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Greek David Alan Black

May 15, 2014 Start Class 6:00 8:00
[Tenses]
[Active Indicative]
[Present And Future]
[Imperfect Aorist]
[Perfect Pluperfect]
[Middle and Passive the Indicative]
[Construct and liquid verbs]
[Subjunctive Mood]
[Imperative Optative]
[Verbs of the (mi) Conjugation]
[Middle/Passive voices is deliberately postponed]
Active systems to be presented first. Accents to the appendix. To enable one
to move quickly from grammar to exegesis
Lesson 1 Conjugation Omega verbs
Present Indicative
Some of the information here is from J W Roberts "Hellenistic Greek" same subject matter.
[Phonemes] from || sound. Smallest elements that contrast with each other in the phonological
system of a language. They combine to form [morphemes] from .'e|' defined as minimal units
of speech that convey special meanings such as ending (s), (ed) (ly), etc.
1. [Verbs.] The verb is the Word in the sentence which affirms or predicates something; e.g., Paul
preaches.
[Predicate]: the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the
subject. Example (went home) and John went home. Predicative of an adjective or noun
forming or containing in the predicate, as (old) in the dog is old, but not in the old dog or
(house) in there is a large house.
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[Predicate]: state, affirm, or assert (something) about the subject of a sentence or an argument
of proposition: a word which predicates something about its subject; aggression is predicated
of those who act aggressively.
[Finite]: adjective adding limits or bounds, in grammar having a specific tense, number, and
person.
The Greek verb has a very full inflection, but most of its forms are represented in some way in the
English verb system. As in English, the verb forms are divided into [Finite verbs] (those limited by
person and number and which define predication) and the [Infinitive or Verbal Forms] (those
which are not limited as to person and number; e.g., the infinitive, to preach, and the participle,
preaching).
[Inflection]: a change in the form of a word(typically the ending) to express a grammatical
function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case, and gender.
2. Omega-Verbs. There are two types of verb conjugations in Greek. The more numerous is the
type that ends in (e) Omega in the First person singular present indicative. These are called
Omega-verbs. The other type ends in (.) and is called the mi-verbs. The Omega verbs are later
but have practically displaced the other type
3. The verb (loose) is described or located as present indicative active first singular. This means
that the verb is in the present tense, the indicative mood, the active voice, the first person, and the
singular number.
The student must understand what these mean before he can proceed. They mean nearly the same
thing in English.
[Tense] means kind of action (not time, as in English); i.e., whether the action is continuous or
stated as a point.
[Present tense] denotes action that is continuous or going on. This kind of action is called linear
or durative. Only in the [Indicative Mood] does the Greek verb signify time. In the present
indicative, then, the idea is continuous action in present time.
[Mood] refers to the manner of affirmation. In the indicative mood the assertion is made as a fact,
I loose states the thing as a fact. This mood is also used in questions: Did I loose? and in
negatives "I do not loose" The other moods make their statements less positively, "If I loose
(subjunctive), "you loose (imperative).
[Voice] tells how the verb is related to the subject. The active voice tells that the subject I docs
the acting. The passive would mean "I am loosed.
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[Person] refers to whether it is I (first speaker), you (second-person spoken to), he (third-
person or things spoken of), who is doing the loosing.
[Number] describes whether the subject represents one actor (I, you, he) or more than one
(we you, they); hence singular and plural.
4. [Conjugation]. A verb is conjugated when all the inflections of its forms are exhibited so as to
show differences in tense, mood, voice, person, and number. The following section gives the
conjugation of (loose) in the present indicative active, with both numbers and all persons.
Present indicative active of I loose:
5. Formation. The verb loose presents a stern (u) which is unchanged throughout; a connecting
vowel e/: (o before m and n) which is called the thematic vowel; and a set of endings clearly seen
in (:|) and (::) of the plural endings. These are called personal endings. u::: what is the stem?
Connecting vowel? Personal ending? These endings tell the person and number of the verb:
6. [Accent]. Notice that the accent of verbs is recessive. If the [ultima] is long, the accent falls on
the penult; otherwise on the antepenult.
7. Translation. The English student must make several adjustments in his thinking when he comes
to the Greek verb. First, the Greek verb when it is unaccompanied by a substantive carries its own
subject: (luete) means you loose. When the subject of the verb is expressed, the verb ending agrees
with that subject: (Iesous luei) Jesus of looses. By taking the proper ending and adding it to the
stem of the verb any form can be made. Another difference from English is that Greek has only
one form for the progressive present, 1 am loosing, the emphatic present, "I do loose, and the
regular present, I loose". It is always possible in a given context to
8. The infinitive. The present active infinitive is formed by adding the ending (eiv) to the stem of
the present tense. Its use includes nearly all the similar uses of the English infinitive.
9. Vocabulary. All the Omega verbs given in the vocabulary are inflected like (loose). Write out the
conjugations (write) and (say).
Greek David Alan Black
Chapter 2 the Greek Verb System
[Inflection] refers to the changes words undergo in accordance with grammatical function in a
sentence
[Verb definition] : word that makes a statement about a subject or transfers an action from the
subject to an object.
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[Finite verb] functions as a basic verbal element of a clause. Consists of two parts 1. [Stem] which
as the lexical dictionary meaning 2. And one or more the [affixes]. Prefix, infix, suffix.
13. Mood
1. [Indicative] mood makes an affirmation. From the Latin word modus meaning measure or
manner of the speaker relates to reality affirms to actuality of the statement.
2. [Imperative mood] can express a command
3. [Subjunctive mood] can express contingency
4. [Infinitive mood] can express a verbal idea without limiting it by specifying person and number
[Indicative mood] called mood of reality is the customary "unmarked" other moods are variations
of the indicative and are called "potential" because they represent action that is possible but not
actual
Speakers choice of mode does not necessarily correspond to reality. He may be lying.
14. Voice
Mood refers to way in which the speaker chooses to affirm the reality or unreality of an action.
Voice refers to the way in which the speaker chooses to relate the grammatical subject of a verbal
to the action of that verb.
[Active voice] subject is presented as performing the action "I hear a man".
[Active Example] They (put on) him his own clothes.
[Passive] subject is pictured as being acted upon, "I am being heard".
[Middle] subject is pictured as acting in its own interest
[Middle] Do not (put on ) two tunics
[Active] by frequency and emphasis the active as the normal or "unmarked" voice in Greek. It
highlights the [action] of the verb whereas the middle and passive highlight the grammatical
[subject].
15. Tense (Aspect)
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From UE Using English.com The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb
shows tense, person or singular plural. Non-finite verb forms have no person, tense or number.
I go, she goes, he went - These verb forms are finite. To go, going - These verb forms are non-
finite.
Englishtense.com
The perfect tenses include:
Present Perfect ("I have chosen")
Past Perfect ("I had chosen")
Future Perfect ("I will have chosen")
Think of them as the "complete tenses" as they describe a finished activity.
The perfect tenses are formed using the perfect aspect.
The perfect aspect is the combination of conjugated auxiliary verb "to have" and active verb's past
participle. The verb to have determines whether a sentence has a present (have/has seen), past
(had seen) or future (will have seen) meaning.
Continuous + perfect
If we combine the continuous and perfect tenses, we get:
Present Perfect Continuous ("I have been choosing")
Past Perfect Continuous ("I had been choosing")
Future Perfect Continuous ("I will have been choosing")
[Present] [Future] [Imperfect] [Aorist] (Pronounced "air-rist") [Perfect] [Pluperfect] [Future perfect]
[Present] [Future] [Perfect] [Future perfect] sometimes called [primary] or [principle] tenses. Others
are sometimes called secondary or historical tenses.
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Present I love (do) I am being loved
Future I will love (will) I will be loved
Imperfect I was loving (was) I was being loved
Aorist I loved (did) (ed) I was loved
Perfect I have loved (have) (ed) I have been loved
Pluperfect I had loved (had) (ed) I had been loved
Future perfect I will have loved (will have) (ed) I will have been loved
[Aspect] view of the action that the speaker chooses to present to the hearer. Three categories:
English Definition Aspect in a verb shows whether the action or state is complete or not:
She's doing a crossword puzzle. (incomplete- progressive aspect)
Read more at http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/aspect.html#ATudUf9thCvQ2VTz.99
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Imperfect Focuses on process or duration of the action
Perfective Focuses on this date or condition resulting
from completed action
Aoristic comment on process or abiding results of the
action
The aorist does not deny that these aspects may be present it simply chooses not to comment. The
aorist is the normal or "unmarked" aspect a deviation from it is generally exegetically significant.
Time of Action
Kind of Action Past Present Future
Imperfective Imperfect I was
loving
Present I am
loving
Future I will be
loving
Aoristic Aorist I loved Present I love Future I will love
Perfective Pluperfect I
had loved
Perfect I have
loved
Future perfect I
will have loved
Chapter Three
Present and Future Active Indicative
Future = will
Conjugations equal "I joined together" from the Latin "coniugo". Can be divided into the (omega)
conjugation and the (mi) conjugation. Refer to the ending of the first person singular suffix in the
present active indicative.
The (.) older but smaller most, common is (:..) 2500 times in the Greek New Testament.
Will conjugate (u). (I loose) in present and future active indicative and (:..) (I am).
18. Primary active suffixes
In the indicative mood primary tenses deal with present or future time whereas secondary tenses
oriented to the past. Separate person - number suffixes for primary tenses and secondary tenses
only primary suffixes in this lesson.
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Connecting vowel use either (o) before men and (e) before all other letters. Sometimes neutral
morpheme, which has added solely for the sake of pronunciation. Has no affect on meaning.
19. The present and future active indicative of (u).
Remove the final omega to obtain the present active indicative to present stem on any Omega verb.
Then add primary active suffixes with appropriate connecting vowels.. (Type in Greek)
Present Active Indicative u + c + e +:| = uce:|
Only difference between forms of present tense and future tense is addition of (c). First person
singular form called present active principle part, future called future active principle part. Tav
20. Amalgamation in Future Tense
Check fonts
Amalgamation in Future Tense
v 1 c v:v v:
s , c a, a
: e c c v:. v:.ce
Greek verbs form future by adding sigma except when verb ends in a consonant: a phonological
change will occur, when future time morpheme (c) is attached.
The only difference between present tense and future tense is that latter forms contain the future
time morpheme (c). The first person singular is called the [present active principle part] in the
future form it is called the [future active principle part] a regular verb has six principal parts
20. Amalgamation in Future Tense
In the future tense when the stem of the verb ends in a phonological change will occur. The
changes are as follows:
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Amalgamation Future Tense
v | c
k
, c
t
e c
v:.:
v:.c
If Stem Different from Present
Non-Present Verb Stem
su sus su
Bav:. av:.e av:.c
In all these cases amalgamation is said to have occurred.
21. More on person-number suffixes
Suffixes may have had origin when personal pronouns were attached to the stem. Each Greek verb
has a built in internal subject. When external subject is given for a verb it is not translated. Pronoun
suffixes do not indicate gender.
Greek does not have familiar and polite forms of second person.
Phoneme third person plural before a word beginning with a vowel or at the
End of a clause or sentence. Is called a moveable (|). (See for Greek)
22. Uses of present and future
Present indicative maybe Aoristic. Uses are called simple present and progressive present.
Presumably the simple one would be simply (u)"I loose" or I am loosing. (Which would be
aorist). I don't know how we'd make that determination [Progressive] present in narrative material
such as "Lord, save us! We are drowning.
[Historical] present event is viewed as vivid as the present. "And a leper comes to him.
Characteristic of Mark 151 times. Alternate choose to depict past event in present time.
[Distinguish between reality how it happened and depiction of how author presents the action.
The statement of the generally accepted fact is occasionally expressed by the future tense as in:" a
man will leave a father and mother" the latter is neither predictive nor imperatival. Simply asserts
performance sometimes called gnomic from ,| meaning "maxim". Action in future maybe
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Aoristic or Imperfective e.g. I will loose or I will be loosing. Usually it will be Aoristic with greater
emphasis on the time element than the present.
[Future tense] usually predictive in force "will" [Immedatively] to express a command "you will
call" reflects Hebrew influence. Statement generally accepted as fact sometimes expressed by future
tense. "A man will leave a father and mother"
Latter neither predictive nor imperatival. Simply asserts performance which might be expected
under normal conditions. Sometimes called gnomic from gnw,mh meaning "maxim" neither be
Aoristic or Imperfective, I will loose, or I will be loosing. Usually in New Testament is Aoristic.
Greater emphasis on the time than the present. I will prepare a place for you is Aoristic. The one
who began a good work in you will bring it to completion is Imperfective.
Progressive predictive, gnomic, etc. are conventional designations. Unimportant meanings
associated with them are. CONTEXT and not tense determines meanings. Note Greek?
23. Present Indicative of :..
Copulative verb are from the Latin copulo meaning I link together because of link subject and
predicate.
Refers to a state of being rather than an
action, it has neither active, middle, nor passive voice. Note moveable (|) in third person singular
and plural. Present tense of eivmi is enclitic. Throws accent back on last syllable of preceding word,
See appendix for more information.
E.. vs. u
1
E.. u
Sg 2
:. u:.,
3 : c:.(|)
u:.
1
:c:| ue:|
Pl 2
:c:: u:::
3 :.c. (|) ueuc.(|)
Note Sg 2 of E.. it has a circumflex in addition to
a smooth breathing mark.
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Similar in plural. Sg 2 contains a circumfles.
24. Negatives
Uses as the negative not (eu) with verbs in the indicative mood. In other moods (|) is used.
Negatives precede the word to which they refer, different form, eus used with word beginning with
the vowel. Before rough breathing eu All forms of not are considered allomorphs of the same
Greek and negative adverb. Allomorphs equal another kind. Page 20.
25. Parsing
[Finite] can convey tense, voice, mood, person and number. To parse is to identify five elements
along with the source (lexical or vocabulary). Check this order against Hellenistic Greek to should
be tense, mood then voice? Doesn't really matter.
Author suggests " present active indicative, first plural, from loose". Next
26. Vocabulary
27. Exercises
Chapter 4
Nouns of the Second Declension
28. Greek Cases
[Case Form] in Greek decides which word is a subject or the object. SUBJECT must be
[Nominative Case] OBJECT must be and the [Accusative Case]
[Nominative] = subject (men see apostles)
[Genitive, representing the possessor.
[Dative] representing the indirect object.
[Accusative] = the object (apostles see men).
[Vocative] = represents the person or thing addressed (forward, men! Not widely used.
[Genitive] is only surviving case ending in English (men's, boy's). Elsewhere function now is shown
by its position or by a preposition. The wisdom (of) man (genitive) or he gave gifts (to men) in the
dative case. What have same meaning with men's wisdom, or he gave men gifts.
29. Gender
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Greek observes natural gender with living beings (generally), but other nouns describing things,
qualities, and so on are not necessarily neuter. For example man is masculine woman is feminine
but death is masculine sin is feminine child is neuter. Gender of individual nouns shown by its
ending
.
30. Second Declension Nouns
Function shown by means of different forms nouns can be grouped together according to how
their endings change. Endings indicate both [case] and [number]. [Case] involves function of noun
in relation to verbal or other parts of the sentence.
[Case-number suffixes] nouns the same pattern called [declensions] from the Latin "declino" "I fall
away" (from the nominative case)
Three basic Declensions in Greek
Second Declension can
be divided into two
groups which is the
easiest of three to learn
and contains large a
number of words.
1. [Masculine] for the
most part Nouns with
nominative of singular
endings of:
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2. [Neuter] nominative singular ends in (on) which are all neuter. Both groups identical endings
except for, nominative, accusative, and vocative. (Note that I changed the order here). Using the
example of a man if we change just the last two characters of the endings we change the case.
Note with neuter the nominative, accusative, and vocative of both singular and plural are
identical the word gift is the paradigm word for all the neuters in vocabulary to this lesson. Black
goes into Vocative e and ous Neuter dw/ron
NEUTER PLURAL NOUNS REGULARLY
Most second Declension nouns in the New Testament are masculine followed by neuter with a few
feminine. They follow the declension all of the word man but use the feminine definite article. An
example is "` eee , "the way". The name Jesus is declined as N. lceu, G.D.V `lceu|
31. Additional uses of the cases. [Genitive] usually possession and other one is [Ablatival Genitive]
indicate source (I led a servant (from) a house.) [The Dative] (Locative) as (in a field) or
[Instrumental] (by a word) and the [Dative of personal advantage] (for a man). These and others
must be learned by observation.
32. [Complements] (copulative) verb (eimi) equates what follows with what precedes. It therefore
requires a complement in the nominative case to "complete" the idea (instead of an object in the
Accusative case)
Consider :.., as = equal sign
33. The use of the Definitive Article
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Greek has no indefinite article, whom i.e., "a" or "an". Thus man means man or a man. To make a
word definite it places a definite article in front of it. In general article emphasizes particular
identity. Absence emphasizes quality or characteristics (for instance the tax collector)
Where no article appears," a" or "an" may be used when the content suggests it. Sometimes the
definite article needs to be supplied. As in THE beginning. Frequently uses article with the abstract
nouns, the greatest of these is [the] love. More in lesson 26.
34. Conjunctions
From Latin coniugo "I join together". Function is to join together words, phrases, clauses, and
sentences. Either:
[Coordinate] (From Latin cum, "with" plus ordinatus "placed in order") connect parallel words or
clauses; relationships such as connection "and", contrast "but" or consequence "therefore".
[Subordinate] (From Latin sub "under" plus ordinatus "placed in order" introduce clauses that are
dependent on some other clause. May be conditional "if", concessive "although" temporal "when"
causal "because", final "in order that", or consecutive "that".
Lesson introduces three: sa. `and` e: "now", and aa "but"
sa. "and" the basic "unmarked" means of conjoining sentences and implies continuity with the
preceding context. Greek does not have conjunction meaning" both" instead sa. is used.
e: "now", marks introduction of new and significant development in story or argument. (Is post
positive, it cannot stand first in its clause or sentence, almost always is translated first in English
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aa, "but" marks a contrast between sentences and there's more semantic weight than either e: or
sa. Final letter often elided before a word beginning the vowel or diphthong.
35. Greek Word Order
Word order is more flexible. Typically subject after the verb. Maybe Semitic -Hebrew influence,
normal word order in Biblical Hebrew is verb, subject, and object. Words are "fronted" move
forward to receive emphasis.
Normal position for [genitives] is after their noun. More on this in lesson 26.
Chapter Five
Nouns of the First Declension
There are three major Declensions. The second one is discussed in Chapter 4. It is the most
common and most regular. The next most regular is the first Declension the goal of this lesson is
to master the five paradigms of the Greek first Declension
38. First Declension nouns. Differences are due to phonetic changes confined to the singular.
There are no neuter nouns of the first Declension.
If the stem of a word ends in the phonemes : . then the a of the nominative singular is
retained a throughout the Declension. Gift is stem ends in a sibilant phoneme , c or a double
letter containing c or then the a of the nominative singular lengthens to |, and | in
the genitive and dative singular such as in the case of eea
If the stem ends in a phoneme other than : . or a sibilant then the in the nominative of
singular is retained throughout the singular as in ||,
The three classes in the table comprise the largest group of first declension nouns in the new
Testament. The first three in the table are all feminine in gender.
The genitive singular eu of the masculine nouns was borrowed from the second Declension
the endings eu are to distinguish the genitive from the nominative. (otherwise the patterns would
have been |, |, and a, ac . See chart for Declension.
39. Paradigm of the definite article
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From 33 Greek has no indefinite article "a" or "an" the Los a|vec means "man" or "a man".
When wishing to be a definite it places the definite article in front of it, thus a e a|evec
means "the man" the presence of the article generally emphasizes [particular identity] absence
represents [quality or characteristics] example in Luke 18:13 identifies the tax collector by using the
article which identifies him as the "the sinner". And where no article appears the indefinite article
"a" or "an" may be used. Sometimes it needs to be supplied where it is lacked.
The feminine article follows the paradigm of |e| masculine and neuter follows ec and e|
with the exception of nominative singular. The singular root is the rough breathing in the
masculine and feminine singular and plural and : elsewhere.
40. Prepositions with one case [preposition] a word use for the noun or pronoun to clarify
relationship of the noun to some other word and a sentence as "I go into the church". Prepositions
always located before the noun. In English always in the causative case.
In Greek numbers prepositions take single case others take two or even three cases most to them
have a core meaning (which is the general meaning and a number of extended meanings
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ave always takes the genitive case. Most frequently "from" "away from" or "of". Example: I
received the book from the brother. Contains allomorphs av ( av :eu "from me" and a|
before rough breathing "as the in a| a| | "from us".
:.c always takes the causative case. Most frequently rendered "into" "to" "for" or "in".
Example: I walked into the house :.c :e| e.se|
:s Always takes the genitive case. Rendered "from" or "by" Example: I went out of the temple
:s :eu .:eu :s contains the allomorphs :, before a vowel :, e.seu "out of a house".
:| always takes the dative. Most frequently "in" "within" "by" "with" or "among". Example: I have
lost and the crowd :| : e. Some times used to express impersonal agency. (See 84)
Always read a preposition in conjunction with what it governs in a sentence : : e not
:| : e that to be read as "to the crowd" but rather as a single unit of thought "in the
crowd".
Nouns of the Second Declension
CASE Fem Fem Fem Mas Mas
day glory voice disciple young man
N a
:a eea || a:, |:a|.a,
G of a
:a, ee, ||, a:eu |:a|.eu
D to a
:a ee || a: |:a|.a
A a
:a| eea| ||| a:| |:a|.a|
V word
:a eea || a:a |:a|.a
N.V. (s)
:a. eea. ||a. a:a. |:a|.a.
G of (s)
:| ee| ||| a:| |:a|.|
D to (s)
:a., eea., ||a., a:a., |:a|.a.,
A word
:a, eea, ||a, a:a, |:a|.a,
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Chapter 6
Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions
43. The inflection of adjectives. [Adjective] word that describes a noun agrees with
noun that it modifies in gender, number, and case most have 24 forms. These are
called [three-termination adjectives] they have inflections for masculine, feminine, and
neuter genders. Are smaller number of two-determination adjectives. Do not have the
feminine gender.
Later frequently includes compound adjectives. Composed of two or more constituent
parts such as the word meaning aeu|a:e, "impossible" (add)
Three-termination adjectives for feminine follow first Declension. Masculine and
neuter follow second Declension. When stem ends in : . or feminine singular
will use (a) as in [:a] otherwise they will use the [] as in [||
Compare with the Second Declension Nouns Masculine and Neuter. Our table also
includes the vocative in the singular, but this will present the starting point. It appears
and in the [two-termination adjectives] they follow a |ve,] form in the three-
termination they follow singular except for [vocative] and follow genitive and dative in
the plural.
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Where the Declension . : stem the track masculine and neuter in the genitive
dative and accusative singular only genitive and dative in plural.. Neuter forms are the
same in the nominative, the accusative and Vocative plural.
44. Greek adjectives are used in three distinct ways:
1. [Attributive] Attributes a quality to the noun it modifies. As in e a|ve, "the
good man" adjective stands between definite article and the noun. Position called
[Ascriptive Attributive Position] adjective may follow the noun but then both require
the article. This position is called the [Restrictive Attributive Position] it is somewhat
more [emphatic] the implication being that there are other men who are not good.
Example in the Greek [e ve.| e sae,].
The adjective and the attributive position immediately follows the article.
2. [Predicatively] may be used as a complement to the verb "to be" even it only implied
said to be the [predicate adjective] because it tells what is predicated of, or asserted
about, a person or thing. Example: "the man is good". Adjective is placed either before
or after the article and its noun but never between the article and the noun. This
position is called the [predicate position] the adjective when so used is called the
[predicate adjective] in the example the adjective can appear after the article and word
or before the article and the word. [e a|ve, a,ae, or a,ae, e
a|ve,].
Where no verb appears must be able to distinguish between Attributive and predicate
position.
3. [Substantival Adjective] An adjective may serve as a noun (as a substantive)
dictionary definition for grammar is simply a noun. General definition of having a firm
basis in reality and therefore important, meaningful, or considerable. (There is no
substantive evidence for the efficacy of these drugs e.g. the ability to produce a desired
or intended result).
[Substantival Adjective] Example: only "the good die young " a word to the wise and is
sufficient" considerably more, common than in English.
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e.
a ,ae. can mean good men or good people feminine a. a|aa. and the neuter
:a a,aa mean the good women and good things.
Agreement of adjectives does not necessarily mean they will have same suffixes as its
noun. Grammatical agreement may take place even when there is a lack of phonetic
agreement.
Adjective in indefinite construction where in the English and "a" or "and" is used
Greek has no indefinite article. Consequently the context would have to determine
whether it is being used attributively or predicatively.
June 2, 2014
32. Complements
:v a|ve| I see a man
:.. a|vec I am a man i.e. "I" = 'man'.
There are five paradigms
Chapter Seven Black
Before beginning review chapter seven us take a look at chapter three and
morphemes.19. This is probably the key to unlocking the parsing of Greek verbs.
Parsing also applies to participles and infinitives look it pages 129 through 133 for
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aspect in, formation of, uses of, genitive absolute. (Check later).
The present and future active indicative of a paradigm stem is distinguished by looking
at the stem.
Example given is luw lu-. The conjugation of the present active indicative of any w
word is obtained by (a) substituting the present stem of that verb for lu- (b) adding the
primary active suffixes along with the appropriate [connecting vowels].
,a| :.c :. e:| ::: euc.(|)
Using of course I write as the example.
[Future stem] uc- this is called the [future time morpheme] is equivalent too the
English auxiliary "will". An analysis of uce:| " we will loose" is u- [lexical
morpheme] -c- [future time morpheme] -e- [neutral morpheme] and -:| [person-
number suffix].
This is essentially the key to understanding the parsing of any Greek word. It is
necessary to find out what the stem is. We're really talking here about the [lexical
morpheme]. We have elsewhere talked about the amalgamation of the future tense.
This material is found in chapter three.
Internal subject discussed in paragraph 21 when external subject is given the
internal subject is not translated. The aspect of the present indicative maybe
Aoristic. It is usually [Imperfective] uses are called [simple present] and [progressive
present] the latter found in narrative material such as we are drowning.
Note also [historical present] when past event is viewed with vividness of a present
occurrence.
Resume Chapter Seven
48. The secondary active suffixes black again talks of in Perfective aspect these forms
comprise the imperfect indicative other forms express Aoristic aspect they make up
the aorist indicative still others represent perfective aspect comprising the Pluperfect
indicative.
In all of these forms past time as indicated by the prefixing of the [past time
21
morpheme] also called an [augment] and usually appearing as e.
The augment is present only in the [secondary] or historical tenses of the indicative
mood.
Imperfect
Aorist
Pluperfect
[Secondary tenses] use the Greek [secondary suffixes] in the [active voice of the
indicative mood] they are as follows: c none (or moveable) :| :: or
ca|
Chapter 10
Perfect and Pluperfect Active Indicative
From Wikipedia Ancient Greek Verbs definition: Greek meaning "more than
completed" uv:cu|::.se, describes a past state resulting from a (farther in the past)
finished action.
Blacks as most exegetically significant of the Greek tenses appears in three forms.
The perfect
The Pluperfect i.e., The perfect of past time
Future perfect
The most common is the perfect the New Testament draws a sharp distinction
between perfect and other tenses.
70. Perfect active indicative of loose u
The fourth principle part.
Perfect tense (a) a fix Perfective aspect morpheme ka to the stem of the verb. (B)
attaching secondary active suffixes (see 48) (c) prefixing A re duplicated syllable to
beginning of verb. Consists of initial consonant of the verb stem plus the vowel :
Thus u becomes :u ,a| becomes ,:,a|.
22
Perfect Active Formation
Process (a) Perfective aspect morpheme ka to stem (b) Secondary active suffixes | ,
or | (or none. :| :: | or ca| (c) prefixing reduplicated syllable to the
beginning of the verb. Perfect reduplication consists of initial consonant of verb stem
plus vowel :. Example u :u ,a| ,:,a| Exceptions in following table.
Due to phonetic characteristics of initial phoneme of the verb.
Note that the first person singular of the perfect active indicative does not have the |.
In the third person singular the : alone appears this distinguishes it from the first
and third persons in the singular also note that : e are dropped before the
s of the perfect as in :v.,, I Hope root :v.e, perfect v.sa.
71. Second Perfects
Some verbs to not contained the k of the Perfective aspect morpheme ka in
imperfect, Pluperfect, or future perfect forms. Note a second perfect. They're
conjugate exactly like first perfect except for the absence of the s kicked this stage is
one of form only not function an examples given in the word ,a| I write.
23
[construct table]
72. Significance of the Perfect Tense.
Refers to a state resulting from a completed action the temporal focus is often more
on the present than the past although it depicts action that is already completed:
A sound filled [aorist indicative] the whole house.
You have filled [Perfect indicative] Jerusalem was your teaching.
The [Aorist] emphasizes the action of verb "fill" without referring to its effect; whereas
the [perfect] emphasizes a present state that has resulted from the action.
Archimedes use the word :usa twice (the perfect of :u.cse when he discovered
the law of buoyancy rather than :ue|, I found it. Emphasizing I have found it, I have
found it, rather than simply I found it.
Paul use the perfect tense (" Christ was raised", to emphasize that the risen Christ
remains in a state of risenness in contrast to his death and subsequent burial and
appearances (aorists are used to describe these actions).
We have found the Messiah [and the finding is still vivid] Moses is given you
circumcision [as a continuing rite]. What I have written I have written [and it cannot be
changed].. He has said to me, my grace is sufficient for you [and the answer is still
valid]. I have kept the faith [from beginning to end]. He has inherited [and still
possesses] a more excellent name than they.
Note the existence of [have] and [has].
Choice between [imperfect] and some other tense determined by the writer's point of
view of the action.
73. Pluperfect Active Indicative of luw
But presents the past tense of the perfect. Formed on the stem of the fourth (the
perfect active) principle part. It is a past tense it has and augment in addition to
reduplication.
Complete table of 70 71 and 73
24
74. The verb e.ea
This verb of cursory 121 times the New Testament is a synonym for ,.|cs and is
your special attention has only Perfect end Pluperfect forms.. These are used with
[present] and [past] meanings. For purposes of parsing it is considered a [present tense]
verb. e:.| as an [imperfect tense verb].
End of Chapter 10 except for Tables June 9 2014
Perfect Active Formation
David Alan Black
Chapter 12
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
[Phonemes] from || sound. Smallest elements that contrast with each other in the
phonological system of a language. They combine to form [morphemes] from'
e|' defined as minimal units of speech that convey special meanings such as ending
(s), (ed) (ly), etc.
Up to this point have dealt with active voice, where the subject of the verb is the doer
of the [Passive] voice subject is receiving the action of the verb.
[Middle] voice represents subject as acting in its own interest or in a way to participate
in results of action of verb.
In English passive forms made of the past passive participle of a verb preceded by the
appropriate part of the verb "be".
In Greek such composite tenses not used. Instead uses a single-word form, such as
uea. .
Following are primary middle/passive suffixes:
Present Middle and Passive Indicative
uea. All are Passive definitions I am being loosed
25
here
Sg 2
u ' am loosed' would be You are being loosed
3
u::a. expressed as Perfect Passive He is being loosed
1
ue:a use alternative translation We are being loosed
Pl 2
u:c: when ever possible. (Black You are being loosed
3
ue|:a. page 87) They are being loosed
Notice of connecting vowels e/: are clearly observable except in second person
singular. (u) has been shortened from (u:ca.) the (c) has been dropped (: a) have
been contracted and the subscript (.) added.
Forms of middle voice are identical with those of passive. Context alone will indicate
function.
Present active indicative of (u) may be translated I loose or I am loosing. (uea.) as
a passive should be translated " I am being loosed". (u) should be translated "your
being loosed" these bring up the in Perfective aspect of the present tense.
Uses of the Middle Voice
Subject as involved in the action of the verb. Matter of involvement must be inferred
from context. (ueai) (as a middle) I was seen myself, I am loosing for myself, I
myself am loosing.
[Flexible Middle] - refers result of the action of the verb directly to the subject the
word "himself" is implied from middle voice of the verb. The proportion of strictly
reflexive middles is very small more common to be expressed by verb and active voice
accompanied by reflexive pronoun.
[Intensive Middle] - emphasizes the agent producing the action rather then
participating and its results. "He himself secured the eternal redemption" Jesus and no
other accomplished redemption. "Himself" supplied from middle voice.
[Reciprocal Middle] - use of a plural subject engaged in an interchange of action.
Example the Jews were agreeing with one another.
26
83 Deponent Verbs
Some verbs have middle or passive forms without corresponding active forms. I called
deponent (from the Latin depono "I lay aside" apparently for preference for middle
forms. (:ea.) "I go" medal in full and active in meaning. These verbs are deponent in
other tenses also.
Some are explained as true middles where subject has been emphasized the following
seem to be involved.
[Reciprocity] - Two parties involved if one were removed action would not be
possible. Example I welcome, I redeem, I forgive.
[Reflexivity] - verbal idea turns back on the subject. Example I am conceited, Imitate. I
abstain.
[Self-involvement] - describe processes that only subject can experience. Examples, I
go, I ponder, I consider, I am angry, and I wish.
In some verbs the active form has a meaning other than the middle. Some deponent
verbs occur with prepositional prefix. Several verbs take direct objects in cases other
than the accusative examples I rule which takes the genitive, and I answer which takes
the dative.
Agency
Verb in + passive voice often followed by the identification of an agent, a person or
thing producing the action. Occurs in three ways:
[Direct Agent]- will perform an action expressed by (uve) (upon) and the genitive as in
the sinners are being saved by God.
[Intermediate Agent] - (e.a) and the genitive sinners saved by apostle his agent of God.
[Impersonal Agency] - Dative case saved by the word all of the Lord
Passive voice frequently occurs when no agent expressed.
Chapter 13
Perfect Middle and Passive, Future Middle Indicative
27
[The Perfect] is the tense of [Completed Action]
87. The Perfect Middle and passive indicative of luw
Greek verb has six principal parts this is the fifth principle part of luw
His primary middle/passive personal endings
- a. - ca. - :a. - :a - c: |:a.
They are attached directly to the replicated verb stem without a connecting vowel. The
replication is the same as the perfect active (70).
[Perfect Middle/Passive] denotes a present state resulting from a completed action. As
a middle :ua. may be rendered "I have loosed myself" or "I am loosed" [these
translations are approximate at best]. Sometimes translated as in English simple past as
"Christ died [Aorist active] and was raised [perfect passive] however the
[perfect]"was raised" :,,::a. contains the further thought "and is still a life to day!"
Stems with consonant endings undergo certain changes. Not necessary to learn them at
this time. Once principle parts are known the forms are usually easy to recognize.
88. Future Middle Indicative of luw
Formed on future stem to ride from [second] principle part of the verb. Is [future
passive indicative fifth] discuss later. Market future is the future time morpheme c
added to the verb stem (19) here it is -uc to form future middle attach primary
middle/passive personal endings with the appropriate connecting vowel ucea.
Second person singular is again irregular. The same uses of middle voice given in 82
apply here as well. Therefore ucea. may be rendered "I will loose myself" or "I
will loose for myself" or " I myself will loose".
89 Future Indicative of eimi formed from the stem :c takes the primary
middle/passive endings.
Chapter 14
28
Imperfect Middle and Passive
Aorist Middle
And Pluperfect Middle
And Passive Indicative
94 .Greek has separate sets of suffixes or the primary tenses and the secondary tenses.
Primary middle/passive suffixes are:
a. ca. :a. :a c: and |:a.
The secondary middle/passive suffixes are:
| ce :e :a c: |:e
These are used to form the [imperfect] middle/passive indicative of u
Comparison and contrast shown in chart with imperfect middle/passive and first
Aorist middle.
1.) Imperfect middle and passive indicative is formed on the present stem. u To
this are added the (a) augment, (B) the connecting vowels e : and (C) the secondary
middle/passive suffixes
In the [imperfect system] one set of suffixes functions as both middle/passive so that
voice is distinguished by context alone.
[First Aorist middle indicative] form by [first Aorist active stem] uca = u, + ca
. To this is added (a) the augment and (B) the secondary middle/passive suffixes.
Note: main differences between the paradigms above is presence of aoristic aspect
morpheme ca in the aorist tense forms
Irregularities in second person singular both tenses is the result of dropping the c
and the contraction all of the : and e the form :uc (first Aorist) is from
29
:ucce and as a result of dropping the c of the suffix ce and the contraction of
the a and e
(Kind of action involved) main difference between imperfect and Aorist tense
[imperfect] expresses imperfective aspect while aorist expresses aoristic aspect see (15).
In both past time indicated by past time morpheme:
Examples: :ue| (imperfect middle) "I was loosing myself" "I was loosing for
myself" "I myself was loosing"
:ue| (imperfect passive) "I was being loosed"
:uca| (Aorist middle) "I loosed myself" "I loosed for myself" "I myself am
loosed"
Deponent in present tense will also be deponent in imperfect tense "I am coming"
becomes "I was coming" "I am going" becomes "I was going"
96. The Pluperfect middle and passive indicative of u
Both of these are identical. Formed on the perfect middle stem (to ride from the fest
principle part) to this reduplicated stem :: are added (a) the augment and the (b)
secondary middle/passive suffixes. As with the Pluperfect active indicative (73) the
augment is optional
As a middle ::u| can be translated "I had loosed my self" "I had loosed fore
myself" "I myself had loosed" as a passive ::u| should be rendered " I had
been loosed".
Chapter 15
Aorist and Future Passive Indicative
Both are formed on the [aorist passive stem] has both first and second Aorist passives.
(Forms first Aorist passive indicative obtained by (a) had passive voice morpheme qe
lengthened to | and (c) adding secondary active endings:
30
-| -, -none -:| -:: -ca|
First person singular form :u| is the [sixth principal] part Principle parts of all of
u have now been introduced:
u uc :u.ca :usa :ua. :u|
[Function] aorist passive indicative expresses an undefined action received by the
subject in past time. Compare imperfect :ue,| `I was being loosed with aorist
:u| "I was loosed". Examples:
Was manifested in the flesh
Was vindicated in the spirit
Was seen by angels
Was proclaimed among the nations
Was believed in the world
Was received up and Glory
100. Second Aorist passive indicative of ,a|
The which is characteristic of [first Aorist passive] is not found in a [second Aorist
passive].Otherwise endings identical. Not possible to predict when verb will have a
[second aorist passive] or [first aorist passive].
101. First Future Passive Indicative of luw
Obtained from sixth principal part (aorist passive) by (a) removing augment (b)
dropping final | (c) adding future time morpheme , to base and (d) adding
primary middle/passive endings along with the e / : connecting vowels. From
:u,| obtain u|cea. remove augment u| drop the | u| adding c
luqns and then adding first person singular primary middle/passive ending a. with
an e connecting vowell uce a.
[Function] future passive indicative expresses action received by the subject in future
time. Content usage alone determine if action is aoristic or imperfective (see 15)
103 Irregular Passive Forms
31
in first aorist passive and first future passive addition of : ( ) to stem causes
certain phonological changes with stem ends in consonant.
s ,
v | |
: e c
Examples: a, [I lead] a, ,,| a,cea.
av:., av:.e :av:.c,| av:.ccea.
v:. v:. :v:.c,| v:.c|cea.
Chapter 16 Black
[Morphological Analysis]
[Morpheme] [lexical] Carries the lexical or dictionary meaning of the verb.
[Grammatical or inflected morpheme] prefix (e) for example conveys information
about the words grammatical meaning. In this particular case shows of the action
curtain past time. Prefixes and suffixes indicate that function of word in each particular
sentence word is used.
[Locomotive] analogy half to unload all the boxcars (morpheme) to determine the
meaning (verb form) conveyed by the entire train. Each individual morpheme carries
its own piece of information. [Morphological analysis] identification of morpheme sin
any given form of a Greek verb. Up to this point they can be classified as lexical,
Perfective reduplication,, passive voice, future time,, aspect, final, prepositional prefix
morpheme.
(1) lexical morpheme equals verb stem. Carries final meeting of the word. May not be
identical with the (root).The root is the basic nucleus upon which all other forms of
that verb are based. In the case of u the two characters u remains the same
throughout entire conjugation.
Irregular verb such as ,.cs can be mastered only by learning principle parts. A
verb is always "bound" cannot exist without a grammatical or inflectional morphine.
32
[Lexical form] is given in present active indicative, first person singular, such as aseu
v:v ,.|cs
The lexical morpheme is inherently either in Perfective or Aoristic. The alternative
aspect morpheme is added when the other form is needed. (See number six below).
(2) [past time morpheme] (or augment) indicates pastime.. Has several allomorphs the
syllabic augment (change from present to imperfect [(:)] for example), the temporal
augment [(a)] to [()] (change from present imperfect changes words form called the
zero augment. For example :.:u :.|:ue|
(3) [Perfective aspect] indicated by Perfective (mi duplication usually involving
repetition of initial consonant old verb stem plus the vowel example u to :usa .
Sometimes takes the form of the syllabic augment for instance ,:: perfect :,:sa
A temporal augment :v., perfect ,v.sa or zero uc::: [perfect] .c::sa .
Reflexs an effort to express idea of [completed] or [perfective] aspect. There are other
ways to do that see (number six below).
(4) [passive voice morpheme] (:) () indicates burgers and passive voice is usually
an aorist, can be switched to the future passive if followed by the future time
morpheme (s). u,cea..
(5) [future time morpheme] indicates action refers to future time contains several
allomorphs in most firms future stem is formed by adding (c) to present stem. Is stem
ends consonant amalgamation takes place.
(6) [aspect morphemes]
(Aorist) ca
(Perfective) sa morpheme only in the active voice :usa
(Perfective) in middle passive indicated by Perfective (reduplication alone
:ua.
For [Imperfective verb stems] there is no imperfective aspect morpheme. Example
paradigm of u [u is inherently imperfective]. No imperfect aspect morpheme
instead a neutral morpheme is used it is always (e) or (:). (e) when ending begins with
() or (|) v. (:) in all other cases.
33
If verb is [Inherently Aoristic] and an imperfective form is required an imperfective
aspect morpheme will be added. [Most second Aorist verbs] inherently Aoristic and
require in Perfective aspect to form present tense. In the case of a for instance
the morpheme is the second () called an infix, added to the verb stem a.
The verb Ma|ea| verb stem a contains [two imperfective] morphemes infix (|.
before () and the additive morpheme (a|). In some verbs an (.) is inserted into the
verb stem to form the present tense (ac.|, verb stem (a|).
(7) Every verb must have an ending or a final morpheme: if the verb is
Indicative
Subjunctive
Imperative or
Optative this ending will be a person-number suffix. The person-number suffix
has a wide range of forms and allomorphs (see 108 below) they normally also indicate
voice :| for example indicates active voice, :a indicates middle or passive voice.
Past time is - |:e non-pastime (present or future) is - |:a.
A morpheme that conveys multiple pieces of information is called a multiple
morpheme.
There are eight categories of morpheme sin that can occur in the indicative verb they
have "morpheme slots".
Guidelines for Verb Identification Indicative Mood
Review chapter three and morphemes.19. This is probably the key to unlocking the
parsing of Greek verbs. Parsing also applies to participles and infinitives look it pages
129 through 133 for aspect in, formation of, uses of, genitive absolute. (Check later).
The [present] and [future active indicative] of a paradigm stem is distinguished by
looking at the stem.
Example given is luw lu-. The conjugation of the present active indicative of any w
word is obtained by (a) substituting the present stem of that verb for u- (b) adding the
primary active suffixes along with the appropriate [connecting vowels].
,a| :.c :. e:| ::: euc.(v)
34
Using "I write as the example".
[Future stem] uc- this is called the [future time morpheme] is equivalent too the
English auxiliary "will". An analysis of uce:| " we will loose" is u- [lexical
morpheme] -c- [future time morpheme] -e- [neutral morpheme] and -:| [person-
number suffix].
This is essentially the key to understanding the parsing of any Greek word. It is
necessary to find out what the stem is. We're really talking here about the [lexical
morpheme]. We have elsewhere talked about the amalgamation of the future tense.
This material is found in chapter three.
Internal subject discussed in paragraph 21 when external subject is given the
internal subject is not translated. The aspect of the present indicative maybe Aoristic. It
is usually [Imperfective] uses are called [simple present] and [progressive present] the
latter found in narrative material such as we are drowning.
Note also [historical present] when past event is viewed with vividness of a present
occurrence.
Paragraph 110
(1) [beginning of word] a. (Past time morpheme) will be either Imperfect, Aorist, or
Pluperfect. If it lacks past time morpheme is either [present], [future], or [perfect].
b. (Perfective Reduplication) If present is either perfect or Pluperfect.
c. Look for past time morpheme between preposition and verb stem in compound
verbs. It they appear as an initial long vowel or diphthong.
(2) [Past Time morpheme and Aoristic aspect morpheme] (-ca-) (-c-) it is a first Aorist
a. Remove past time morpheme, aorist aspect morpheme, and the ending. And b.
if not, probably is a dental stem and the dental dropped out before the sigma. Restore
the dental (either ,::a e::a ::a, or :au). Some aorists undergo amalgamation.
Morphine will be disguised. Example: Es:|a.
(3) [Second Aorist] past time morpheme but no Aoristic aspect or Perfective
reduplication. Is either is a second Aorist or imperfect. Remove the past time
35
morpheme ending then add- w. If it is an [Imperfect] you should find the word in the
lexicon.
It ought we attach past time morpheme-add first person singular ending- on check
lexicon it there the lexicon will show the corresponding present active indicative form.
(4) If the verb has a future time morpheme c then it is a future. Strip offer the c
and the ending, and add- look up and lexicon. [some futures under goal
amalgamation :.
Chapter 8 is on Additional Prepositions
Chapter 9 Personal Pronouns
Chapter 10 Perfect and Pluperfect Active Indicative
Chapter 11 on Demonstrative Pronouns
Chapter 12 on Present Middle and Passive Indicative
Chapter 13 on Perfect Middle and Passive Middle Indicative
Chapter 14 on Imperfect Middle and Passive, Aorist Middle and
Chapter 15 Aorist and Future Passive Indicative
Chapter 16 Review of the Indicative Mood