Capvt XIV: i-STem nouns of the third declension;

ablatives of means, accompaniment, and

manner

Third Declension i-Stem Nouns

- have a characteristic -i in certain endings
- those introduced in Chapter 7 are consonant stems
- only new ending shared by all i-stems is the genitive plural -ium rather than -um
- neuters have -i instead of -e in the ablative singular and -ia instead of -a in the nominative and accusative plural
- vis is a common irregular i-stem and should be memorized

Cons. stem
Reviewed Parisyllabics Base in 2 Consonants N. in -e, -al, -ar Irregular

rex, regis, civis, -is, nubes, -is urbs, -is, mare, is, vis, vis
m. king m. citizen f. cloud f. city n. sea f. force

rex civis nubes urbs mare vis
regis civis nubis urbis maris vis
regi civi nubi urbi mari vi
regem civem nubem urbem mare vim
rege cive nube urbe mari vi

reges cives nubes urbes maria vires
regum civium nubium urbium marium virium
regibus civibus nubibus urbibus maribus viribus
reges cives nubes urbes maria vires
regibus civibus nubibus urbibus maribus viribus

- how do you know a noun is i-stem?
- 1. Have a nominative singular ending in -is or -es (for m. and f. nouns) and the same number of syllables
in the nominative and genitive
- 2. M. and F. nouns with a nominative singular ending in -s or -x which have a base ending in two
consonants; most have monosyllabic nominatives
- 3. Neuter nouns with a nominative singular ending in -al, -ar, or -e have characteristic -i not only in
genitive plural -ium but also in the ablative singular -i and nominative/accusative -ia

Irregular Vis
- dont confuse vis and vir; vir is a second declension masculine, whereas vis is an irregular form of the third
declension

Ablative Case Uses
- there are more uses of the ablative other than objects of prepositions

(1) Ablative of Means or Instrument
- Definition: a noun or pronoun that answers the question by means of what (instrument)?/by what?/with what? is
the action of the verb performed
- Recognition: a noun/pronoun in the ablative without a preposition
- Translation: supply the English prepositions by (means of), with

Litteras stilo scripsit...He wrote the letter with a pencil.
Cives pecunia vicit...He conquered the citizens with money.
Suis laboribus urbem conservavit...By his own labors he saved the city

(2)Ablatives of Accompaniment
- Definition: an ablative noun/pronoun, usually a person, that answers the question in whose company/with whom
is the action performed
- Recognition: an ablative with the prep. cum
- Translation: translate cum as with followed by the noun of pronoun

(3) Ablatives of Manner
- Definition: a noun that answers the question how/in what manner is the action performed
- Recognition: cum + an ablative noun, relatively an abstract noun
- Translation: cum as with followed by the noun


Vocabulary

animal, animalis, n., a living creature, animal

aqua, aquae, f., water

ars, artis, f., art, skill

auris, auris, f., ear

civis, civis, m. and f., citizen

ius, iuris, n., right, jutice, law

mare, maris, n., sea

mors, mortis, f., death

nubes, nubis, f., cloud

os, oris, n., mouth, face

pars, partis, f., part, share; direction

Roma, Romae, f., Rome

turba, turbae, f., uproar, disturbance; mob, crowd, multitude

urbs, urbis, f., city

vis, vis, f., force, power, violence

a (before consonants like English a vs. an), ab (before vowels or consonants), prep. + abl. away from, from, by

trans, prep. + acc. across

appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum, to speak to, address, call, name

curro, currerre, cucurri, cursum, to run, rush, move quickly

muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum, to change, alter; exchange

teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, to hold, posess, keep; restrain

vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum, to avoid, shun

Exercitationes
1. He seized a great part of those cities after many years by force and counsel.
2. Before the eyes of Caesar himself we ran through the street and fled with friends.
3. Nobody sees their own faults, but each person sees those of others.
4. Will he have reminded them recently about the strength of those cities in Asia?

Capvt Xv: Numerals; Genitive of the whole;
ablative with numerals and ablative of time

Numerals
cardinals: numbers of counting, one, two, three...
ordinals: indicate order of occurrence, first, second, third...
- most cardinal numbers through 100 are indeclinable adjectives, but the following are declined:

unus, una, unum, one (see Chapter IX)

duo, two tres, three mille, thousand; milia, thousands
duo duae duo tres tria mille milia
duorum duarum duorum trium trium mille milium
duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus mille milibus
duos duas duo tres tria mille milia
duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus mille milibus

Cardinal Numbers
1. unus
2. duo
3. tres
4. quattuor
5. quinque
6. sex
7. septem
8. octo
9. novem
10.decem
11.undecim
12.duodecim
13.tredecim
14.quattuordecim
15.quindecim
16.sedecim
17.septendecim
18.duodeviginti
19.undeviginti
20.viginiti
21.viginti unos
22.viginti duo
23.viginiti tres
24.viginti quattuor
25.viginti quinque

Ordinal Numbers
1. primus, -a, -um
2. secundus
3. tertius
4. quartus
5. quintus
6. sextus
7. septimus
8. octavus
9. nonus
10.decimus
11.undecimus
12.duodecimus

Genitive of the Whole

pars, urbis, part of the city (city = the whole) nemo amicorum meorum, no one of my friends

genitive of the whole: used with milia and after the neuter nominative and accusative of certain pronouns and
adjectives such as aliquid, quid, multum, plus, minus, satis, nihil, tantum, quantum

nihil temporis, no time satis eloquentiae, sufficient eloquence

quid consilii?, what plan?

the genitive of the whole may itself be the neuter singular of a second declension adjective

multum boni, much good Quid novi? what is new?

nihil certi, nothing certain

Ablative with Cardinal Numbers
With cardinal numbers (other than milia) and with quidam and sometimes pauci the idea of the whole is expressed
by ex or de and the ablative:

tres ex amicus meis: three of my friends
quinque ex eis: five of them
quidam ex eis: a certain one of them

- simply translate -ex as of

Ablative of Time When of Within Which
- indicated using an ablative without a preposition
- in translating, you usually supply at, on, in, or within depending on context

Eo tempore non poteram id facere. At that time, I could not do it.
Agricolae bonis annis valebant. The farmers flourished in the good years.

- always involves a noun indicating a unit of time (summer, time, etc. )

Vocabulary

Italia, Italiae, f., Italy

memoria, memoriae, f., memory, recollection

tempestas, tempestatis, f., period of time, season; weather, storm

centum, indecl. adj. a hundred

mille indecl. adj. in sg. thousand; milia, milium, n. i-stem noun in plural thousands

miser, misera, miserum, wretched, miserable, unfortunate

inter, prep. + acc. between, among

itaque, adv. and so, therefore

committo, committere, commisi, commissum, to entrust, commit

exspecto, espectare, exspectavi, exsectatum, to look for, expect, await

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, to throw, hurl

timeo, timere, timui, to fear, be afraid of