EXPERI MENT NO.

1
Objective:
1.To study the development of fiber optics communications.
2.To study the operation of the fiber optic Lab Module KL-900D.

INTRODUCTION TO FIBER OPTIC OMMUNICATIONS:
Light has been used as a form of communication for thousands of years.
Undoubtedly, our prehistor" ancestor used the flickering light of campfires
and torches to find their way in the darkness and to signal each other.
Native Americans used smoke signals to extend the distances over which
they could communicate with each other. Even today light houses along
rugged seacoasts relay their simple message waming sailors: "Danger!
Stay away! Rocks or shallow water.
These optical systems worked well for transmitting very simple messages.
Longer messages, either spoken or written, had to be conveyed person-to-
person, or carried by animals, ships and wagons The saddlebag mail
delivery service performed by Pony Express riders in the 1800s was, for a
brief period,the faster form of communication in America. Still the distance
that could be travelled in one day was limited - usually by sore feet, tired
horses and days at sea when no wind filled the sails of ships
In 1870, before members of the British Royal Society, John Tyndall
demonstrated light being guided in an arcing stream of water as shown in
Fig. 1-1. Today this phenomenon is called "light guiding by total internal
reflection". About the same time, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated the
"Photophone". Although not practical because it used sunlight as the
optical source and thus didn't work at night, it demonstrated how light could
be modulated to carry an audio voice) signal to a remote location.
Fiber optic communication as we know it today originated in 1934 at
American Telephon and telegraph (AT&T) with the research done by
Norman R.French . He was granted a patent for an "optical Telephone
system which was carried voice signals beams of light, through a network
of "light pipes".although Mr. French didn't live to see it, his ideas were the
begning of today's fiber optic phone network.
.

The Fiber Optic Lab Module KL-900D is a self contained equipment which is designed
for the study of fiber optics communication systems. The circuit of the Module is divided
into two groups: analog circuit and digital circuit.






FIBER OPTIC LAB MODULE KL-900D

Analog Circuit:
Analog circuit contains a microphone amplifier, momentary switch,optical transmitter
and receiver, signal generator, and audio amplifier. i5igit~1circuit includes a
microcontroller AT90S8515, matrix keybqard, and RS-232C interface.
Power:
The 110-VAC-to-15-VOC Power Adapter provides a +15 dc voltage to the
POWER jack located at the upper right corner of the KL-95001 Module. Once the
dc voltage is applied, the power indicator LE01 should light up. The bridge
rectifier and voltage regulator 7812 provide a stabilized +12V voltage to the
circuits on the module
Audio Circuit:
This circuit uses a microphone to pick up audio signals. It has a bandwidth from
20Hz to 12 KHZ. The microphone is ac-coupled to an LM386 audio amplifier
configured for a gain of 20.
Transmitter:
The fiber optic light source is an industrial fiber optics red 660nm LED specially
designed for plastic fiber.
Signal Generator :
The signal generator is based on a wave form generator 8038 integrated circuit.
These circuit generate an analog sine wave output with variable amplitude and
frequency controls and a digital COMOS output.
Momentary Switch:
The switch PB1 is a simple momentary-close switch. It is normally open, but
closes when the button is pushed. A yellow indicator LED2 is located below the
switch. When the switch is connected to other parts of the module, the LED2 will
be off. When the momentary switch is pressed, the LED2 will light up. This
feature will be used to indicate transmission of data through the module.
Receiver:
The receiver uses an operational amplifier in a transimpedance mode to convert
the input current to the photodiode to a voltage. A resistive potentiometer
(Receiver gain) in the feedback path of transimpedance controls the
transimpedance gain. The operational amplifier is biased with a resistor network
to operate in the middle of its active region

Digital Circuit :
The microcontroller based data transceiver is built with an Atmel AT90S8515
microcontroller which handles digital data transmissions such as one module, to
module, PC to module, and module to PC.
When the Data Transceiver's MODE selector is placed in the off position. and the
power is on, LCD screen horizontally scroll the following message
King Instrument"
KL-900D Fiber Optic Equipment KL-900D Fiber Optic Lab"
Finally LCD shows KL-9000 Fiber Optic".
When the MODE selector is placed in "2" position, the LCD prompts "PC-
+Module" message
When the MODE selector is position 3 the LCD prompts the "Module-+PC"
message.