Qatar

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For other places with the same name, see Qatar (disambiguation).
State of Qatar

Dawla Qaar


Flag Emblem

Anthem: (Arabic)
As Salam al Amiri (transliteration)
Amiri Salute

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Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on theArabian Peninsula.
Capital
and largest city
Doha
2518N 5131E
Official languages Arabic
Demonym Qatari
Government Unitaryparliamentaryabsolute
monarchy
-

Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
-

Prime Minister Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al
Thani
Legislature Consultative Assembly
Establishment
-

Qatar National Day 18 December 1878
-

Declared Independence
1 September 1971
-

Independence from the
United Kingdom

3 September 1971
Area
-

Total 11,571 km
2
(164th)
4,467.6 sq mi
-

Water (%) negligible
Population
-

2014 estimate 2,155,446
[1]
(142nd)
-

2010 census 1,699,435
[2]
(148th)
-

Density 176/km
2
(76th)
455/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2012 estimate
-

Total $182.004 billion
[3]

-

Per capita $102,943
[3]

GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate
-

Total $173.847 billion
[3]

-

Per capita $98,329
[3]

Gini (2007) 41.1
[4]

medium
HDI (2014) 0.834
[5]

very high 36th
Currency Riyal (QAR)
Time zone AST (UTC+3)
-

Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+3)
Drives on the right
Calling code +974
ISO 3166 code QA
Internet TLD
.qa
.

You may need rendering
support to display the Arabic
text in this article correctly.
Qatar (
i
/ktr/, /ktr/ or
i
/ktr/;
[6]
Arabic: Qatar [qtr]; local vernacular
pronunciation: [tr]
[7]
), officially the State of Qatar (Arabic: Dawla Qatar), is
a sovereign Arab emirate, located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the
northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to
the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait in the Persian Gulf
separates Qatar from the nearby island kingdom of Bahrain.
Qatar is an absolute monarchy that has been ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-19th
century. Before the discovery of oil, Qatar was noted mainly for sea trade and pearl hunting.
Following Ottoman rule it became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining
independence in 1971. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thanibecame Emir when he deposed
his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup d'tat,
[8]
only to later step down in favour
of his son, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, on June 2013. Qatar's semi-elected Majlis al Shura has very
limited legislative authority to draft and approve laws; the Emir has final say on all matters. Most
Qataris belong to the strict Wahhabi sect of Islam.
[9][10][11]
Qatar has the most conservative society in
the GCC after Saudi Arabia.
[12][13]

Qatar has the world's third largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves in excess of 25 billion
barrels, which has fuelled Qatar to become the world's richest country per capita and achieve the
highest human development in the Arab Worldand 36th highest globally; furthermore, it is
recognised as a high income economy by the World Bank and also the 19thmost peaceful country in
the world.
[14][15]
Qatar is currently undergoing transformation under the National Vision 2030, in which
it expects to achieve an advanced, sustainable, and diversified economy.
[16]
To promote tourism,
Qatar has invested billions into improving infrastructure. It held the 2006 Asian Games and will be
the host of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, becoming the first Arab country to host either of the
events.
[17]
Qatar has become an influential player in the Arab world. Qatar supported
several rebel groups during the Arab Spring both financially and by asserting global influence
through its expanding news group, Al Jazeera Media Network.
[18][19][20]

Qatar's support for the Muslim Brotherhood and allied groups throughout the middle east, as well as
positions taken by Al Jazeera have led to increasing tensions with other Persian Gulf states. These
came to a head during a March 2014 meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council, after which
the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain announced the recall of their ambassadors to Qatar.
[21][22][23]

Qatar maintains close relationships with western powersAl Udeid Air Base plays host to US and
UK air forcesand eastern powers, and has often tried to bridge the gap between Muslim and non-
Muslim states. Qatar has a population of around 1.8 million people; however, only 280,000 of these
are citizens, as the majority of the population are foreigners who work and live in the state.
[24]
It is
also one of the few countries in which citizens do not have to pay any taxes.
[25][26]
Qatar is a member
of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Gulf Cooperation Council, OPEC and theCouncil of Arab
Economic Unity.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
o 2.1 Ancient history
o 2.2 Advent of Islam
o 2.3 Bahraini rule (17831868)
o 2.4 Ottoman rule (18711916)
o 2.5 British rule (19161971)
o 2.6 Independence (1971)
3 Government and politics
o 3.1 Law
o 3.2 Foreign relations
o 3.3 Military
o 3.4 Administrative divisions
4 Geography
o 4.1 Biodiversity and environment
o 4.2 Climate
5 Economy
o 5.1 Energy
o 5.2 International holdings
6 Demographics
o 6.1 Religion
o 6.2 Languages
7 Culture
o 7.1 Arts and museums
o 7.2 Media
o 7.3 Music
o 7.4 Sport
8 Education
9 Healthcare
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The name may derive from Qatar, believed to refer to the Qatari town of Qatar, an important trading
port and town in the region in ancient times.
In Standard Arabic, the name is pronounced [qtr], while in the local dialect it is [itar].
[7]

History[edit]
Ancient history[edit]
Main article: History of Qatar
Recent discoveries in Wadi Debay'an, a site located a few kilometres south of Zubarah, indicate
human presence from 7,500 years ago. Amongst the findings were a wall built of stone, possibly
used as a fish trap.
[27]
Discovery of a 6th millennium BC site at Shagra, in southeastern Qatar
revealed the key role the sea (the Persian Gulf) played in the lives of Shagra's inhabitants.
Excavations at Al Khor in northeastern Qatar, Bir Zekrit and Ras Abaruk, and the discovery there of
pottery, flint, flint-scraper tools, and painted ceramic vessels indicates Qatar's connection with the Al-
Ubaid civilisation, which flourished in the land between the Tigris and theEuphrates rivers in present-
day Iraq during the period of 5th4th millennium BC. It is thought that Mesopotamian fisherman
working the rich fishing banks off the Arabian coast visited local settlements, bringing pottery with
them and exchanging it for fresh meat in an improvised barter-based trade system.
[28]
The first
potsherds of the Ubaid Mesopotamia were found by a Danish expedition in Al Da'asa in 1961, but
not identified until later. A second expedition was held in 197374 led by Beatrice
De Cardi.
[29]
Contact between the people of Mesopotamia and the eastern Arabian coast (including
Qatar) continued over centuries.
In the early 3rd millennium, Sumerians settled on Tarut Island, off the Arabian peninsula coast,
approximately 100 kilometres north-west of Qatar. Later, from 2450 to 1700 BC, Dilmun, a peaceful
trading civilisation, was centred in Bahrain.
[30]
Evidence that Qatar was part of the complex trading
network is found from the presence of Barbar pottery, a product of the Dilmun civilisation, in
Ras Abrouk.
[31]

Qatar then emerged as one of the richest places in the Persian Gulf, with regard to the trade and
commerce between the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. This period witnessed the spread of the Bronze
Age cultures and civilisations from Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley settlements of India. Trade
between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley was channelled through the Persian Gulf, with the western
coast of Qatar playing a vital role in the transshipment of the commercial goods as the discovery of
fragments of Barbar pottery in Ras Abaruk reveals it. Qatar also attracted seasonal migrants during
the period of the Bronze Age.
[28]

The Kassites of the Zagros Mountains, which is located in the Iranian province of Lorestan, assumed
power in Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empireafter circa 1531 BC to circa 1155 BC
and spread their influence throughout the Persian Gulf region including a small island on the bay
of Al Khor in the north of Doha. Ceramics, which were of Kassite origin that were unearthened while
excavating in Al Khor for archaeological evidences, clearly indicate the close links between Qatar
and Babylonia during this period.
[28]

The Greco-Roman trade between Europe and India was carried on via the Persian Gulf during
140 BC. Archaeological evidence found in Qatar suggests the Greek and Roman influences in the
peninsula, particularly at Ras Abaruk, included stone structures, such as dwellings, cairns, hearths
and low mounds containing large quantities of fish bones. Excavation of the dwelling revealed two
chambers; linked by a cross-wall, with a third room open to the sea. Ras Abaruk was a temporary
fishing station where periodic landing were made to dry fish during this period. In fact, pearls and
dried fish were the major items for exportation from Qatar during the Greco-Roman period.
[28]

The whole Persian Gulf region afterwards emerged as the most important trade centre, linking
between the West and the East, during the time of the Sassanid Empire in the 3rd century AD.
Cargoes of copper, spices, sandalwood, teak, blackwood, etc., arriving from the East were
exchanged for shipments of purple dye, clothing, pearls, dates, gold and silver. Qatar played a pre-
eminent role in that commercial activity contributing at least two of these commodities to the
Sassanid trade purple dye and precious pearls.
[28]

Advent of Islam[edit]
Although the peninsula land mass that makes up Qatar has sustained humans for thousands of
years, for the bulk of its history, the arid climate fostered only short-term settlements
by Nomadic tribes.
Islam was spread in the entire Arabian region by the end of the 7th century, resulting in
the Islamization of the native Arabian pagans. With the spread of Islam in Qatar, the Islamic
prophet Muhammad sent his first envoy, Al Ala Al-Hadrami, to Al-Mundhir Ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi, the
ruler of Bahrain (which extended from the coast of Kuwait to the south of Qatar, including Al-
Hasa and Bahrain Islands), in the year 628, inviting him to accept Islam as he had invited other
kingdoms and empires of his time such as Byzantium and Persia. Mundhir, in response to
Muhammad, announced his acceptance of Islam, and the inhabitants of Qatar became Muslim,
heralding the beginning of the Islamic era in Qatar. However, it is likely that some settled populations
in Qatar did not instantaneously convert.
During the Umayyad and the Abbasid rules in Damascus and Baghdad respectively, there was
further growth of trade and commerce in Qatar. Yaqut Al Hamawi, an Arab historian and biographer,
who died in 1229, considered Qatar as a village famed as a camel and horse breeding centre during
the Umayyad period. During the ascendancy of the Abbasid in Baghdad, the pearling industry in the
rich waters around Qatar developed considerably and the demand for Qatari pearl increased in the
East, which extended as far as China. With the expansion of the mercantile activities on the coasts
of Qatar, settlements began to grow on the north of Qatar, particularly at Murwab in the Yoghbi area
between Zubarah and Umm el-Ma with more than 100 small stone built houses.
[28]

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese Empire enhanced their power and influence
over the Persian Gulf after establishing hold over the Strait of Hormuz. The Portuguese Empire
settled its commercial relations with many Persian Gulf harbours including Qatar, where it exported
gold, silver, silk textiles,Dianthus, all kinds of pearls, amber and horses.
[28]
This lasted until the
Portuguese were expelled from Qatar and Oman in 1522 by the Ottoman Navy.
[32]

In the 18th century, migrants established pearling and trading settlements along the coast of
present-day Qatar. In the early part of the century, the Bani Khalidpeople extended their power in
Eastern Arabia to the area from Qatar to Kuwait. Zubarah, which had already emerged as one of the
key sea ports in the Persian Gulf in view of the expanding pearl trade to many different parts of the
world, became the headquarters of the Bani Khalid administration in Qatar and the principal transit
port for their Eastern and the Central Arabian territories. Products imported from Surat in India to the
port of Zubarah included Surat blue cottons and other piece goods, 'cambay' cotton
robes, chauders, shawls, bamboo, coffee, sugar, pepper, spices, iron, tin, oil, ghee and rice. Some
of the imported goods were retained at Zubarah for consumption there and in the immediate vicinity,
while the remainder were conveyed by camel to Dariyah in Nejd and to Al Hasa, taking in the other
districts under the jurisdiction of Bani Khalid.
[28]

Bahraini rule (17831868)[edit]
In 1783, the Al Khalifa family of Bahrain invaded and annexed Qatar.
[33]

In 1821, as punishment for piracy, an East India Company vessel bombarded Doha, destroying the
town and forcing hundreds of residents to flee. The residents of Doha had no idea why they were
being attacked. As a result, Qatari rebel groups began to emerge to fight the Al-Khalifas and to seek
independence from Bahrain. In 1825, the House of Thani was established with Sheikh Mohammed
bin Thani as the first leader.
[34]

Although Qatar had the legal status of a dependency, resentment festered against the Bahraini Al
Khalifas along the eastern seaboard of the Qatari peninsula. In 1867, the Al Khalifas launched an
effort to crush the Qatari rebels, sending a massive naval force to Al Wakrah. This resulted in the
maritime QatariBahraini War of 18671868, where Bahraini forces sacked and looted Doha and Al
Wakrah.
[35]
However, the Bahraini aggression was in violation of the 1820 Anglo-Bahraini Treaty.
This attack, and the Qatari counterattack, prompted the British political agent, Colonel Lewis Pelly, to
impose a settlement in 1868. His mission to Bahrain and Qatar and the peace treaty that resulted
were milestones in Qatar's history because they implicitly recognised the distinctness of Qatar from
Bahrain and explicitly acknowledged the position of Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani, an important
representative of the peninsula's tribes. The diplomatic response of the British to this violation set
into motion the political forces that would eventuate in the founding of the state of Qatar on 18
December 1878 (for this reason, the date of 18 December is celebrated each year as Qatar National
Day). In addition to censuring Bahrain for its breach of agreement, the British Protectorate (per
Colonel Lewis Pelly) asked to negotiate with a representative from Qatar.
The request carried with it a tacit recognition of Qatar's status as distinct from Bahrain. The Qataris
chose as their negotiator the entrepreneur and long-time resident of Doha, Muhammed bin Thani.
The Al Thanis had taken relatively little part in Persian Gulf politics, but the diplomatic foray ensured
their participation in the movement towards independence and their hegemony as the future ruling
family, a dynasty that continues to this day. The results of the negotiations left the nation with a new-
found sense of political identity, although it did not gain official standing as a British protectorate until
1916.
Ottoman rule (18711916)[edit]


Qatar in an 1891 Adolf Stieler map
Under military and political pressure from the Governor of the Ottoman Vilayet of Baghdad, Midhat
Pasha, the House of Thaniin Qatar submitted to Ottoman rule in 1871.
[36]
By the end of that year,
Ottoman rule extended from Kuwait to Qatar.
[36]
The Ottoman government imposed reformist
(Tanzimat) measures concerning taxation and land registration to fully integrate these areas into the
empire.
[36]

In March 1893, at the Battle of Wajbah (10 miles west of Doha), Shaikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al
Thani defeated the Ottomans. Although Qatar did not gain full independence from the Ottoman
Empire, the result of the battle forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar emerging as
an autonomous separate country within the empire.
[37]

The British initially sought out Qatar and the Persian Gulf as an intermediary vantage point en route
to their colonial interests in India; although, the discovery of petroleum and natural gas in the early
20th century would reinvigorate their interest. During the 19th century, the time of Britain's formative
ventures into the region, the Al Khalifa clan reigned over the northern Qatari peninsula from the
nearby island of Bahrain to the west.
British rule (19161971)[edit]
The Ottoman Empire fell into disorder after losing battles in different fronts in the Middle Eastern
theatre of World War I. Qataris took part in the Arab revolt against the Ottomans. The revolt was
successful and Ottoman rule in Qatar collapsed.
The United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire accorded their recognition to Sheikh Abdullah bin
Jassim Al Thani and his successors' right to rule over the whole of the Qatari Peninsula. The
Ottomans renounced all their rights to Qatar and following the outbreak of the First World War,
Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani, who was pro-British, forced the Ottomans to abandon Doha in
1915.
[38]

As a result of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, Qatar became a British protectorate on 3
November 1916. On that day, the United Kingdom, to bring Qatar under its Trucial System of
Administration, signed a treaty with Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani. While Sheikh Abdullah
agreed not to enter into any relations with any other power without prior consent of the British
Government, Percy Zachariah Cox, the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf, who signed the treaty
on behalf of his government, guaranteed the protection of Qatar "from all aggression by sea".
[38]

On 5 May 1935, Sheikh Abdullah signed another treaty, which was able to obtain Britain's
agreement for the protection of Qatar from inside as well as any attacks from external forces.
[38]
Oil
reserves were first discovered in 1939. However, exploitation was delayed by World War II.
The reach of the British Empire diminished after World War II, especially following the Independence
of India and Pakistan in 1947. In the 1950s, oil was beginning to replace pearling and fishing as
Qatar's main source of revenue. Oil revenues began to fund the expansion and modernisation of
Qatar's infrastructure. Pressure for a British withdrawal from the Arab emirates in the Persian Gulf
increased during the 1950s, and the British granted Kuwait's independence in 1961. When Britain
officially announced in 1968 that it would disengage politically (though not economically) from the
Persian Gulf in three years' time, Qatar joined Bahrain and seven other Trucial States in a
federation. Regional disputes, however, quickly compelled Qatar to resign and declare
independence from the coalition that would evolve into the United Arab Emirates.
Independence (1971)[edit]


Traditional dhows in front of the West Bay skyline as seen from theDoha Corniche.
On 3 September 1971, Qatar officially gained its independence from the United Kingdom and
became an independent sovereign state.
[28]
In 1972, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani seized power in a
palace coup after infighting in the ruling family. In 1974, the Qatar General Petroleum
Corporation took control of all oil operations in the country, and Qatar rapidly became a rich
country.
[39]

In 1991, Qatar played a significant role in the Persian Gulf War, particularly during the Battle of
Khafji in which Qatari tanks rolled through the streets of the town providing fire support for Saudi
Arabian National Guard units which were fighting against units of the Iraqi Army. Qatar also
allowed Coalition troops from Canada to use the country as an airbase to launch aircraft
on CAP duty.
In 1995, Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani seized control of the country from his father Khalifa bin
Hamad Al Thani, with the support of the armed forces and cabinet, and neighbouring
states.
[40]
Under Emir Hamad, Qatar has experienced a moderate degree of liberalisation, including
the launch of the Al Jazeera television station (1996), the endorsement of women's suffrage or right
to vote in municipal elections (1999), drafting its first written constitution (2005), and inauguration of
a Roman Catholic church (2008). In 2010, Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, and
will be the first country in the Middle East to host the tournament. The Emir says Qatar will hold its
first national legislative elections in 2013.
Qatar served as the US Central Command headquarters and one of the main launching sites of
the US invasion of Iraq in 2003.
[41]
In March 2005, a suicide bombingkilled a British teacher at the
Doha Players Theater, shocking for a country that had not previously experienced acts of terrorism.
The bombing was carried out by Omar Ahmed Abdullah Ali, an Egyptian residing in Qatar, who had
suspected ties to Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
[42][43]
In 2011, Qatar joined NATO operations in
Libya and reportedly armed Libyan opposition groups.
[44]
It is also currently a major funder of
weapons for rebel groups in the Syrian civil war.
[45]
Qatar is pursuing an Afghan peace deal and in
January 2012 the Afghan Taliban said they were setting up a political office in Qatar to facilitate
talks.
On 25 June 2013, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani became the Emir of Qatar after his father
handed over power in a televised speech.
[46]

Government and politics[edit]
Main article: Politics of Qatar


Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thaniwith US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel.
Under the leadership of the Al Thani family, whose origins can be traced back to the Banu
Tamim tribe. The Al Thani dynasty has been ruling Qatar since the family house was established in
1825.
[47]
There is no independent legislature, and political parties are forbidden.
[48]
Parliamentary
elections, which were originally promised for 2005, have been postponed indefinitely.
[48]

The eighth Emir of Qatar is Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, whose father Hamad bin Khalifa Al
Thani handed power to him on 25 June 2013.
[49]
The supreme chancellor has the exclusive power to
appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers who, together, comprise the Council of
Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country.
[50]
The Council of Ministers also
initiates legislation. Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the
Advisory Council (Majilis Al Shura) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for
ratification.
[50]

A Consultative Assembly or Majlis Al-Shura has limited legislative authority to draft and approve
laws, but the Emir has final say on all matters.
[47]
No legislative elections have been held since 1970
when there were partial elections to the body.
[47]
Elections to the Majlis al-Shura have been
announced, and then postponed, several times.
[51]
In 2011 the seventh Emir announced that
elections to the council would be held in the second half of 2013.
[52]

In 2003, Qatar adopted a new constitution that provided for the direct election of 30 of the
45 members of Advisory Council.
[47][51]
As of 2012, the Council is composed entirely of members
appointed by the Emir.
[47]
An elected 29-member Central Municipal Council (CMC) has limited
consultative authority aimed at improving municipal services.
[47]
The CMC makes recommendations
to the Ministry for Municipal Affairs and Agriculture. Disagreement between the CMC and the
Ministry can be brought to the Council of Ministers for resolution.
[51]
Municipal elections are
scheduled for every four years.
[51]
The most recent elections for the council were in May
2011.
[47]
Before 1999, members of the CMC were appointed by the government.
Law[edit]
See also: Human rights in Qatar
Qatar's legal system is a mixture of civil law and Islamic law.
[53][54]
Shari'a (Islamic law) is one of the
sources of Qatari legislation, and is applied to aspects of family law, inheritance, and certain criminal
acts.
[55]
In some cases in family courts, a female's testimony is worth half a man's and in some cases
a female witness is not accepted at all.
[56]
Codified family law was introduced in 2006. Sharia courts
were abolished in 2003.
Under the provisions of Qatar's sponsorship law, sponsors have the unilateral power to cancel
workers' residency permits, deny workers' ability to change employers, report a worker as
"absconded" to police authorities, and deny permission to leave the country.
[57]
As a result, sponsors
may restrict workers movements and workers may be afraid to report abuses or claim their
rights.
[57]
According to the ITUC, the visa sponsorship system allows the exaction of forced labour by
making it difficult for a migrant worker to leave an abusive employer or travel overseas without
permission.
[58]
Qatar also does not maintain wage standards for its immigrant labour.
Many cases of ill-treatment of immigrant labour have been observed. The Nepalese ambassador to
Qatar, Maya Kumari Sharma, described the emirate as an "open jail".
[59]
Qatar does not have
national occupational health standards or guidelines, and workplace injuries are the third highest
cause of accidental deaths.
[60]

In May 2012, Qatari officials declared their intention to allow the establishment of an independent
trade union.
[61]
Qatar also announced it will scrap its sponsor system for foreign labour, which
requires that all foreign workers be sponsored by local employers, who in some cases hold workers'
passports and can deny them permission to change jobs.
[61]

As of 2005, certain provisions of the Qatari Criminal Code allowed punishments such as flogging
and stoning to be imposed as criminal sanctions. The UN Committee Against Torture found that
these practices constituted a breach of the obligations imposed by the UN Convention Against
Torture.
[62][63]
Qatar retains the death penalty, mainly for threats against national security.
Alcohol consumption is legal in Qatar. Luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to their adult
customers.
[64][65]
Foreign nationals may obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal
consumption. The Qatar Distribution Company (a subsidiary of Qatar Airways) is permitted to import
alcohol and pork; it operates the one and only liquor store in the country, which also sells pork to
holders of liquor licences.
[66]
Qatari officials have also indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in "fan
zones" at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
[67]

Until recently, restaurants on the Pearl-Qatar (a man-made island near Doha) were allowed to serve
alcoholic drinks.
[64][65]
In December 2011, however, restaurants on the Pearl were told to stop selling
alcohol.
[64][68]
No explanation was given for the ban.
[64][65]
Speculation about the reason includes the
government's desire to project a more pious image in advance of the country's first election of a royal
advisory body and rumours of a financial dispute between the government and the resort's
developers.
[68]

In 2014, Qatar released dress code decree which particularly to remind tourists how to dress
properly. Female tourists is not allowed to wear leggings, miniskirts, sleeveless dresses and short or
tight clothing in public. Men are not allowed to wear only shorts and singlets.
[69]

Foreign relations[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of Qatar


Former Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and US Secretary of State John Kerry in 2013.


Qatar's flag in Libya after the Libyan civil war, Qatar played an influential role during the Arab Spring.
Qatar was also an early member of OPEC and a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). It is a member of the Arab League. The country has not accepted
compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction.
[47]

Qatar hosts the Al Udeid Air Base, which acts as the hub for all American air operations in the
Persian Gulf.
[70]
Qatar has bilateral relationships with a variety of foreign powers. It has allowed
American forces to use an air base to send supplies to Iraq and Afghanistan.
[71]

Qatar signed a defence co-operation agreement with Saudi Arabia,
[72]
with whom it shares the
largest single non-associated gas field in the world. It was the second nation, the first being France,
to have publicly announced its recognition of theLibyan opposition's National Transitional Council as
the legitimate government of Libya amidst the 2011 Libyan civil war.
[73]
Qatar's relations
with Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates are strained, owing to the perceived closeness between
the Qatari government and the Muslim Brotherhood.
[40]

The history of Qatar's alliances provides insight into the basis of their policy. Between 1760 and
1971, Qatar sought formal protection from the high transitory powers of the Ottomans, British, the Al-
Khalifa's from Bahrain, the Persians, and theWahhabis from Saudi Arabia.
[74][page needed]
According to
leaked documents published in The New York Times, Qatar's record of counter-terrorism efforts was
the "worst in the region" although Qatar had been a generous host to the American military.
[75]
The
cable suggested that Qatar's security service was "hesitant to act against known terrorists out of
concern for appearing to be aligned with the U.S. and provoking reprisals".
[75]

Qatar has hosted academic, religious, political, and economic conferences. The 11th annual Doha
Forum recently brought in key thinkers, professionals of various backgrounds, and political figures
from all over the world to discuss democracy, media and information technology, free trade,
and water security issues. This year was the first year the forum featured the Middle East Economic
Future conference.
[76]
In more recent times, Qatar has been active in initiating peaceful talks
between rival factions across the globe. Notable among these include the Darfur Agreement. The
Doha Declaration is the basis of the peace process in Darfur and it has achieved significant gains on
the ground for the African region. Notable achievements included the restoration of security and
stability, progress made in construction and reconstruction processes, return of displaced residents
and uniting of Darfur people to face challenges and push forward the peace process.
[77]
Qatar was
one of the main backers of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and deposed Islamist
President Mohamed Morsi. Qatar lent or gave Egypt $7.5 billion during the year he was in power.
[78]

Since 2011, Qatar has actively supported Syrian opposition groups by providing them with
weapons.
[79]
There is evidence that these groups supported by Qatar include the hard-line Islamic
militant groups active in northern Syria.
[79]
Qatar has also pledged $60 million in humanitarian aid to
Syrian civilians and refugees.
[80]

Military[edit]
Main article: Qatar Armed Forces


Qatar's Dassault Mirage 2000 flying over Libya.
The Qatar Armed Forces are the military forces of Qatar. The country maintains a modest military
force of approximately 11,800 men, including an army (8,500), navy (1,800) and air force (1,500).
Qatar's defence expenditures accounted for approximately 4.2% of gross national product in 1993.
Qatar has recently signed defence pacts with the United States and United Kingdom, as well as with
France earlier in 1994. Qatar plays an active role in the collective defence efforts of the Gulf
Cooperation Council; the other five members are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the UAE, and
Oman. The presence of a large American military base in the country provides the country with a
guaranteed source of defence and national security. In 2008 Qatar spent US$2.355 billion on military
expenditures, 2.3% of the gross domestic product.
[81]
Qatari special forces have been trained by
French and other Western countries, and are believed to possess considerable skills.
[48]
They also
helped the Libyan rebels during the 2011 Battle of Tripoli.
[48]

Administrative divisions[edit]
Main article: Municipalities of Qatar


Municipalities of Qatar since 2004
Since 2004, Qatar has been divided into seven municipalities (Arabic: baladiyah).
[82]

1. Madinat ash Shamal
2. Al Khor
3. Umm Salal
4. Al Daayen
5. Al Rayyan
6. Doha
7. Al Wakrah
For statistical purposes, the municipalities are further subdivided into 98 zones (as of 2010),
[83]
which
are in turn subdivided into blocks.
[84]

Geography[edit]
Main article: Geography of Qatar


Map of Qatar.
The Qatari peninsula juts 100 miles (161 km) north into the Persian Gulf from Saudi Arabia. It lies
between latitudes 24 and 27 N, and longitudes 50 and 52 E.
Much of the country consists of a low, barren plain, covered with sand. To the southeast lies
the Khor al Adaid ("Inland Sea"), an area of rolling sand dunes surrounding an inlet of the Persian
Gulf. There are mild winters and very hot, humid summers.
The highest point in Qatar is Qurayn Abu al Bawl at 103 metres (338 ft)
[47]
in the Jebel Dukhan to the
west, a range of lowlimestone outcroppings running north-south from Zikrit through Umm Bab to the
southern border. The Jebel Dukhan area also contains Qatar's main onshore oil deposits, while
the natural gas fields lie offshore, to the northwest of the peninsula.
Biodiversity and environment[edit]
Qatar signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 11 June 1992, and became a party to the
convention on 21 August 1996.
[85]
It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and
Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 18 May 2005.
[86]
A total of 142 fungal species
have been recorded from Qatar.
[87]
A book recently produced by the Ministry of Environment
documents the lizards known or believed to occur in Qatar, based on surveys conducted by an
international team of scientists and other collaborators.
[88]

For two decades, Qatar has had the highest per-capita carbon dioxide emissions in the world, at
49.1 metric tons per person in 2008.
[89]
Qataris are also some of the highest consumers of water per
capita per day, using around 400 litres.
[90]

Climate[edit]
Main article: Weather of Qatar
[hide]Climate data for Qatar
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high C (F)
22
(72)
23
(73)
23
(73)
32
(90)
38
(100)
41
(106)
41
(106)
40
(104)
38
(100)
35
(95)
29
(84)
24
(75)
32.2
(89.8)
Average low C (F)
13
(55)
13
(55)
17
(63)
21
(70)
25
(77)
27
(81)
29
(84)
29
(84)
26
(79)
23
(73)
19
(66)
15
(59)
21.4
(70.5)
Precipitation mm (inches)
12.7
(0.5)
17.8
(0.701)
15.2
(0.598)
7.6
(0.299)
2.5
(0.098)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
2.5
(0.098)
12.7
(0.5)
71
(2.794)
Source: weather.com
[91]

Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Qatar


Graphical depiction of Qatar's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.

Qatar Airways Boeing 787-8, Qatar Airways links over 100 international destinations from its base in Doha.
Before the discovery of oil, the economy of the Qatari region focused on fishing and pearl hunting.
Report prepared by local governors of Ottoman Empire in 1892 states that total income from pearl
hunting in year of 1892 is 2,450,000 kran.
[35]
After the introduction of the Japanese cultured
pearl onto the world market in the 1920s and 1930s, Qatar's pearling industry crashed. Oil was
discovered in Qatar in 1940, in Dukhan Field.
[92]
The discovery transformed the state's economy.
Now, the country has a high standard of living. With no income tax, Qatar (along with Bahrain) is one
of the countries with the lowest tax rates in the world. The unemployment rate in June 2013 was
0.1%.
[93]

Qatar has the highest GDP per capita in the world as of 2013, according to the CIA World
Factbook
[94]
and approximately 14% of households are dollar millionaires.
[95]
It relies heavily on
foreign labour to grow its economy, to the extent that migrant workers comprise 94% of the
workforce.
[96]
The economic growth of Qatar has been almost exclusively based on its petroleum and
natural gas industries, which began in 1940.
[97]
Qatar is the leading exporter of liquefied natural
gas.
[48]
In 2012, it was estimated that Qatar would invest over $120 billion in the energy sector in the
next ten years.
[98]
The country is a member state of Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC), having joined the organisation in 1961.
[99]

In 2012, Qatar retained its title of richest country in the world (according to per capita income) for the
third time in a row, having first overtaken Luxembourg in 2010. According to the study published by
the Washington based Institute of International Finance, Qatar's per capita GDP at purchasing
power parity (PPP) was $106,000 (QR387,000) in 2012, helping the country retain its ranking as the
world's wealthiest nation. Luxembourg came a distant second with nearly $80,000 and Singapore
third with per capita income of about $61,000. The research put Qatar's GDP at $182bn in 2012 and
said it had climbed to an all-time high due to soaring gas exports and high oil prices. Its population
stood at 1.8 million in 2012. The same study published that Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), with
assets of $115bn, was ranked 12th among the richest sovereign wealth funds in the world.
[100]

Energy[edit]
As of 2012, Qatar has proven oil reserves of 15 billion barrels and gas fields that account for more
than 5% of the global resource, it is the richest per-capita state in the world. None of its population of
about 1.9-million lives below the poverty line and less than 1% is unemployed.
[101]

Qatar's economy was in a downturn from 1982 to 1989. OPEC quotas on crude oil production,
the lower price for oil, and the generally unpromising outlook on international markets reduced oil
earnings. In turn, the Qatari government's spending plans had to be cut to match lower income. The
resulting recessionary local business climate caused many firms to lay off expatriate staff. With the
economy recovering in the 1990s, expatriate populations, particularly from Egypt and South Asia,
have grown again.
Oil production will not long remain at peak levels of 500,000 barrels (80,000 m) per day, as oil fields
are projected to be mostly depleted by 2023. However, large natural gas reserves have been located
off Qatar's northeast coast. Qatar's proved reserves of gas are the third-largest in the world,
exceeding 250 trillion cubic feet (7000 km). The economy was boosted in 1991 by completion of the
$1.5-billion Phase I of North Field gas development. In 1996, the Qatargas project began
exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) to Japan. Further phases of North Field gas development
costing billions of dollars are in various stages of planning and development.
Qatar's heavy industrial projects, all based in Umm Said, include a refinery with a 50,000 barrels
(8,000 m) per day capacity, a fertiliser plant for urea and ammonia, a steel plant, and a
petrochemical plant. All these industries use gas for fuel. Most are joint ventures between European
and Japanese firms and the state-ownedQatar General Petroleum Corporation (QGPC). The US is
the major equipment supplier for Qatar's oil and gas industry, and US companies are playing a major
role in North Field gas development.
[101]

Qatar pursues a vigorous program of "Qatarization", under which all joint venture industries and
government departments strive to move Qatari nationals into positions of greater authority. Growing
numbers of foreign-educated Qataris, including many educated in the US, are returning home to
assume key positions formerly occupied by expatriates. To control the influx of expatriate workers,
Qatar has tightened the administration of its foreign manpower programs over the past several
years. Security is the principal basis for Qatar's strict entry and immigration rules and regulations.
[101]

International holdings[edit]
Established in 2005, Qatar Investment Authority is the country's sovereign wealth fund, specialising
in foreign investment.
[102]
Due to billions of dollars in surpluses from the oil and gas industry, the
Qatari government has directed investments into United States, Europe, and Asia Pacific. As of
2013, the holdings were valued at $100 billion in assets. Qatar Holding is the international
investment arm of QIA. Since 2009, Qatar Holding has received $30bn-$40bn a year from the state.
As of 2013, it has investments in Valentino, Siemens, Printemps, Harrods, The Shard, Barclays
Bank, Heathrow Airport, Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Volkswagen, Royal Dutch Shell, Bank of
America, Tiffany, Agricultural Bank of China, Sainsbury's, BlackBerry,
[103]
and Santander
Brasil.
[104][105]

Demographics[edit]
Main article: Demographics of Qatar
First records about the demographics of Qatar dated back to 1892 which was prepared by Ottoman
governors in the region. Based on this census, which only includes the residents in cities, total
population of Qatar in 1892 was 9,830.
[35]

Populations
Year Pop. %
1904 27,000
1970 111,133 +311.6%
1986 369,079 +232.1%
1997 522,023 +41.4%
2004 744,029 +42.5%
2010 1,699,435 +128.4%
2013 1,903,447 +12.0%
Source: Qatar Statistics
Authority (1904
2004);
[106]
2010
Census;
[2]
2013 est.
[107]

The 2010 census recorded the total population at 1,699,435.
[2]
In January 2013, the Qatar Statistics
Authority estimated the country's population at 1,903,447, of which 1,405,164 were males and
498,283 females.
[107]
At the time of the first census, held in 1970, the population was
111,133.
[106]
The population has tripled in the decade to 2011, up from just over 600,000 people in
2001, leaving Qatari nationals as less than 15% of the total population.
[108]
The influx of male
labourers has skewed the gender balance, and women are now just one-quarter of the
population.
[108]

Non-Arabs make up the majority of Qatar's population, and government statistics refer to them as
non-Qatari. As of 2013, the four largest ethnic groups are Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%,
and Iranian 10%.
[109]
Of the remaining 14%, the most prevalent ethnicities areNepali, Filipino, and Sri
Lankan; however, exact percentages are unavailable.
[110]

Projections released by Qatar Statistical Authourity indicates that the total population of Qatar could
reach 2.8 million by 2020. Qatar's National Development Strategy (201116) had estimated that the
country's population would reach 1.78m in 2013, 1.81m in 2014, 1.84m in 2015 and 1.86m in 2016
the yearly growth rate being merely 2.1 percent. But the country's population have soared to 1.83
million by the end of 2012, showing 7.5 percent growth over the previous year.
[111]



Skyline of Doha at night
Religion[edit]
Main article: Religion in Qatar


Masjid in Qatar
Islam is the predominant religion. Most Qatari citizens belong to the strict Wahhabi sect of
Islam.
[9][10][11]
Most Qatari citizens are Sunni Muslims, between 515% of Qatari citizens are Shia
Muslims.
[112]
According to the 2004 census, 71.5% of the population are Sunni Muslim and about
10% Shi'a Muslim, 8.5% are Christian and 10% are "Other".
[47][113][114]

In 2010, the religious affiliation in the country was estimated by the Pew Forum as 67.7% Muslim,
13.8% Christian, 13.8% Hindu and 3.1% Buddhist. Other religions and religiously unaffiliated people
accounted for the remaining 1.6%.
[115]

In March 2008, a Roman Catholic church, Our Lady of the Rosary, was consecrated in Doha. No
missionaries are allowed in the community. The church displays no Christian symbols such as
crosses, bells, or a steeple on its exterior.
[116]

The Christian population is composed almost entirely of foreigners. Active churches are Mar Thoma
Church, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church from Southern India, Arab Evangelicals from Syria and
Palestine, and Anglicans,
[117]
about 50,000Catholics and Copts from Egypt.
[118]
No foreign
missionary groups operate openly in the country,
[119]
but the government allows churches to
conduct Mass. Since 2008 Christians have been allowed to build churches on ground donated by
the government.
[120]

Languages[edit]
Arabic is the official language of Qatar, with Qatari Arabic the local dialect. Qatari Sign Language is
the language of the deaf community. English is also widely spoken,
[121]
and is considered to be a
rising lingua franca, especially in commerce, to the extent that steps are being taken to try to
preserve Arabic from English's encroachment.
[122]
English is particularly useful for communication
with Qatar's large expatriate community. In 2012, Qatar joined the international French-speaking
organisation of La Francophonie as a new associate member.
[123]
Reflecting the multicultural make-
up of the country, many other languages are also spoken,
including Hindi, Malayalam, Urdu, Tamil, Nepali and Tagalog.
[124]

Culture[edit]
Qatar's native culture is similar to that of other countries in the Arab Peninsula. The Qatar National
Day hosted every 18 December is the day Qataris celebrate their national identity and history. On
that day, expressions of affection and gratitude are conveyed to the people of Qatar who cooperated
in solidarity and vowed allegiance and obedience to Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani as a
leader in 1878.
[125][126]

Arts and museums[edit]
Main articles: Qatar Museums Authority and Collecting practices of the Al-Thani Family
Several senior members of Qatar's ruling Al Thani family are noted collectors of Islamic and
contemporary art (see Collecting practices of the Al-Thani Family).
The Museum of Islamic Art, opened in 2008, has quickly come to be regarded as one of the great
museums of the world.
[127]
This, and several other Qatari museums, fall under the Qatar Museums
Authority (QMA) which is led by Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, the daughter
of the ruling Emir of the State of Qatar, and the prominent collector and art patron Sheikh Hassan
bin Mohammed Al Thani.
[128]
The QMA also sponsors artistic events abroad, such as major
exhibitions by Takahashi Murakami in Versailles (2010) and Damien Hirst in London (2012).
Qatar is the world's biggest buyer in the art market by value.
[129]
The Qatari cultural sector is being
developed to enable the country to reach world recognition to contribute to the development of a
country that comes mainly from its resources from the gas industry.
[130]

Media[edit]


The news desk of Al Jazeera English, a Qatari news channel
Qatar's media was classified as "not free" in the 2012 Freedom of the Press report by Freedom
House.
[131]
Criticism of the Emir in the media is illegal: according to article 46 of the press law The
emir of the state of Qatar shall not be criticized and no statement can be attributed to him unless
under a written permission from the manager of his office.
[132]

TV broadcasting in Qatar was started in 1970.
[133]
Al Jazeera is a main television network
headquartered in Doha, Qatar. Al Jazeera initially launched in 1996 as an Arabic news and current
affairs satellite TV channel of the same name, but has since expanded into a network of several
speciality TV channels known collectively as the Al Jazeera Media Network.
Print media is going through expansion, with over three English dailies and Arabic titles. The number
of locally published magazines has also increased with several monthly, bi-monthly and quarterly
magazines being published in both Arabic and English.
In more recent times, with the advent of Social Media, online news portals such as peninsula online,
Gulf Times online andQatar Chronicle have gained popularity among the public in Qatar. The latter
of which has been particularly noted for their bold articles that are often not in line with the publicly
accepted propaganda.
[134]

Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Qatar
The music of Qatar is based on Bedouin poetry, song and dance. Most of Qatari music uses an
array of percussion instruments, including al-ras (a large drum whose leather is heated by an open
fire).
Sport[edit]
Main article: Sport in Qatar


Khalifa International Stadium, home stadium of the Qatar national football team.
Football is the most popular sport in Qatar. The Qatar under-20 national football team finished
second in the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship after a 40 defeat to Germany in the final.
The Asian Football Confederation's 2011 AFC Asian Cup finals was held in Qatar in January 2011. It
was the fifteenth time the tournament has been held, and the second time it has been hosted by
Qatar, the other being the 1988 AFC Asian Cup.
On 2 December 2010, Qatar won their bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, despite never having
qualified for the FIFA World Cup Finals before.
[135]
Qatari organizers are planning to build 9 new
stadiums and expand 3 existing stadiums for this event. Qatar's winning bid for the 2022 World Cup
was greeted enthusiastically in the Persian Gulf region as it would be the first time that the Middle
East will host the FIFA World Cup. However, the bid has been embroiled in much controversy since
then and European football associations have objected to the 2022 World Cup being held in Qatar
for a variety of reasons, from the impact of warm temperatures on player's fitness to the confusion it
might cause in European domestic league calendars, should the event be moved to the
winter.
[136][137]
In May 2014 Qatar football official Mohamed Bin Hammam was alleged to have made
payments totalling 3m to officials, in return for their support for the Qatar bid.
[138]
Similarly, The
Guardian, a British national daily newspaper, made a documentary on "Abuse and exploitation of
migrant workers preparing emirate for 2022".
[139]

Doha, Qatar, is also home to Qatar Racing Club, a drag racing facility. Sheik Khalid bin Hamad Al
Thani is very involved in the sport and owner of Al-Anabi Racing. He recently brought his racing
company to the United States as a member of the NHRA with the help of 9 time NHRA champion
crew chief Alan Johnson, renaming the American team Awsome Al-Anabi Racing, he also brought
Johnson on as CEO of the American team, luring him from rival Don Schumacher Racing. They
currently have two teams in Top Fuel: Khalid Al-Balooshi and Shawn Langdon. Langdon finished
2013 as NHRA Top Fuel Champion.
Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex in Doha, Qatar, hosted the WTA Tour
Championships in women's tennis between 2008 and 2010. Doha holds theWTA Premier
tournament Qatar Ladies Open annually.
Nasser Al-Attiyah of Qatar won the 2011 Dakar Rally and the Production World Rally
Championship in 2006. In addition, he has also won gold medals at the 2002 Asian
Games and 2010 Asian Games as part of the Qatari skeet shooting team, as well as a bronze medal
in the individual skeet event at the 2010 Games in Guangzhou. In the 2012 Summer Games, he won
the bronze medal in clay pigeon shooting.
[140]

Since 2002, Qatar has hosted the annual Tour of Qatar, a cycling race in six stages. Every February,
riders are racing on the roads across Qatar's flat land for six days. Each stage covers a distance of
more than 100 km, though the time trial usually is a shorter distance. Tour of Qatar is organised by
the Qatar Cycling Federation for professional riders in the category of Elite Men.
[141]

In March 2013, Qatar hosted the first round of the FIM Motocross World Championship, becoming
the first Motocross Grand Prix to be held in the Middle East. Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World
Cup
Education[edit]
Main article: Education in Qatar


Qatar University, east view
Qatar has hired RAND to reform its K12 education system.
[48]
Through the Qatar Foundation, the
country has built an "Education City", hosting local branches of the Weill Cornell Medical
College, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, Northwestern's Medill School of
Journalism, Texas A&M's School of Engineering, and other Western institutions.
[48]

The iliteracy rate in Qatar was 3.1% for males and 4.2% for females in 2012, the lowest in the Arab-
speaking world, but 86th in the world.
[142]
Citizens are required to attend government-provided
education from kindergarten through high school.
[143]
Qatar University was founded in 1973.
In 2008, Qatar established the Qatar Science & Technology Park at Education City to link those
universities with industry. Education City is also home to a fully accredited International
Baccalaureate school, Qatar Academy. Two Canadian institutions, the College of the North
Atlantic and the University of Calgary, also operate campuses in Doha. Other for-profit
universities have also established campuses in the city.
[144]

In November 2002, the Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani created the Supreme Education
Council.
[145]
The Council directs and controls education for all ages from the pre-school level through
the university level, including the "Education for a New Era"
[146]
reform initiative.
According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, the top-ranking universities in the
country are Qatar University (1881st worldwide), Texas A&M University at Qatar (3905th) and Weill
Cornell Medical College in Qatar (6855th).
[147]

In 2012, Qatar was ranked near the bottom of the OECD countries participating in the PISA test of
math, reading and skills for 15 to 16-year olds, comparable to Colombia or Albania, despite having
the highest per capita income in the world.
[148]

Healthcare[edit]
In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 1.40% of the country's GDP. In 2006, there were
23.12 physicians and 61.81 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.
[149]
The life expectancy at birth was 78.25
years in 2010, or 78.54 years for males and 77.95 years for females.
[150]

Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), affiliated with Cornell University, is the premier non-profit health
care provider in Doha, Qatar. Established by the Emiri decree in 1979, HMC manages five highly
specialised hospitals and a health care centre: Hamad General Hospital, Rumailah Hospital,
Womens Hospital, Psychiatric Hospital and the Primary Health Care Centres and Al Khor Hospital.
These hospitals are quite sophisticated by the standards of the region, with most hosting
advanced fMRIand other scanning machines.
Other private hospitals consist of Sidra Hospital, Al-Ahli Hospital, Doha Clinic, Al-Emadi Hospital,
Aster Medical Centre, Alkharashy Dental Centers, Naseem Al Rabeeh, The American Hospital,
Apollo Clinic, Future Medical Center, Future Dental Center, Life Line Medical Centre, Al Salam Poly
Clinic and Tadawi Medical.
Qatar has among the highest rates in the world for obesity, diabetes and genetic disorders.
[151]

See also[edit]

Middle East portal

Book: Qatar
List of Qatar-related topics
Outline of Qatar
Qatar's Kafala systemlaws regarding foreign workers in Qatar
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