Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Berkeley, California, USA
Version 14
July 2009
SAP2000
/Bridge
Bridge Superstructure Design
Concrete Box Girder Bridges and
Precast Concrete Composite Girder Bridges
AASHTO LRFD 2002 and 2007
COPYRIGHT
Copyright Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2009
All rights reserved.
The CSI Logo and SAP2000
|
1
stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based on sec-
tion
c
f '
if
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0.85 0.05; 0.65
7
c
f
|
' | |
=
|
\ .
else
1
0 85 . | =
The tendon location, area, and material are read. Only bonded tendons are
processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
Tendons are split into two groups depending on what sign of moment they
resistnegative or positive. A tendon is considered to resist a positive mo-
ment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block and
is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the
bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression stress block extends
over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line lo-
cated parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme
compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral
axis.
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 9
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
- sum of tendon areas A
PT
- center of gravity of tendons y
PT
- specified tensile strength of prestressing steel f
pu
- constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
2(1.04 )
py
pu
f
k
f
=
The distance c between neutral axis and the compressive face is evaluated in
accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).
1 slab
0.85
PT pu
pu
c PT
pt
A f
c
f
f b kA
y
|
=
' +
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine if
the section is a T-section or rectangular section.
If
1 slabeq
, c t | > the section is a T-section.
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in accordance with
(eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).
slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
0.85 ( )
0.85
PT pu c
pu
c PT
pt
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
y
|
'
=
' +
Average stress in prestressing steel f
ps
is calculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.1.1-1).
(1 )
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
=
Nominal flexural resistance M
n
is calculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.2.2-1)
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 10 Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
If the section is a T-section,
( )
slabeq
1 1
slab webeq slabeq
0.85
2 2 2
n PT ps PT c
t
c c
M A f y f b b t
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ . \ .
else
1
2
n PT ps PT
c
M A f y
| | |
=
|
\ .
Factored flexural resistance is obtained by multiplying M
n
by |.
M
r
= |M
n
Extreme moment M3 demands are found from the specified demand sets and
the controlling demand set name is recorded.
5.3.5 Flexure Design Example
Cross Section: AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48, as shown in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-3 LRFD 2007 Flexure Design
Cross-Section, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 11
Figure 5-4 Reinforcement, LRFD 2007 Flexure Design
Cross-Section, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48
Concrete unit weight, w
c
= 0.150 kcf
Concrete strength at 28 days, f
'
c
= 5.0 ksi (~34.473 MPa)
Design span = 95.0 ft
Prestressing strands: in. dia., seven wire, low relaxation
Area of one strand = 0.153 in
2
Ultimate strength f
pu
= 270.0 ksi
Yield strength f
py
= 0.9 ksi
f
pu
= 243 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, E
p
= 28 500 ksi
Reinforcing bars:
yield strength, f
y
= 60.0 ksi
Section Properties
A = area of cross-section of beam = 826 in
2
h = overall depth of precast beam = 39 in
I = moment of inertia about centroid of the beam = 170812 in
4
y
b
, y
t
= distance from centroid to the extreme
bottom (top) fiber of the beam = 19.5 in
Demand forces from Dead and PT (COMB1) at station 570:
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 12 Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
P = 856.51 kip
M3 = 897.599 kip-in
The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on slab area and slab width
assuming rectangular shape.
slab
slabeq
slab
48 5.5
5.5in
48
A
t
b
= = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 5.5 in
The equivalent web thickness is evaluated as summation of all web horizon-
tal thicknesses
web
webeq web
1
5 5 10in
n
b b = = + =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 10.0 in
Tendons are split into two groups depending on which sign of moment they
resistnegative or positive. A tendon is considered to resist a positive mo-
ment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block and
is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the
bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression stress block extends
over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line lo-
cated parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme
compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral
axis.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
- sum of tendon areas
( )
2
bottom
0.153 6 23 4.437in
PT
A = + =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 4.437 in
2
- distance from center of gravity of tendons to extreme compression fiber
bottom
23 2 6 4
39 36.586in
23 6
PT
y
+
= =
+
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 19.5 + 17.0862 = 36.586 in
- specified tensile strength of prestressing steel 270kip
pu
f =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 270 kip
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 13
- constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
243
2 1.04 2 1.04 0.28
270
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.28
1
| stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based on sec-
tion
c
f '
If
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0.85 0.05;0.65
7
34.473 28
max 0.85 0.05;0.65 0.80376
7
c
f
|
' | |
=
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.8037 (not reported)
The distance c between neutral axis and the compressive face is evaluated in
accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).
1 slab
270
36.586
0.85
4.437 270
6.91in
0.85 5 0.8037 48 0.28 4.437
PT pu
pu
c PT
pt
A f
c
f
f b kA
y
|
=
' +
= =
+
Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 6.919 in (not reported)
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine if
the section is a T-section or a rectangular section.
If
1 slabeq
6.91 0.80376 5.56in 5.5in c t | > = > , the section is a
T-section.
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge, section = T-section
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in accordance
with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 14 Flexure Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
270
36.586
0.85 ( )
0.85
4.437 270 0.85 5(48 10)5.5
7.149in
0.85 5 0.8037 10 0.28 4.437
PT pu c
pu
c PT
pt
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
y
|
'
= =
' +
=
+
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 7.1487 in
Average stress in prestressing steel f
ps
is calculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.1.1-1).
7.149
1 270 1 0.28 255.23ksi
36.586
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| | | |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 255.228 ksi
Nominal flexural resistance M
n
is calculated in accordance with (5.7.3.2.2-1)
If the section is a T-section, then
( )
( )
slabeq
1 1
slab webeq slabeq
0.85
2 2 2
7.149 0.80376
4.437 255.228 36.586
2
7.149 0.80376 5.5
0.85 5 48 10 5.5
2 2
38287.42kip-in
n PT ps PT c
t
c c
M A f y f b b t
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
=
Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 38287.721 kip-in (not reported)
Factored flexural resistance is obtained by multiplying M
n
by |.
1.0 38287.42 38287.42kip-in
r n
M M | = = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 38287.721 kip-in
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 15
5.4 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
5.4.1 Capacity Parameters
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9
The nominal shear capacity of normal weight concrete sections is multiplied by
the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
PhiC (Lightweight) Resistance Factor for light-weight concrete; Default
Value = 0.7, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9
The nominal shear capacity of light-weight concrete sections is multiplied by
the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance
Include Resal (haunched girder) Shear Effect Typical value: Yes
Specifies whether the component of inclined flexural compression or tension,
in the direction of the applied shear, in variable depth members shall or shall
not be considered when determining the design factored shear force.
Shear Rebar Material
A previously defined rebar material label that will be used to determine the
area of shear rebar required.
Longitudinal Torsional Rebar Material
A previously defined rebar material label that will be used to determine the
area of longitudinal torsional rebar required.
5.4.2 Variables
| Resistance factor for shear
u u u u
T M V P , ,
3 2 ,
Factored demand forces and moments per section
o
web
Web angle of inclination from the vertical
A Gross area of section
A
O
Area enclosed by shear flow path, including area of holes if any
CG
top
, CG
bot
Distance from the center of gravity of the section to the top and
bottom fiber
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 16 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
p
h
Perimeter of the polygon defined by the centroids of the longitudinal
chords of the space truss resisting torsion
b Minimum horizontal gross width of web (not adjusted for ducts)
t Minimum normal gross width of web (not adjusted for ducts) =
( )
web
cos b o
b
v
Minimum effective horizontal width of web adjusted for presence
ducts
b
e
Minimum effective normal width of shear flow path adjusted to ac-
count for presence of ducts
t
v
Minimum effective normal width of web = ( )
web
cos
v
b o
k
web
Distribution factor for web
h Vertical height of section
d
v
Effective vertical height of section = max(0.8h, distance from ex-
treme compression fiber to center of gravity of tensile PT)
Normal or light-weight concrete factor
A
vsweb
Area of shear reinforcement in web per unit length
A
vtweb
Area of transverse torsion reinforcement in web per unit length
A
l
Area of longitudinal torsion reinforcement
5.4.3 Design Process
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with Paragraph 5.8.6 (Shear
and Torsion for Segmental Box Girder Bridges). The procedure is not applica-
ble to discontinuity regions and applies only to sections where it is reasonable
to assume that plane sections remain plane after loading. The user should select
for design only those sections that comply with the preceding assumptions by
defining appropriate station ranges in the Bridge Design Request.
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 17
If the option to consider resal effects is activated, the component of inclined
flexural compression or tension, in the direction of the demand shear, in vari-
able depth members is considered when determining the design section shear
force (paragraph 5.8.6.1).
The section design shear force is distributed into individual webs assuming that
the vertical shear that is carried by a web decreases with increased inclination
of the web from vertical. Section torsion moments are assigned to external
webs and slabs.
The rebar area and ratio are calculated using measurements normal to the web.
Thus, vertical shear forces are divided by cos(alpha_web). The rebar area cal-
culated is the actual, normal cross-section of the bars. The rebar ratio is calcu-
lated using the normal width of the web, t
web
= b
web
cos(alpha_web).
The effects of ducts in members are considered in accordance with paragraph
5.8.6.1. In determining the web or flange effective thickness, b
e
,
one-half of the
diameters of ducts is subtracted. All defined tendons in a section, stressed or
not, are assumed to be grouted. Each tendon at a section is checked for pres-
ence in the web or flange and the minimum controlling effective web and
flange thicknesses are evaluated.
The tendon duct is considered as having effect on the web or flange effective
thickness even if only part of the duct is within the element boundaries. In such
cases, the entire one-half of the tendon duct diameter is subtracted from the ele-
ment thickness
If several tendon ducts overlap in one flange or web (when projected on the
horizontal axis for flange, or when projected on vertical axis for the web), the
diameters of ducts are added for the sake of evaluation of the effective thick-
ness. In the web, the effective web thickness is calculated at the top and bottom
of each duct; in the flange, the effective thickness is evaluated at the left and
right side of the duct.
The Shear and Torsion Design is completed first on a per web basis. Rebar
needed for individual webs is then summed and reported for the entire section.
The D/C ratio is calculated for each web. Then the shear area of all webs is
summed and the entire section D/C is calculated. Therefore, the controlling
section D/C does not have to necessarily match the controlling web D/C (in
other words, other webs can make up the capacity for a weak web).
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 18 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
5.4.4 Algorithm
All section properties and demands are converted from SAP2000 model units
to N, mm.
If the option to consider resal effects is activated, the component of inclined
flexural compression or tension, in the direction of the demand shear, in vari-
able depth members is evaluated as follows:
Inclination angles of the top and bottom slabs are determined
slabtop2 slabtop1
slabtop
2 1
arctan
y y
Stat Stat
o
| |
=
|
\ .
slabbot 2 slabbot1
slabbot
2 1
arctan
y y
Stat Stat
o
| |
=
|
\ .
where
slabtop2 slabtop1
, y y vertical coordinate of the center of gravity of the
top slab at stations 1 and 2. The Y origin is assumed to be at the
top of the section and the + direction is up.
1 2
, Stat Stat stations of adjacent sections. When the section being
analyzed is Before, the current section station is Stat
2
; when
the section being analyzed is After, the current section station
is Stat
1
. Therefore, the statement
1 2
Stat Stat < is always valid.
The magnitudes of normal forces in slabs are determined as follows:
3
slabtop slabtop slabtop
3
u u
P M
P A d
A I
| |
=
|
\ .
3
slabbot slabbot slabbot
3
u u
P M
P A d
A I
| |
= +
|
\ .
where
slabtop slabbot
, d d are distances from center of gravity of the section
to center of gravity of the slab (positive)
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 19
The magnitudes of vertical components of slab normal forces are determined
as follows:
resal top slabtop slabtop
tan P P o =
resal bot slabbot slabbot
tan P P o =
On the basis of the location and inclination of each web, the per-web demand
values are evaluated
Outer Web Inner Web
Location
V
uweb
T
uweb
V
uweb
T
uweb
Shear and
Torsion
Check
2 resal top resal bot
web
abs( )
cos
u
V P P k
o
+ +
Abs(T
u
)
2 resal top resal bot
web
abs( )
cos
u
V P P k
o
+ +
0
where
( )
( )
web
web
web
web
1
cos | |
cos | |
n
o
k
o
=
Evaluate effective thicknesses
Evaluate d
v
b
v
b
e
t
v
If b
v
s 0, then
web web flag flag
2, 0; 0; 0; 2; 2
vs vt vs vt
D
WebPassFlag A A A A
C
= = = = = =
proceed to report web results
If b
e
< 0 then SectionPassFlag = 2
Evaluate design
c
f '
c
f ' min( ,
c
f ' 8.3 MPa)
Evaluate stress variable K
Calculate extreme fiber stress
bot bot
3
33
P M
CG
A I
o = +
top top
3
33
P M
CG
A I
o =
( ) tens top bot
max , o o o =
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 20 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
If
tens
0.5 ,
c c
f o ' > then K = 1 else
| |
1
0.166
c
P
A
K
f
= +
'
where K < 2
Evaluate V
c
per web (shear capacity of concrete)
web
0.1663
c c v v
V K f b d ' = (5.8.6.5-3)
Evaluate V
s
per web (shear force that is left to be carried by rebar)
web web
web
u c
s
V V
V
|
|
=
If
web
0
s
V < then
web
0
vs
A =
else
web
web
s
vs
y v
V
A
f d
=
Verify minimum reinforcement requirement
If
web
0.35
vs y
A t f < (eq. 5.8.2.5-2), then
web
0.35
vs y
A t f = and
webflag
0
s
A =
else
webflag
1
vs
A =
Evaluate nominal capacities
web web s vs y v
V A f d =
web web web n c s
V V V = +
Evaluate shear D/C for web
web
web
u
s
v v c
V
D
C
b d f
| | |
=
|
\ . '
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 21
Evaluate T
cr
(eq. 5.8.6.3-2)
0
0.166 2
cr c e
T K f A b ' =
Evaluate torsion rebar
If
web
1
,
3
u cr
T T | < then:
flag
0
vt
A =
web
0
vt
A =
0
l
A =
TorsionEffectsFlag=0
else:
flag
1
vt
A =
web
web
0
2
u
vt
y
T
A
A f |
=
web
0 long
2
u h
l
y
T p
A
A f |
=
TorsionEffectsFlag=1
Evaluate combined shear and torsion D/C for web
web web
0
web
2
1.25
u u
v v e
t
c
V T
D b d A b
C
f
| |
+
| |
=
|
\ . '
Evaluate controlling D/C for web
If
web web s t
D D
C C
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .
then RatioFlag = 0
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 22 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
else
RatioFlag=1
web web
max ,
s t
D D D
C C C
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
If 1,
D
C
> then WebPassFlag=1
else
WebPassFlag = 0
Assign web rebar flags where rebar flag convention is:
Flag = 0 rebar governed by minimum code requirement
Flag = 1 rebar governed by demand
Flag = 2 rebar not calculated since web b
v
< 0
Flag = 3 rebar not calculated since web not part of shear flow path for
torsion
Evaluate entire section values
section web c c
V V =
section web s s
V V =
section web n n
V V =
section web vs vs
A A =
section web vt vt
A A =
section l l
A A =
Evaluate entire section D/C
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 23
web
web
1
web
1
section
n
u
v
v v
n
v
s
c
V
t
b d
t
D
C
f
|
| |
=
|
\ . '
This is equivalent to:
web
1
sec
| |
u
n
v v
s tion
c
V
t d
D
C
f
|
| |
=
|
\ . '
and
web
0
1
section
| | | |
2
1.25
u u
n
e
v v
t
c
V T
A b
t d
D
C
f
|
|
+
| |
=
|
\ . '
Evaluate controlling D/C for section
If
section section
,
s t
D D
C C
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .
then RatioFlag = 0 else RatioFlag = 1
section section
max ,
s t
D D D
C C C
| |
| | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
If 1,
D
C
> then SectionPassFlag=1
else
SectionPassFlag = 0
Assign section design flags where flag convention is:
Flag = 0 Section Passed all code checks
Flag = 1 Section D/C >1
Flag = 2 Section b
e
< 0 (section invalid)
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 24 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
5.4.5 Shear Design Example
Cross Section: AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48, as shown in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5 Shear Design Example, AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48
Figure 5-6 Shear Design Example Reinforcement
AASHTO Box Beam, Type BIII-48
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 25
= 0.9
Concrete unit weight, w
c
= 0.150 kcf
=1.0
Concrete strength at 28 days, f
'
c
= 5.0 ksi (~34.473 MPa)
Design span = 95.0 ft
Prestressing strands: in. dia., seven wire, low relaxation
Area of one strand = 0.153 in
2
Ultimate strength f
pu
= 270.0 ksi
Yield strength f
py
= 0.9
f
pu
= 243 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, E
p
= 28 500 ksi
Reinforcing bars: yield strength, fy = 60.0 ksi (~413.68 MPa)
Section Properties
A = area of cross-section of beam = 826 in
2
(~532902 mm
2
)
h = overall depth of precast beam = 39 in (~990.6 mm)
I = moment of inertia about
centroid of the beam = 170812 in
4
(~71097322269 mm
4
)
y
b
,y
t
= distance from centroid to the
extreme bottom (top) fiber of
the beam = 19.5 in (~495.3 mm)
A
slabtop
= A
slabbot
= 485.5 = 264 in
2
(~170322 mm
2
)
A
o
= (48 5) (39 5.5) = 1440.5 in
2
(~929353 mm
2
)
P
h
= 2 (48 5 + 39 5.5) = 153 in (~3886.2 mm)
Demand forces from Dead and PT (COMB1) at station 114 before:
P = 800 kip (~ 3560 E+03 N)
M3 = 7541 kip-in (~ 852 E+06 Nmm)
V2 = 33 kip (~ 148.3 E+03 N)
T = 4560 kip-in (515.2 E+06 Nmm)
All section properties and demands are converted from SAP2000 model units
to N, mm.
On the basis of the location and inclination of each web, the per-web demand
values are evaluated.
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 26 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
Outer Web Inner Web
Location
V
uweb
T
uweb
V
uweb
T
uweb
Shear and
Torsion
Check
2 resal top resal bot
web
abs( )
cos
abs(148.3 03 0 0) 1
74151.9
cos0
u
V P P
E
N
k
o
+ +
=
+ + +
=
Abs(T
u
)=515.2E+06 N/A 0
N/A
where
( )
( )
( )
( )
web
web
web 2
web
1 1
cos | | cos | 0 |
0.5
cos | | cos | 0 |
n
o
k
o
= = =
Evaluate effective shear flow path thicknesses
firstweb lastweb topslab botslab
min( , , , )
min(127,127,139.7,139.7) 127mm
e v v
b t t t t =
= =
Evaluate effective web width and normal thickness
Since the web is vertical, b
v
= t
v
= 127 mm
Evaluate effective depth
Since M3 < 0 then
bot top
max(0.8 , )
max(0.8 990.6, 495.3 419.1) 914.4mm
v PT
d h y y = +
= + =
Evaluate design
c
f '
( )
( ) min ,8.3MPa min 34.473,8.3MPa 5.871
c c
f f ' ' = = =
Evaluate stress variable K
Calculate extreme fiber stress
bot bot
3 3560 03 852 E 06
495.3 12.616MPa.
33 532902 71097322269
P M E
CG
A I
o
+ +
= + = + =
3 3560 03 852 E 06
495.3 0.745MPa
33 532902 71097322269
top top
P M E
CG
A I
o
+ +
= = =
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 27
tens top bot
max( , ) max( 12.61, 0.745) 0.745MPa o o o = = =
If
tens
0.5
c
f o ' > then K = 1 false
else
| 3560 03| | |
532902
1 1 2.8
0.166 5.871
0.166
c
E P
A
K
f
+
= + = + =
'
where K < 2, therefore K = 2
Evaluate V
c
per web (shear capacity of concrete) (5.8.6.5-3)
web
0.1663 0.1663 2 1.0 5.871 127 914.4
226781N.
c c v v
V K f b d ' = =
=
Evaluate V
s
per web (shear force that is left to be carried by rebar)
web web
web
74151.9 0.9 226781
144392N
0.9
u c
s
V V
V
|
|
= = =
If
web
0,
s
V < then
web
0
vs
A = True
else
web
web
s
vs
y v
V
A
f d
=
Verify minimum reinforcement requirement
If
web
0.35
vs y
A t f < (eq. 5.8.2.5-2) then true
2
web
0.35 127
0.35 0.10745mm / mm
413.68
vs y
A t f
= = = and
webflag
0
s
A =
Else
webflag
1
vs
A =
Evaluate nominal capacities
web web
0.10745 413.68 914.4 40645N
s vs y v
V A f d = = =
web web web
226781 40645 267426N
n c s
V V V = + = + =
Evaluate shear D/C for web
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 28 Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007
web
web
74151.9
0.9
0.1208
127 914.4 5.871
u
s
v v c
V
D
C
b d f
| | |
= = =
|
\ . '
Evaluate T
cr
(eq. 5.8.6.3-2)
0
0.166 2 0.166 2 5.871 2 929353 127
460 147 419 Nmm
cr c e
T K f A b ' = =
=
Evaluate torsion rebar
If
web
1 1
515.2 6 0.9 460 6
3 3
u cr
T T E E | < => < false, then:
flag
1
vt
A =
2 web
web
0
515.2 6
0.7444mm / mm
2 0.9 929352 2 413.68
u
vt
y
T E
A
A f |
= = =
2 web
0 long
515.2 6 3886.2
2893mm
2 0.9 929352 2 413.68
u h
l
y
T p e
A
A f |
= = =
TorsionEffectsFlag=1
Evaluate combined shear and torsion D/C for web
web web
0
web
74151.9 515.2 6
2
0.9 127 914.4 0.9 2 929352 127
1.25 5.871
1.25
0.427
u u
v v e
t
c
V T
E
D b d A b
C
f
| |
+
+
| |
= =
|
\ . '
=
Evaluate controlling D/C for web
If
web web
,
s t
D D
C C
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .
then RatioFlag = 0 false
else
RatioFlag =1 true
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Shear Design AASHTO-LRFD-2007 5 - 29
( )
web web
max , max 0.1208, 0.427 0.427
s t
D D D
C C C
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
If 1,
D
C
> then WebPassFlag =1 true
else
WebPassFlag = 0
Assign web rebar flags where rebar flag convention is:
Flag = 0 rebar governed by minimum code requirement
Flag = 1 rebar governed by demand => true
Flag = 2 rebar not calculated since web b
v
< 0
Flag = 3 rebar not calculated since the web is not part of the shear flow
path for torsion
Evaluate entire section values
section web
2 226781 453562N
c c
V V = = =
section web
2 40645 81290N
s s
V V = = =
section web
2 267426 534852 N
n n
V V = = =
2
section web
2 0.10745 0.2149 mm / mm
vs vs
A A = = =
2
section web
2 0.7444887 1.48898mm / mm
vt vt
A A = = =
2
section
2893mm
l l
A A = =
Evaluate entire section D/C
web
web
1
web
1
section
n
u
v
v v
n
v
s
c
V
t
b d
t
D
C
f
|
| |
=
|
\ . '
= =
Evaluate controlling D/C for section
If
section section
,
s t
D D
C C
| | | |
>
| |
\ . \ .
then RatioFlag = 0 false
else RatioFlag = 1 true
( )
section section
max , max 0.1208,0.427 0.427
s t
D D D
C C C
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
If 1,
D
C
> then SectionPassFlag = 1 true
else
SectionPassFlag = 0
Assign section design flags where flag convention is:
Flag = 0 Section Passed all code checks true
Flag = 1 Section D/C >1
Flag = 2 Section b
e
< 0 (section invalid)
Chapter 5 - Design Concrete Box Girder Bridges
Principal Stress Design, AASHTO LRFD 2007 5 - 31
5.5 Principal Stress Design, AASHTO LRFD 2007
5.5.1 Capacity Parameters
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0.
The compression and tension limits are multiplied by the |
C
factor
FactorCompLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; Typical value(s): 0.4 to
0.6. The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain compression limit
FactorTensLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.19 (ksi) 0.5(MPa); Typi-
cal value(s): 0 to 0.24 (ksi) 0 to 0.63 (MPa). The
c
f ' is multiplied by the
FactorTensLim to obtain tension limit
5.5.2 Demand Parameters
FactorCompLim Percentage of the basic unit stress for compression service
design; Default value = 1.0; Typical values 1.0 to 1.5. The demand compres-
sive stresses are divided by the FactorCompLim factor. This way the control-
ling stress can be selected and compared against one compression limit.
FactorTensLim Percentage of the basic unit stress for tension service design;
Default value = 1.0; Typical values 1.0 to 1.5. The demand tensile stresses are
divided by the FactorCompLim factor. This way the controlling stress can be
selected and compared against one tension limit.
5.5.3 Algorithm
The principal stresses are evaluated at three points at each web: the web cen-
terline at the bottom of the top slab; web centerline at the top of the bottom
slab; and web centerline at the section neutral axis.
The principal stresses are evaluated for each demand set using the Mohr circle
to combine bending, shear, and torsion stresses. The bending stresses assume
linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and both bending moments
(M2 and M3). The shear flow is calculated internally by the program taking
into account section properties at the elevation of the stress point. A shear scale
factor is used to convert the total shear flow acting at an elevation (y-
coordinate) to tangential shear stress in the web. The scale factor is equal to the
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
5 - 32 Principal Stress Design, AASHTO LRFD 2007
web shear-distribution factor divided by the cosine of the angle of inclination
of the web from vertical, and divided again by the design width of the web.
web
web web
ShearScaleFactor
cos b
k
o
=
where
web
web
web
web
1
cos(| |)
cos(| |)
n
o
k
o
=
and
web
b is the horizontal width of web
A torsion scale factor is used to convert the total torque acting on the section
to tangential shear stress in the web. For interior webs, this is equal to zero.
For exterior webs, this is equal to one divided by the plastic torsional
modulus.
1
TorsionScaleFactor
t
W
=
where
min 0
2 t A W
t
=
0
A = area enclosed by shear flow path, including area of holes if any
t
min
= minimum normal width of shear flow path
If the demand set contains live load, the program positions the load to cap-
ture extreme stress at each of the evaluation points.
The stresses are divided by the appropriate demand parameter. Then the ex-
tremes are found for each point and the controlling demand set name is re-
corded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the Capacity Parameters (see Sec-
tion 5.6.1).
Stress Design 6 - 1
Chapter 6
Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
This chapter describes the algorithms applied in accordance with the
AASHTO-LRFD-07 code for design checks when the superstructure has a deck
that includes cast-in-place multi-cell concrete box design and uses the Ap-
proximate Method of Analysis, as described in Section 4.6.2.2 of the code.
In SAP2000, MulticellConcBox design differs from ConcBox design (Chapter
5) with respect to the distribution of loads and the method for checking shear
and torsion. In distributing loads for cast-in-place multi-cell concrete box de-
sign, each web and its tributary slabs are designed separately, and live loads
are distributed to webs using the Approximate Methods of Analysis in accor-
dance with AASHTO Article 4.6.2.2. Torsion effects are always ignored. When
SAP2000 calculates the Live Load Distribution Factors (LLDFs), the section
and span qualification criteria stated in AASHTO 4.6.2.2 are verified and non-
compliant sections are not designed.
With respect to shear and torsion check, in accordance with Article 5.8.3.4.2 of
the code, torsion is ignored
When the multi-cell concrete box design option is used, moments and shears
due to live load are distributed to individual webs in accordance with the fac-
tors specified in Articles 4.6.2.2.2 and 4.6.2.2.3 of the code. Torsion effects are
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
6 - 2 Stress Design
ignored. The user can control if the section is designed as a whole-width
structure in accordance with Article 4.6.2.2.1 of the code by selecting Yes
for the Diaphragms Present option.
6.1 Stress Design
The following parameters are considered during stress design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0. The
compression and tension limits are multiplied by the |
C
factor
FactorCompLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; Typical value(s):
0.4 to 0.6. The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain com-
pression limit
FactorTensLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.19 (ksi) 0.5(MPa);
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.24 (ksi) 0 to 0.63 (MPa). The
c
f ' is multiplied
by the FactorTensLim to obtain tension limit
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber of the top slab and
three points at the bottom fiber of the bottom slab: the left corner, the center-
line web and the right corner of the relevant slab tributary area. The location is
labeled in the output plots and tables. See Chapter 9, Section 9.1.1.
Concrete strength
c
f ' is read at every point, and compression and tension limits
are evaluated using the FactorCompLim -
c
f ' multiplier and FactorTensLim -
c
f ' multiplier.
The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and ei-
ther both bending moments (M2 and M3) or only P and M3, depending on
which method for determining LLDF has been specified in the design request
(see Chapters 3 and 4).
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set. Extremes are found for each
point and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the preceding parameters.
Chapter 6 - Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
Shear Design 6 - 3
6.2 Shear Design
The following parameters are considered during shear design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9.
The nominal shear capacity of normal weight concrete sections is multi-
plied by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
PhiC (Lightweight) Resistance Factor for light-weight concrete; Default
Value = 0.7, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9. The nominal shear capacity of
light-weight concrete sections is multiplied by the resistance factor to ob-
tain factored resistance.
Check Sub Type Typical value: MCFT. Specifies which method for shear
design will be used: either Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT)
in accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2 of the code; or the Vci/Vcw method in
accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.3 of the code. Currently only the MCFT
option is available.
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in
accordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2 of the code; Default Value = 0.4x10
-3
,
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.4x10
-3
Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in ac-
cordance with Section 5.8.3.4.2 of the code; Default Value = 6.0x10
-3
,
Typical value(s): 6.0x10
-3
PhiC for N
u
Resistance Factor used in Equation 5.8.3.5-1 of the code; De-
fault Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 0.75 to 1.0
Phif for M
u
Resistance Factor used in Equation 5.8.3.5-1 of the code; De-
fault Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.9 to 1.0.
Shear Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material label that will
be used to determine the required area of transverse rebar in the girder.
Longitudinal Rebar Material - A previously defined rebar material label
that will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the
girder.
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
6 - 4 Shear Design
6.2.1 Variables
V
| Resistance factor for shear
P
| Resistance factor for axial load
F
| Resistance factor for moment
u
V Factored shear demand per girder excluding force in tendons
u
N Applied factored axial force, taken as positive if tensile
u
M Factored moment at the section
c
V
2
Shear in Section Cut excluding force in tendons
2Tot
V Shear in Section Cut including force in tendons
V
p
Component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective
prestressing force; if V
p
has the same sign as V
u
, the component is re-
sisting the applied shear
a Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with Section 5.7.3.2.2
of the code. Varies for positive and negative moment.
v
d Effective shear depth in accordance with 5.8.2.9 of the code.
girder
d Depth of girder
Bot PT
d Distance from top of top slab to center of gravity of tendons in the
bottom of the precast beam
b Minimum web width
b
v
Effective web width adjusted for presence of prestressing ducts in
accordance with Section 5.8.2.9 of the code
ps
A Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member
Chapter 6 - Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
Shear Design 6 - 5
pu
f Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
p
E Pestressing steel Youngs modulus
vl
A Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of the mem-
ber at the section under consideration
s
E Reinforcement Youngs modulus
s
c Strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement (eq.
5.8.3.4.2-4 of the code)
c c
LimitPos LimitNeg
,
s s
= Max and min value of strain in nonprestressed longitudinal
tension reinforcement as specified in the Design Request
c
E Youngs modulus of concrete
c
A Area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member
VS
A Area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length
min VS
A Minimum area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length in
accordance with Equation 5.8.2.5 of the code
6.2.2 Design Process
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.8.3.4.2 of
the code (derived from Modified Compression Field Theory). The procedure
assumes that the concrete shear stresses are distributed uniformly over an area
b
v
wide and d
v
deep, that the direction of principal compressive stresses (de-
fined by angle and shown as D) remains constant over d
v
, and that the shear
strength of the section can be determined by considering the biaxial stress con-
ditions at just one location in the web. For design, the user should select only
those sections that comply with these assumptions by defining appropriate sta-
tion ranges in the Design Request (see Chapter 4).
The effective web width is taken as the minimum web width, measured parallel
to the neutral axis, between the resultants of the tensile and compressive forces
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
6 - 6 Shear Design
as a result of flexure. In determining the effective web width at a particular
level, one-quarter the diameter of grouted ducts at that level is subtracted from
the web width.
All defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, are assumed to be grouted.
Each tendon at a section is checked for presence in the web and the minimum
controlling effective web thicknesses are evaluated.
The tendon duct is considered as having effect on the web effective thickness
even if only part of the duct is within the web boundaries. In such cases, the en-
tire one-quarter of the tendon duct diameter is subtracted from the element
thickness.
If several tendon ducts overlap in one web (when projected on the vertical
axis), the diameters of the ducts are added for the sake of evaluation of the ef-
fective thickness. The effective web thickness is calculated at the top and bot-
tom of each duct.
Shear design is completed on a per-web basis. Please refer to Chapter 3 for a
description of the live load distribution to individual girders.
6.2.3 Algorithms
All section properties and demands are converted from SAP2000 model units
to N, mm.
For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes,
a new force demand set is generated. The new force demand set is built up
from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum absolute values of
V2 and M3 of the two StepTypes (Max and Min) present in the envelope
COMBO case. The StepType of this new force demand set is named ABS and
the signs of the P, V2 and M3 are preserved. The ABS case follows the indus-
try practice where sections are designed for extreme shear and moments that
are not necessarily corresponding to the same design vehicle position. The
section cut is designed for all three StepTypes in the COMBOMax, Min
and ABSand the controlling StepType is reported.
In cases where the demand moment <
u u p v
M V V d , two new force demand
sets are generated where
pos pos u u p v
M V V d = and
neg neg
.
u u p v
M V V d = The ac-
Chapter 6 - Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
Shear Design 6 - 7
ronyms -CodeMinMuPos and -CodeMinMuNeg are added to the end of
the StepType name. The signs of the P and V2 are preserved.
The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestress-
ing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
2 2Tot
girders
c
p
V V
V
n
=
The depth of the equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative
moment is evaluated in accordance with Equation 5.7.3.1.1 of the code.
Effective shear depth is evaluated.
If M
u
> 0, then
girder Bot Bot
max 0 72 0 9 0 5
v PT PT
d ( . d , . d ,d . a) =
If M
u
< 0, then
( ) girder girder compslab girder compslab
max 0.72 , 0.9 ( 0.5 ),( 0.5 ) 0.5
v
d d d d d d a =
The demand/capacity ratio (D/C) is calculated based on the maximum per-
missible shear capacity at a section in accordance with Section 5.8.3.2-2 of
the code
0 25
u
p
V
c v
V
V
D
C . f ' b d
|
=
(5.8.3.2-2)
Evaluate numerator and denominator of (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
0 5 0 7
u
s u u p ps pu
V
M
. N V V A . f
d
c = + +
denominator s p ps s vl
E A E A c = +
Adjust denominator values as follows
If
denominator
0
s
c = and
numerator
0
s
c > then
LimitPos s s
c c = and
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
6 - 8 Shear Design
numerator s
p ps
s
vl
s
E A
A
E
c
c
=
If
numerator
0
s
c < then
denominator s p ps s vl c c
E A E A E A c = + +
Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
denominator
s
s
s
c
c
c
=
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face
of the section.
If
girder
0 52
u
c
N
. f '
A
> then 2
s s
c c =
Check against the limit on the strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension
reinforcement specified in the Design Request, and if necessary, recalculate
how much longitudinal rebar is needed to reach the EpsSpos tension limit.
LimitNeg
max( , )
s s s
c c c = and
LimitPos
min( , )
s s s
c c c =
Evaluate the angle u of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as de-
termined in Article 5.8.3.4.
18 29 3500 45
s
c s + s (5.8.3.4)
Evaluate the factor indicating the ability of diagonally cracked concrete to
transmit tension and shear, as specified in Article 5.8.3.4.
4 8
1 750
s
.
|
c
=
+
(5.8.3.4)
Evaluate the nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the con-
crete (eq. 5.8.3.3-3).
0 083
c c v
V . f ' b d | =
Evaluate how much shear demand is left to be carried by rebar.
Chapter 6 - Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
Shear Design 6 - 9
c p
s
u
S
V V
V
V =
|
if 0 <
S
V , then 0 =
VS
A else
1
s
VS
y v
V
A .
f d
tanu
=
(eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
Check against minimum transverse shear reinforcement.
If 0 5
u s c p
V . V V , | > + then
min
0 083
c
VS
y
. f ' b
A
f
= in accor-
dance with (eq. 5.8.2.5-1), else
min
0.
VS
A =
If 0,
S
V < then
min VS VS
A A = else
min
max
VS VS VS
A ( A , A ). =
Recalculate V
s
in accordance with (eq. 5.8.3.3-4).
1
S VS y v
V A f d .
tanu
=
Evaluate the longitudinal rebar on the flexure tension side in accordance with
(eq. 5.8.3.5-1).
req
0 5 min
1
0 5
u
U
P S
U S U
SL p ps
v f P y
V
V
V . V ,
M
N
A . E A
d tan f
| |
| | u
| |
| |
|
|
\ . |
= + +
|
\ .
=
req
max( , )
VL VL SL
A A A
Assign longitudinal rebar to the top or bottom side of the girder based on the
moment sign.
If 0,
U
M < then =
CompSlab VL U VL
A A and
BeamBotFlange
0,
VL
A =
else =
CompSlab
0
VL U
A and
BeamBotFlange
.
VL VL
A A =
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
6 - 10 Flexure Design
6.3 Flexure Design
The following parameter is used in the design of flexure:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0. The
nominal flexural capacity is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain fac-
tored resistance
6.3.1 Variables
| Resistance factor for flexure
n
M Nominal flexural resistance
r
M Factored flexural resistance
slabeq
t Thickness of composite slab
slab
b Effective flange width = horizontal width of slab tributary area,
measured from out to out
webeq
b Thickness of beam web
slab
A Tributary area of slab
a Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2.
PT
A Area of PT in tension zone
PT
y Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
prestressing tendons
pu
f Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted aver-
age of all tendons in tensile zone)
py
f Yield tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted average if
all tendons in tensile zone)
ps
f Average stress in prestressing steel (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1)
Chapter 6 - Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
Flexure Design 6 - 11
k PT material constant (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
|
1
Stress block factor is as specified in Section 5.7.2.2.
6.3.2 Design Process
The derivation of the moment resistance of the section is based on approximate
stress distribution specified in Article 5.7.2.2. The natural relationship between
concrete stress and strain is considered satisfied by an equivalent rectangular
concrete compressive stress block of 0.85
c
f ' over a zone bounded by the edges
of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the
distance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fiber. The distance c is meas-
ured perpendicular to the neutral axis. The factor
1
is taken as 0.85 for con-
crete strengths not exceeding 4.0 ksi. For concrete strengths exceeding 4.0 ksi,
1
is reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1.0 ksi of strength in excess of 4.0 ksi,
except that
1
is not to be taken to be less than 0.65.
The flexural resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.7.3.2. The
resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate ca-
pacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The capacity is based
only on bonded tendons defined in the Bridge Object. Mild steel reinforcement
is not considered. If there is no prestressing in the tension zone of the section,
the capacity is reported as zero. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a sec-
tion, stressed or not, have f
pe
(effective stress after loses) larger than 0.5 f
pu
(specified tensile strength). If a certain tendon should not be considered for the
flexural capacity calculation, its area must be set to zero.
The section properties are calculated for the section before skew, grade, and
superelevation are applied. This is consistent with the demands being reported
in the section local axis. It is assumed that the effective width of the flange
(slab) in compression is equal to the width of the slab.
6.3.3 Algorithms
At each section:
All section properties and demands are converted from SAP2000 model
units to N, mm.
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
6 - 12 Flexure Design
The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on the tributary slab area
and the slab width assuming a rectangular shape.
slab
slabeq
slab
A
t
b
=
|
1
stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based
on section
c
f '
If
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0.85 0.05; 0.65
7
c
f
|
' | |
=
|
\ .
else
1
0 85 | = .
The tendon location, area, and material are read. Only bonded tendons are
processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
Tendons are split into two groups depending on the sign of moment they
resistnegative or positive. A tendon is considered to resist a positive
moment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block
and is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of
the bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression stress block
extends over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from
the extreme compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to
the neutral axis.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
sum of tendon areas
PT
A
center of gravity of tendons
PT
y
specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
pu
f
constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
Chapter 6 - Design Multi-Cell Concrete Box Bridges using AMA
Flexure Design 6 - 13
2 1.04
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
=
|
\ .
Positive moment resistance first it is assumed that the equivalent com-
pression stress block is within the top slab. Distance c between the neu-
tral axis and the compressive face is calculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.1.1-4)
1 slab
0.85
PT pu
pu
c PT
pt
A f
c
f
f b kA
y
|
=
' +
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to determine
if the section is a T-section or rectangular section.
If
1 slabeq
, c t | > the section is a T-section.
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in accordance
with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).
slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
0.85 ( )
0.85
PT pu c
pu
c PT
pt
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
y
|
'
=
' +
Average stress in prestressing steel f
ps
is calculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.1.1-1)
1
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| |
=
|
\ .
Nominal flexural resistance M
n
is calculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.2.2-1)
If the section is a T-section, then
( )
slabeq
1 1
slab webeq slabeq
0.85
2 2 2
n PT ps PT c
t
c c
M A f y f b b t
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ . \ .
else
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
6 - 14 Flexure Design
1
2
n PT ps PT
c
M A f y
| | |
=
|
\ .
Factored flexural resistance is obtained by multiplying M
n
by | .
n r
M M | =
Extreme moment M3 demands are found from the specified demand sets
and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The process for evaluating negative moment resistance is analogous.
Design Stress 7 - 1
Chapter 7
Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithms applied in accordance with the
AASHTO-LRFD-07 code for design and stress check when the superstructure
has a deck that includes precast I or U girders with composite slabs.
7.1 Design Stress
The following parameters are considered during stress design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0. The
compression and tension limits are multiplied by the |
C
factor
FactorCompLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.4; Typical value(s): 0.4
to 0.6. The
c
f ' is multiplied by the FactorCompLim to obtain compression
limit
FactorTensLim
c
f ' multiplier; Default Value = 0.19 (ksi) 0.5(MPa);
Typical value(s): 0 to 0.24 (ksi) 0 to 0.63 (MPa). The
c
f ' is multiplied by
the FactorTensLim to obtain tension limit
The stresses are evaluated at three points at the top fiber of the composite slab:
the left corner, the centerline beam, and the right corner of the composite slab
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 2 Design Shear
tributary area. The location of stress output points at the slab bottom fiber and
beam top and bottom fiber depends on the type of precast beam present in the
section cut. The location is labeled in the output plots and tables.
Concrete strength
c
f ' is read at every point and compression and tension limits
are evaluated using the FactorCompLim -
c
f ' multiplier and FactorTensLim -
c
f ' multiplier.
The stresses assume linear distribution and take into account axial (P) and ei-
ther both bending moments (M2 and M3) or only P and M3, depending on
which method for determining LLDF has been specified in the Design Request
(see Chapters 3 and 4).
The stresses are evaluated for each demand set. Extremes are found for each
point and the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The stress limits are evaluated by applying the preceding Parameters.
7.2 Design Shear
The following parameters are considered during shear design:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9.
The nominal shear capacity of normal weight concrete sections is multiplied
by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
PhiC (Lightweight) Resistance Factor for light-weight concrete; Default
Value = 0.7, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9. The nominal shear capacity of
light-weight concrete sections is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain
factored resistance.
Check Sub Type Typical value: MCFT. Specifies which method for shear
design will be used: Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) in accor-
dance with 5.8.3.4.2; or Vci/Vcw method in accordance with 5.8.3.4.3 Cur-
rently only the MCFT option is available.
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in ac-
cordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = 0.4x10
-3
, Typical value(s):
0 to 0.4x10
-3
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design Shear 7 - 3
Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement in ac-
cordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value = 6.0x10
-3
, Typical value(s):
6.0x10
-3
PhiC for N
u
Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; Default Value =
1.0, Typical value(s): 0.75 to 1.0
Phif for M
u
Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; Default Value =
0.9, Typical value(s): 0.9 to 1.0. Shear Rebar Material. A previously defined
rebar material label that will be used to determine the required area of trans-
verse rebar in the girder
Longitudinal Rebar Material A previously defined rebar material label that
will be used to determine the required area of longitudinal rebar in the girder
7.2.1 Variables
V
| Resistance factor for shear
P
| Resistance factor for axial load
F
| Resistance factor for moment
u
V Factored shear demand per girder excluding force in tendons
u
N Applied factored axial force taken as positive if tensile
u
M Factored moment at the section
c
V
2
Shear in Section Cut excluding force in tendons
Tot
V
2
Shear in Section Cut including force in tendons
V
p
Component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective
prestressing force; if V
p
has the same sign as V
u
, the component is re-
sisting the applied shear
a Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2. Varies
for positive and negative moment.
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 4 Design Shear
v
d Effective shear depth in accordance with 5.8.2.9
girder
d Depth of girder
compslab
d Depth of composite slab (includes concrete haunch t2)
Bot PT
d Distance from top of composite slab to center of gravity of tendons
in the bottom of the precast beam
b Minimum web width of beam
ps
A Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member,
pu
f Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
p
E Pestressing steel Youngs modulus
vl
A Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of the mem-
ber at the section under consideration
s
E Reinforcement Youngs modulus
s
c Strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement (eq.
5.8.3.4.2-4)
LimitPos LimitNeg
,
s s
c c = Max and min value of strain in nonprestressed longitudinal
tension reinforcement as specified in the Design Request
c
E Youngs modulus of concrete
c
A Area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member
VS
A Area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length
min VS
A Minimum area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length in
accordance with (eq. 5.8.2.5)
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design Shear 7 - 5
7.2.2 Design Process
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.8.3.4.2 (de-
rived from Modified Compression Field Theory). The procedure assumes that
the concrete shear stresses are distributed uniformly over an area b
v
wide and d
v
deep, that the direction of principal compressive stresses (defined by angle
and shown as D) remains constant over d
v
, and that the shear strength of the
section can be determined by considering the biaxial stress conditions at just
one location in the web. The user should select for design only those sections
that comply with these assumptions by defining appropriate station ranges in
the design request (see Chapter 4).
It is assumed that the precast beams are pre-tensioned, and therefore, no ducts
are present in webs. The effective web width is taken as the minimum web
width, measured parallel to the neutral axis, between the resultants of the ten-
sile and compressive forces as a result of flexure.
Shear design is completed on a per-girder basis. Please refer to Chapter 3 for a
description of the live load distribution to individual girders.
7.2.3 Algorithms
All section properties and demands are converted from SAP2000 model units
to N, mm.
For every COMBO specified in the Design Request that contains envelopes,
two new force demand sets are generated. The new force demand sets are
built up from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum and mini-
mum values of V2 and minimum values of M3 of the two StepTypes (Max
and Min) present in the envelope COMBO case. The StepType of these new
force demand sets are named MaxM3MinV2 and MinM3MaxV2, respec-
tively. The signs of all force components are preserved. The two new cases
are added to comply with industry practice where sections are designed for
extreme shear and moments that are not necessarily corresponding to the
same design vehicle position. The section cut is designed for all four Step-
Types in the COMBOMax, Min, MaxM3MinV2, and MinM3MaxV2and the
controlling StepType is reported.
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 6 Design Shear
In cases where the demand moment <
u u p v
M V V d , two new force demand
sets are generated where
vpos p u upos
d V V M =
and
vneg p u uneg
d V V M =
.
The acronyms -CodeMinMuPos and -CodeMinMuNeg are added to the
end of the StepType name. The signs of the P and V2 are preserved.The
component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing
force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
girders
Tot c
p
n
V V
V
2 2
=
Depth of equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative moment is
evaluated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1).
Effective shear depth is evaluated.
If M
u
> 0, then
( ) girder Bot Bot
max 0 72 0 9 0 5
v PT PT
d . d , . d ,d . a =
If M
u
< 0, then
( ) girder girder compslab girder compslab
max 0.72 , 0.9 ( 0.5 ),( 0.5 ) 0.5
v
d d d d d d a =
If
u u p v
M V V d , < then
u u p v
M (V V ) d . =
The demand/capacity ratio (D/C) is calculated based on the maximum per-
missible shear capacity at a section in accordance with 5.8.3.2-2
0 25
u
p
V
c v
V
V
D
C . f ' b d
|
=
(5.8.3.2-2)
Evaluate numerator and denominator of (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
0 5 0 7
u
s u u p ps pu
V
M
. N V V A . f
d
c = + +
denominator s p ps s vl
E A E A c = +
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design Shear 7 - 7
Adjust denominator values as follows
If
denominator
0
s
c = and
numerator
0
s
, c > then
LimitPos s s
c c = and
numerator s
p ps
s
vl
s
E A
A
E
c
c
=
If
numerator
0
s
, c < then
denominator s p ps s vl c c
E A E A E A . c = + +
Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
denominator
s
s
s
c
c
c
=
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face
of the section.
If
girder
0 52
u
c
N
. f ' ,
A
> then 2
s s
. c c =
Check against the limit on the strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension
reinforcement specified in the Design Request, and if necessary, recalculate
how much longitudinal rebar is needed to reach the EpsSpos tension limit.
LimitNeg
max( , )
s s s
c c c = and
LimitPos
min( , )
s s s
c c c =
Evaluate the angle u of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as de-
termined in Article 5.8.3.4.
18 29 3500 45
s
c s + s (5.8.3.4)
Evaluate the factor indicating the ability of diagonally cracked concrete to
transmit tension and shear, as specified in Article 5.8.3.4
4 8
1 750
s
.
|
c
=
+
(5.8.3.4)
Evaluate nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the concrete
(eq. 5.8.3.3-3).
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 8 Design Shear
0 083
c c v
V . f ' b d | =
Evaluate how much shear demand is left to be carried by rebar.
c p
s
u
S
V V
V
V =
|
If 0,
S
V < then 0;
VS
A = else
1
s
VS
y v
V
A .
f d
tanu
=
(eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
Check against minimum transverse shear reinforcement.
If 0 5
u s c p
V . V V , | > + then
min
0 083
c
VS
y
. f ' b
A
f
= in accor-
dance with (eq. 5.8.2.5-1); else
min
0.
VS
A =
If 0,
S
V < then
min
;
VS VS
A A = else
min
max( ).
VS VS VS
A A , A =
Recalculate V
s
in accordance with (eq. 5.8.3.3-4).
1
S VS y v
V A f d
tanu
=
Evaluate longitudinal rebar on flexure tension side in accordance with (eq.
5.8.3.5-1).
req
0 5 min
1
0 5
u
U
P S
U S U
SL p ps
v f P y
V
V
V . V ,
M
N
A . E A
d tan f
| |
| | u
| |
| |
|
|
\ . |
= + +
|
\ .
req
max( , )
VL VL SL
A A A =
Assign longitudinal rebar to top or bottom side of girder based on moment
sign.
If 0,
U
M < then
CompSlab VL U VL
A A = and
BeamBotFlange
0;
VL
A =
else
CompSlab
0
VL U
A = and
BeamBotFlange
.
VL VL
A A =
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design Shear 7 - 9
7.2.4 Shear Design Example
The girder spacing is 9-8. The girder type is AASHTO Type VI Girders, 72-
inch-deep, 42-inch-wide top flange, and 28-inch-wide bottom flange
(AASHTO 28/72 Girders). The concrete deck is 8 inches thick, with the
haunch thickness assumed = 0.
Materials
Concrete strength
Prestressed girders 28-day strength,
c
f ' = 6 ksi,
Girder final elastic modulus, E
c
= 4,415 ksi
Deck slab: 4.0 ksi, Deck slab elastic modulus, E
s
= 3,834 ksi
Reinforcing steel Yield strength, f
y
= 60 ksi
Prestressing strands 0.5-inch-diameter low relaxation strands Grade 270
Strand area, A
ps
= 0.153 in
2
Steel yield strength, f
py
= 243 ksi
Steel ultimate strength, f
pu
= 270 ksi
Prestressing steel modulus, E
p
= 28,500 ksi
Basic beam section properties
Depth = 72 in.
Thickness of web = 8 in.
Area, A
g
= 1,085 in
2
A
c
= Area of concrete on the flexural
tension side of the member (bordered
at mid depth of the beam + slab height) = 551 in
2
Moment of inertia, Ig = 733,320 in
4
N.A. to top, y
t
= 35.62 in.
N.A. to bottom, y
b
= 36.38 in.
P/S force eccentricity e = 31.380 in.
In accordance with AASHTO LRFD 2007 4.6.2.6, the effective flange
width of concrete deck slab is taken as the tributary width. For the interior
beam, the
slab
9' 8" 116 in. b = =
Demands at interior girder Section 2 = station 10,
after girder Section 2, V
u
= 319.1 kip; M
u
= 3678 kip-ft
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 10 Design Shear
Figure 7-1 Shear design example deck section
Figure 7-2 Shear design example beam section
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design Shear 7 - 11
The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestress-
ing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is evaluated:
2 2Tot
girders
c
p
V V
V
n
= V
p
= 0 since no inclined tendons are present.
Depth of equivalent stress block a for both positive and negative moment is
evaluated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1).
Effective shear depth is evaluated.
Since M
u
> 0, then (for calculation of the depth of the compression block,
refer to the Ultimate Flexure example in Section 6.3.4 of this manual)
girder Bot Bot
max(0.72 , 0.9 , 0.5 )
max(0.72 80", 0.9 75", 75" 0.5 5.314 0.85)
v PT PT
d d d d a =
=
" 74 . 72 ) " 74 . 72 , " 5 . 67 , " 6 . 57 max( = =
v
d
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 72.74
Check if .
u u p v
M V V d <
3678 12 44136kip-in (319 0) 72.74 23204kip-in
u
M = = > =
D/C is calculated based on maximum permissible shear capacity at a section
in accordance with 5.8.3.2-2.
319
0
0.9
0.406
0.25 ' 0.25 6 8 72.74
u
p
V
c v
V
V
D
C f b d
|
= = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.406
Evaluate the numerator and denominator of (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 12 Design Shear
numerator
0.5 0.7
3678 12
0.5 0 319 0 6.73 0.7 270 346.2 kip
72.74
u
s u u p ps pu
V
M
N V V A f
d
c = + +
= + + =
2
denominator
28500 ksi 6.73 in 191805 kip
s p ps s vl
E A E A c = + = =
Adjust denominator values as follows.
If
denominator
0
s
c = and
numerator
0,
s
c > then
LimitPos s s
c c = and
numerator s
p ps
s
vl
s
E A
A
E
c
c
= not applicable
If
numerator
0,
s
c < then
denominator
28500 6.73 4415 551.4 26263461 kip.
s p ps s vl c c
E A E A E A c = + +
= + =
Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
denominator
346.2
1.318e-4
2626346
s
s
s
c
c
c
= = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 1.318e-4
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face
of the section.
If
girder
0.52 ' ,
u
c
N
f
A
> then 2
s s
c c = ; not applicable since N
u
= 0.
Check against limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension rein-
forcement as specified in the Design Request and recalculate A
vl
.
4 -4 4
LimitPos
max( , ) max( 1.318 , 1.318e 4) 1.318
s s s
c c c
= = =
Evaluate angle u of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as deter-
mined in Article 5.8.3.4.
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design Shear 7 - 13
18 29 3500 45
s
u c s = + s
4
29 3500 1.318 28.5deg u
= + =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 28.5 deg
Evaluate factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit
tension and shear as specified in Article 5.8.3.4.
4
4.8 4.8
5.3265
1 750 1 750 1.318
s
|
c
= = =
+ +
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 5.3267
Evaluate nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the concrete
(eq. 5.8.3.3-3).
0.0316 '
0.0316 5.32 1.0 6 8 72.74 239.92 kip
c c v
V f b d | =
= =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 240.00 kip
Evaluate how much shear demand is left to be carried by rebar.
319
0 239.6 114.8 kip
0.9
u
S p c
s
V
V V V
|
= = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 114.64 kip
If 0,
S
V < then 0,
VS
A = else
2 2
114.8
1.43 in /in
1 1
60 72.74
tan tan28.5
s
VS
y v
V
A
f d
u
= = =
(eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
Check against minimum transverse shear reinforcement.
If 0.5 319.1 kip 0.5 239.6 119.8 kip
u s c p
V V V | > + > > = is true,
2
min
0.0316 ' 0.0316 1.0 6 8
0.01032in /in
60
c
VS
y
f b
A
f
= = = (eq.
5.8.2.5-1)
If 0,
S
V < then
min
;
VS VS
A A = else
2 2
min
max( , ) 1.43 in /2
VS VS VS
A A A
= =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 1.43
-2
in
2
/in
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 14 Design of Flexure
Recalculate V
s
in accordance with (eq. 5.8.3.3-4).
1 1
0.0143 60 72.74 114.9kip
tan tan28.5
S VS y v
V A f d
u
= = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 114.6 kip
Evaluate longitudinal rebar on flexure tension side in accordance with (eq.
5.8.3.5-1).
req
2
0.5 min ,
1
0.5
tan
319
0 0.5 114.9
3678 12
0 1 0.9
0.5 28500 6.73 3176.3 in
72.74 0.9 1.0 tan28.5 60
u
U
P S
U S S U
SL p ps
v f P y
V
V
V V
M
N
A E A
d f
| |
| | u
| | | |
| |
| \ .
= + +
|
\ .
| |
|
|
= + + =
|
\ .
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.00 in
2
no additional longitu-
dinal rebar required in beam bottom flange
7.3 Design of Flexure
The following parameters are used in the design of flexure:
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 1.0. The
nominal flexural capacity is multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain fac-
tored resistance
7.3.1 Variables
| Resistance factor for flexure
n
M Nominal flexural resistance
r
M Factored flexural resistance
slabeq
t Thickness of composite slab
slab
b Effective flange width = horizontal width of slab tributary area,
measured from out to out
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design of Flexure 7 - 15
webeq
b Thickness of beam web
slab
A Tributary area of slab
a Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2.
PT
A Area of PT in tension zone
PT
y Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
prestressing tendons
pu
f Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted aver-
age of all tendons in tensile zone)
py
f Yield tensile strength of prestressing steel (area weighted average if
all tendons in tensile zone)
ps
f Average stress in prestressing steel (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1)
k PT material constant (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
|
1
Stress block factor is as specified in Section 5.7.2.2
7.3.2 Design Process
The derivation of the moment resistance of the section is based on the ap-
proximate stress distribution specified in Article 5.7.2.2. The natural relation-
ship between concrete stress and strain is considered satisfied by an equivalent
rectangular concrete compressive stress block of 0.85
c
f ' over a zone bounded
by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to the neu-
tral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fiber. The dis-
tance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral axis. The factor
1
is taken as
0.85 for concrete strengths not exceeding 4.0 ksi. For concrete strengths ex-
ceeding 4.0 ksi,
1
is reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1.0 ksi of strength in ex-
cess of 4.0 ksi, except that
1
is not to be taken to be less than 0.65.
The flexural resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph 5.7.3.2. The
resistance is evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate ca-
pacity is calculated for positive and negative moment. The capacity is based
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 16 Design of Flexure
only on bonded tendons defined in the Bridge Object. Mild steel reinforcement
is not considered. If there is no prestressing in the tension zone of the section,
the capacity is reported as zero. It is assumed that all defined tendons in a sec-
tion, stressed or not, have f
pe
(effective stress after loses) larger than 0.5 f
pu
(specified tensile strength). If a certain tendon should not be considered for the
flexural capacity calculation, its area must be set to zero.
The section properties are calculated for the section before skew, grade, and
superelevation are applied. This is consistent with the demands being reported
in section local axis. It is assumed that the effective width of the flange (slab)
in compression is equal to the width of the slab.
7.3.3 Algorithms
At each section:
All section properties and demands are converted from SAP2000 model units
to N, mm.
|
1
stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based on sec-
tion '
c
f
If
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0.85 0.05; 0.65 ;
7
c
f
|
' | |
=
|
\ .
else
1
0 85 | = .
The tendon location, area, and material are read. Only bonded tendons are
processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
Tendons are split into two groups depending on what sign of moment they
resistnegative or positive. A tendon is considered to resist a positive mo-
ment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block, and
it is considered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the
bottom fiber compression stress block. The compression stress block extends
over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line lo-
cated parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme
compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral
axis.
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design of Flexure 7 - 17
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
- sum of tendon areas
PT
A
- center of gravity of tendons
PT
y
- specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
pu
f
- constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
2 1.04
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
=
|
\ .
Positive moment resistance first it is assumed that the equivalent compres-
sion stress block is within the top slab. Distance c between the neutral axis
and the compressive face is calculated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).
1
0.85
PT pu
pu
c slab PT
pt
A f
c
f
f b kA
y
|
=
' +
The distance c is compared to the slab thickness. If the distance to the neutral
axis c is larger than the composite slab thickness, the distance c is re-
evaluated. For this calculation, the beam flange width and area are converted
to their equivalents in slab concrete by multiplying the beam flange width by
the modular ratio between the precast girder concrete and the slab concrete.
The web width in the equation for c is substituted for the effective converted
girder flange width. The distance c is recalculated in accordance with (eq.
5.7.3.1.1-3).
slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
0.85 ( )
0.85
PT pu c
pu
c PT
pt
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
y
|
'
=
' +
If the calculated value of c exceeds the sum of the deck thickness and the
equivalent precast girder flange thickness, the program assumes the neutral
axis is below the flange of the precast girder and recalculates c. The term
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 18 Design of Flexure
( ) 0.85
c w
f b b ' in the calculation is broken into two terms, one refers to the
contribution of the deck to the composite section flange and the second refers
to the contribution of the precast girder flange to the composite girder flange.
Average stress in prestressing steel f
ps
is calculated in accordance with
5.7.3.1.1-1.
1
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| |
=
|
\ .
Nominal flexural resistance M
n
is calculated in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2-1.
If the section is a T-section, then
( )
slabeq
1 1
slab webeq slabeq
0.85 ;
2 2 2
n PT ps PT c
t
c c
M A f y f b b t
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ . \ .
else
1
2
n PT ps PT
c
M A f y
| | |
=
|
\ .
Factored flexural resistance is obtained by multiplying M
n
by | .
n r
M M | =
Extreme moment M3 demands are found from the specified demand sets and
the controlling demand set name is recorded.
The process for evaluating negative moment resistance is analogous, except that
calculation of positive moment resistance is not applicable.
7.3.4 Flexure Capacity Design Example
Girder spacing: 9-8
Girder type: AASHTO Type VI Girders, 72 inches deep, 42-inch-wide top
flange and 28-inch-wide bottom flange (AASHTO 28/72 Girders)
Concrete deck: 8 inches thick, haunch thickness assumed = 0
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design of Flexure 7 - 19
Materials
Concrete strength
Prestressed girders 28-day strength, '
c
f = 6 ksi,
Girder final elastic modulus, E
c
= 4,696 ksi
Deck slab = 4.0 ksi,
Deck slab elastic modulus, E
s
= 3,834 ksi
Reinforcing steel Yield strength, f
y
= 60 ksi
Prestressing strands 0.5-inch-diameter low relaxation strands Grade 270
Strand area, A
ps
= 0.153 in
2
Steel yield strength, f
py
= 243 ksi
Steel ultimate strength, f
pu
= 270 ksi
Prestressing steel modulus, E
p
= 28,500 ksi
Basic beam section properties
Depth = 72 in.
Thickness of web = 8 in.
Area, A
g
= 1,085 in
2
Moment of inertia, I
g
= 733,320 in
4
N.A. to top, y
t
= 35.62 in.
N.A. to bottom, y
b
= 36.38 in.
P/S force eccentricity e = 31.380 in.
In accordance with AASHTO LRFD 2007 paragraph 4.6.2.6, the effec-
tive flange width of the concrete deck slab is taken as the tributary width.
For the interior beam, the
slab
9'8" 116in b = = .
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 20 Design of Flexure
Figure 7-3 Flexure capacity design example deck section
Figure 7-4 Flexure capacity design example beam section
Chapter 7 - Design Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
Design of Flexure 7 - 21
Tendons are split into two groups depending on which sign of moment they re-
sistnegative or positive. A tendon is considered to resist a positive moment
when it is located outside of the top fiber compression stress block and is con-
sidered to resist a negative moment when it is located outside of the bottom fi-
ber compression stress block. The compression stress block extends over a
zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line located par-
allel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fi-
ber. The distance c is measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following values is
determined:
- sum of tendon areas
2
Bottom
44 0.153 6.732 in
PT
A = =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 6.732 in
2
- distance from center of gravity of tendons to extreme compression fiber
Bottom
12 2 12 4 10 6 6 8 4 10
(72 8) 75 in
12 12 10 6 4
PT
y
+ + + +
= + =
+ + + +
- specified tensile strength of prestressing steel 270 kip
pu
f =
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 270 kip
- constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
243
2 1.04 2 1.04 0.28
270
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.28
1
| stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2 based on the
composite slab
c
f '
1
| shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strength not exceeding 4.0 ksi. If
c
f ' >
4 ksi, then
1
| shall be reduced at a rate of 0.05 for each 1.0 ksi of strength in
excess of 4.0 ksi. Since '
c
f = 4 ksi,
1
| = 0.85.
Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 0.85 (not reported)
SAP200/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
7 - 22 Design of Flexure
The distance c between neutral axis and the compressive face is evaluated in
accordance with 5.7.3.1.1-4.
Bottom
1 slab Bottom
Bottom
0 85
6 732 270
5 314 in
270
0 85 4 0 85 116 0 28 6 732
75
PT pu
pu
c PT
PT
A f
c
f
. f ' b k A
y
.
.
. . . .
|
=
+
= =
+
Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 5.314 in
The distance c is compared to the composite slab thickness to determine if
the c needs to be re-evaluated to include the precast beam flange in the
equivalent compression block.
Since c = 5.314 in < 8 in, the c is valid
Average stress in prestressing steel f
ps
is calculated in accordance with
5.7.3.1.1-1.
Bottom
5.314
1 270 1 0.28 264.64 ksi
75
ps pu
PT
c
f f k
y
| | | |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 264.643 ksi
Nominal flexural resistance M
n
is calculated in accordance with 5.7.3.2.2-1.
Since the section is rectangular,
1
Bottom Bottom
5 314 0 85
6 732 264 64 75
2 2
129593 17 12 10799 4 kip-ft.
n PT ps PT
c . .
M A f y . .
. / .
| | | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= =
Value calculated by SAP2000/Bridge = 107 99 kip-ft (not reported)
Factored flexural resistance is obtained by multiplying M
n
by | .
| = = = 0.9 10799.4 9719.5 kip-ft
r n
M M
Value reported by SAP2000/Bridge = 9719.5 kip-ft (116633.5 kip-in)
Description of Example Model 8- 1
Chapter 8
Run a Bridge Design Request
This chapter identifies the steps involved in running a Bridge Design Request.
(Chapter 4 explains how to define the Request.) Running the Request applies
the following to the specified Bridge Object:
Program defaults in accordance with the selected codethe Preferences
Type of design to be performedthe check type (Section 4.2.1)
Portion of the bridge to be designedthe station ranges (Section 4.1.3)
Overwrites of the Preferencesthe design request parameters (Section 4.1.4)
Load combinations the demand sets (Chapter 2)
Live Load Distribution factors, where applicable (Chapter 3)
For this example, the AASHTO LRFD 2007 code is applied to the model of a
concrete box-girder bridge shown in Figure 8-1.
It is assumed that the user is familiar with the steps that are necessary to create
a SAP2000/Bridge model of a concrete box girder bridge. If additional assis-
tance is needed to create the model, a 30-minute Watch and Learn video enti-
tled, Bridge Bridge Information Modeler is available at the CSI website
0www.csiberkeley.com. The tutorial video guides the user through the creation
of the bridge model referenced in this chapter.
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
8 - 2 Description of Example Model
Figure 8-1 3D view of example concrete box girder bridge model
8.1 Description of Example Model
The example bridge is a two-span prestressed concrete box girder bridge with
the following features:
Abutments: The abutments are skewed by 15 degrees and connected to the
bottom of the box girder only.
Prestress: The concrete box girder bridge is prestressed with four 10-in
2
tendons (one in each girder) and a jacking force of 2,160 kips per tendon.
Bents: The one interior bent has three 5-foot-square columns.
Deck: The concrete box girder has a nominal depth of 5 feet. The deck has
a parabolic variation in depth from 5 feet at the abutments to a maximum
of 10 feet at the interior bent support.
Spans: The two spans are each approximately 100 feet long.
Figure 8-2 Elevation view of example bridge
Chapter 8 - Run a Bridge Design Request
Design Preferences 8 - 3
Figure 8-3 Plan view of the example bridge
8.2 Design Preferences
Use the Design menu > Bridge Design > View/Revise Preferences command
to select the AASHTO LRFD 2007 design code. The Bridge Design Prefer-
ences form shown in Figure 8-4 displays.
Figure 8-4 Bridge Design Preferences form
8.3 Load Combinations
For this example, the default design load combinations were activated using the
Define menu > Load Combination command. After the Add Default Design
Combos button is used and the Bridge option has been selected, the Code-
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
8 - 4 Load Combinations
Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form shown in Figure 8-5
displays. The form is used to specify the desired limit states. Only the Strength
II limit state was selected for this example. Normally, several limit states
would be selected.
Figure 8-5 Code-Generated Load Combinations for Bridge Design form
The defined load combinations for this example are shown in Figure 8-6.
Figure 8-6 Define Load Combinations form
Chapter 8 - Run a Bridge Design Request
Bridge Design Request 8 - 5
The Str-II1, Str-II2, and StrIIGroup1 designations for the load combinations
are specified by the program and indicate that the limit state for the combina-
tions is Strength Level II.
8.4 Bridge Design Request
After the Design menu > Bridge Design > Define Design Request command
has been used, the Bridge Design Request form shown in Figure 8-7 displays.
Figure 8-7 Define Load Combinations form
The name given to this example Design Request is FLEX_1, the Check Type
is for Concrete Box Flexure and the Demand Set, DSet1, specifies the combi-
nation as StrII (Strength Level II).
SAP2000/Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
8 - 6 Start Design/Check of the Bridge
The only Design Request Parameter option for a Concrete Box Flexural check
type is for PhiC. A value of 0.9 for PhiC is used.
8.5 Start Design/Check of the Bridge
After an analysis has been run, the bridge model is ready for a design/check.
Use the Design menu > Bridge Design > Start Design/Check of Bridge com-
mand to start the design process. Select the design to be run using the Perform
Bridge Design form shown in Figure 8-8:
Figure 8-8 Perform Bridge Design - Superstructure
The user may select the desired Design Request(s) and click on the Design
Now button. A plot of the bridge model, similar to that shown in Figure 8-9,
will display.
If several design requests
have been run, the indi-
vidual Design Requests can
be selected from the Design
Check options drop-down
list. This plot is described
further in Chapter 9.
Figure 8-9 Plot of flexure
check results
Display Results as a Plot 9 - 1
Chapter 9
Display Bridge Design Results
Bridge design results can be displayed on screen and as printed output. The
on-screen display can depict the bridge response graphically as a plot or in data
tables. SAP2000's Advanced Report Writer can be used to create the printed
output, which can include the graphical display as well as the database tables.
9.1 Display Results as a Plot
To view the forces, stresses, and design results graphically, click the Display
menu > Show Bridge Forces/Stresses command, which will display the Bridge
Object Response Display form shown in Figure 9-1.
The plot shows the design results for the FLEX_1 design request created using
the process described in the preceding chapters. The demand moments are en-
veloped and shown in the blue region, and the negative capacity moments are
shown with a brown line. If the demand moments do not exceed the capacity
moments, the superstructure may be deemed adequate in response to the flexure
design request. Move the mouse pointer onto the demand or capacity plot to
view the values for each nodal point. Move the pointer to the capacity moment
at station 1200 and 536981.722 kip-in is shown. A verification calculation that
shows agreement with this SAP2000/Bridge result is provided in Section 9.4.
Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
9 - 2 Display Results as a Plot
Figure 9-1 Plot of flexure check results for the example bridge design model
9.1.1 Additional Display Examples
Use the Display menu > Show Bridge Forces/Stresses command to select, on
the example form shown in Figure 9-2, the location along the top or bottom por-
tions of a beam or slab for which stresses are to be displayed. Figures 9-3
through 9-9 illustrate the left, middle, and right portions as they apply to Multi-
cell Concrete Box Sections. Location 1, as an example, refers to the top left se-
lection option while location 5 would refer to the bottom center selection option.
Locations 1, 2, and 3 refer to the top left, top center, and top right selection op-
tion while locations 4, 5, and 6 refer to the bottom left, bottom center, and bot-
tom right selection options.
Chapter 9 - Display Bridge Design Results
Display Results as a Plot 9- 3
Figure 9-2 Select the location on the beam or slab for which results are to be displayed
Figure 9-3 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Vertical
Top slab cut line
Bottom slab cut line
Centerline of the web Centerline of the web
1 2 3
4
5
6
4
5
6
1 2 3
Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
9 - 4 Display Results as a Plot
Figure 9-4 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Sloped
Figure 9-5 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Clipped
Top slab cut
Bottom slab cut line
Centerline of the web
4
5
6
1 2 3
1 2 3
4
5
6
Centerline of the web
Top slab cut
Bottom slab cut line
1 2 3
4
5 6
Centerline of the web
4
5
6
Centerline of the web
1 2
3
Chapter 9 - Display Bridge Design Results
Display Results as a Plot 9- 5
Figure 9-6 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders and Radius
Figure 9-7 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - External Girders Sloped Max
Centerline of the web
Centerline of the web
4
5 6
1
3
2
1 2
6
3
5
4
1 2 3
4, 5
6
Top slab cut
Bottom slab cut line
Centerline of the web Centerline of the web
1 2 3
1 2
3
4
5
6
4
5 6
Centerline of the web
Top slab cut line
Bottom slab cut line
Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
9 - 6 Display Results as a Plot
Figure 9-8 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - Advanced
Figure 9-9 Bridge Concrete Box Deck Section - AASHTO - PCI - ASBI Standard
Bottom slab cut line
Top slab cut line
Top slab cut line
Bottom slab cut line
1 2 3
Centerline of the web
Centerline of the web
1 2 3
4
5 6
Centerline of the web
1
2 3
4
5 6
4
5
6
Chapter 9 - Display Bridge Design Results
Display Data Tables 9- 7
9.2 Display Data Tables
To view design results on screen in tables, click the Display menu > Show Ta-
bles command, which will display the Choose Tables for Display form shown in
Figure 9-10. Use the options on that form to select which data results are to be
viewed. Multiple selection may be made. When all selections have been made,
click the OK button and a database table similar to that shown in Figure 9-11
will display. Note the drop-down list in the upper right-hand corner of the table.
That drop-down list will include the various data tables that match the selections
made on the Choose Tables for Display form. Select from that list to change to a
different database table.
Figure 9-10 Choose Tables for Display form
Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
9 - 8 Advanced Report Writer
Figure 9-11 Design database table for AASHTO LRFD 2007 flexure check
The scroll bar along the bottom of the form can be used to scroll to the right to
view additional data columns.
9.3 Advanced Report Writer
The File menu > Create Report command is a single button click output option
but it may not be suitable for bridge structures because of the size of the docu-
ment that is generated. Instead, the Advanced Report Writer feature within
SAP2000 is a simply and easy way to produce a custom output report.
To create a custom report that includes input and output, first export the files us-
ing one of the File menu > Export commands: SAP2000 MS Access Data-
base.mdb File; SAP2000 MS Excel Spreadsheet .xls File; or SAP2000 .s2k
Text File. When this command is executed, a form similar to that shown in Fig-
ure 9-12 displays.
Chapter 9 - Display Bridge Design Results
Advanced Report Writer 9- 9
Figure 9-12 Choose Tables for Export to Access form
This important step allows control over the size of the report to be generated.
Export only those tables to be included in the final report. However, it is possi-
ble to export larger quantities of data and then use the Advanced Report Writer
to select only specific data sets for individual reports, thus creating multiple
smaller reports. For this example, only the Bridge Data (input) and Concrete
Box Flexure design (output) are exported.
After the data tables have been exported and saved to an appropriate location,
click the File menu > Advanced Report Writer command to display a form
similar to that show in Figure 9-13. Click the appropriate button (e.g., Find ex-
isting DB File, Convert Excel File, Convert Text File) and locate the exported
data tables. The tables within that Database, Excel, or Text file will be listed in
the List of Tables in Current Database File display box.
Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
9 - 10 Advanced Report Writer
Figure 9-13 Create Custom Report form
Select the tables to be included in the report from that display box. The selected
items will then display in the Items Included in Report display box. Use the
various options on the form to control the order in which the selected tables ap-
pear in the report as well as the headers (i.e., Section names), page breaks, pic-
tures, and blanks required for final output in .rft, .txt, or .html format.
After the tables have been selected and the headers, pictures, and other format-
ting items have been addressed, click the Create Report button to generate the
report. The program will request a filename and the path to be used to store the
report. Figure 9-14 shows an example of the printed output generated by the
Report Writer.
Chapter 9 - Display Bridge Design Results
Verification 9- 11
Values used in the
verification calculations.
Values used in the
verification calculations.
Figure 9-14 An example of the printed output
9.4 Verification
As a verification check of the design results, the output at station 1200 is exam-
ined. The following output for negative bending has been pulled from the Con-
BoxFlexure data table, a portion of which is shown in Figure 9-10:
Demand moment, DemandMax (kip-in) = 245973.481
Resisting moment, ResistingNeg (kip-in) = 536981.722
Total area of prestressing steel, AreaPTTop (in2) = 20.0
Top k factor, kFactorTop, = 0.2644444
Neutral axis depth, c, CDistForNeg (in) = 5.1286
Effective stress in prestressing, f
ps
, EqFpsForNeg (kip/in2) = 266.7879
A hand calculation verifies the results as follows:
For top k factor, from (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2),
245 1
2 1 04 2 1 04 0 26444
270
PY
PU
f .
k . . .
f
| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
(Results match)
Bridge Superstructure Design Guide
9 - 12 Verification
For neutral axis depth, from (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4),
( )
slab webeq slabeq
1 webeq
0.85
,
0.85
PT PU c
PU
c PT
PT
A f f b b t
c
f
f b kA
Y
|
'
=
' +
for a T-section
1 webeq
,
0.85
PT PU
PU
c PT
PT
A f
c
f
f b kA
Y
|
=
' +
when not a T-section
20.0(270)
5.1286
270
0.85(4)(0.85)(360) 0.26444(20)
114
c = =
| |
+
|
\ .
(Results match)
For effective stress in prestressing, from (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1),
5 1286
1 270 1 0 26444 266 788
144
PS PU
PT
c .
f f k . .
Y
| |
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
(Results match)
For resisting moment, from (eq. 5.7.3.2.2-1),
( )
slabeq
1 1
SLAB webeq slabeq
0.85
2 2 2
| | | |
| |
' = +
| |
\ .
\ .
N PT PS PT c
t
c c
M A f Y f b b t
1
2
| | |
=
|
\ .
N PT PS PT
c
M A f Y , when the box section is not a T-section
N
M
| |
= =
|
\ .
5.1286(0.85)
20.0(266.788) 144 596646.5
2
kip-in
R N
M M | = = = 0.85(596646.5) 536981.8 kip-in (Results match)
The preceding calculations are a check of the flexure design output. Other de-
sign results for concrete box stress, concrete box shear, and concrete box princi-
pal have not been included. The user is encouraged to perform a similar check
of these designs and to review Chapters 5, 6, and 7 for a detailed descriptions of
the design algorithms.