Communication Systems - 3

rd
Lecture
ISDN
Chair in Communication Systems
Department of Applied Sciences
University of Freiburg
2010
11/0/10 2
Communication Systems
Plan for this lecture

!oday "e "ill tal# about

$SD% layers from &hysical to %et"or# layer

'eference points and device groups

(ard"are specification

)*+21 protocol of the data lin# layer

)*+,1 protocol of the net"or# layer

$SD% call setup

-.ercises on net"or# analysis and pac#et inspection

Communication Systems
Last lecture

'ecapitulate from last lecture

$SD% is a circuit s"itched net"or#

Circuit path bet"een t"o parties reserved for the

duration of the call

'eleased upon disconnect

'emember the /S$/$S/ stac#

$SD% implements several layers

&hysical layer implemented eg in 0'$ and &'$

Data lin# layer in )*+21

%et"or# layer in )*+,1

11/0/10 1
Communication Systems
ISDN and the OSI protocol stack (mostly D channel)

Communication Systems
unction !roups " #eference Points

'eference points defining elements and service

definitions

LT function and the -! function communicate

via the 2 interface

Devices connecting to the S/T 3or S4 interface

include $SD% capable telephones and FA5
machines6 video teleconferencing
e7uipment6 bridge/routers6 and terminal
adapters

U interface is a t"o8"ire 3single pair4 interface

from the phone s"itch6 the same physical
interface provided for &/!S lines

Communication Systems
unction !roups " #eference Points

Communication Systems
unction !roups " #eference Points

%!19 %et"or# !ermination 1

(andles physical layer interface functions such as

line termination 3eg %!- :4

%!1 devices terminate the $SD% circuit*

%!29 %et"or# !ermination 2

(andles physical layer plus layer 2 and , functions

such as multiple.ing6 s"itching and
concentration 3eg $S&054

%!2 devices are smart $SD% devices that ma#e

multilayer decisions on the $SD% net"or#6 such
as on routers or private branch e.changes
3&05s4

Communication Systems
unction !roups " #eference Points

;!9 ;ine !ermination

(andles termination of 2 "ire pair at the e.change6

operating 201) or 10,! line coding

!A9 !erminal Adaptor

-7uipment that supports $SD% call set up and

provides an interface for connecting to non $SD%
e7uipment

Communication Systems
unction !roups " #eference Points

!-19 !erminal -7uipment 1

!-1 is a device that is $SD%8ready* <eans9 you

can plug it directly into the $SD% net"or# and it
functions properly 3hope so4

-nd user e7uipment such as $SD% telephones or

data terminals compliant "ith $SD% call set up
procedures and capable of interfacing directly to
the S80us

!-29 !erminal -7uipment 2

-nd user e7uipment for non $SD% environments

3typically uses an 'S2,2 interface4

!-2s re7uire a !A to adapt their signal to a proper

$SD% net"or# signal
11/0/10 10
Communication Systems
ISDN $uildin% &lock

0earer channels 30 channels4 and Data channels 3D

channels4

0 channels transmit customer bitstreams of any type

li#e video6 voice6 and data

D channel for call8control6 signaling

Channels multiple.ed into a single phyiscal bit

stream using time8division multiple.ing 3!D<4

Communication Systems
ISDN Physical Layer

0asic 'ate $nterface

0'$ provides a total data rate of 1=0#bit/s

Standard end user connection

2 0 channels 3>bearer? 8 for data6 digiti@ed

voice6 ***4 of =1#bit/s each

1 D channel 3data channel for out8of8band

signaling4 of 1=#bit/s

Synchroni@ation/Stuffing of 1=#bit/s

Communication Systems
'cho cancellation

-cho cancellation is used on 0'$ circuits because

there is only a single pair for both transmitting and
receiving information

&'$ circuits do not have this problem because they

run off of either coa.ial cable or t"o copper
t"isted pairs6 one pair for transmit and one for
receive

-cho cancellation is designed to remove the signal

echo from a circuit so that your e7uipment #no"s
"hat information is being sent to it

Communication Systems
'cho cancellation

Communication Systems
'cho cancellation

!he echo canceller on the right sends a signal

e7uivalent to a A,v charge6 and the echo canceller
on the left sends a signal e7uivalent to a B1v
charge*

!o figure out "hat is being sent to it6 the echo

canceller on the right ta#es the total voltage of
the circuit 3B1v B A,v C A2v4*

Dith the total line voltage #no"n6 the echo canceller

then applies the voltage of "hat it transmitted6 but
in the opposite polarity9 A,v becomes B,v*

!he final e7uation9 A2v B B,v C B1v* $t is no" #no"n

that a signal of B1v "as meant for its receiver*
11/0/10 1
Communication Systems
ISDN $asic #ate Interface

&hysical layer specifications of the U

#0

/perates over t"o8"ire cable up to #m

3depending on cable diameter and 7uality4

S"itching center/central office provides a +02

current to po"er the %!0A and one device
3emergency function A to be independent on
local po"er supply for at least one telephone4

/ther physical layer specifications for alternate U

interfaces
11/0/10 1=
Communication Systems
ISDN $asic #ate Interface

0'$ net"or# termination is defined by the U

#0
interface

A special encoding 310,!4 is used9 1 bit digital to ,

baud ternary

10,! is a Ebloc# codeE that uses 'eturn8to8Fero

states

Allo"s reduction of symbol rate to 120 #0aud 3Gth4

and thus distances up to : #m

'eduction of lo" fre7uencies in the signal spectrum

0etter detection of code errors

!hree states9 negative pulse6 no pulse6 positive pulse

11/0/10 1H
Communication Systems
ISDN $asic #ate Interface

%e.t state 3S1 8 S14 to be transmitted is indicated in

column labled Io
11/0/10 1:
Communication Systems
ISDN $asic #ate Interface

Alternate encoding 3e*g* used in the US49 201) A 2

bit digital to 1 baud 7uaternary representation

201) transmission can be simply described as an

amplitude modulation scheme for DC pulses

$nput voltage level can be one of 1 distinct levels

/rdering of data bloc#s depends on the encoding

used
0its )uarternary 2oltage
00 8, 82*0
01 81 80*:,
10 B, 2*0
11 B, 0*:,
11/0/10 1+
Communication Systems
ISDN rame ormat

-ach frame 210 bits long

For data rate of 1=0 #b/s each frame 1* ms

Frame overhead 8 1= #b/s

D channel 8 1= #b/s

2 0 channels at =1 #b/s 8 12: #b/s

11/0/10 20
Communication Systems
ISDN rame ormat

Sync field consists of + )uaternaries 32 bits each4 in

the pattern B, B, 8, 8, 8, B, 8, B, 8,*

01 B 02 B D is 1: bits of data consisting of : bits

from the first 0 channel6 : bits from the second 0
channel6 and 2 bits of D channel data

<aintenance field contains

C'C information

0loc# error detection flags

Eembedded operator commandsE used for

loopbac# testing "ithout disrupting user data

Data transmitted in superframes consisting of : 2108

bit frames for a total of 1+20 bits 3210 octets4
11/0/10 21
Communication Systems
(k) &it streams from s*itchin% center to N+$,

-ach frame consists of 120 ternary steps

2J0B1JD ta#es 10: steps in 1 ternary bloc#s 3!04

"ith 2H steps each

Sync channel occupies 11 steps and a

>maintenance? channel 3<C4 1 step
11/0/10 22
Communication Systems
(k) &it streams from N+$, to s*itchin% center

Connection is full8duple. over the t"o "ires

-cho compensation and terminating set is needed

%!0A splits the data streams to separate up and

do"n onto the S
0
bus
11/0/10 2,
Communication Systems
ISDN $asic #ate Interface

$nstead of the traditional "all soc#et 3analog

telephony4 a %!0A 3net"or# terminal base
adapter4 is needed at end users site

%!0A provides the S

0
bus to "hich end user devices
are connected

Unidirectional A on pair of "ires for each direction

Allo"s up to 12 "all soc#ets6 : $SD% devices 3or

analogous devices via a/b converter4

&rovides device po"er up to 16D

11/0/10 21
Communication Systems
ISDN S)

&rovides the same 0 and D channels as U

#0

<aintains the step and octet fre7uency

(andles the device plugging and device activation6

deactivation

(as to be terminated "ith resistors of 110 /hm

Uses modified A<$ code "ith currents of 806H and

06H2
11/0/10 2
Communication Systems
S) ,-I code

<odified A<$ code 3avoid long se7uences of

symbols of the same type4
11/0/10 2=
Communication Systems
ISDN Data Link Layer

'elevant for the control channel

%o distinct layering for 0 channels

&C< or data directly put into frames as sho"n on

previous slides

;A&D A ;in# Access &rocedure on D channel

Derived from (igh8;evel Data ;in# Control &rotocol

3(D;C4

0roadcasts only for net"or# termination device

D2 frame margin A octet of binary pattern9 01111110

11/0/10 2H
Communication Systems
Data link layer for the D channel

Keeping of frame se7uence

-rror discovery

<ultiple.ing of more than one logical D2 connections

Flo" control

$!U recommendation )*+20 L +2,

Signaling on the D channel defined in )*+21

11/0/10 2:
Communication Systems
Layer . for the D channel

Flag

Character is part of the (eader information6

he.adecimal H-

Address is t"o bytes 3octets4 long6 and consists of

up to five fields

Service Access &oint $dentifier 3SA&$4

Command/'esponse 3C/'4 bit

Address -.tension 3-A04 bit indicates "hether final

octet of the address or not

!erminal -ndpoint $dentifier 3!-$4

Address -.tension 3-A14 bit6 same as -A0

11/0/10 2+
Communication Systems
Layer . for the D channel

Control one or t"o octets 3bytes4 in length6 indicates

one of three frame formats

$nformation

Supervisory

Unnumbered

$nformation carries ;ayer , Call Control 3)*+,14 data

$t may carry Unnumbered Information data 3!-$

assignment4 or 5$D 3Connection
<anagement/parameter negotiation4 information

C'C 32 octets4 8 Cyclic 'edundancy Chec# as lo"8level

test for bit errors on the user data

Flag 31 octet4 8 !his is al"ays H-

he.
30111 11104
11/0/10 ,0
Communication Systems
Data link layer for the D channel

Service Access &oint $dentifier 3SA&$4 =8bit field

identifying the point "here ;ayer 2 provides a
service to ;ayer ,
SAPI Description
0 Call control procedures
1 &ac#et <ode using )*+,1 call procedures
1= &ac#et <ode communications procedures
,281H 'eserved for national use
=, <anagement &rocedures
/thers 'eserved for Future Use
11/0/10 ,1
Communication Systems
Data link layer for the D channel

&rotocol handles the !-$ 3!erminal -ndpoint

$dentifier4 allocation

All devices on S
0
using the same bus and have to
be addressable

!-$ assignment started by the connected devices

after successful initiali@ation of physical layer
synchroni@ation

%on automatic assignment uses $D0 A =,6

automatic =1 A 12=

!here is a special group !-$ 12H

&rotocol elements

$nformation lo"ermost bit is set to 0

11/0/10 ,2
Communication Systems
Data link layer for the D channel

&rotocol elements

Receive Ready 8 3014

Set Asyncronous Balance Mode E.tended 8

3=F/HF4

Unnumbered Information 8 30,4

Disconnect 8 31,/,4

Unnumbered Ac#no"ledgement A 3=,/H,4

Flo" control uses se7uence numbers for sending

and receiving
00:E1:04:00:...

/ctets M1 for sending and M for receiving in the

information frame
11/0/10 ,,
Communication Systems
Data link layer for the D channel error detection

D channel protocol uses rather sophisticated error

detection protocol

Ienerates frame chec#sums

Ienerator polynom
g(x) = (x +1)(x15+x14+x13+x12+x4+x2+x +1)
g(x) = x16+x12+x5+1

1= bit frame chec#sum

$nverted residue of binary division

p1(x) = xk (x15+x14+...+x2+x +1)
p2(x) = x16d(x)
11/0/10 ,1
Communication Systems
Data link layer for the D channel error detection

Chec#ing for added or lost binary @eros

!hus cyclic (amming codes implemented

-rror detection for one6 t"o and three bit error

11/0/10 ,
Communication Systems
Link 'sta&lishment

;ayer 2 establishment process

1* !- 3!erminal -ndpoint4 and the %et"or# initially
e.change 'eceive 'eady 3''4 frames6 listening
for someone to initiate a connection
2* !- sends an Unnumbered $nformation 3U$4 frame
"ith a SA&$ of =, 3management procedure6 7uery
net"or#4 and !-$ of 12H 3broadcast4
,* %et"or# assigns an available !-$ 3in the range =18
12=4
11/0/10 ,=
Communication Systems
Link 'sta&lishment

;ayer 2 establishment process 3cont*4

1* !- sends a Set Asynchronous 0alanced <ode 3SA0<-4
frame "ith a SA&$ of 0 3call control6 used to initiate a
S-!U&4 and a !-$ of the value assigned by the
net"or#
* %et"or# responds "ith an Unnumbered
Ac#no"ledgement 3UA46 SA&$C06 !-$Cassigned

%o" stage prepared for a ;ayer , setup

11/0/10 ,H
Communication Systems
ISDN Net*ork Layer

$SD% %et"or# ;ayer specified by the $!U )8series

documents )*+,0 L +,+

;ayer , used for the establishment6 maintenance6 and

termination of logical net"or# connections bet"een t"o
devices
11/0/10 ,:
Communication Systems
Net*ork layer for the D channel

DSS1 protocol handles the call setup of the calling

and called site

Call destruction after finishing the session

'estarting and par#ing if re7uired

-rror handling
11/0/10 ,+
Communication Systems
DSS/ layer 0 protocol

&rotocol Discriminator

&art of the ;ayer , header information

Single byte 3octet4 that is usually set to a value of

00001000 3he.adecimal E0:E4 8 meaning )*+,1 call
maintenance

'eference 2alue consists of either t"o or three bytes

3octets4

0'$ systems have a H8bit Call 'eference value 312H

references4

%o particular end8to8end significance

-ither end can assign an arbitrary value

Used to associate messages "ith a particularly

channel connection
11/0/10 10
Communication Systems
DSS/ layer 0 protocol

<essage !ype single byte 3octet4 that indicates "hat

type of message is being sent/received
11/0/10 11
Communication Systems
DSS/ layer 0 protocol messa%e types

<essage !ype A four categories

Call -stablishment

Call $nformation

Call Clearing

<iscellaneous
11/0/10 12
Communication Systems
DSS/ layer 0 protocol information elements

-ach type of message has <andatory and /ptional

$nformation -lements6 identified "ith single byte
3octet4

0earer Capability 3identifies transport re7uirements

of the re7uested 08Channel4

Cause 3identifies reasons for disconnect or

incomplete calls4

Channel $dentification 3indentifies type and number

of 08Channel3s4 re7uested4

&rogress $ndicator 3$ndicates status of outgoing

call4
11/0/10 1,
Communication Systems
DSS/ layer 0 protocol information elements

%et"or# Specific Facilities 3Useful for %orth

American &'$ calls 8 identifies net"or# type6
Carrier $D6 Carrier Service
!ypeNDA!S/SD%/ASDS6etc*O4

Calling &arty %umber 3caller $D4

Calling &arty %umber sub8address

Called &arty %umber 3destination number6 type of

numberNun#no"nO6 numbering plan4

Called &arty %umber sub8address

Dhen $nformation -lements consist of multiple

octets6 the follo"ing octet describes ho" many
bytes 3octets4 are in the $nformation -lement
11/0/10 11
Communication Systems
Layer 0 Call Setup

Follo"ing steps setup an $SD% call

1* Caller sends a S-!U& to the S"itch*
2* $f the S-!U& is /K6 the s"itch sends a CA;;
&'/Ceeding to the Caller6 and then a S-!U& to
the 'eceiver*
,* 'eceiver gets the S-!U&* $f /K6 then rings the
phone and sends an A;-'!$%I message to the
S"itch
1* S"itch for"ards the A;-'!$%I message to the
Caller
11/0/10 1
Communication Systems
Layer 0 Call Setup

Follo"ing steps setup an $SD% call 3cont*4

* Dhen the receiver ans"ers the call6 is sends a
C/%%-C! message to the S"itch
=* S"itch for"ards the C/%%-C! message to the
Caller
H* Caller sends a C/%%-C! ACKno"ledge message
to the S"itch
:* S"itch for"ards the C/%%-C! ACK message to
the 'eceiver
+* All DoneP connection no" up

Communication Systems
Practical '1ercise ISDN

0y no" completely prepared for $SD% &hysical to

%et"or# analysis

;oo# into the pac#ets

'elate actions to pac#ets on the $SD% bus

$dentify different layers

;imited hard"are again

!hus the class is split again Qust changing the t"o

e.ercises 32 R ,4 from last Friday

&lease re8seat appropriately

Communication Systems
Practical '1ercise ISDN

Sou see the typical users premises installations

3basic rate interface A 0'$4 "ith U
K0
and S
0

connectors in operation

S
0
bus can connect up to eight devices

0e careful "ith bus setup 3"iring4

-very device >sees? the complete traffic

As# your neighbors for advice 3they might have

dealt "ith the tas# already last time4