
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 4
Lecture 5
All rights reserved
Lecture 5
Q
1
V
i
=23V
R
1
3k
1.2
R
SC
V
Example of Test Question:
Referring to the following circuit calculate :
(a) The maximum load current
(b) The range of output voltages
(c) The value of V
B1
and I
R2
if R
L
= 10k and V
O
= 15 V
(d) The value of V
B1
and I
R2
if R
L
= 10 and V
O
= 15 V
All rights reserved
Q
2
Q
3
V
Z
=10V
3k
R
2
3k
R
3
3.3k
R
4
5k
R
5
10k
R
L
I
R2
V
B1
Solution
Example:
Past Examination Question
All rights reserved
Past Examination Question
Example from Final Exam Question
All rights reserved
The series regulator above gives an output voltage of V
O
= 10 V, and a
maximum output current of , I
O(max)
= 1 A. Given that for all transistors , Q
1
,
Q
2
, and Q
3
: = h
FE
= 100, V
BE(ON)
= 0.7 V; for the Zener diode, D
Z
: V
Z
= 4.3
V, r
Z
= 0 , I
ZK
= 1 mAand I
ZM
= 40 mA. The nominal input voltage , V
i
without regulation is 20 V. At optimum operation, I
1
= 2 mA, I
Z
= 14 mA, I
3
=
1 mAand I
B3
can be assumed negligible.
All rights reserved
Draw the block diagram of the regulator.
Sketch and label clearly the the graph of output voltage V
O
, versus output
current, I
O
.
Explain how the output voltage, V
O
can be maintained when the input voltage
changes within the allowable range.
All rights reserved
Explain the functions of resistors R
1
and R
2
.
Determine the values of R
1
and R
2
.
Determine the values of resistors R
3
and R
4
.
Determine the range of suitable values for R
L
.
All rights reserved
Calculate the power dissipation of transistor Q
1
, Q
2
and Zener diode D
Z
during optimum operation.
The pass transistor Q
1
can easily get burnt if the load resistor R
L
is
shorted. Suggest an additional circuit to overcome the problem. Explain
clearly the operation of the additional circuit.
End of Lecture 5
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 5
Lecture 6
All rights reserved
Lecture 6
Objectives
To work on Monolithic Regulators
78XX series
79XX series
All rights reserved
79XX series
IC Voltage Regulators
Integrated circuit voltage regulators are available as
series regulators or as switching regulators. The popular
three-terminal regulators are often used on separate pc
boards within a system because they are inexpensive and
All rights reserved
boards within a system because they are inexpensive and
avoid problems associated with large power distribution
systems (such as noise pickup).
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
Type number Output voltage
7805
7806
7808
7809
7812
7815
7818
7824
+5.0 V
+6.0 V
+8.0 V
+9.0 V
+12.0 V
+15.0 V
+18.0 V
+24.0 V
78XX Regulators
The 78XX series is a fixed
positive output regulator
available in various
packages and with
standard voltage outputs.
TO-220 case
D-PAK
The only external components required
with the 78XX series are input and output
capacitors and some form of heat sink.
These ICs include thermal shutdown
1
2
3
4
Heat-sink surface
All rights reserved
These ICs include thermal shutdown
protection and internal current limiting.
Positive
input
Gnd
Positive
output
78XX
(1)
(2)
(3)
The 78XX series are
primarily used for fixed
output voltages, but with
additional components, they
can be set up for variable
voltages or currents.
1
2
3
2
3
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC REGULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC REGULATOR
Series
Element
Protection cct
All rights reserved
Vi
Comparator
Reference
Voltage
Sampling cct
Protection cct
Vo
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM INPUT MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM INPUT
VOLTAGE IC 78XX SERIES VOLTAGE IC 78XX SERIES
IC Min(V) Max(V) V
O
(V)
7805
7806
7
8
25
25
5
6
All rights reserved
7806
7808
7810
7812
7815
7818
7824
8
10.5
12.5
14.5
17.5
21
27
25
25
28
30
30
33
38
6
8
10
12
15
18
24
78XX SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR 78XX SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR
All rights reserved
- Up to 1A output current
- V
IN
must be at least 2V- 3V higher than the regulated o/p
voltage
- Internal over current and thermal protection
- C
1
as a filter to smooth ripples
- C
2
to smooth ripples due to transient response
The 79XX series is the negative output counterpart to the
78XX series, however the pin assignments are different
on this series. Other specifications are basically the same.
All rights reserved
Negative
input
Gnd
Negative
output
79XX
(1)
(2) (3)
7905
7905.2
7906
7908
7912
7915
7918
7924
5.0 V
5.2 V
6.0 V
8.0 V
12.0 V
15.0 V
18.0 V
24.0 V
Type number Output voltage
33--TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR
WITH HIGHER CURRENT CAPACITY WITH HIGHER CURRENT CAPACITY
All rights reserved
Example 1.6
IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current
before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an
external pass transistor to increase the maximum available
load current.
All rights reserved
load current.
V
IN
R
L
R
ext
Q
ext
V
OUT
C
1
C
2
78XX
R
ext
sets the point where
Q
ext
begins to conduct:
ext
max
0.7 V
R
I
=
For example, if I
max
is
1.0 A, R
ext
=
0.7
What minimum power rating is required for R
ext
?
P = I
2
R = (1 A)
2
(0.7 ) = 0.7 W
REGULATOR WITH CURRENT REGULATOR WITH CURRENT
LIMITER LIMITER
All rights reserved
3 Terminal Regulator as a current 3 Terminal Regulator as a current
Source Source
All rights reserved
G
1
OUT
L
I
R
V
I + =
Double Polarity Power Supply
7815
In Out
Gnd
C
1
10 uF
20V
4000 uF
30V
240V
50 Hz
C
2
V
O1
24V
24V
All rights reserved
7915
In Out
Gnd
C
3
C
4
10 uF
20V
4000 uF
30V
N
1
N
2
:
V
O2
End of Lecture 6
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 6
Lecture 7
All rights reserved
Lecture 7
Objectives
To work on Monolithic Regulators
LM 317
340
All rights reserved
340
VARIABLE 3 VARIABLE 3--TERMINAL IC TERMINAL IC
VOLTAGE REGULATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM317 LM317
+ve regulator
All rights reserved
2 ADJ
1
2
REF OUT
R I
R
R
1 v V +
+ =
+ve regulator
V
REF
= 1.25V
maximum current 1.5A
variable between 1.2V 37V
input voltage 4V 40 V
The LM317 is a adjustable positive output IC regulator.
There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output and adjustment terminals. There is no ground pin.
R

All rights reserved
The output voltage is calculated by:
2
OUT REF ADJ 2
1
1
R
V V I R
R

= + +

Adjustment
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
C
3
Positive
input
Positive
output
(1)
(3) (2)
LM317
What is V
OUT
?
(Assume I
ADJ
= 50 A.)
= 16.8 V
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
C
3
(1)
(3) (2)
LM317
( )( )
OUT
2 k
1.25 V 1 50 A 2 k
150
V

= + +

2 k
150
+20 V +16.8 V
Example Example
I
The circuit below shows a voltage regulator with higher
load current (I
L
) capacity. If V
EB1(ON)
= V
EB2(ON)
= 0.7 V,
1
= 15,
(a) Explain the function of transistors Q
1
and Q
2
.
(b) Determine the value of I
C1
and I
O
when R
L
= 100
and 1 .
All rights reserved
LM340 -5
Vi
+
V
o
-
R
L
Q
1
I
L
I
O
I
i
I
Q
R
1
Q
2
R
limit
I
C1
3 ohm
LM340 -5
Vi
+
V
o
-
R
L
Q
1
I
L
I
O
I
i
I
Q
R
1
Q
2
R
limit
I
C1
3 ohm
All rights reserved
(a) Explain the function of Q
1
and Q
2
.
Transistor Q
1
acts as an external bypass transistor to allow for excess
current.
Transistor Q
2
acts as a current limiter to protect transistor Q
1
from
damage due to high current in excess of the maximum allowable current.
LM340 -5
Vi
+
V
o
-
R
L
Q
1
I
L
I
O
I
i
I
Q
R
1
Q
2
R
limit
I
C1
3 ohm
All rights reserved
(b) Determine the value of I
C1
and I
O
when R
L
= 100 and 1 .
When V
EB1
< << < V
EB1(ON)
, transistor Q
1
is OFF. Then I
L
= I
O
= I
R1
.
When I
L
increases to I
R1(max)
= V
EB1(ON)
/R
1
= 0.7/3 = 233.33 mA, then transistor
Q
1
is ON where I
L
= I
O
+ I
C1
I
i
+ I
C1
= I
R1(max)
+ I
C1
= I
R1(max)
+
1
I
B1
=
233.33 mA + (
1
)I
B1
Therefore I
B1
= (I
L
- 233.33 mA) / (
1
)
Where I
L
= V
O
/R
L
, I
C1
=
1
I
B1
dan I
O
= I
L
I
C1
R I I I I
When R
L
= 100 and 1 , values of I
C1
and I
O
are as
shown below
All rights reserved
R
L
I
L
I
B1
I
C1
I
O
100 50 mA 0A 0A 50 mA
1 5000 mA 297.92 mA 4468.8 mA 531.2 mA
All rights reserved
EXAMPLE FROM FINAL EXAM 200910
End of Lecture 7
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 7
Lecture 8
All rights reserved
Lecture 8
Objectives
To work on Switching Regulators
Advantages and
disadvantages
All rights reserved
disadvantages
Boost ( step up)
Buck (step down)
Flyback (inverse)
Advantages of switching regulator Advantages of switching regulator
Disadvantages of switching regulator Disadvantages of switching regulator
Have Have high efficiency high efficiency
Light and compact. Light and compact.
ease of filtering at high frequency. ease of filtering at high frequency.
Output voltage V Output voltage V
OO
can be higher than input voltage can be higher than input voltage V V
ii
All rights reserved
Disadvantages of switching regulator Disadvantages of switching regulator
Produces Produces EMI ( EMI (electromagnetic electromagnetic interference interference))-- switching at high switching at high
frequencies causes high frequency current in Q frequencies causes high frequency current in Q
11
which will which will
produce a high magnetic field and will in turn induces a large produce a high magnetic field and will in turn induces a large
noise voltage around the conductor. noise voltage around the conductor.
Limited ability of pass transistor (usually power transistor) to Limited ability of pass transistor (usually power transistor) to
switch at high frequencies switch at high frequencies
Higher noise and ripple content in V Higher noise and ripple content in V
OO
..
3 basic configurations
step-down (buck)
step-up (boost)
Inverting (flyback)
All rights reserved
Inverting (flyback)
Step down switching regulators are used widely in
PC power supply.
Switching Regulators
All rights reserved
All rights reserved
=
=
T
T
V V
T
T
cycle Duty
ON
ON dc
ON
V
error
V
OSC
V
DC
V
H
V
1
+
(V )
-
(V )
T
ON
0 t
How PWM is produced How PWM is produced
All rights reserved
V
OSC
V
H
V
1
-
(V )
V
error
+
(V )
V
DC
T
ON
+
T
OFF
T
ON
T
ON
+
T
OFF
(a)
(b)
0 t
All switching regulators control the output voltage by
rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle that depends on the load. Because they use high
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
All rights reserved
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
V
C
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
V
C
V
C
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
t
off
t
on
on/off
control
V
OUT
An increase in the duty cycle increases the output voltage. A decrease in the duty cycle decreases the output voltage.
A step-down switching regulator controls the output
voltage by controlling the duty cycle to a series transistor.
The duty cycle changes depending on the load requirement.
C charges
L reverses polarity
All rights reserved
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L D
1
+
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
V
REF
L
C
Because the transistor is
either ON or OFF on all
switching regulators, the
power dissipated in the
transistor is very small
and the regulator is very
efficient. The pulses are
smoothed by an LC filter.
on
C charges
+
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L D
1
+
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
V
REF
L
C
+
L reverses polarity
off
C discharges L field builds
In a step-up switching regulator, the control element
operates as a rapidly pulsing switch to ground. The switch
on and off times are controlled by the output voltage.
Step-up action is due to
on
C charges L field collapses
All rights reserved
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
C
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+ +
+
C discharges
+
on
off
L field builds
Step-up action is due to
the fact the inductor
changes polarity during
switching and adds to
V
IN
. Thus, the output
voltage is larger than
the input voltage.
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
C
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+ +
+
on
off
C charges
+
L field collapses
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
C
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+ +
+
off
In a voltage-inverter switching regulator, the output is the
opposite polarity of the input. It can be used in conjunction
with a positive regulator from the same input source.
Inversion occurs
on
All rights reserved
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+
C
+

on
off
L field builds
C discharges
Inversion occurs
because the inductor
reverses polarity
when the diode
conducts, charging
the capacitor with
the opposite polarity
of the input.
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+
C
on
L field collapses

+ C charges
off
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
1
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+
C
End of Lecture 8
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 8
Lecture 9
All rights reserved
Lecture 9
Example Example
Assuming ideal LC filter , Assuming ideal LC filter ,
(a) (a) Explain the function of PWM Explain the function of PWM, , diode diode DD
11
, , inductor inductor L L and and
capacitor C. capacitor C.
(b) (b) Explain the operation of the circuit if V Explain the operation of the circuit if V
OUT OUT
attempts to fall. attempts to fall.
(c) (c) Calculate the value of V Calculate the value of V
OUT OUT
..
(d) (d) If V If V
ii
increases to 15V, sketch the waveform at B if the output increases to 15V, sketch the waveform at B if the output
voltage were to remain as in (c). voltage were to remain as in (c).
All rights reserved
Oscillator
V
error
Oscillator
V
error
All rights reserved
PWM PWM is used to produce a train of pulses whose pulse width is proportional is used to produce a train of pulses whose pulse width is proportional
to the output voltage ,V to the output voltage ,V
OUT OUT
. . The width of the pulse at point B controls the The width of the pulse at point B controls the
the length of time transistor Q the length of time transistor Q
11
is ON and hence will either increase or is ON and hence will either increase or
decrease the value of V decrease the value of V
OUT OUT
..
Diode Diode D D
11
is used to eliminate any negative voltages. is used to eliminate any negative voltages.
Inductor L and capacitor Inductor L and capacitor C C are used as a filter to smoothen the output and are used as a filter to smoothen the output and
produce the average DC value . produce the average DC value .
Oscillator
V
error
All rights reserved
When When V V
OUT OUT
decreases, decreases, VV
R2 R2
will decrease and V will decrease and V
error error
will will
increase since V increase since V
ZZ
is constant. is constant.
PWM PWM will produce a train of pulses having larger pulse width. will produce a train of pulses having larger pulse width.
Transistor Q Transistor Q
11
will turn will turn ON ON and and OFF OFF with larger duty cycle, causing larger with larger duty cycle, causing larger
DC current to pass through Q DC current to pass through Q
11
Larger current passing through Q Larger current passing through Q
11
increases the value of V increases the value of V
OUT OUT
, to , to
compensate for the decreasing value of compensate for the decreasing value of VV
out out
at the beginning. at the beginning.
Oscillator
V
error
All rights reserved
V V V
ori i OUT
5 . 7 12
6m 10m
10m
T T
T
) (
OFF ON
ON
=
+
=
+
=
ms T Thus
V V
ON
new i OUT
8 ; 15
16m
T
5 . 7
T
T
ON
) (
ON
=
=
8 ms
8 ms
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 9
All rights reserved
End of Lecture 9
End of Chapter 1
All rights reserved
Series Voltage Regulator with Series Voltage Regulator with constant constant
current limiting using current limiting using IC LM 723 IC LM 723
All rights reserved
Series Series Voltage Regulator with fold back Voltage Regulator with fold back
current limiting using current limiting using IC LM 723 IC LM 723
All rights reserved
Selected Key Terms Selected Key Terms Selected Key Terms
Regulator
Line regulation
A electronic circuit that maintains an
essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current.
The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in input (line) voltage.
All rights reserved
Load regulation
Linear regulator
Switching
regulator
The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in load current.
A voltage regulator in which the control
element operates in the linear region.
A voltage regulator in which the control
element operates as a switch.
Quiz Quiz Quiz
1. The load regulation of an ideal power supply is
a. 0%
b. 25%
All rights reserved
c. 50%
d. 100%
Quiz Quiz Quiz
2. A correct formula for load regulation is
a.
OUT
IN
Load Regulation = 100%
V
V

All rights reserved
b.
c.
d.
NL FL
FL
V V
V

FL
NL FL
V
V V

( )
OUT OUT
IN
/ 100%
Load Regulation =
V V
V
Quiz Quiz Quiz

3. An alternate way to express load regulation is in terms
of the
a. output resistance and the full-load resistance
All rights reserved
b. output resistance and the shorted-load resistance
c. input resistance and the full-load resistance
d. input resistance and the shorted-load resistance
Quiz Quiz Quiz
4. In the circuit shown, R
4
= 0.7 . The output current will
be limited to
a. 0.5 A
V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
Q
R
4
0.7
All rights reserved
b. 0.7 A
c. 1.0 A
d. 1.4 A
R
1
R
3
R
2
Q
2
Current limiter
+
Quiz Quiz Quiz

5. The block diagram for a series voltage regulator is
shown. The yellow box represents a
a. control element
V
IN
V
OUT
All rights reserved
b. sample circuit
c. error detector
d. reference voltage
?
Quiz Quiz Quiz
6. The block diagram for a shunt voltage regulator is
shown. The yellow box represents a
a. control element
V
IN
R
1
V
OUT
All rights reserved
b. sample circuit
c. error detector
d. reference voltage
?
Quiz Quiz Quiz
7. The circuit in the blue shaded area is a
a. high speed switching circuit
b. fold-back current limiter
All rights reserved
c. reference source
d. shunt regulator
+V
IN
V
OUT
R
1
Q
1
+
Q
2
R
4
D
1
R
3
R
2
R
6
R
5
Quiz Quiz Quiz
8. A major advantage of all switching regulators is
a. low noise
b. high output impedance
All rights reserved
c. high efficiency
d. all of the above
Quiz Quiz Quiz
9. The type of regulator circuit shown is a
a. series linear
b. series switching
+V
IN
V
OUT
Q
1
D
1
L
C
+
on
off
C
discharges
+V
IN
V
OUT
Q
1
D
1
L
C
on

off
+V
IN
V
OUT
Q
1
D
1
L
C
All rights reserved
c. shunt switching
d. none of the above
R
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+
C

L field builds R
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+
C
L field collapses
+
C
charges
R
1
R
3
R
2
R
L
D
2
Variable
pulse-width
oscillator
L
+
C
Quiz Quiz Quiz
10. The output voltage from a 7912 is a regulated
a. +5 V
b. +12 V
All rights reserved
c. 5 V
d. 12 V
Quiz Quiz Quiz
Answers:
1. a
2. b
6. b
7. b
All rights reserved
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. d
7. b
8. c
9. d
10. d

Voltage Regulator

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Voltage Regulator

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CHAPTER 1

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

2008 Pearson Education, Inc.

The current limit is:

Quiz Quiz Quiz

Quiz Quiz Quiz

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen