r her neg a' r r d cat r cegt s

i t r e. t r ah* [ i t i ar r i st a. ppr - oach t o cr - i mi naI

j r - r st
i ce,
I rr trrtdr-rc t i r:11
1r . n i h! =
t r . f r Fr =. r I ui i S t . : si l , : . *t r ; - - : ut
t h=. r : r =, = ; nd : *nce. pt s i n an
; eb*I i i . i ni =. i . . r Fr t r r *. ach
i n cs- i n: i *a! j Lr st i r e,
I 4y
r , *p=. , ; ; ; = nf l t . adr e=, s
t he
g=n=' ; ' *} qus=t ' i cr r r
r cf pur r ! - qhr +=' r et ,
I =s=. . or "*i shr cent
s- = a sger i f i c f ar sl at
hi i *r . *; : ! . *t er - . *r i : "' r - :
' *h! ch
c*i r he +b=. =r ve* i n r i : - =nv =sr : *l
! , . i - *r t i ces:
f ar *r i l l r ' ' 3 sci i r ; E, 3
n
i ' ' t r : {- l ; ;
* =, r r r : r i . I n t hi =
ge*=s
Fl - t ct t r e} 1y e1. e; - u s. r r s i =
f anr r 31*r ++i i - h gr u; . i ' sh*: *. *t
. a=.
, *r el r i * t h* i - "r = or
-
l i , =r *q
r , ". . , i =r - *c, , aF ! , n
t he l - r =i = *t -
, , *r j - r , - t i ' =h*t - 0. .
{i :
Ths i r *sqr =.
, sr s*Fl l e
hal . s al r **i i r i r *i c*l
j , - r =t
! a=, ar er gr eda: r r i nant l - r r
b. *gpr i l Ji l : r r - r ni *Si *
Fr es=. Fr t e*. i *. * c, f *he. *ci i r , ! t i e=
sf c. *_i n: i r : ; r ] j us*. t ce, {E}
l ' j he* *h*t ' l i t r *r i *r - t =. 35
p; r r t ' i r r s*t e
i n. cr i r *i nal
i ugt i r e nr s=. se=E t he
' E: r r 5. t *sr r . sg
*r - el *r ! i , : p, r E
i he, g 13s t hi =. nr r t f us t r asi s *f r nedi . a i mages, I n
r r i r *i *. e] j us*i r e
* ! *. r r gr _l . xge
r f g*_l . i - r ! . =hr *eni
i s used and peopl e pr esl r FF*s=,
i ' h=r t t hsr e i = r nngr l ' l i t , . "
t **t pt e*n' i h= pr *r *i =hnent
cont =, : qt t hey ar e
f *cr +i I i *: <-
p; i
i ' h Et ' ' - r i he t r . *g! = *f di : - ==t e: *p=i i . =. : - r cs +, - i d i . *s
i , . - - ac=, =E=, s
i n=' i d=' cr ! r si vr . *] j usi i =p.
Th: s r E! r r qr Lr ! t . r ,
dc, ss hr r . r Er . , er
nr . t . =, sr =t ,
1", : i t h s- ggFl *. t . t . * u*. *t i = c. *I : ; . d r l r - . =f ===i on. al 11. .
i *si . ds t he s1, . 51pr s;
' o; r Lt r : i ' sh*a' ni "
i t r Ft r - i *: : ! : r ; j *d! r : ; r i
ci eci si , =*. =
a; . - d t h=i r i r *pl er r ent . . **i c, . r r )
a
r =l **i cl *
"F*i : r - r i =her pu. : - i si : s$, ,
. . i _=
I . *r i r ! . si g. , i : i . , 4. ; - . : d i t i s
j ust
i i - r t he
r sl . st ! **
t spt r *se. ' r t
t he ' opi l ' *i =h*r
" e: - i d *. he
, . 5, Lr r - l
i shed, , i h. at t he
r h' *t - aci =r
i - ' ' *i r ccf ' *p*r t ! ghr *ant " {a=. *ppr =sd t a vi g, l E. r - }f , E, }
h*s t n be
f E**d-
E* ! n r r ! s*r r **i
i *=t ! ce t - he ; *ct i vr i i es
{. and e: , r Fpr i er i ce=}
f cr r r n. al I y
cal ] ed
t r r - t r r i si - t ni Fnt h' *+s
' t ' : r :
Ei *! l ar i t y ui t h event s uhr ch ar e, aut si de
cr i ' : *i nsl
i ust i cs cnnsi der ed
as puni i *ment .
I n pr act i ce
t o cal l t hsge
' *ct i yi t i ss guni shf f pnt
i = cr e' . **. i r *g *n unf r r *nded
l egi t i mat i sn,
Sc, I - co
Fti;h E:rre
tr' = ra*I
Frr{rrFs=.e=
n
A;ti*_iiA1;;
g- . r *i ' - l Ji - i "- pi ai =====. }, ; ngr *ngyr *. . *i cept edb1, . . ?}r e
Fr
: \ *<=he
c*r nr "ent i *nar
}angu' age i n t he pr - r l r I i c di ssc' u; - =e
hi d; = t he
r gel i i i es
ab*r - l i pr *bl er : r at i =
si **at i *ns
i c' r - i r *e) end cr i r *i nal i gat i sn-
Eo
r ny
Ft per $' i l I i n *he f i r st par t pr i nci pel l y
deal 1ai t h ql i e5t i ans
of
I ' engu*ge-
The ser *nd p. *r t
r . r i r I t *ur h t he quest i . , n:
r . t hr . abnr i t i on.
The
t f ui e- d p, *. r - t
i = hi t t ed t f r r ! , , , *t , r ! I i t - i *n.
Fr pub
I i c debat e i rr Eor-doba
I n f i r t sbJr
! F?t - I h. *d t he pr i vi
l ege t c, par t i ci p. at e
i n a put r l i c
dsb' *t e cr r r r s*t t er s f , f sec; : r i t y
! n t hs.
"i t y
sf car dpba
{*; - ger r t i na},
Thi s.
deb' ai e l +aE. *r gani sed
t r y a voi uni ar , r "
$r gani sat i *, n cal l ed
, , El
Agor e, ,
s*hi ch t ' r i e= t * r *nt i vat e r i t i r ens
t c, e: . r i r - e, ss oFi ni nns
and t o devel ap
; r ct i vi *i eg
i n i ssue=. nf pr - r kr l i c
ccr ncer n. {4}
The debet e st ar t ed
i n- gr *g] I gr g*ps
of t r l
_
l S peopl e-
Ever yone
i ni er est ed
cnul d r egi e. i . er
f c, r =", "i *
i r oup. - Jl r t ; ; "; ; , , pr g, vi ded
a
cc*r di nat $r
f or evPr Y
- ar {r up-
The q. r *=i i ans
r +hi ch had t o be di scusged i n
t he f i rst rseet i ng ef gi orrc, =
l "l prp: I t * yau f eel =t rrne*i rne, =, i nsecure
i n
t hi s r i t y? I n r *hl ch cont e: ct ,
under l *hi r h ci r cunst ances?
l , t hat coul d be
done *o di mi ni sh t hs=e
f eet i ngs ef i ngecur i t y?
Hhs csul d csnt r i but e
t o
t hi s' , i n uhi ch r *ay?
I n *he f i r st r sund of _di scussi ns
par t i ci pant s
di d ng, t speak aE
e: {Fr Fr t s
t r *t r st her
spol ' ; e of t hei r ar +n e$per i enr e,
t hei r or sn f eel i ngs,
t hr =: l - i f , 6{! - r
*Fr t : i r =t - r - =
' - l . E
{i Li r er "i s- T*e p. : . r - i i . ci p, : . r - r t = r l i , i r - i r f , t t r - y t a r - Ear - h
,:sf l -i 5El l =.1=.. Th,:",t {!I.E!-* tfi te-' ,.r. tr: i ol r=rr{: i t:r". tl erx=t= l rr.e-=. r.* i th the ,l i vr=:-= i tv
r:i.- r=r.;i:*:- i er::e= .
j=ec=
!. i t-tr3= .*t-rd l-tr=o=rj-= 13:rr.F!-E.=.r*rj i t.l lh* qr-*u.g
-
i l -r t!-i e =' .,.,=l -ri r-trl i "xe Erj i ]!r*,=.1- i eerc i rr!:,* ,3. i .:.r-ge =r:he,*,: ,*. 1 L th,==e
r : . *i l - r i *e*r ' =
' *. r - t d t r r : =! - t i an=
' . . . r =i e: r =d
i r r t h: = =x, *. I i r l t - , f r - j . FE-
l r - r khe
pe-' ef
*.*t- i .c' *i t=rj fr-,er' ,:e uf *h i .= =cher*;. r' te h*.d r-r+tr-:.r-* !. i i . *1,:.de r-ecrri f,:r-
t-=t*,zz-?:.= f*rr..=i t-,*; :=r:
r+Fi ,=.t =h*=r-.:. 1d he rl r=r:e e.?*,.:t r=ffer:de!--qr
hut th i =
=r== i; irrr-l r-r=r'ri-s,* it:ed
trt-,3.f e i.r,g. !. 13. b l,:.lrl.,:
-
Fe*p l * t":;.t:i r=d $3,3.i -r' :r." r:r:{?-tf l -ete acf; i xn-*= r.rh i r:h r*ts.' trl he. c l ,===.i f i erl i tr
r , =h*' ' ; ' . =t - i *= t : i r - *dt - *==, =. : : d
Fr - Eed"e! : t i *r - t < f o' , - r l t he =r - ; hj r =ct - r *e. t t e, r - l . l hi ch
f r =l - t r : r = t he hs' =. 1- t *f t h* r =f f i : : i . *1 el e, ' *, *, *e - - t r r l - l i =hnr r =r r t r =f r =f f +=r - r r l er - s- - ( . {. r . s
*!-]tr1.r "."r*l -"i r ..l -:!,3.!-rJ i l :,s. 1 l 1+c s-gFt-,==er' :terJ- *r:# fr:l - tfi r= rr:r-rrr-=t:= ,=.Ct i nr-r=
=r.r.gr3*=t=d b,C i :h* p.:.r-t!.ci p,:.r-l i =
i rr i ;ft* r"*r:r-1.:: et-{3,LF= th-ere {."1,3_-l -},f,1-r,:&r.r-,3. I
*\-' zr*, le=.= (.s:=i-=
!:r-= r*r=r-#= ir-: ti-:= i=?,=g.llE:!:-_{
!*e;f?aEGL _e_bat-. fdo
*' {' =t-lder- th@di-:
c,:r*,n,=ilior-, thr= sr-.ltcerxe rf,f H-re
d i =; : r - l =gi *=e: i r : t t r e s<r =r - f . : : r 3r - **. pa
e. L l gr = i r : t *d t * t he =l r i ! : i r - r * r l i f f r =r r =r - r r e
he ts{e.=l't
"** -t'*
i,=c'r:jr_s,*.rf *= .
*r ader *i ; r . and
t he l anguages ahaut cr i me. cr i ni nal
j ust i ce
and secur i t y
F. 1s- *r *der ' r r ! =' g r +h* r ' t c: r i , ; i n t he f i el d t auched upr : * b1. . i he det r . *t e
r *r n
=r i nr e' +r : * r r i r l *i *. *l
j r - r =t
i ce i ar l d r , +hr s
. _"i ub. Er r
i t +s t r r cr - i i i r . *
j
ual ueg
*' r r t *' r dr a' d : * t *= . =r +*pss*i r
t r adi t i r r *? {E' l I =e= . a
dar - - : t r l e t . *. - q}, : : *J i o
*s=r r i b=' ei - *' J i r i "r a11"5s' t h* p' r *: csss== sf cr i r *! n. al i : . : t i cr n i r r a r . v. ay whl ch
p*' r : r ci *' =
*f r E=sF=' - = t *=i r r f i r l =pqxencs=. anci t h*i : r Segr i i r n; t r ", r . : b) t r
Ei i . p
a
her r d i *: pscr p! = t pr c: f *=s! c, n. =I s and s*hsr =i r +ha t r y t e cgl F' e { i n t he
F=r =. Fr Ff ,
t i ' t "e nf r *' Jr *s. - = ar l dr ' ' f t r pr e' r . =ni ! f i nl ur t h pr at r l e' f l ai i c
c. 1i u. **i r r r : =. i $3 ***i ch sr s t . hs f *b*i s, : t , =f
secnnd. *r r - =r l r si n; t l i r . *t i $i - r c! i -
r 1. ai s*=. f , i f pr i r ' **r ' , g r r i r sr i s- r ; g1 i l et i +*. { ?}
Tr : {r - r }{i } } i f r e* i . ; +sl , : . *
}ang*+g* n*sd= t * t r s ccr . *st r ur t ed, That
3**qr ; *qe cer : *s: i ' h= i ** }*' r *gu*ge 1* r ' +hi r h sr i **i nsl
j ust i ce
i = pr ar i i r ed
' : *** 3+' gi i ! s*; {t =d. l "Ji ' r en i h=" *' =* r : f i hat 3*r r gl r ag* h; t s i g r $. a}, : E i i
Fr }- r 5si bl e
t r : *55F. 5 t h* l eq! i ' i sna=y r sf r r ! r : ! *a]
j r - r si . l ce
i n t he I i ghi af cer t ; r i n
e: cpl i c i l . r . . =] l l e= r *e t r et t sr s*sr t i sr f *r r *ul st e t hr t =e val 1. t g, =. . They h. ave t n
=hspa l t =.
pr her e
*nd hsr r *. * I sal ' : , 5g ] et u= si ar t t * l sgl , : +' t sc: r *e e: qt r I i ci t
' +"t f Ltg=
Va] ues
l ' *s h. al ' p l . - Jl 1nr , i , ' f *r
. *
nc, r m. *t i r . s f r ; r r *e ar au' r : d r +hi chn i r , t hi =
hi =. *. ct r i c*3 gr s' r i **
i : - r {Fr r t =t } r *r *der n =. Er : i et i e=, a }ar qe sl l FFr ar t csr r bE,
r **t r i l : =. r d- The ncl : r - c*at . i l "e f r . ar *e h. a= t * t r e pr eser r t ed r *i t h i ndi cat nr s
r i hi r h c. *n t r r
*FsF' 3i es
t * 5. gr s! Er 3 =. y=. t er *g i n
p+hi r h
gr - r , f =, s=. i *nal =
pl *y a
p^r *r *i r - er r t
r $] e ' *t . t d i * **hi ch meny c*. =*s ar e de. al t Fdi t h sn . * r f l i cr d] l er "e, l :
] i t l s ed*c+t i *r l . *I =}. ai *ne=. . t hs xedi c. *] *y=t el l l ; r nd l eqal =9=t er n=. , ThE'
n*rrr.ati i r"e f,r.en*p
FrFeELl Frprl =FE
.sgrFsnl s$t
ctn ther =ecul ;rr and
.fl an
f undar nent . *I i st cher act er *f t he st st e. t Sl The f aI l owi r r g i ndi cet or s seer n
t i me t * sat i =. f 1. t he r eqr - r i r er nent s I ment i oned, {?}
. g.
Se=E' Eci f , r r i di l r er =i t v
Bagi c assur npt i on. The sur r . i val r r f *. he l i f e depends an r espect f c, r
sr l d sr l i dar i t y ui t h di uer si t E. Di f f er pnce bet ueen and r *i t hi n t he
speci e= i = n*r +. ad*y= t hr er t ene. d
by au; - ssci al and t echni cal
' *r - r ang' et t r e' nt g' The di f f er snr ss bet r +een pet r pl e I i vi ng i n t he sar ne
"sc, r i et y" ! =. , , i n t he pr : t r l i c di scsur ss* undsr sst i mst ed-_k
Lf,s. Lue=.. Se=,*ec *
'
.r+i
th! :; r,r::e i rrdi l ."i dr_1.*l
5i * I i d;:;- ! t",'
p;i
i h th*:=.e.
fr:r- the, d i ffr=r-*t-:rs.=
d*r i nr ; hi =. 1i {*
}"i
di f f sr *r ncs5.
3,
L, ei r "r e**- i i . r r d i vi du, s. l = {, s. r - }d evE! - 1
i i r p: 1 ar r d t r et *een cnl l ect i vi t i e=,
Lt sl ue=- Fr f i f e=. =i sns er l d aut h; - ; r r t r s=. i r e i her * f sr pegpl e i n t her r
di ' ; *' : r - El t , , r . . Thr
Fr Ef ' ! . ] e.
. ar e
nnt i h=. r . f r . . r t he aut hr , r i t i e. =. . =nd
t he
p: - r sf ==' =' i c' n=' '
Thi =. i i *pl i es t t ' : *t **t hc' r - i t : == +nd p' r of gi ==i :
5; - r = h*' r . "=. t o
5Ps- 13F t hs: r - l t r r - r =. *. - <
r i f cl i =, r *t = i ' c i hr i r - , Ji ve; - =. i t , r "
t a be l egi t i m. at e,
B' asi c ssLl t nFt t i nn.
**i . hcr r i i i =. = . ar r $ p; - r , f =s=. i r n=. ai - e cnl y abl e t o
=er 1' r = i l - t =' i ' *t ' e"- =st =
*f r l ! s- : . l t = i n t hei ; - . i l v. =r =i t y
l +h*r r t hs==, c3i e; - r i =
h. er . e
s*r , . r =, r i * i r r - ! =. r r l i h=. r r ; +r t ! q"! t i 6, =. _
r
-
5. , t +3
i di i t nf
1=ccns*. r *ci ! r r ; - r
Easi c assunpt i *n'
The r nenu i g *st i he r r e*i
-
The r nas
i
g.:c-
;. i * fe 1;-
o..
.
nf dsc! =i *, r l
r - gf
r : ! - ! 5t ' f Lr f t
** er . e' s' : t r +i l r h ! g l h=^ *t s. : sr t *f * di =r *ur =s i l : -
l *+l ' : i Fl *
i ! : - Cr r E. ES
t =. . *I r $+, 1' 5
: r - ! r t *r r St . : - r - r r i . ed,
The
i
- =*
i = r r =' r "=: r 1$g*t i =. *3 t * i h= sr . ent .
i = ncl t t he
$f en1. f a; - ; *
! ' r Et 3ue- l r *. ag==' ==i r - a' 4
=*r ! . s3 pr . aat i ces
t he f i : r =. *. aEFF; :
*==. s=. sed i =. i he qr _r e3i t or .
r r f t he, r er c*n=i r ur t i cn gf
ar l =, r . ent
*f *f , f . *i r s. -
l s t . hs r er , =n=*r r _r r t i x
"val i d" ? Fl ecnn=t r ur t i an
*hi ch he3*xg r . *1=*i
i r r t he r e. *I r * cr f * l : f e r , r sr - l d, ar s +. r r l
i h=*1": =r = br =sd *n t hi r r sai i l ng= *f i ha *ai n ar t nr s i n t he
Thi s r r i *er i ussl f *l l s++g d! r s=*I y f r +r , l t he vsl ue= r nd b. asi c
rsrerri i a;-:*d **d=.r a .and
tr.
t t nbe
r l r cf
g =- t at e
c: f er. errt =:
y val ! d i f
l i f e
pr r *r I d.
assur*pt i sns
Ccncetr tE
--[ r-
i r*e
l ' Je ar e i ncl i ned t t r cnnsi der
"cr i ni nal event s" aE e: , r ceFt i onal ,
eve*t - = r +hi r h dl f f , er t s. ** l nepr er t . ant esi ent f r sr * st hsr event s shi ch ar e
nr t t def i ned t = cr i mi n. eS
-
! n t he cr r n' cr snt i an. al
; - i eu" cr i r si nal canduct i E,
cr r r - *=' i der ed *r ' t r e t he m*st i : *pcr t *nt ceus* cf t hese E, r . nt g- f r i r ni nal s
. : r r s - - i n
t hi g
qi er +- -
a =per i ; r l f **egr - r r r . r 6f peapl e. and t hs, er r cept i gn*l
nat ur e : r f cr i r *i *. al =r : ndur t , *ndJsr t he =r i mi nal ,
i ust i f y t he sper i el
nat l -t re crf t he rp. *c t ! an ag. = i n=t i t ,
F=apl g r *h* ar g i r +r r r l ved i n "c; - i nr i nal " svent g, hcr +ever , da nnt i n
t her nssl vss
Fpsar t r : f , ni r . or s sper i al c. *i egor y, Thc, =e r +hr : . ar e of f i ci . +1I y
r ect r r ded as "r 5i r *i ns! " cc' nst i t u*e nnl y a
gmal
l par t
of t hgse i nvol ved
i n sr ' ' ent s t hst ' ! eg*l I y per *r i * cr i mi n. al i u at i on, *r nong t hemr ypuf l g , ng, n
f r cr n* *he f f i *st di s. *dvant aged gect . i ans
*f popul at i c, n
i r e heavi l ; * aver
r FFr r e=ent ed,
l "t i t ' hi * t he concept *: f cr i mi nal i t y
a l ei de r ange of si t uat i gng ar e
l i nhed t oget her -
Fl est : r f t hese' ha*r ewer , h. sve separ at e pr oppr t i es
and
nf l c{] , Ff i ! or t dsnor ni na*sr : vi sl ence wi t hi n t he f ami l y, vi c, l encE, i n an
s' - t f l r r - ?m{}us
r Dnt er qt i n t hs st r eet sr t r r eahi ng i nt s pr i vat e
dr , l el 1i ngs,
t ont pl et el ) "
di r "er gent r ' r *y= of r ecei c. i n4 goods
i I l egal I y. di f f er ent t ype=
*f r anduct i n t r ' *f f i r
'
pat l ut i on r f t he- envi r or , **nt
r
and s, or n, e f or n= sf
pal i t i cal ac*i r , ' i *i e=.
i l ei t her i n t he r : r st i vat i on sf t hase whs ar e
i nv$I ved
i n such ewent s" n( t r i n t he n*t ur e of t hs r snsequpncps?
nor i n
t he possi hi
I i t i eg of dea! i ng' wi t h t her n {be i t i n t he pr event i t r , e
sg, n=E, !
i l {. -. -. f
^. - r t : &+
i ==.
r f , ! - ! ' t - t t he =s' *=e t =f khr = *: r - r *i r - r : I *f i f t e car - r f I i ct l r : , 3. 1r
ar r t r t r G&f t g11
' =hr - u: t s- . r ' t - r = h+= r l i =ca' sel - *d. *t I t h, : . t t h==e . =r ent s
h. : . , r e i r r connor r i = t hat
i h= r r - i r : t ' r i t - i , +. I
j r - : . =t
i r : e
, =r , sEl r =, e. r . l
i = , : . r _r t h: : r -
r =*: J t * t a[ : : : = , : l t i *r : ag i r r =t t her *-
] j *me r =f . t he=*
e?Ei - : t : =, : , *. r _r . =, = r : r f ! - t . =i r j sr - . : . hi =
=ul - f , =r - i l r q t c t f i ase di r er : f l y
i t - : ". . "r : i ' . . . . er 1
.
qui t e, : f t er - l
, : . f f , =, : hi l - r g
f o*t h, ; =: - *Et r - , : l . al -
a. r r d vi ct i r r . E, =r _, =i , l el _.
' l ' *l -
r =r r . ' : t : r *l - e.
t r - ' *t "f i e: , ar : r : i r J*t - i t =, , i . r - r aJ- . . . r i - , : i *r - *c=
r <i t hi r r t he f aor i l v. Th, =
a' : =i i : : l ' =- i r =t - i h1'
of i ht = e' ""r =r - r f = l qhi ch. : . : - =: j =. el t
r . l i t h b. i r cr - i r *r r r r e. I j u=t i . , : e
hr =*' "n"=""' ' et - . E"*' l r - l l r i ?- i r f , t ; Ea: ! =! - E
t r , ; r - i i cr - j 1, 3. 1- t l r hi qn . f ! - l
ai - l i *aqi r - : , J! - y =c. : ! =, r f
Fr - Er l {e- }' J. I h*r - d=hi g.
t ' I , : . i r - i r x*r r ; . . : l
di t - t =i cul t i r ==. , l i f f i , : ui t i e=
het r . r eer - r
F,3.?-=?-rl 5 ,"r-rrJ
ch i . i dr-=l -t, =er- i r:r-;= ,l i t-l - tr;s.Lt, i e= aL +rr:r-l :. a2-.{}
-natJ.1=i r_rg
tr:_ch i en:,,=
t ' ' *i l l : 8' ' 3
' 3
t - ul ' =* b* EI : FE! - i . er r r =r 1 , *. =. 4r 1, f r - 8, =r =r - i r : r - ; . =
b*t h i . r i er 3r - r =r =
ar r C
*t : e- ' =. 1 i ' . =l - r - i l - r {e
. : r f , RF, 3. i - e
r - i - ! r xi l : , =. ! . e' . +er - l t ' : r *i t h r : t hr =t -
el dgr - r t E. t her - e i =
sf i - t
t hr == ?. e' . . *l *f t hr : =e r *i r =, : t l , 1r
i r : r . - E=i , sl : , j __ l r *t hi r - t g i r r t r i - r _r =i c r *hi r _h
r i i =l zt . , 4t si ' =h: ==
t hr : =, = "r : l - i r *i l - ; , = i E' . . . "er l t =. . f . r - : =r : : r *t her - , l i f f i r , - i l t i es r : r -
u. - r . t - t g1: =, : : . =, *. t - r t
=i . t t - r . ahi *r - r =.
l . , E: : r - r , 3. , i . , *.
l - r _Ll =- . , 1 i - E khe, ; r =i r r , 3] . ed, : st
by t hr : =e
; l i r =: i l t l
i r - : ' . ' r : 1' ' . ' *d
l * *, = e=e, : . i t . r "r i i h i r - ! . 3. r - i , . . . 1. . 4, =. 11 l . r hi ch di f f er - = r - ar 1 i cal l l r
f l - *, : r , r f ; he
t r . ", *1. s, : t h=l -
E. . . l =! - ?i , =. : . 1- e r l e. *1t p*i t h.
I t i = t hr =r ef . ot - r = r - i *t
' Eu' ' r - r {i =i r - r r ;
t h' =t , = t : t f , ! - ! =i : Jer e. &l *
pr - r : gr : r - l *i r : n r : f t he e, . . er "i t = shi ch r *. ar j . I , J b*
d=l ' - : ' r - *sd *. = "=' el - i r : u= r - t - i $3u="
r . i i i *i r - l t he; r : r - r t : r t t
af t he ct - i ar i r r al
. i s. =t i ce
sr . o' ; ' her : I - r - ! =r ! ' r ' +. i r r r r : r xpl et eL. . c
cut =i : Je t h, *. h =3=t em- They ar - , = sr =t t l *=d *i t hi r r
*hs= =r =r i ' r l cr : t - r L. r , ; t
i l ' : **h i r : l r f : he1. .
t , =i : : e g l , *ce { t he f . =. r ni 1, . . . t he t r ade
ut-:i .r=;-:. l l -= ,*.=.Erf,!:
L,:.i i r:l -r=- i l -e l =e!.gl -r1r::-.rt-..*t=.**l
i rr ,:
si *:i l ,*.r- F{;}.y a= r:hher
"l - r r Jl - * J o: l - i a: i l - l ' *. ! . "
r : r =t ' r f
! . i i "t = . 3. r - -
, =. =t t l . =; J.
*l i t hi = r . *. =at - , s t h, r t t her - e i r - l r *r n
r : r : t l :
l *g i c, =. I r - e, : . I i t y *=f
ci - i r **-
- - *t r qf l i t i t : r r
I h*' "' e t r se* t "*I i r i *g r ep=. *t =dl y
*b*ut an abcl i t i ani . gt
appr oach.
t' Jh;+i . *' * I ni **.* t*p *hi = ?
: t i g' usef ul t r ' t {t *! ! : s r , *r t e}t t i csS di =, *r nct i cr r r
b*t r ' l een t r +o t ype=
*f *Lr ' =] i i i ' =*i s*' =i sxces.
r Jn
i . he r - r *e
h; r nd r ' r s ha- *e an abr r l i t i ani st st ar r =e
b*hi r h
dpf i i =. s I eqi i ! ! - r r . ar . . . r
t c, ar t ! r "! t i =. E
de. . . , . e] *ped i n t he r ul t ur - a1 end
=' *r i ' sl *r q*ni ' s*t i r *n
c*f r r i r *. ! n*!
i u=t r c*. Thi s st ance r =, j ect s al ss t he
i r *aga' = *f ssci . *! 3i f = $r hl ch ar e f *r s*ed ei n t he t r egi s *r t hcr se act i r , ! : t i es
i n t he dr f f er ent ' =eg*r l eni ' s
af s&i *t y. I n t hi s vi er + cr i ni n. al
, i ust i cE, i s
n$t ' * I egi t i g' *l s
ensusr t a pr obl =nr et i c
si i uet i cns"
but pr e=ent es
i t sel f
t he f =' st r - t ; ' ss *f * pr - r b!
! = pr ebl em.
Thi s i mpl i es t hai t heg; E, . abo]
i t i oni =i E
h. *' , , ' e t *; r dr egs
a df l ub3e t a=l , : 3 t . heo". h. *r . e t c, =. t ep. sr i i vi t i eg
i n a
r r i n*! ' **]
. : *=i i r e f r r r *=. . L: r - : t t h*1. r l s* get i nr . r o
j r . "ed
i n dssl i ng i . *i t h
pr ubl sr *' *t i r
r r i r yr ! ns] i =sbl e si t u. **i sn= *ut si d=, cr i *! neI j usi i ce.
Thi =' f , {3r f l . *f abr r t i t i o; r i s* h*= t he r l : ar . *ct er sf a Er l r i al , n$- *er f i Ent
r **l p' =' t - ehl e
t c ! - ui i =t , =: - i c, : .
1 =*ci , =1 sr *, r er , er . t t =
f sr - t hs, : . br : l i t i ar - r
af =l - : . r . . u=r . . 1r
' *' t : #
: =f
t h= per - =' scr - r . t ! . ct ' t , =f r qi t r hss . *. r - i r i
her - et i c= a. r r d cr : r - r t E, r nFr l r - , : . r - y =aci al
er r : ' se' t r : =t : t =
I i h: e i h*=e f i l ! - abnl i t i *l ' r r =f r - *. ci , s. I a: r d ger : der -
di =cr - i *r i r - r , : . t i ar r .
i Jn
t F. z ml j her - h, : . r : d r <e h, : . . ce , =t - e f i br =t i t i a: r i =t =t , : . r : r e i r - l t *hi ch r r aL
t l e*: EE' 3! - i
1L"r r t - i r *i f r e- I
. i r - . +. =t i . ce, but , s. }r *' c sf l sgl , : i ng st r r i r $! nal
j ust i i e
i =. . sb*l i she*-
Th: . = f i r r * sf . abs! i *i *n
f r , i *=es c, n t he act i vi t i e= cf $r , p
sl f t he *r g*r r i sat i sns
under Sl . i ng
cr i i t ! na! j r _r st i cs:
t he uni r ner =. i t y and,
t *ar s sFpr : f ! c. eI l y,
t he deper t ment = c, f cr ! mi n. al l ; r x and cr i mi nol ogy.
Fef er r - i ng
t s ecadeni = v. al r . : eg
pr hi ch
r squi r e ec. ader ni c i ndependencg, sf
er ci ' =i i ng =: r c i a!
Ft r ar t i r es t cr per r *i t * sl r r r p t r b
j ect
i ve asse=gms, nt sf
t hs=' e pr ci i r eg
i * t he I i ght sf e: apl i ci t cr i *er i a, t hi s f E' r r n sf
' abFl i t ' i o' r l i Er * r sFr r f l ar he=.
t he dor si nant ! er t ur es sf cr i me snd cr i r ni n. al
i ust i ce t f l I acl ' : t he necessar v
i ndependenr e,
These dor ni nant
, ,
I g, ct ur E, E, ,
Y
{,
e1f ? l i l : i t l ' "" : . uFt rt f , t -t t he i de' : . r: f
' +.
*' t ' i *. i ul -, 3. I
i t y and t t eces=i t rn
"
af cr i n: i t ra. I
u=t i r r =-
l * i hi c.
. =. r l - qs
st **3i i i *r - r i s t he at r ' =l r t i n of t he nr - er . si l i na acader ni =
1. *nq*. *9. =' . *t r r r ut .
r r ! *i r l +]
; , - r - =t
i ce
, ar r d
l he r ep l . ar enr er i i cl f t h i = l angr : age
h, r ' . =: - r t r *i her l . *r r qu. *ge
pahi ch
per r ni t =. i . sr =ubr i r i t cr i r ni n. al
j r - r st i ce
t o t he
cr i i i =' ; . I hr - . ' t *Lr t hE= i =: 1n **her r ", ' nr ds l ' ; l - r i ch en. al r ] r : < t cr i e=t t he
h". 1p*i he=r = t h. st =r i xi n*]
i r - r st
i ce i = nr t "nat ur al " ar r d t hat i t =
"r #r : =. i . r Lr i *i r l r r " E. *{- l r sf , . , i t r e }14i t l s*. at ed. I f t hat h3*pat hesi =. i s val i det ed,
*he' p. r e' ""*r I i r l 4 Senq*. =qe *b"*r u* r r i mi n*l . . , i ust i ce has t * be decon=t r uct ed
. and
r r i nr i n. *]
j r - r =. i . i r s
e. *i I ] ; l FFer ; r r ; r =. ar pr - r bl i c pr nl r l enr i nst ead of a
=: : l : - l i i *n *f pl r bS i c
Fr : : hl e, i s- q.
Th=r f i r si t }. t r =r af . abgl i i i s' * r "". i 1l t hus be
3 =g i i !.r*.*t:.d ,
3 i . sl i , : i ; - ; t hi s
Fr . *Fs; -
r **i r : 31' el , *u* t he =ecsnd f ar - l l l sf ab*l i t i or . t ,
f l h*] : i i ** ==. t r . : t i r . a3 hr . r c, t hgsi : r {Sr *deur l ??3, p, l *i J. 1
r
ar adenr i c
' =.*z=7.
i i i ,=r-s.
i l r i xi n*] i =at . t r r n . *nd i r ! r n! na] i ug*. i ce
t "Jh; r t . i ' =: r i *: ! r r *]
i r - r =t i ce? Fgr Lr s: r r r i r si *al
i *=t i r e
i s a epet r i f i c
f t : r ns *{ i r - : t e' r sr i i . =. * bs*r +ss+. 8 f , r l . *i * nr - r r sr ber cl f . f r qpr r r i e= such aE t he
pr l i ceo t he r *ur t = { i s l h= t ' r r - r : r ds. =. 1 5e. : - r r e, i . e, *r t
i u=. t
t he
j udge=,
t : : - t t eg3=. r i t h=' gr ut r l i r gl - *=ei l : *! $r . s: r l i =i t nr =, et c. l . t he pr r r bet i gn and
i he' p: r i ' =r : r * sr . r """i . r eo ] . *; , ;
. =r : d
cr ! : ' y: i r r r r l r - r gp d*p. *r t nr sl r i . s i n t he : r ademi c
r "; *r l d" *he 1"1i ' *i =. i =r r cf Jusl : r e . a' *d Par l i ar r =nt . l "l e r ! - l r r r si , : p sur
d=' f i r l i t i r s' i r r sf , - =' r i mi l - l . si
i r - r =t i r * sl . . st =. r : vi ELt r ] t r y r *e. en= af t he f r qnr e cr n
t ' h*' nsut
F*gF.
*k: r - r =' *f t hs=s cr gar si =at i sr ns ar p i n t her nseSl ' eg r nar r i ed t o
=r i s; i n. *]
*: - : si i r E. o t hey h. =ve f Pr . . E' n i f t hey ar e 50 r nar r i ed t r an e: . t t ent )
* l i f e' *f t h*i r s+r ' r *. #*st *f *he. ect i vi t i eg of t he pol i ce f sr
p: {r sF}I e,
ds r *' =t *. *1, : p pl . ar e l nl i *hi n t hs f r ar nep*r : r l , : of t h. ai =peci al f or r n of
i nt er . *=*i nr e, 5i *r i l r . r i i y. t r +sEi af i he act i r . i t i es af t he =aur t s do nr r t
t sl ' : e p3*=* l +! t h! *. r cr i *: i s. *l
i u=t : ce
f r . *t xer +sr : Of t en t hey act i n t he
f r e; *e r l f r i +. i I *r
. ad*: :
nr st r . at i l "s
j r - r =t
i ce.
l "j h. st *. hsn i = t hat e- =F=r i f i c f r r r * r r f i nt er ast i an cr r - - i n ot her
l +*r d=- - cr f r ul t ur al and sacl al or gani r at i sn {Gugf i el d 1981 }- r +hi ch
pr *d*c== r r i r *i r r *1i =st i sn? I ui I ] be r *FFi t r br i ef and *nl y hi ghl i ght
cer t . *i r : nur sber cf EsFl pct =
phi ch
sser s: *n me i r r por t ant f or our i r nr nedi at e
t epi c.
The f i r st spet r i f i c t hi ng t l f cul t ur al or gani r at i on r s t hat
FI Tr : : 1
I ace and i t f r ee=eg t he
iJtjc,.-n-there *ffiepert t* tr,aT*Tn=-;aent tc, s pgFsanr E
i ndi r i dr r . al
: n
t * ' r , r h{r nr i n=. t r unent *l i t p {cau=*l i t y} and bl ar ne can be
. *t t r i b*t ed.
The r esn] i i s t het . t hr i *di ' "' i du. al t hen becsr *e' s separ at ed
r r r - t t - Hs i s i n csr t . +! ' * i nr p*r t ar ni
pr *ot ' s
i ' saI . at ed i n r espect of t hat
i n= i dsnt f r sg*
Ah! g
sn, . . i r c: r sent , h: s f r i ends* hi s f . ar *i l y* t he mat er ! *l
subs*. r . *t ur s cr f hi s r **r l d. He i s. aI =* =ep. *r at ed f r r r r r t hsge pespl e r ahs
f ssl l "i r t i *r *i =ed i n; r sr t uet i dr n r +hi r h r nay be at t r i br - r t ed t s hi s act i on,
Thsse "- ' *i t r i . i l vr s" ar p Eepar st ed i n. a r o*par ahl e way, Scr , t he cul t ur al
*r gani =st i an cr f r ef er er r ce sr t i f i ci xl l y set g cer t ai n i ndi vi dual s apar t
f r gc* *hei r di st i vr ct i l "e enr "i ' r - onr nent . and i t separ at es peoFI e mho f eel
ul ct i r ei =sd f r sm
FsEr F
l e r qh$ sr e r or r si der ed i n t hl ' = =q?r - i f i c set t i ng aE
"per pet r at r r E" , I n t hi = se' f i Es t hs cr - r l t ur al ar gani r at i ong of Er i r ni nal
i ust i r e cr ee*eg "f i c*i t i cr us i ndi ; *i dLr . aI s"* snd . a
"f i ct i t i sus"
i nt c' r.ac t i sn b,et r*eerr t hem,
i {r g {c, r r e - r angt r uct l gl
_t qqt f l _yE- S
1r : sr : . i 5F! er i f i c $ay. l i - F=, ELr c' E . a cc, n=. @- b1. f qcusi nq {3 cr u=i n* $n
:---
---
{
F-+
,
&r r : : t hsr - f *, : . t : : . r - e cf t he cu. l t ur - , =l r : r - g' =. r - l i zat i t r ! ' r t f , f
cr - i nr i n, J. I
j r - r . =t i ce
r., i th i. t-,
,:.t-rd
h i *r . *l - r : hT t r f
", 1! - , *. t r i h: "nr ' . t ' . E{. : i Th i = i ' i et - ar - r : h: s" *{ gl - , : . ' . . i t 1. i = *r ai r r i "y bui L t
*?-r l =r' ::F!- i r=rrcr= *:-t ,:. i i mi l =:-{ t-.3.!-}qe af e' ret:*= wi th i rr the ,s.l -tr-ral {l =l -
t : r f
r t =i dr =r *dl cxcr : r t r et *r - l l e r r f , - f , f - : g
- =. ' , "n5f 1=r 1; .
I l - t hi = F' t l - , i . r l r i d Fr - , 3. ct i c' =.
111". r : cr
t:rtr{rrF.3.t- i .=r=u i .= E.t.l ' s.de t*i i h e' ..,=r:t-=. ,:.r-rd beh,:.\oi ' ,l rl !. :=ut=i de th.:.t r-el nqE.
Gl -' *d i t' rr= t' :.1::*-= p !,+.ce t* & 1.=.r-r3,= er::ter:t i t: a sEg,3.r-.-.te urri r.et-se dr=ter-rni r-tr=rl
f og. . ' t hs =. t r - r - r . r : t , . s. z- - - ef cr - i t ni i - l *. I
"i u. E. t
i ce i t - qel f . l l : l : r - r =i =i er r cy nf t he s. ce. l e
r*i th i .t: ti :e et"=Le*-: r.-l e=e=s,*.r- i 13" l e,*d= ta i rrr:r:r-r= i =ter:,- i r==. r+i th the =c,*l e=
r r f *. h*se dl r r r t l , o' r {r r r {er nad cr ut si de t he S' r r st pr i l . i : r sr r f ar aE va}ue=. a*d
Fr e. r ; s, F- +. i **=
! *' =r : : ci si t ' . *r =. r : : r t . r - , 1. r - - ! f +r - x- The
"pr csqr . 3r *" f *r bl anr e
. *11*r . *t i t - - 6r r
1", , spi : *3 f *r r r i r *! r : *l i u=. t i r e i ' = a t r us r *py a{ t he dr ct r i r - r r
*f
"t hE' 1. *=. t . . i *dgens=' l r t ". **S " pr . : : - q*t r r r . 1. " d*r . *l cl ped i n r =' ' r - t ai n
r , . . ar i st i : e' s
q: f
+' t sgi . er n i l hr i =t i an l Fr s*3o*: n". 3t . i E n: r r ' : *d a3=. * t r v f est r - r r eg sf
"I ef i t t - 43 ! t 1""
. *nd
"t *t . *] i i *r i . *r : ! snr "!
gFFf ,
i f i c f ar t ho=e dnct r i nes.
l 4ai ur a3l 1", , t h*r =r *r i g! *s - - t hi s
*sl d' r ' r xt l nnal i t y- -
i =. hi dden behi r r d
' ; ' ! Ft "*
t ' r f , i r dgt
"t 3f r d" i = r epl . *c*d by t he "Lar ' r " and t he "c$r r gpr r gus of t he
Fr Ff i pl g".
h1. "l "dg"
I r sssr *e *c, Fa *. : r t hg. =psr i al f , E' at ur e= sf t he
gsci al
or gani =at i on af
t : t - i t st i l - , =. I
j r , r - =. *i r : e. -
I r *i 13. r t r ent i r - r r : t r *c: t t j : r = f i r at f - e. =t r - l r - e qf
t he =, : ci . : , 1
*t - *' +r - r i . c, *Li . r : r . t r =f cr - i xi r r . *l
j u=l i : e
i = t *e r r er - . * $! E; t l : : pn=i t i cr r whi ch
"t {i t i t t t s" - - ' =t r d b1l
' . . i ct i r x=
I l *+=, +. r - r t he per - =Gr - { s! - gr =r - =r : r r = +*hr : f e, =l
t r *r - t t t l s$ b1. ; r n r : l ' er : t i l r . 3 Eg' q| . : sl - r =s sf =. - *=' r r t s- - har . e i n i t s f r ame 9f
r ef er - er t ce- {, t l . t
l , J* r "r r s*] d. *r _qxe i h. at t , he act i ui i i e= nf pr ' : f es=i sns ar r d
t *l t r r . =l *cr aci s= c. ar - be r r r l l y i r sef : - r l t r l cl i ent s when t hey ar a gt - i i ded t r 1. f i n
. *r t ' i "+* p*t r t i ci p; t l ! *: ' i r - r f
+13 t h= penpl e ! ' +: r +*hc=e hshal f t hey ar e
r ' +r l r l , ; i r *! F. I x. s cr ! r *i r r a!
Susi i r e f r . ame *f r gf er er sr e, t her e i s - - i n
pr i *r i Fne- - n* r cr ' *: f nr =r l ci r . an . *t r t i r . e p. *r *i ci p. xt i sn and qui dance. l *hen
t he p*3i ce i = r *c' r hi r r g r *i t hi Fi *: r i nr i n*!
i ust i ce f r ar ne t hev t end nst *s
t +s di : - ar t ed ar s5' r nar =, by *. hs *+i she=. and de- =l r es *f t he r r r npl ai nant , br - r t
b- v t he r *qu: r sr *ent =- : r f t h= Sega! pr or edur e t ' l hi cl - r t het sr p pr spar i ng.
The r *r *p3. *! *. **l - - *he
Fr er sf , r r r
r ' r hi : a=l ' : ed f nr act i *s- r f r f , r nr t he pal i ce- -
bs=*: r ses i *gt **d af + gl - : i ds f *r t hsi r act i vi t i eg *
"r +i t r l ess", A l . r i t ness
i g nt . =! nl ". r ;
"i *n}
t '
t a t r r i : r g l egal pr *c=edi ng= t cc ; t succpssf ul end. I n a
=**: p*r *bl r *"l . *y t h= f r . ar *e cl f c*Li r * pr aceedi ngs
Fr Fcl udes
- - i l r nl al l ss i t
*nyr ' r aF EFl sr i . e! l - 1" di f f i r *] t - - t h+t t he vi ct i r * e: {Fr r er =. : ' E' s f r eer l y hi s vi pw
E, r t t l Ee si t *at i ** +r ent er s ! n en i r : t er act i sn
pr l t h
t he p*r s*n r "r h$ i g
gt ' **di ng
as. 6 s*Fpcr sed nf f ender bef r r r e *he r aur t , Sl sr * i n t hat
=- i t t - t . *t i sn hs i =. f ! r =t i T . *
"r +! t r *ss". ss*ef i i n t h*se l eq1el sy=t er n= r : - r
: *hi ch * sFr ef i . a! . .
p*=i t i nn hss t r ge' * cr e. *t ed f r r vi ct i r ns. The eval uat i r : n
gt *di sl "
r *hi ch i 1. *r . e up i . ! l ] nsr r . r t r een dsr ne i nt l t he r e=ul t = of changes i n
I eg*I pr cl r *dr - t r *' s. r *i - r i r h t snd *. a r ei nf *r ce t . he p*=i t i an sr f vi ct i r os ui t hi n
' 3.
trt- i rxi nal
i u=t i ce ft-anre h' ="re r-r-F t i i I rr*t* =hnt"*t' r i L l rery d i =a.ppa i rrt i rrg
t - e=s. I t t F*t t , *. 17 LFF?3
$1 =ecc*nd' f e**. r t r e c, f s*c! . aI nr g. : n! r ai i nn cr f cr i mi nal
j ust i . ce
i s i t s
s: ' l i r r "sr r e di vi gi ct n cr f I ; r t r c"- r r r l r i ent ed or r cent r al i r ed cr i nr i nal l aw
{t r l r i t t er l }s*t Gr f , $mn}cr f i l *l "r }. Thi s n: el , : sr =, i t t er y di f f i cul t f or t he
f unr t i nn. *r i es t o gear t hei r ast i vi i i e= t a t he pr nbl ems as e; 4Fer i enced
bv t h*sg di r ect l v i nr "sl r . ed- Snd i t mal ' ; es i t ext r er nel y di f f i cul t f or
t her * t r r *s' sur r , l g
Fer sgnal
r e=pcnsabi I i t v f or t hei r act i vi t i es i n t hi s
r espect * One nf t he mai n char act er i st i cg sf cr i mi nal
. i ust i ce
i g t hat i t
pr eaches i n i t s di gcour ge
"per sonal r espt r nsabi l i t y" f sr "of f ender s"
and
t h*t i s suppr essps
"per sonel r esponsabi l i t y" f or t he per song whi ch wor k
i n i t s f r ame of r ef er ence.
\;,
)*
I
f
T
z-= i t= fr:r:r-.r.= arL",hl e.trl F..
-g.L
l -ecat i Ei -I"
-
Ttrr=l -e i = a =.tt-t:t-rg terrderrcl ,'
- : rt- i r* i r-2,* [ .i r-:.=f rr:e t* ,:.==e*rb l r= +=r"r=Et= ,=.rr:j heh,:u i r--*r-r.r-= de,E l t r.ri th
E. 3. 1' xci i . t - r s *. ggt r i r =d i . r - : , * r : r : , r - r Ei =t en* ar - : d cr : her - er - r t pal t er r - l , : r - r : ur r d a
^
(,
Y
I
A
/
Th* r - e*. I ' =aci al *. t r d csl t ut - a. I ar g, =ni r a. t i an nf t he act i vi t i es af B. r - r
r : ! - r J, 3. r - ! i e, at i r : r - r
*' r o. y he m; =r - e or l l ==. _c. i n t h=. l , : ey of r r i nr i nel
j ust i ce-
Thi s
Fr er r : ! i g t c, . i 155F55
i n r +hi ' : h i q. ; r - }- ' *. he "t : ehar . i r i t - i r " af pr act i r es
devel r r Fl =,
Tct r ssl r n*" r r i nr i na]
j r _r . st
i cs c*nsi =i s en t he cr ne hand of t he
*r t i u! i i e=. nf r sr t al r r et r en=i s= i r r =cr f ar =E t hey sr e t he f r ui t of t he
e' *r ] i sr de=cr l br d s*r i . Ei . ar r d r ul i ur . al cr 4a*i r at i an and on t he ot her
h*nd *f t he r ecep*i cn an* Segi t i ns*! n* r : f l hs=e act i vi t i es i n t he
d! f f sr sr *i segr **nt s of
"sr r r i et ' g", *bt : I i i . ! cr n addr esses bot h ar eas: t he
a: t i r i t i *= f l f t he *r r gani =et i nr r s ar r d t h=i r r - ecept i an i n
"soci et v".
i -l r i me
Frrr I i :1"
"f i : - 1r ** p*i i c1"' i = cr f t en r i r r der =, t *l : d as a "p*l i cv r "+i t h r e5t r E, ct t n
r r i r *e *r t d cr i sgr i r *e+! s", The esi st Er ' sr r e t : f
"r Fi r r r p and cr i ni n. *l g' , i s
EPr t E' t *l
] r r ' r ans! dgr gd *E a
"qi 1er r ": , EE a ngt ur al
gr , c
i e] f gct , nst a
pr *r e=' ='
$f {ssl =ct i l ' el r def t ni t i *' ** t \ e r e=pnr r =. *bi I i t y and t he obj ect
gf
p$I i =' g- 3t r ' l gul d be a f *nd. ar l l er et ; r ] er i - f ot r i n our debet e t n def i ne "t r r i r f i e
FCr !
i i ' . "' ' i r * sur h a I i r ni t ed r ' J. a: t ' . f l ne c, f t he necessar y candi t i ans f sr a
I t =ef u] di ' sr us=i nn nn cr i r ne p*I i =i . . i s t r pr r r bl en*at i =. e
t he nni i an=
gf
"{r i r *=' *nd cr i nr i t ' }. : r }s' *. The degr ee t n r *hr ch
"event = and
gr
t l r at i gn5. ' ,
shal - r l d be =. r - r l *j ect ed
i ri r:rs-1,:- $sb.*t e
-
t ; cr i l r l i n*l ! =st ! **
r "i i ! I be r ne t r f i h* r o. ai n i ==ue=
"i l r i f f l s p*3i c1"' i =. .
ar r t h* *ns h+nd:
Fsr t
cf ar r +i der =n, ci al p, : l i cy,
t rui
o f , l ri t ' hr $*. hsr harsd. *rt t =t re' t a! n a re. rl *i n al ri c: n*rf i v +' ri t h
. re, =ppct
-i ; r:
+^hi s
l "+i dpr f i el d. A ugef ul appr aach i n t hi s r espect i s t o consi der
"cr i t nF pal i cy" as er
"pal i cy r *i t h r espect t o cr i r *i nat
j ust i ce
syst er 1; 5, , ,
Sur h * pr l i r y ; +i *h r s=Fr pr i t c
. ' cr
i l n! n*!
j u=t
r r e sy=t er ns, , r gor . r l d be
r **3i i
*
f *cr *gsd: l . ' r i i r +ner 3d sddr ess i t =e3f t r r t he devel r l pr nent *{ t he
{l r g' *ni eet i *ns
r "l hi ch f ar m t he met er i al base sf t he sy=t em t pal i ce,
ccr - : r t ' e* pr i ' s*n=.
et r . 3 . s*d
*h* *yst er *s af r ef er =: nce t hey i l sp; ?j i t
r "r r r *l d. *ddr s. ss i t =e, l f t * t h* qr *est i sn. *g
t c* *hi ch t ype nf event = r *ul d
ba deal t **i i h by *he s. *st en: r under r *hi r h r sndi t l sns and i n r . , hi ch r . r r a. nne, r
{L| *dsr t hi = c*t eg*r y t ha
*' gat e
- l ' : esFi nq" f unct i *n of r r i r ne pot i cy
r +*u3d : - *qui r *
F*r t ! =u! - *r ; t t *nt ! *nl
;
: 3.
i t
pr $ul d : r , oi se
r ecammendat i s: - r =
absst =. ar i sl r e*r g. a*i =. at i r r n
! r l at her . *r s- as
af scr ci et y r +i t h r espe, ct *a
pr *hl *r est i c
si t r sat i sr t s uhi ch har ". e beccr se t he abj ect sf a cr i r r e pol i cy
deb. at s- t : 3:
Ft r f t er t hege r r bser v. at i nns *Lr r ut di f f er ent he, y r ancept s i n t he
I ar: gr-rage *f a' rrd . at r*ut .
cri : ni n. al
. i ust i ce r*e cannrt yet c*. f l cl ude at rout ,
t h=qe ! a' *gu. *q* i gsueg t r=l f crre. Frg' h*?. cE' ' : csrni ned t he
4uest i nn
of t he nl *V
*f
' g. b*l i t i r f , r r
-
Let Lr E t her sf t r r e t ur n t l r t hat
quest i an-
,
Far t I I * l . f hr . abol i t i on
------------:r
s*f r r * t r - r . ' i ng t a *f l . =i , r pr t he quest i sn
"Ll hy
. ab*I
i t i cn, ' " i t i s
nFt ess' *ry *f , l gi vs sat t l e i nf orrast i rn . abaut
devel np6ent s of
ggr
knrrsl edg, e
! n *he f i el d af , *. t h. st ! n r r i sr i nsl ogy i s cal l ed t he dar k f i sur e.
l l r i .g i .n,*.1 [' g cr- i rn i nn Iag i s.t= t*r:r-$::ed -ta get an i de,,* abcu.t tfre f-equ.erl cy
' *. t ' t d
n*t *. 1- e sf ct - i . me- l t i t h
"st e. t i st i ce. I d, s. t a" ahsu. t t he a. ct i vi t i eg ef
cr- i er i rl ,r, L cour- ts
-
hl hen i t u. *s di =. c*ver ed t hat t $eny cr i r *i n. al i sebl e er . gl nt g denounced
t ' {} *h* pcl i r e di d n*t ss' i r end up i n caur t s {f sr r l l any r easons, one ef t hem
bei ng t h*t nE
Per Ft t r . *t ' nr =
r ' er e f *und! . cr i r ni nsl sqi st s gt ar t ed
t o
pr or k
, , r 1
E,
f t ' : t - r = &i i t ; h pol i ce
st at i st i cs i nst e*ed *f cour t st at i st i cs.
The
di f f r =r r =: : a: s hei r . r eer - !
t - epsl - hr =d cr i r : r e
q
i ; - l a*i i ce =t a. t i =t i cs!
and cr : r _r . i _t
=t ' : . t i =t i c' = t "r , *= def i r : s*r , == dar - [ : : f i gur e- E. , =r i *e dec, =r r r r i a d, ] t r a ! - r ei . , l
Fei - E=Er t : i ' . +e
r : r r
*he d, =: - $: . f i E*. r - s =. h, *r - f ed l r : de- . sr =l r : p, el her r =el f r epr : r _i ;
i nqr - : ' i r - i r ==
' *. l - t d
r s! - r t
i r n i r : u=r - : . ; . r 1 i ee {. 153 f . i e?- , g i r r t r - ar l r - . Lged.
L, : . t er - f er I l at *er j
ht t
Gb'=+"i-...,",t t i::r'r ter=hr.t !. qr_;.e=
-
ti ,F i ,; t h. *i ef , f , q: c t i ve c; - i mi n. a I i : at i n*
r,*r-e ,s.l -?d er,.:ce* t i *l -t;: I erd"_r-rt .
I r - * t hr ' f i el d
*f , cr i r r i nsl i : ' *t i sl ' r r
t r *sEd o' n ' , r e, . : r r t i ve pal i ci ng, ,
{ *her - = *i - s
FFr =f , : ' r r s
p; h*
f eE, l *n
j u=. *"11.
t r - e=; t ed i n an event and i n
Fr ; t r t ! c=' t h* pnl ! r e. ar *. = t hen
*nl - 1. ; r f t er
* f , {r , Er F, l a! nt h. *= been l odqedl
t h= r r ' *i r r E. t q{' f i | ' i hor ' cr i l r l i n. *1i a*hl e
svsr *t = ar e nr r t cr i r yr i nal i s=, d
i s t hat
Fi c* i r : =' d$
' : - r +t
den*unc* *hs er . en* i * t he pn! i r e. Fut t her p . ar e
f i a- r , y
r e t h*r r s. a=*r ' : 5- Fer h' : +p= +- he
po! l r e h; *$ ncs t i l ne t n de: l
p; r t h
a dencr unr ed
e' r r =' nt i f r t i hel ' r i i d n*i f i nd a per pet r . *t *r .
r r i - t hey deaj t r +i t h i t i n a
pr abl sr *
*r i s*l sdr ns; ] - s: r ! r r i i n*l i =r ng , r t . =r l r r . F: , r h. *p t he E*Lt i - t had nr t i ; l r e
t s de*l
p; i
t h t he sl "e*t *: - ; t her e. uu=r *
; : r *cedur al ab=t ac I e=.
l n t he f i st d *f cr i xn. at i =*t i *n
b. ased
gn, , Fr r f ,
act i - t *g,
Fol i ci nq, ,
{ ! i l , ; s r +f f encsg i r r t he f i sSd
gf
i } l *g*t r dr xg= . and
*r . sf f i c saf et y} i t i s
di f f i cr *I t f ar t he pnt ! r e i + l r i f l r i i d st , nut . er r e, nt s; t hl s and t he l i mi t ed
pt =1i f ' r Ps$u' t c. =.
t cr pr *r e=. =
l ; : E*i *. f - r er , r F! - , ! t 5 . Adnr i ni st r . at i vel y!
ar e t hE, r yr ai n
r Ps=- f , , n. =
t h**
"Ef f eci i r e =r ! r *! n*! i : . at i **" t br i ngi ng a c*=, g, t g, a cr i nr i nEl l
trf,tt-l r t- *r .sF,F
l 1.,i n* .enrst-hetr
f *rr*.*3 F.*:n[ i i c*n.r i s =l -+ch a rfi :-e. eveni .
Ths 1. er - C=. nr +i *r i t - 1""
6r ; r r ! r *i na3 i =ab3e er , "ent s
, i , , . sg. : g_i C: l _r : *, ,
and
, , f *i . nar , ,
f r ' l ' =l . L- r el r : *g=
t hr - : = t * t he dar h f i gur *. *l I t h*=r sl . s' r t s . a: r e
t hr - r E de*i t
| +i *h **i =. i ds
r r ! r s+! r ' *a3 j *=- i i ce-
3 =. . *or " ! *t r nt i nn. *3] o",
, , de. al t
+, t i t h, , ,
t r *r ' *r - l s*
t "' l g =. h*: : 3d nr ** cr l r , ' : n: i i . t he er r $F t f l t hi *l L t h. et r "r h. *t i s noi i n
act qr ! "- =. t - l r : t i r ' : mu. l . l df i -
Th, : . t r *s da r - r r r t l : : r - : r : er . hr : r ". r
=r l gi *t hi r - : g L=
, , de. si t
r +i i ; h, ,
d**g nr et . r r ' : s. ; l r r i t ! s *r **
"ds. sl t
pi ! i h. ' ,
El r e: s- yt hi nq
i r r i i i =, i s i ; - ; "*;
r +t ? dEEI t pt i i h
b, s. t hr s=. e di r =ct I 1. ,
i . cl l . c, I r e. d,
e: 4ar npl es r f di f f er ent r *. ays
sut si de cr i mi nel j u=t i ce
=houl d be dsne. I i r r ni i
I
v
E] =r +her s
t Hr ; ! sr san I ?Tl 3 I gal , e
det *i I *d
i * r "ahi ch r r i *i r : ; r l l seb3e
er . e*t s . gr s
ds. *] l r +r t h
. *nd
h** r s=e. +r ch
i n t hi = f i el d ! n r gr r . . . r : p! *! an
r*ysel f
hsre t * ; * f er+ qerrer+l
rem. srl , : E_
Fl e' ar I 1' ' aI I *veni s probl sr*. at
i c i , , s' rrer. nF {a pers*n.
*. n
r t r gani =e*i r +r i .
t {*Er vss: F**. . 1
sr *- ** be appr *r . *r hed
! n a i egal pr oceg, s
i n nne
P' a?' El r ' snr t *hsr Jcr i r *i nsI
i ust i ce, ci r . i I
j ust i ce
sr adr ni ni gt r at i ' e
i ust i cel . Lr ut l r sr _$* f er + *f t her n ar g, , t s t h* da; - t , : nui i l be; - : r n i r - i mi n. al
j ugt i ce
*s uer l as a*her f ar r *=. r f
j ust l cs
sh*r +. Fr ngt of t he
al t er nst i ves
t a cr i r *i nel
i ust i ce er e *J' a pr ede*i n. ant l y
non - t egal
n' at *r e-
Thess al t er nat i q. e=
r s gpr r Fr a!
l g nnt
, , i nvent i sns, ,
of peopl e
i nvr l vs' d
i n cr i r ne p*l i ci . ,
or t egi t pcl i cS.
i n gener a! ,
br _r t ar e appl i ed
dt i I l "' t r "*r t h*se i | 1""ol l ued
dr r ec*I y
*r i ndi r ect Sy
i n pr c, bl emet i cs
event s.
*l an - l eg*I appr *ar heg . ar e
"gt et i cal " *nd st sE'
, ' yt sr r *st
i l r el y, , t i n t he
n{3r nt **i ui
t - y Ef
i t he
t r er : F: I e
i nl . sl r . edS
t he r l r l e;
, ,
l egal i gai . i c, . n, , i = a r 6r e
*: t r *F*i nn-
Thi s hes st r ' ; t 1' 5 t r e*n sco i s
gs
nf , i ' r . and Fr LI pr *babl y
be so
i n t Fr e f ut ur e' Thi = r eal i t v
! s t r bsc*r ed
r *hen er g, t af , : p as st er t i ng pc, i r r t
t he
"r l st r r $. *t i wi . t y" i mp! i ed i n i he t r . adi t i r : naI
cr i r ni nal
j ust i ce
det r a*e.
Bsr auss
onl y t her a }r e f i n, J * nf , r r r nst ! r "! t T
i n uhi ch cr i ni nel j ust i ce
i s
t he rul e and ! =. r: f t -=n {q-l r: r: rnci r, usl -e. . } . suprc, sed
t l : be --cant rary
t o . al I
sci ent 1f i c
f ' : ncr *l edge- -
aI =a a
gt . at i cal
f ar t .
Tf i e e: cr ept i sna! i *y
{l f ef f E, ct i ve
cr i ni nal i sat i on
t t +) sf
cr i sni nsl i sat r l e
event s *nd t he f act t h. at t hev ar e as ; r r l t l e deal t r . r i t h
i n di f f er ent s
F, ays about xhi ch r *e l ar l , ; i nf or r n. at i n
has i n m. any r espect s
r ' el er r ' ance
f sr t he a=se=. =. =sr , ent
nf t he I egi t i macv
af r r i *ni n*I j r - r st i ce,
The neg. at i ve
asFr sr t = af cr i r ni n. al
i i i st i ce, t f sr i he per pet r st cl r =;
and
t hase r l ase t n t her n. f ar t hs per s*n
", hs
suf f er ed a . "r f , f ng i n t he
cr i mi n' al i aaLr l e event
'
f cr r t he f unct i on. ar
l sg i n t he agent r i es and f or t he
a
t r r l hLi r :
, : . i [ , *r - ge] h, +. ' r r =
El er-r' r"=.t ds t]:eL i =. tFF;*tl
i r - r det . =. i i
-
Ths' f . *r t i h=r t c; -
br =r =l r , =st er : =i seLy
devel aped el se whr =r - e
( Hul Emar . t .
. t . Er * , ==pr =ct I r *, : . t r t hr : r "t ever - t r : det . el cp her - e {n, f r - e
i nr i r - : +i ! sat . i an c' f c: r i r ni nal i sat r l e er . ent s i s
s. t . *i : =i i r ; r 311.
sr ng i - r r r , r r *. ; l *: ssi t r e. : cr epi . ! r r n. *l pr _: t =. . *
nei + _=: r i E- . : t abcr ui l ! - r e
] eql t ! r **r "1. ' 39 r r r r r i n; r l j *=i l cs
sr l t h=. a- cende. The f r er n=, sf i - s. f er er : r e ef
cr i nr i *. 4] j r - r =. t i c*: =.
*, =t . * $f r f i r f f r l u. *, r , *f i ni er *ct i an bet r *=, en ci t i r E, r , s.
; i *d
t r r r *r f s=. o- i nn. *l s.
l ' ' 1. ; r s1" s1; i he sr t i vi t r es pr of s=si cn; l s
der . el c, p pr i
t hr n
cr i nr i *el
j r - r st
i r =' *. r - e ; r t c*d=. vi t h t he r equi r enr ent s af t h=. co. nr . ent i sn. s
qrn
hr-l#r.:r* r t s- Thcs=' e' cr r r . ' . r nt i ans c. ' nt ei n er c=ept ! r ns wi t h r esE, ect . t n
r t n hur *. *r r r i t }ht s
t hr s*: - r r q: - l i r Ei *sni =
f t r r r r : r ! 61r **t
j ust i ce
appr s. ach, bi r t nnl y i f =: . . r ch. an
r ur epi i *r r
r g "nsr p=. Ear , . . ! r r dsnr cr cr at i c sf $ci et y, , t I S] l "l ho cr _r ul d cl ai r n
hh, *. e ", ?. \ - t El t ' - . epLi *r : i = r : et ==E, 3. t - 1, , ' . s*h=r , *ne, l : : r - r r : , *+= t ha. t cl - ! r xi t r al i l , *. t i r : r - r i =
' f
?- ' r i - i = =: i l r . =Ft i ct - l e. r - *r l t h' =f ; r =t - *r = h, a= pr - , =. t r Li c, J. 11y r - l a i dea hr =l . l t hn=e ev*r - l t E
' *.t-=
de,*. 1t r.* i th r=r-.r.ts
i .de cr- i *-* i rr,s. L
-i r_t=t
i ce _ t. L&l
*= *. r e- . : ' ?! - 13: ! - : - . E=i r : i - t i qe, : , : . ?- r =ur ' *r *, *! - i =e cr - : . r - l : t - i t i ci - =r . 1. - r : -
cf hhr = cr i r xi r : aL
-:*.=h
l "c= E..ssEi er,.t; ,=:=
fr= I i r:s.r=: | J:;r- rJr=epe=t
l -r._pr-aach t,: rr- i xi t-t,=. I
j u=t
i re i E
hh' :' t i t tr=t-rd-= t* g i l ' "* ,3r' r ur-?!-eal i .=t i r: &.qr-r=tr-uct i arr *f crh,3t hagperrerl a.r-rd
hhet-sfr:t-r= ,*l =r:
t* q i wr= ;.r-*
g.!-i r-e,*.
I i st i c arrd i nef f*rt i rre ar:gt+er
-
[ t tenrj s
fr:.t-tt-r=r- tr: er:r:l r-.r.dr= the feer-*:ea.[ ,:r-e.s.r-ri eati an=
=u.ch ,3.-= thr= pn L i ce and
t-r=r-.e.a-t=
ft-r=r::l de,:. l i r-r,g i r: ,*. =r-s*.ti ve s.+a.y t.l i th those errerrt= arrrl l ear_rri r_rg
ft-*tl t l h=Err- l l :r-i nri n,+.!.
.i r-.e.=.i i .r:e =ee| }j = ,=.t ::drl ,=. r.{i i h ,s. l 1 tfre l hr-er= vaLr_r.e= r*e
ln*sr i i r= r:*,"j ,=h r:
"".*
-
"i - l r i i . . i ; - : . *3 i =. *i i *r l " i =" unj ugt i *. _=gf ar r = b1, i t = ! , r p1f
=t r uct ur g i t
#sni =' =. t he e' r ' ; i =. i i r *g
r . ar i e. i i r = ! r -
g, =r ! . *I
3! f e. *nd t h=. di f f e. r ent =
"uf f t F+' a*i f i *=. ' ' *h: - l = gener ' at ' *d= . =r r : d
bec*r - : =. e i t i s r ; nabl e
t $
Fr . r i - ei ve
t her n
*nd r *pg r ' r r l h t hsr *- : t i =. *3. Ec, uni ugt - _gr , i t = nl +n t sr r *_=__ becauge i t
c' *nr *ct i ds' a3 Fq$t I ! 5 r +i t h p*' r pe*. r +**r e
r ; : d vi ct i nr =. ; r *i l =t r *f t henr d* nr - r t
F- *p! - l . =l r F. E' . *r
i s' : =i de =r l sxi : ' : . +3 j us*i ce
{d. ar l , : f i gur e}; E5 a r ul e t hey ar e
deel * t r ' i t ' h el =euher e
i r r * r r . a' y r +hi ch i s nst even L: r t sr +l - r i n=i de cr i r ni n. al
. . r *st i r e,
Par t I I L HnT+ absl i t i an-
H*r + dsr r *e et r r r ! r Eh cr i r $i n. a!
i ust i ce?
f l c. ade{t i c . abs}
i t i on
Le' t ' : - *g f i r si . t el t s ; t r l E, - qer I cs*i , : at t he acader ni c f 6r r * cf at r ol i t i on,
E$r *= cf *' hE. r nr cE. pt r - : . *3 . **d
l . **g*+ga i ==l - : gs have been *l r eedy di =r u. 5sed
i n F*r * i ' l *e h' =o' "e t r r r *t g b; r cf , : t c, t hsnr n*u sf t er r +s have di ge=t ed t he
i nf *r r *. *i . i *n
*f {' er ed i n F. *r t I I .
I t ; ". ' s c*l - ' n{*t t ' t f i r l ! : +*i t h i h* def i *i i ! c. ns of r e. *I i t y pr adr - t ced by
cr ! *' r r i **3
i ust ! ce' *=c*r r 3i *q
- *. r r i he
- **l ues
def i ned above t hase i r n*ge= nf
r e*3 i t ' y ar * i nual i d and t *i . r el i abl e. Thi = i mpl i es t hat . *cader ni cs
hal , e
*' r ' r r r r t sst r ucf t
t he e' "' e' r l t s t hems*I e*ps i ndr pendent E}f t he cr i r ni nel
i ust i r e =' ' r "st ' er * an* i r r r *nf *r m! t ' ; * r ' l ! t h t he nr ent ! cr ned ear I i er r . al ues
-
Tl - r ug r +s' h' at ' e i n t h* f i r st pl . ar e *c, gr t l r t ho=e di r ec*l y i nvol ved
i r r *he svent ' and as| , ; t l ss' r r
pr hat
happenedn i n whi ch uay t hey f el t or f eel
gr $nged
' abr r ut i t n t o nhsr Er
gr
*s shi ch "st . at e of af f ai r s" do t hey
9: t t
i t r r r e=' pf l nsat r i
l i t l es f *r t he er , . eni .
* r +hat . do t hey r +ant t o ds about
i i *nd. . t c: r uhst da t he, t r , *sn*. t s be dans by ot her s.
Thi ='
"r t eFr " f ar r * *f r er cf l st r r - r ct i an
h; r =. nat ur at I y t . o r e, sFg, r t t he
dynami cs
sf t he d*r . el r ' pr *ent
af ec. enl s f c, r t hsse di r ect l y i nr . ol ved and
..t-J
/ o,
t hei r er : r r i r - onf i ent - I l r t hi - = r . r ay i t r *l i I t . eL=a pr - r f r . ni r l e . : n
i r r si ght i r r t r : t he
' . . e. t - i et ' l r
r f , f t *. 3. ' 3"' ; , =r : r r =r - di r - r q i r :
( . r hi . : h
r : r - i $i r r , +Li l , : . bl r =
] vet . r t - . < , 3. ! - e
de, : . l t
t* l th. Tt' :u' = r** r.l i i . I qst .3r-T i dr=,:. hr:t* tha=e r.,*r- i t i *= r-e l ,:.te l :a the
g' l r-
I i el - rxr=t-tt
i r=t-:g;r+
....*!.u*=
{ 1?i
-
t:i l e+.a
i rr:1,:.g,== ,rhr:ut
f i *i ri = arrrj ar-r=a.= r:f
pt - t : hl er . r , *i i r :
=. ! . l : - t . *t i *l - r = r . <L l i hect : *e . s' . . , i l abl r = , er : r j r l ! - , t l , e h. r si s af hha=e
!' ?*{"i r-tx,*t3e' = khr==e d i r-er I l ' .. i 5r".orf, l q*d ,:r-l ri pub 1 i r: ,f !-q,3t-t i ra t i .r:r-r m,:.y ha th
derre I xg
q1qx..r
pr-: i i r: i,==
-
Ths *t r w i *u=. cr *r epl l l ; : 1 t . c' * l t * =. t xr t t h i s ner . * r , r a1. sr f 1aol , : i ng at
r p*? i i ' r ' i s. t c' r *' r ] . ace
"cr i r ni nal or cr i r ni nal i zabl e behavi our , , ar - ;
ftrt-r' !Er- ' =ttf,t' l s ,:*f rf,r-j .r- gt-cfe-==i t:rre.
I 1a.r-l qr-1,:.qe by i he ,:*r:ceFt r:f
"pt - cbl emat i c si t u*t i cr . t ". The i nt r - r : duct i r : r r af t h= car : cept af
"pr *t r l sr *. : t i : r si t *ei i e' *" i =.
. : r
st - r ai . eqy t c, f nr n: r - r l at e que=i i cr ns.
The f i r st
q*, e=t i at - :
i . =: r . {h, r i - hi r : h: =
t ' *i - =. i . =t i .
l 1
. +, +. guel y
f r : l - e. i u. Lat =r }i =i Lu. , sLi , : r - r i =
pr r : f ol er l l ai : i l T
t 4l - et - r u= r 3*t , *. r ' ? , 3. ! - r Ei {! - t c i hi = f i r - =t ql : . e=t i r : r - r , r . r * h. : . ve t a
t t t . : F: : e
' : .
di =t i t - r chi t : r ' l behr ***: r t i r r =- =. e r *hr : , Er r =r *er - er l - [ r r pr - i nci pLe t qe ar - e
' ot i nt er - est ed i n t he , r n=r *er =
sf r r nb di r - ect Ly i nvol ved pr of eesi ona. l s, , t . [ EI
F' :t- tl -r*' =r= wg r:at-t r:rf,!' r' =i rj er- ,*E tl i rft:e r:r- l es.g r:{i r-ect1r".
i rrrrr:l ve,rj { 1?i
r or e h, : . t r e t h' *l ' r , 3. t ecor l d t - , *. ! - r qr = t r f que=t i ' , l r r = *f t hg t ype or ent i oned i n
t hi r d; r I i n*s *f i . h: = per t {r +ha* happened? l , f hat daes c, ne r qant ? et c
t he r +r *; . r gsd per cl r ng
h. *r "=. . *Ecr i bsd t hs sr ent t o, = per pet r . st or snd
per pe. t r . *i *r
h. a: < bscr : #r p l : : r r {, ur , . h! = . snsr r Fr - =.
i p t h=. pr =i t i *ns gf
t he
e"*r *ng*d p9: r - 5a, * t r *r *: : r g. a3 =c* gr f t r *.
cr f t t | - r F e- er an=i r r l ci i r , n,
81' act i ng i n t hi s r nt sl . r nr e I i ber at e t he di ver gi t y of peopl e nho f eel
t r subl ed ar r *r onged l =r 33- *nd r +e al gc f r ee t he dl ver si t y of t hoge r +ho
ar e ssl ' : ed t a i nt er vene ! n pr obl emat i c
si t uat i ons t pr cf essi onal g and non
pr of essi sn. sl s)
-
The=. =. i ct =r , , "ent i c, t "! s xt . *1" f *cu=; si n r =, dr gr g= an, J. / *r
p: - er en*i **-
T! - r e1' ' r . an bs edr =' gsed i a =! t r - +et i sn=. $r l . *
r *i cr n, r f i =, . =' c, and
t$sf rr' ] El q"g,! { =l }
Ta *sse=. g t ' he t egi t i r : ac1" of sr i l r l i n. *l
i u*t i ce. : nd t o gi ve. s hend t o
pr {l d' essi on. sl s
t r 1*i ng t - a cr r pe r *hi ch pr abl er sat i c gi i uat i ans
r ef er r ed t o
i n r r i r ni nsl i r at i t : *
det r . **es i t i s n*r ess. *r y t c. desr r i be and anal y=e, hcr r d
pr abl en**t i r
r r i r *! n. *l i =*t r l es =! i u. **i r ns ar e deal t r *i t h out =i de cr i mi n*l
i ust i cs {i nsi de t hs der i r f i gur *, ' r . ?r s d* t t r at l +e har . p t s be abl e t o
t r . *c= t hssr t b. *r l ' ; "; t =i =uEh"
g, ! , "r - !
r +her r t hay hsl . e. a di f f er ^r r t =hape and
di f f er e' *t dyn. ar *i r s l . han t hs' : "' l *l *r r l d hao*e had uhe* t h=y wpl r _r l d har . e bg, en
cr i r *i nal i sed-
Ther e er P. a nunr Lr er *f c*ncept . s uhi r h can hel p u=, t o ds
t het
-
l "fhen r+e Io$1,: arsurrd us and !n
ver b' di f f er ent st er t i ng pai nt s f r ssr
sur s, el 1l l ps | 4e
gee
t hat psopl e have
t f , i nst rut rt i an
sf event s *, rhi ch t nrl , : at .
t ' he Lr egi nni ng
, . r er 5
r nuch al i i , ; e.
I r * t he' f i r st pl ece i t =t r i l , : e= t het t hi ngs +*hi ch
. =per r f l E
d. enger ous
*nd had t a
ggr l l t g^
ds n*t pr avr r l t e such f eel i ng= end t hcught =. i n oi her =. ! n
t l r e decr i n*i n. *I i ' s*t i cr *
r eF: r . r t nf i he f nunci l af E*r npe {}?gr : }} r qe cal l ed
i t : dl f f Er enc*= i n t h* E' . . *bo! i c *ne. i r $r - *ent of *r er ent , The degr ee cf
t *l el - e. r r ce nf def f er r =nr e= i r . t l i f e=t t r l e , : . l sa ha= a bear i r r g an t hi ;
*=pech. t f t i =, cl e, *. t - t h, : . f t =rrch di f f erenre= he. ve , *r' r i mport , s. rrt i r*p, : . ct crr
hhe
" LEEt ut *e"' t t f eyr er . er - r i .
Ssme peopl e csnst r uct t r out r l e=. t r r *s e- *ent g ++hi ch happen t a t her n
. as
"act s sf 6sd" event u*I t y as a deser ved pni shr nent
of t hegsel vg, 5. Hsr +
=t r ang t hi =- r *ey af ccnst r uct i cr n nf
pvent s
st i I l i s, ever yt r ody uho
pr i
I t
t r avel i n *he I sl ami c r +ar i d r *i l l di scnver :
"I ns
At l ah". I t al so
gt ays
al i ve i n car nmuni t i es xhi ch seer n at t he
gur f ace
not t o bel ong t n an
e: r pl i ci t r e! ! gi an.
f + t hi r d r r ey of cor l st r uct i nE . *
i r nubl e=sr ne ev, ent i s t o ccr nst r uct i t
t he
. 7 I f
t hst
r ' r her e t hey i ni t i at e t hei r
t he r - r ndi f f er ent i at ed
sl r r f ace i n
' 3. E ' 311
act r i del r t . l Jt : e
d, : e= r r r : t at t r i hut e i h t r : , 3. r - r r *ene Bl - ar r yt hi r - r g s. r r d
!
l sal , ; =. anl y at i t ss Et f sct of I i ve under a per sEl ect i ve
t r f "r egt sr at i on
i t r t he i *r t nedi . : . t e. at r d r - i =t r : : pr event i er r
i n t he f ut ur - e- Thi = i . s a r . l e. y ef
r: rt ri . rEt r-r-. r. ct i l -rr3
s"". sr: t = t hi r; -? i = wery r=f t er-i u. =ed i n t : *t re= r: f
cs. =es i rr rchi rh
n' t -, +. [
i -E' t ] ' t o' ! t re-
"t -el i g i . nu= =. *t - i r. ne" i E. i *r* E i : =rl
-
rt = e. i -r , i . ! -r, =[ . {r=r- t , : v! r= l errce i .
t *t t i r: h
-, i . i rf , $l ! -
hc: r; =e r=. bu. t -t -i +=rj dr: r*t r aurj
l s*f , rl t -
r: hi l d l . i i i r=d
, r. ' rf , u
bect rmE Et i t I
&, l r f , l - s
' *, r : Li r . "=
L. s: hu: . Lt , *.
, =. : {l :
: . =t E r *i . t hq*r - : . *
"e. p, 3r - t he! . d. ' -
I h i ' = r:t-c1".' "
i E-t Ll -te frr-*,:,tJ cateq*r-l s. *!. the t-i f th t,r;1..' r:f ccrr=tr-:-.r.ct i r-rq
et"oet:h' = -,* =r:r: !.,=. !. l :r=rrtr-r*
I ,=*pl -x*.cfi -
th.:.h .3 r-E=F,f,r-l s i b l e .:.r: tr:r-
,
a
"' pet - pr =at - , =f ; r =t - " *! l t gr - . = Lhs =, : er : r =. Er +. er - r i r , Lhe. t r : a. Ee t he
, , pr _: . r - l i =hr ner r t
*t' f,del
o*
i .' = ertl l "g r:r::= r:f
t$' l * r<rE= hc cr:rr=.trr-l rt ,*. !-r=Egrf,r-.i =.ah i l i t,,r r:f the
, *. chnl - .
f de, : , r : h t * i h r "l e t r , *. t "e xt hr =r - l nar l e. l = *f h, : l di r - r q hi r : r t - r ==p, : r r . =i hLr = [ i [ : . e
Ehe r=dr-l r:' eh i ar:*1, r:,fmFEr-nE,*.tr=r.rc' .
ther-aper-r.i i .r,:. I a*d s:rl i -ri : i I i ,=.tary. {F{ul gm,*.rr
,*.zzd
E!+=r-r:,+.r-rj dr= l l el i s. LFF}, p- ?,5 t{l t 3
T* sl-^Lxt-T:,:.c- i=*: {:'l thr= r-re*+ lea:q'.-r.'*.ge r"*h ich r..r**.i.;i r-ep i*.r:e the
N: r f t ' r 1. d) =! ' xl : i r =r r , s.
l . Langr - l aqe r - 19- r , "r : i - i . r t r r *, : . 1- r d
cl - i cr i r : , *. I
j u. =t i r - , ' t hr =
f *cr - r . = r qi l l
h. e:
l l r * si t uat i nns i n=. t *. *d af behavi our .
i l ' r l t he pr ohl er r at i c
n. at ur e i ns*. e, +d
q: f
t he i I l eqal cr i mi nal
rr* tr;t-e
-
t.
-
- f l * t he per ssn"f
i ngt ance t s r "r hsm somet hi ng i s pr obl emat i c
t - . *i ct i r *3 i nst s*d af per pet r . at or .
Th* per p*t r st Er *ni y snt er g t he
pl ct *r * r . r hsn t . hr l "! r t i n+ ds{i *es t he er . sr i i ! n a t "r . *, r r *r hi ch n: . a}, : es hi r n
r e. ]
gq"**t
t l * t hr qr - r e=t i r s*
r +hat c. ** t r e ds: ' ; e si : : : u* : t by r +har a under t he
Fr spr r i i r e
r - t ; -
t he f ut ur e { }s' s=. pr c+h3sr r $s 8r }es= pr : r b}er *si . i c } *nd t hg,
past l : - e*r der i ngl i r r =i ead *f gr avi t y and bl ane . al l scat i 5r n
t s t he
per pet r at or .
Thi s l enq**g= i s t hs ] a*guage s{, sse ns}, r equ}*r l y r _r =ed
by t hasp
*xr t r l ' : i r r g i r : t hr f i el d. ef gr hgn sat et y
*t t g: ] i i i cl n ss ssci *] $i *r . ef $e, - r t
The dsr , ' el cpr , . *nt ' . *f
r r i r gr i na] ! r . *i i an i n Eur npr a*d l r t . *i ng, r i ca
I l s
' *
*' r eY' t s
bl =*l ' : pi =t xr e-
Ther s ' gr g hxr r *gvsr . at t he =; r : - s=, t i nr s sl =o
pr =i i i q", e
de- - sl apn*=*i = i r e t he
ger r s=
af "t r r i me pal i ci e, =" r ' dhl ch want
. avsi d
cr l mi na] i =st i l n ar r d *r e' , . i ct i m sr i ent sd. These der el opnent =
f i nd' e' 9, i n t he f i el d sf ur ban saf et y. t n Fr ance t hi s er i ent at i on
f sund i t s er i gi n i n t he r r e+t i gn t r f ' . f , r r nsei l s de pr event i on" on t hg,
I t }ca! l eYe]
-
Here Ei l t rer* E*nnersai gsnr a rnayar arrd r$enrber af t hg, French
Par l i sr r ent r cr e*t gd * c*r : t *: ei i n r +hl ch ner + f nr ces Fr er p nr cr bi I i =E, d t s
f ' scs ' and t r r ds. *l *i t h pr *bl emat i r gi t uat i l r ns
l shi ch caul d be, def i ne, d ag
"f , r i f s*s"i i n r r er * Fr . =ys, I t i f f er en* f r r r r e= nf
"Far t sn*r i at ' , devel op i n t he
publ i c spher s l bn
t he l nc. st l evel
i r ! l . *ny l ncsl nr g**: : gt t ! ons {put r l i c s. nd
pr i v. at e: yEl uFr t eer =
a*d pr af essi c, r r *l s3
Fr pr p i nvel ved. These
devel : : pr *ent s er e n*t r est r i ct ed t l : Fr sncs but t hey spr sng up l i ke
f f i ushro*r*' = i n many Eurepe, an ct runt ri es, The crrncept s and st her t scrl =, used
! n t hess act Exi t i es ar p u, er y r l *ss t cr t he appr nar he= l - r e f i nd i n t he
abel i t i r r ni st l i t er ei ur e and t hey ar e e r i r h =our ce f or t he der . el ap*ent
*f al r sl i t i cni st t hi nh! r r g end r esesr ch-
I n t he Eur opean Uni en a "Eur r pean
cr eat ed
' {gg}-
I t pr avi des
a cont er t i n
bet r *een ci t i eg i n di f f er ent csunt r i es
di f f er ent f sr ns af el cFsr i nent at i sn
ar e
t hst t hese f nr mg of coeper at i on, ver l .
Fsrum f gr Urban Saf et y" l . raq
xhi ch r neny f or r ns of coaper at i on
t al ' : e pl ace
and t he r esul t s of
e: cchanged. I t coul d ver y r , r e] I be
cl sse t a t he di r ect i nvsl ved i n
sht:r'r=
t s
ldF
t2,
;
t ' he pr r - t bl er * f i el dsr pr f r r . . l des a
"nur ser y" f or ner 4 t r r act i ces and nent
syst er - n= af r ef er e*ce f , *r t he or g. ani : . at i . l : ns whi ch er e at t he bssi s af
r r i r si n; ei
; u=. *i ce'
. *. "- r ' J
i , - r t hi = r , a. ay ] e*d t r r t he di =et r Fr esr . =nce sf t he
r ul t ur . *3 and s*r ! . *i *r q=l : r . +i i r r n +*hr r h I def i ne. : =. t he =nr e r f cr i mi n*1
i u=t i r e. ,
Th= r {: r ni r i bt - : i i , =*= r . - r g f , *! i r r r r sl ! : F i sr t he abol i t i cn sf r r i r *i nal
j *=. i . i r e
di f f sr . *r r cl : r di ng
i r s f 3l - r i ! - g*r =. i i i *r s
! ' ; - r I i l . =. . I f r , l e bel *r r q t a one cr f t he
t l r g. *' *! =ar i ! cen=. p, r hi r h
f c' r * t he r *. *t er i , aI b. a=e af cr i r si n=1
j ust i ce,
He har , . e
at her
Ff i =. si bi l i t i es *h*n t i r c: s. e *l h* d* ncl t bel ong t c t hase pr of essi ans.
l ' I &- q+. cr f *he "pi *l e' =. =. i t *. *f s" r *ar i , : i f i * i n t hese or g**i =at i cr n=
t pcsi i r e. r i l ur t E
* l eg! =] ; : i ! l , e=. ss: - - *i cs=, 1 he\ . F ch*, r , . r e= i cr i nf l uencs t he
e, "ci si i *g
Fr r *ct i r ss
i ' r r r * *t r c*] i t i *n: *t 1, . ) ' l 1r {33}, l l {t en an absl i t i ani =t
per sF=f , t ! r , ' s' i =. i h= : r ' *31. ' pg' . : - epec*i . l , e r *hi ch per r ai t = t c t r e r e. al l y
=; t t i =f i e' d
p; i t h
l +h*i c+n= i = d*i nq i r ; =r - r =h r : r gani sat i sr r =, ** absl i t i a*i =t
F
gr
sF.gf, t i
,cg
i s g*:rd
ir+,r-
rr'{-1t.tr
heee } th ,
l -13 =rr rl i ti .=. ! dr i h*==
;rraf es=. ! *rr=. r' i e *r e nnt psr+el - I =.g=. . f,r i rxi n.a l
j r - r =. t i r s
d**' g **i . r si si - *sl y r : - r t he. f *r - s*; r ] i n=t i t ut i ar ] =. . The act i vi t i es
s: : csr f , i gsd ! r r t hp i ' : e1. 5; *hs. s*r i *! sf i d r ul i ur sl sr gani =. et i cl n sf
r r r ssr i r +. s!
i *=. t i ce= i ha 3. *; =guage {J=. E' d, , t he ! r *. *ge= r ; - e. at ed r F Eo f asni I i . ar
t *' ns. *r l r . .
g"o. p! - , dt r r r d1" gr ; r - r =.
t h*t t he5 I - =' p. ; r r t cf r r ur
FE' r cept i cl ns,
ot . r r
et i i l *deg. *nd *l l l - t r sh*r . i *ur , *l =* 1n t , hi s r psFgr t t he f i el d af "cr i r f i p
. *r : d
r r i ; - *i ; +*3=. " ! s 1. F! - r l r =. ! r Er ! l ar t * *t hsr = f i el d r *h=r =, 1=sr - r es f r f "per e
' **d l *. sr ". "l - . *r i . a3 i E=. 1- r =' =" ar ed
"gend*, "- i sgues" sr e debat ed. I hape t h. *t
f r l o- f ar *' ! - ' . ' d=i . si 3sd de==r i gt i : r : r af =c*r e
' =f
t he al i er nai i ve=; i n {Hul s*an,
3*r l - s. *i d* f , l *l ! s ! ??: 3 1 . =nd {l - l ul sr *. : ** }5' ?3 } r *i } t hel p t s u' r r der st . and hcl r +
t hi = 3=: l gu. ege' , *nd
i hs=e i ss. *g*= *f cr ! r *! n. *l
j ust
! ce i nf l uence us ar r d
r **=. t r *i n u=.
-
3: r t hi g
a- sr t =s'
t hpr ; =r ! r *i ns!
j u' st l r e
e: qi gt s i n ne. ar l l . ever ybody r l f
Ll s ] i l t s "gr nde. t - p; - +. i r - r dl i s" and ! . * scr m=. *r e*g cr f t hs r +*: - l d "r ac i al
pr ei ud! cs"
E' : c1=. *g i : - e r r =' . *r l l . *' *, er - 1. . $ns. Abol i ' bi on i s t hus i n t he f i r st
pl ace sbol i t i on of cr i mi n. al
i ust i ce i n nnesel f : changi ng per cept i on=r
. ai t i t *de=. . =r r d
beh. ar *i *: - . 1: r . *uci a. * ch. an4r t : r i ngs ebsut a r h. =nge of
Senguaqe **d *n t h=
gt her
h. *' r : d a ch*nge *f l anguage me". , . be, a pnr +er f ui l
l "ehi cl e i l = br i ng abcr u* =h. *ng=, i * pr r r epl i an= and at i i t r - r de- =. f hangi ng
&r t ss ! eng: ; age, i g esr sr st hi r : g ee"er yb*d1' ! =. abl e t a da: t * s cer i . ai n deqr ee
f r - , r r t r r r r - pr r f r ==i r r *. a1=*
i * *r ay be si *Fr , l pasi er
*h. a. n f sr pr of es=i an. al s.
l "l s *r e . *t r 3e
*c. ebr S i gl - r r r i r : i n. *!
. i r - : =*l ce l n t : ur =sl ves, t r use
an*t hsr l exgu. ag= =* t h. =t ) ' ; s =sT- : per r el r e and nsbi ! i se
gi her
r essur ceg
t a de. *l r +i *h pr , at r l er $*t i r si *u. at i cr l =. l *hen r ' l e Lr se anst har l anguagei r *p
t sach t hai l . *nguage t r r st her s. t r {e i r evi i e t her * i r * *hat i *, ay t o abol i sh
r r i r *i n. *3 i r - r si i ce a I
gn
.
Sor dr echt
* e?19- 197 Loul , : Hul smsn.
j
F
No t es
{ L } [ ' r r t ' hs s{3ci *! r f i : - r t s, ' , ; t = I h. ar . . e t r scame r nor - e El r ] ess f *r ni I i ar r "". i t h i n
r r t ar i ' : d par t = cf t he w*r I d* *h* pr - r n! =hr nent
mnde sf i nt e. r act i *n r . r ss
r eg*r - *ed f cr r r e] ' at i vel y
=i n: p! * pr cbl er *at i c
=i t uar t i ons of r ni : ncr
i *p*r t ' sncs'
l ' ' l nr e cct nl Fl i r at sd {1r i cnp{r r t *nt i ssues }+er E, al r , , r ei . s d, al i +, ; t t h
i n at her | , t ay=. ,
{3}
"f , *: f f r p}ei e" puni ghnr e, nt
Fr r ssr - l FF, r , seg
. *gr *e: r r ent
bet r "; esn pur r i sher . and
pl - t ' r "l ! shsdl
*' opuni sher "
i ' r ho vr *ni = t r punl sh
and a puni shed per =cn whr :
*cr *pt ' = *' l r r aci i vi t y nf t h* p*l - r i sher
e= puni shment ,
I t . i s possi t : ] e t h. at
=*a"ebr : dp-
' r ; dF=' r i e*cs=
. *
dsci g! sr : *f *n: : t hsr psr =. i l : : . a= puni shr *er r t
. al t h*r : gh
*he =upp*s*d p**i shsr
h. : : d r ** i i *t eni i r l n i * pr _l ni sh.
T*1: e Ef , r *=, *r r =,
uhl r q*i ' s
i n hi s
j r t t
' *nr ' t h*r f unr t ! *' * he *up=, r i *n; e=
. os. a degr edai i *n
*r t d r "l h* r ' r r f , t ! - r *1s*
sl - t ppc: se= t h** i hi = r h. ange af f l r r r ct i en r . {as mes. r - r t es
Sr-rrrr i =.hsrlpfii .
I r -
i =' a? =cr
r nssi t r l e t h; r t sr l m*t r *dy r . r ant = t a puni =h
b, - r t t hat t h=,
"pu' ! - t i =' hs$"' d*es
n*t r er agni s=' hi s
aut h*r i t y t a dn scl er nd
g, : {FE, r i e. ' - ' r . *
*hi s act i wi t y . as
i l l egi t i nr at e
vi a! pncp.
! nsi de t r Fi r n! nal
i xgt i r e pn*r e=
er r enf . . s *f
, , r eel , ,
p*ni ghnr ent
ceyr
t *f ' ; e pl ' ace- shen
r el at i ons
sf au*hcl r i t y t r et r *een i nval ved per ssns
ar =,
sgt ' at r 3 i =' hed'
- 9*
I obser ved
i n a dacur nent er y
f i l m ht r * r r l c, I der p*I i cgr n*Fl
i n * cr i sr i *43
i nc"est i g*t ' i *r r
cr =, *t ed a r esl r el a*i s, n r *i t h. a y*u*g=, r
' *ccl - l sed *nd puni shE' d
hi m i n t he pr oces
*f i nve=. i i get i cn.
He r epr g, ached
hi m hi g bsh' sYi **r
i n sn s*t h*r i i 1. ' r el ai i sr r end t hi s r epr *. ach r . r r . eg
; +ccept ed *= sl - r ch- Funi
sperrr , *
nece=sary el ernen* af puni ahi ng.
t 4) f , I audi ' a L' aubr *r l ar gent i ne s*ci al ngi st
r +h* r *or i , ; ed f nr a l ong t i r ne
i r r *hs Ff r *i st r y nf Socl s3 *f f ei r s ! n i he pr ar . . i ncs
csr dsbe, Ar gent i n*,
pl *ys
a cent r ' al r ol e i r r *hi = cr g. *ni e. ai i r *n. She
i s. : 1ss +=snci er t g, d r , r l i h
t he ' *c*i vi t i ss^i ] f
t he f ur apean Fsr unr f ar Ll r ban Secur i t y,
I t r i , a5, i n t he
r r snt e: +t r *f t he, ect i vi t i es sf t he F*: r um t hat I *et her f sr t h=. f i r st
t i *s' F+r t i ci pat i an
i n *he F*r us: * ar t i vi t i es l "r aq r opr y f r ui t f ul l f 13r $t E
*{} ge*
' * bet *er under st andi ng
af t he i ssues di scusged i n t hi s
g, 5' 5ay.
t A) Thet i s
puen
t r ue. f ar
Fr eFF, Ss
l *h* *r e
t he r : r g. *ni ae*. i *ns r +h i ch f *r r : r t he : n. ai er I a]
di ' , ' i =! *n *f ] . ab*ur r ai t hi n t he
. =_. *sl pr s
f f : . *i ; es
f unc i ! *' r*er i c.s tn h.ar"* di rsr t el cper i ence *f
t +hi r h f cr r r y: t *get her t he pr *r *=
c$f cr i r *i na]
t Sl I r ef , er
l her e
i n t he, f i r gt pl ace
en*t r f l di ' ed
! n t hs expr essi cn:
*I t
ai n' t
cr i t i c. sl
w. sI ue, A ver y i r *per t , ant par t
t s val ues *r hi ch . ar e nn* ennt r i p. at ar y
t 6) I r *i 3l enpl ai * l at er i n mor e det ai I s t hat t he f act t het aspect s of
a
gi t u' et i cn
r na1" t r i gger pr ar esses
*f r r i r ai nal i sat i sn
{pr i mar y ; ; - -
=ecr nd*r yl
dses
Fot
i mpl y al aI I t h. at t hp s; i t uat i an i s
, pr obl enat i c,
f r r gani ssi i cns
l i l r e pal i ce*
ccur t =* t he e: qecut i vs,
and par l i ar *ent
i r t l ' 8l ve t her nsel veg
i n t - he f i r st pi *"*
i n cr i mi n. al i ei ng act i vi t i es
t recause i t i s seen as t hei r i nt eregt t f , | dn Et ] or Uo f r. armf uf l t o t hem
nat t er ds i t i t he same i g, t i a l ar ge degr ee, t r ue f or t he i ndi r "i dual
a- - pr of essi or l aI g r , l or l , : i ng i n
Lr a=e cf t he =1r =t ei n. The
i t near l y i r npc' r . =i L' l e f r r r
t he di f f er - ent act r vi t i e. =
i =et i ct n,
- t r est
def i ned ag
r +i t h
npt
t o t he . acader ni c
c{
t r et psgar i l y
=a":
af t he acadeni c
at sl I .
i t i cal val ue
an ef i l anc i pat or r *
pr nduct i cr n
r ef e; - s
8. t : t , f l - E r "r i t h l r - r t he' =e' = r f , t - E' ; . *i l *t i r : r - l s.
I n vi el *l r : f t h*= gr - ev, a, i
I i r r g L. apqr - l , =. ge
i t r *hs= cr - i r gt i *, *. t
. i r - r =h i ce debat : = 1. , : . r - r r j i r - l t he gu- t i L i . r : , r L debat e i r - r qener aL )
i t i = r =, *=' . t n f r : l - t he Lt l r i i l . i dr - 1. *1 , *. c: t r =t - =
t * r r eut r - sl i =e "t hei r - r l r , , n- l
i -e=Fi f !-{' = i b i I i f;""s"
fxr- the r:u-rt-l =!=l fU.=!-?f
s=
-
( 7,
3 =; r 1, "
o' t *
qi ", . , "e * har - r d t c:
F. . Ff , , E, ] e_
_. " s. . - l d nat
, . t f i
dEvel np r nndel s t o
r [ t p*- '
- ' o
t r er . *u=. * ] s. uh=r r ! LcE' i * t he. l *r 1. . i : - r uhl r : h Fr uc. auI t { I gBS}
det ! 11s' 5 t ' hE. r *] e c, f t he t r . *de: *i c i n t he=e i . s=. ues. Accnr di ng t o hi n* t he
*r . *dFn*i r =. h: $- al S i : r : * =, 1. i i , , "e t a
F,
I aT t . hs r al e af t he i nt el I ect ual -
pr aphet r *hr : i =. ] l = i h* pe. r ' pl e a, f hat t he. 1" h. ar . e t c, dr . and pr escr i t r eg
f or
t ' her sr f r *f i s' * nf *' h**ght . nt r i r ct i v=s snd r ne*ns {r . r hi ch he devel ops i n hi s
hesd" i "t ct r l , : i s i * i hi s Et udl ' sur r aunded b, y hi = t agl = - t he i r adi t i nn. al
r ' ; a? i n r ' r hi r h t r t *r t \ f cr i l r l ! vr . *] l *r "l ac. *dsni r = her . e r , r 5! r l , : *dl . Jn=t ead, t he
r *i r ' c*f , i he' . : +r . =d=' r i i i r
i s l n =h*pr I 3 hnl x l nsi i i ut i *. 1- r = r e. *I I y f r ; nr t i s: no
' *r r d 3t r ""h. **. . : r r s
t i - r s r e; r I . r i f i ssql . r pnr es i , f t he, r r f *nr t i ani ng i n i he
di f f sr *: r - *t =. eq: ne; . : t = af =. *ci et l r - l n addi t . i r , n. he h*= i n Lt r , c: l 1. E, r B) t he
ej *=*er s: =. t : f t hcl ugt
pahr =h
r _l nder l i e
l heqe i nst r t ut i an= sr r d t hei r
pr c*i =s='
l i e hag t * shc' r + t he hi =t cr r i L. al r sr r i e: . r t
gf
i hesE, syst er ns, t he
cr r n=' - ' t r ' *r n*= *he' 1' e: cer {i ==' *n u=* . =nd
t he f act t hat t hev have becor ne ss
f ar *i ] i *r l h*i t he1" r p
F. t : - t
af *ur per r ept i ans'
sr - r r at t i t udes and o1- r r
bsh. *l "i sr i - r r - - i - . *=t l yr 4l * h= ! - ; *= *s r *cer l , ; *c*et her pr i t h
t hose i nvsl ved ar r d
ui t h pl - Eaf , *i r - r r : er = *. r l
f f l r : gl f y t he' i . r *=t i t *- l t i i r ns and l he! r pr et ct i ces and t o
der . *1*p *l her f , r r r ; r r = l : i f l hr , *ght . _
3* i =. r t cr t
=l i ' s=i bSe i * hs f *i t hf r _r 3
*cl t . - - r i =. ni c, de] of f l l nct i ani ng and
i r * d*' *e3c, p EFr Fr Li I *t i r "s] p. r s*del s r r f a3 t e. r _. r _et i vp=. .
f
gl
I : *e' a* Eqr Fer nef l t
nn *h= f , . sct t h. *i st at e st r l r r t ur es ought t o be
EeCrJ.t' *.t-,*.nd !.' r*r' l
fr-i l .!r1,*.ettr=l rt,=. 1i .=.t- Ever-yh*dy r*i II hr=.s.r.:,:.r-r= r:f the_ fsgl
th*.h Hhi = 2-E!.tsi l -el }?st.th
i sr
.i !-r
rE.3.r-}"*n ,fl -e;}.Es
r-tr{}t se.ti =fi ed ,:.t ,:. l l . l *i arry
E*t *
st - , 3r t i ce=. =. t i [ 1 f *l 1n** t he c] r *del *f t at a. 1i t , : . r - i s. m a. r r r l e. ut hcr - i t ar i e. n
t-= I i * i r:l ' r=
-
( 9)
I se; sn*i $r sr ' , *h=nr
her e i n
"st en*gr aphl c" f sr nr as I pr esent ed t her n
sar l i er i r r Hr - l ] Ef t r ' *r r . ! TFl , . Th=. ". . r {g, r E' r *cl r E, devel gpe, d i n F; *r _r ger on and
Hr: I =n:*rr, ! F?$
-
{ l | }} Ths *egi c : d=- = : = i het pur l l shr *ent
accor di ng t o gr ar r i t y i s t he
ccr n=si f l ne
*f f l r dsr ' He] *t ed t * t hi s i = t hs i dea t het esFeci al I y
ser i ous sf f e*dsr = t say r : st egr . *p=s puni - - hr **nt :
"Thi g i g =o ser i ous t hat
i t r annnt gs unF$r l i shed". I n pr ECt ! ce.
e, , "ent e l *i t h r eal I y di g, ast r ous
t r {}r l 5FEl uFf l r es
l i l ' : e t he
gt hni c
r l eansi ng i r l Yugos! . a- *i a and Af r i ca gt r
r t e. *r l "r ". *I r "c. aF. E
Fr . af , t i r el . , ".
r *i t h*ul . p; _r *i . _qhr se. *t .
I n addi t i nn i t i s my
e: 4Fsr i ence t h' *t , pe*pl e I sr est t i ' * Hsl l er *d snd el s=' r +h=, r e, i n t h='
p*or l d)
t t sE' t h* puni shf l sn*
nr ade} af scl c! ; r l r *nt r sl f r r r sr : r a] l . a*d
nat ss
! r *pr : r t ; r r s* t r *nsgr es=i r r *=
*f r sl es. I ' t hex t hi ngs t r ecar *e i nr par t snt per pt e
h*- . e r s5$r t ** vsr Y d: f f er eni f s; - n*= *f =c, ci sl r egul et l l r n: r er +ar ds,
r cf si f , ! ] i at i "t *r g nsgaf , i . : et i *n. Thi g i g nst ont y t r ue i n f anr i l y mei t er s but
r * ge. ' r *er al
l r "r or l { r r r d bu=i neEe r sl st l *n. ei c, )
t 111 ! n *t her l egal
Fr r cr f , psess
t ci vi l Jadni n! gt r at i ve! ,
t he r , r r onged
pr gcr r
i s cl e*r l y t he cl i ent snd he h. es t he power {nver t he
pr of essi sn' al sl
t s er i ent l he pr nr edur e.
I f he i s not s. *t i sf i ed he c; gn
st np t he pr aceedi ngs' The
par *y =al l ed i n cour t al sn becor nes a cl i ent
and he
. *l scr
has
Far qr er .
I r * cr i r ni n. al
i u=. *i ce t hi s i s di f f er ent
-
Thi s
aeFer * has been t nr r r e el abcr r at ed i n F. ar - r ger nn and Hul sr a. an, 1??b.
{l E} FE' r B cct r - }t r r et e. appl i cat i cr n
of
guch
an appr oach t o cr i r np pnl i cy,
/
I
EBr =
r
t he L5t h [ : r - i or i l r l : l ar g i ca. I
E*- *- r : p: = { t FE43 . e=Fsr i e. L Ly t he
*f the cr:t-i fe!-st-i [e
-
f,*r;r-rr i I r:f
' :.t-td
T{-tei r- I,r.l p i . i c*.t i ,:t' rs f.-r=r- tr-
Eesear . ch f , r : r r f er ence r : f t h f , nur - r ci l of
td*p l ed r-er:,tr$t{!l er:d,:t i qr-t= and tror-Itr l r:.s i cr:s
f u. t - r : pe:
"Eeh: saL Eeh, *vi r : ur - and at t i t ude, =
i *r i r - r , =. t r L, : . r <t ' {5t r - a=bour e: t FA+}
( 13)
l r t sel f r sFt f , t r t i nqui r i es s' r *E as. ' ! : e a Eent pl e of peopl e ha$, of t en
t ' h*' ' 1' r f i i f sst i t t ed i r l . a
=. Fr Fci f i c per i r r d
cr i *r qi ' nal i s. abl e act s and hor + nf t e. n
t hr =. i ' , r a=. f l ' ] l r ' r *sd by a c: - i r *i n. al
j u=. t i ce
i nt er l r ent i on. I n i he vi ct i r r r
i nqui r i g' 5. quest i nns
ar g a5f , ; ed at *r ut t he f r pqupr r r y and nst ur e of t r c, ut yl e
uhl r h ua= t h= r ar r s=' guenr e *f , a
r r i r ai *. *l i =abl e act . I n
gg, ver al
c$: ; : : t ' . r i s=: l Jg*r HuSI . ; t r r di e*. c. r . r cl l r r ! nq*i r es t ai , : e pl . ace r egul ar l y and
I s*d i r r s*p*r ei . e =t at i st : r ' g. These
gt at i st i cs
f or r n t hen, t he pr i nr a: - . , . .
h==. s *f d. *t . * {i x c*: r : bl r *. *i . i ** pr ! t }- r
p*3i cE
*nd r cr r - r i t =i 31t i st i c=} f ar
rr : *r i l-r.= I *-= i =t =. .
{ }+} f "$eoer *he' }e=g
t l *= neqat i r s l *: pr r - t *r - { r r l r ai nsl i : at i nn cn cer t ar n
=e' 4r *r r r t ' s *f *he pepr - r l a*i nn
i = sn*ch bi gger i han ! s i n qen=. r al l y
t haught
E"' Fn ! n ' a r *un*. r y I i hs H*I l ar r d i t hai h; r d a r el at i vel y l or a pr i scn
pc' Fl - : l **i s*l . s
st . a*i st i cel st udv =. hcr *ed i n t he si : r t i ss t h. at I i n 1r . l af
t hs t *' *l s= r l hr ' di ed i n a cer t al r r
Fpr i *d
had been a= l eag' t onc, i n
pr i =' r ***
I n r er t ai n f l nr sr i c. an ci t i e= r r r r r r s l hr n hal f af t he t r l ack r r al e
F{r t F' ! - l l ai ! ' - *n hst r "ae=n 1S t r ed *5 yea: r = i = i r r pr i ssn! per cl l e c, r pr obat i an.
f l 5l ?hsss *r e i he ***r ds
' - t ' =ed
i * t he Eur =t r Far r f , *nvent i sn on Humai n
t i ghi =,
{ l &} 13Pt y i n*sr *s*i ng
i n t hi s r *sper t ! = H*nak. St ehr St ei nsr t { l ?El ?}
bec. =uge i t sI }sr "*s. al gcl
t o f er r l : : e * csnl p, ar i g*n bet r +een cr i mi nal i zsbl e and
Ft {] f l - r r i *r i r - : *3 i =eb! e pr cb! er , r at i c
si t uat i *ns. i l f . t en, peopl e i . nr "*r l yed i n
cr i : *i nel
i ust i ce debst es, get st r
"paesesssed, . by t he myt hs and i mages
r "r hi r h *nder 3v *h! = deh*i e, i hat t hey ar e nnt a*ar e nf t hg, f act t hat
abgsnce *f cr i *! n*!
i ust i ce r s*ct ! r n t g s cr l r *i nal i zehl e er . ent dr l =s
n*t at el l t ngans t het su=h *' * sr . *nt i = n*t de*l t r +i t h t gui d nsn est i n
*ct u t t st r e=t i n mundel
-
l f t her - e i = a di r ect l y i r r r r cl r r er ]
Fer ssn
f cr r *h, =sr
. a
cr i r sr i n; +I i =; ebl e event i s pr *h! ecr ?at i c
t l ' r a*
Fe. r =c, n
l , l i I I al n. ay= deal i n
sr t i r r , gr ' i a- ?* ++i t h such an ev*n* and r *a1. r r t r t r i l i =e pr of e=si onal
and nsn
_
pr af a==i sn. sl
hel p t = $s =c.
{1?} B cnr t r r et e er e*r pi e: i n Faug*r an *nd Hul sr *an t t ?g&} we, ment i on a
st | . r dl "
' abaut a Bu*ch pr ac*i ce
i n shi ch r ' r r i {$er : use ci vi } l ar + t o r eact
ag*i n=t xi : r I ent {ar r d cr i ni n. a! i =ebl e}
behavi nur t r i " r nen ag; r i nst t hem- The
5t l j d' f
ghsr *s
h*p* i n t hi s pr act i ce t he t hr ee b. ==i c val ue= r nsnt i , oned i n
*hi g. =r *i c! , e
ar e r espect ed t n a
ypr ?
! . ar ge degr e= b. * t hg, i n- . - ol ved
pr *f es=i r n. el sr i i n*
hcl * t hi s cc, nt r i but e= t r a hi qh degr e* t a t he
=et i - - f ect i sn
s
t
_. . __
aJr , u_l f , c= $u r r r g
3f t he *sl r ' er r cgf l r er nsd- ! * . +ddi t i r : *. ,
t hi s pr acedur e heg
t he bi g adwant age nat t cr i r *pl y de, r agat i sng on f undar nent al hur nan r i qht s
{ ag rl ent i snsd e*r I i er } r.ri th r*sFpf, t t* tt-re nen.
{ 18} Te
' sl ' *i d any s: i sur r der st sndi ng
r *i t h t hi s pr apas! t i c, n t r **: r er nsr ks;
1) l {e t al l * ahout t he uge af e concpFt
"pr obl emat i c si t uat i on, , i n t he
csnt e: ct nf a det r at e about : r i r ne
and cr i sni n. al
i ust i cei i n ot her 1asr ds i n
' a
cnnt er qt i n r +hi ch hur *an r i ght s ar e at st at ! : e because t he poner of
csngt r si nt
sf t he =t =r t e i s i mpl i ed. I n at her cr : nt e; <t s, opi ni ons of
e"{Fer t s abaut t he pr ahl emat i c
ch*r act sr af a st at e of af f ai r s do not
r l st r esg. aFi l y
h. ave *a be di sr ar ded nhen t hey ar e nr t r eFr r espnt i ng
concr et e cI i ent s- 3) Let uE i I l ust r . at e t he r *eani ng of t he pr aposi t i on
il
It
I
l
: i : - , : ; . . _?. : : Tl *; ^_. 1: , ?: j , . . ?i scs, _r r ss_r *, =
, *r - , =
r r ct cancer _r r ed
by r he f a, : r H_r ef i
?:_"?i,:-,1::; l*::"
.::_:-
ir.,re,:r==r*J
i; ;;;;;;;"-;;
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rved
ll"-ll:';:ll'.-="il:
T::.':-' T-::l=:::*l=::=-;,* i:--;'-;=";;;-";;
il;=: =:I"=,li*,,n
l,;..11=,_:-y;.1?:*r:,: :.1 1",:
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( 19)
TXE.
di =, l ! : - r ct i an
t r e. t t +sEn
t hcl se r +hr : ; r r =,
di r ect l l . .
i nl . ol r . ed; nd
t ho=e
i "h* *r e r t r ! * i =' qu! t e
r l eer i n i he r ent r *l ar ea cf i he cancept hui er t
t ' hr
Sr r i r ' ' ha; r ' r * i t r s**F he qui t ' e
cn' n*r sver =. i +r ,
The di st i nct i *n
i s al scr
nr t t ur *i f r r r ; sr
f , ' ct r t hs di f f sr ent
pr c*i r es
! n r "l hi ch
t he =oncept ha= t * be
t gpl i F' d
{' sr sr i r s
' ' r *' di r +! *
3eg' *I = p*L' }i r
; r dr r : i nl st ; - at i c**
. i nur nal i sr n. ar sd
*l her
sr *di ; : eF! . f , i . , *I i t i s=] .
The r e. =ear r he: r
h: s t n be awar e nf t ho=e
di l f er e. ' s: r e=
i * i l - l e r r r . r - r st r r _sr t i *n
c, f t he. *r . ce=sdr y
i ndi cet *r s.
As I see
i t t he *r : l ' i cr *
nf
"t hs di r *r i l ' r ,
! nc. a! ue. d"
f , annf i t be r est r i ct ed
i n l egal
Fr *r t i r *=' t - * i *di r - - i du. a!
s- 1. **- l - t r al per Er i r . s;
t ar - par . at i ' ng
and ot her
"c*l 3] sr *i . ; l *. i g' - q"
Fr ar . s. 6 l gcr bs. di r =r ct l l s. : i l t "El l yed.
I n ci r r i l cgse
_
l ar + a I *t r +f r *=t er i ; r 3,
i ni er ssl ! r r g
f ar canst r r l ct i ng,
t r oundar i es
bet . "=. en t hase
dl r gr t ! o. . "
i . *1"r r ] xr : d . *nd
t hr _r =s pr hs
. ar e
nnt : ! f aFr be f Qund.
{Er 3} Li b*r *t ! *q
Fr Fr EFsi t ! q. =.
*f
t * t rp b*. =e, * s! *
i hei r g! ! r , r s, ps! l r r s
i s aI =. s, *
l eg: r l obl i gat i cr - r
i r r t he
hr - t ; x** r ! ghi . s:
l hs, Fql - t s; r L. 1.
*f pel pl e
bef cr . r - e t he l ; r r "r ht s
c*f i he pe. r : p}=,
r-Fns.*i ;-r=. .*rr
i i 3 *= ! r sn.
, 1: ' : ' _1: "n
r *r *: . r g=d
**$ yi =i i , xi
r ed, gc, ci eI
i nt egr - at i . *n
{aI } Ths' l ! h*=' r at i *n
nf *r r r : nged
per =ans. and
of t h*se r +hs. ar e
as}, : ed
i r r i er ""ene
i x pr - i l t r l er : r . *i i r
=! *r - r ar t ! ar r s
i g *I r eady put i n pr act i ce
i n
l sc*I pct l
i c i es t * pr - or not e
ur ban
secur i t 1. , I nf sr r *at i an
absut t hcse
Fr . act i r s= c. *r r be f cl r _: nd
i n *he put r l l c+i i nns
sf t he Eur epean
For unr
l , r b+*
*er *. r r t b. =
*?F: , f i *e Li anr c, *r t .
?=, , l E.
par i s.
Fr ance.
{eP} See ; r l r 4r : t
t h= f $r ur : :
t he pr - r t r }
i cai i c*n
t i n Fr ench and Engl i sh)
Secur i t y
and Der *r ccr acy-
*r , . *r . ; r , *i c; l I
=*I l e_qe an ur ben =af et l r ,
For ur n
El t r ct peen
p*Lr r
I * =e: ui i *.
ur bai ne.
I ??4. Far ur n
El r r cpeen*
3g Fl ue
Li anr *ur *
o ?=r 3! 4
par
i =* T=. ] : 33 -
! {, 3r ?g3l
t
t o
50t rre
f sr
t e3 l f ef f er cl ni j ?SF,
! = e gaad
e: t ar *pl e
i n e dcubl e r ua1, : I , Jhat you can
' *chi se' e i r e an ebf l l i r ! r r *i st .
dr r ect i sn
i n t he, uni \ 3=, r =i t y
and hol + l ar +, x, s, f - g
r *n r *nt . r ! b*t s
i r r . +*
*b*I i i ! *ni =i
l , r . 1 i n t he caur t s,
E i b I i ocr - aph i e
f , *unci I af Eur ape {ed} "5, F: {u3l Eehsr . i our and at t i t udes . and
t hr ' l r
i mpl i c. *t i *ns f r r f r i r si n. s] Lal +"
o
5*r . a=hr r r - r r - q, t g84
f , 1r . r ; *r i I r r { Eur *p* l . ed. t
"Hepcl r - t *i - l r Jsr r i *ni nal i sat i gf i "
"
St r asLr r }Li r q
'l
'=trrfr
[ r - r r r r pe=n Fnr unr f cl - Lf r t r an
' i i =. r _r *r i
i i ' , . I e. d t "SecLr r i t : . . and Der nocl - i r yr ' .
*: - r . *1yt ! c. *3 t cl l l ege cr n U; . t r . *n F. : *f , *i 1. -
F*r um Eur opeen pour l a
gecur
i t *
r - t l - h+i ' r r s,
l F?i {. Fr - r r ur s} Er - r r r *peer r , ^
^Sf i nFi , , r r .
L, i . *pqnur t ,
"5t l , l
4 Far i s,
F*t t eh,
f -
F, l ^1, , *L*J4^l t
"l
d' "L(o^' ' = ++ ' {q^a- t uJ^l ' / t n, -"4h^
=
gf{A;}' }J
A>*trecq-vvv
*-ftM** l\^,-tA
F; r uger ' =n f , i
-
e* Hul se*. ar r L.
=
Ls d*xel cr pper nent . ds l a r r i mi i l r dl hqi e *u
s*' i n d: - t i l cr n=. ei I dg l
' E*r *pe; *t *t st
Fer =ssct i r , ' es, o
i - Tul l , : ens F- ,
sf , r s3a; r " l - i . , 0 i edl "La i u=*. i r =
p**. r l s er r ELr r r r pe", Br u: r el l es, I "?&,
Fr : *r eul t , Ft . . " f {Lr ' *pel l e - t - r l Fr pu*i r ", i n F. Fi nge}he! sn, , d- . o
Fxni r t ' - t r i r l t r e; t r - r sr l l Jr i {br *: aei }e=, F: r e=4F=. Uni ver si t ar r eg de I ' Unl ver =i t *
l i hr e*
3995
: 3*sf
i sI *
*-
=
"Thr i l r - r l t ur r r r f Fuh] i c Pr nbl er n=. = Sr i sl ' : i ng and l l r i ui ng
snd t hs Synr hc*I i c f l r dr - . i ". i l hi =+g*r Lr : : . ds: - r - ' l gEl l
H. *r : ; *}, ; *.
=
Si ehr J-
=
Ft ei n*: r * H. .
*' *r ger ni sse
l r nd
] et r er r *l ' ; . *i *=*r *phFf i ",
Fi et ef e3d* *JI r I ?S?
Hr-tl gn*;sn L,
* "FrExF!-l r r' i n de3 del i t:r
1..
rrt-i evas f orr*.a= de
Frero' en= : * q: ; . : rderrt = d*st udi s, r' d*c*r**. nt *ri *
* l bl arrh! t ??1.
Hul sl r ' . a* L- o
"Tbe
absl i t ! sni s. * cr EF: al t er nat i ve cr i r ne
l r . *e! L. *v Fevi ew* vcl E*, r r : r cr , 3 -
c' ,
l S?l
, i ust i ci *",
pol i r i es- "
r r t n
Hr - r l 1: r ' r L. . , Fer nat de f , e3i =. J, . Fs. r r as
per di das,
Lt - o, r t ^r - ,
/ \ i {e' , . r Kl .
1F+3
, d
f *f f er **i E.
=
"Er : t r r l scs de ! eo- pene= per di dss", sd. Edi ar , Buencl s
l Si r es, l F8F.
: