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Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2011
All rights reserved
This Gambia National report was prepared by Joseph Guiebo and Kerstin Sommer.
The urban profiling in The Gambia was managed by Juldeh Ceesay and Lamin Jobe.
HS Number: HS/091/11E
Disclaimer
The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the
United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of
its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its
economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations
of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN-HABITAT), the Governing Council of UN-HABITAT or its Member
States. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European
Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of
the European Union.
Excerpts from this publication may be reproduced without authorisation, on condition that
the source is indicated.
Acknowledgements
Editing: Tom Osanjo
Design and Layout: Florence Kuria
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Regional and Technical Cooperation Division
Table of contents
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forewords
Senegal, Uganda, and Rwanda were the most successful each report in this series shows."
countries in the sub-region, reducing the proportions of
slum dwellers by over one-fifth in the last decade.
Some 13 per cent of the progress made towards the
global slum target occurred in Latin America and the
Caribbean, where an estimated 30 million people have
moved out of slum conditions since the year 2000.
44
I wish to express my gratitude to the European
Commission and the ACP Secretariat for their
commitment to this slum upgrading programme. I
have every confidence that the results outlined in this
profile, and others, will serve to guide the development
of responses for capacity building and investments in
the urban sector.
Further, I would like to thank each Country Team
for their continued support to this process which is
essential for the successful implementation of the
Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme.
5 5
The overall goal Additionally, the Local Government Act of 2002 has
of the Participatory also been established to lay a solid foundation for actual
Slum Upgrading decentralization of not only transfer of power and
Programme is to authority, but where necessary, to lay a framework to
positively contribute regulate a decentralized standard of rural development.
to the realization It is therefore important to note that our vision is to
of the Millennium improve economic growth and the living standards of
Development Goals the people.
and by extension
to urban poverty Finally I want to thank the UN-HABITAT and all
alleviation. To this those who in one way or the other contributed to the
end, the urban success of the urban profiling exercise in Brikama.
profiling exercise in
Brikama attracted
the participation
of all potential
actors and stakeholders in the development process of
the town. Additionally, the approach involved urban
residents in helping to define their most pressing needs
in tackling sustainable urban development. Alh. Lamin Sanneh
Governor
The urban profiling is based on the analysis of
existing data and a series of interviews with all relevant
urban stakeholders. These include local communities,
civil society organizations, the private sector, and
development partners within the town. The Brikama
City Consultation resulted in a collective agreement
on priorities and their development into proposed
capacity-building and other projects that are all aimed
at reducing poverty within the town of Brikama.
Brikama town is cosmopolitan and many economic
activities take place in the town. Having many
inhabitants, it also serves as the urban center for
surrounding communities. Majority of the poor are
women and gender disparities in access to livelihood
skills and economic resources are among the fundamental
causes of poverty in Brikama. With the coming of the
Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme, there is
hope that these challenges will be addressed.
Foreword - executive director
66
Background
Methodology
The Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme Report Structure
consists of three phases:
This report consists of:
Phase one consists of the rapid profiling of urban
conditions at national and local levels. The capital city, 1. a general background of the urban sector in Brikama,
a medium-sized city, and a small town are selected based on the findings of the national assessment
and studied to provide a representative sample in each report, a desk study, interviews, and a consultation
country. Information is collected through standard held in Brikama in 2005. The background includes
interviews and discussions with institutions and key data on administration, urban planning, the
economy, the informal sector, the private sector,
7 7
DEMOGRAPHY OF BRIKAMA Mortality rates in The Gambia are one of the highest
in the sub region despite the great achievements made
According to the Atlas of the 2003 Population and at the national level. With a nation wide coverage of
housing Census, the population of The Gambia in the maternal health services, the maternal mortality ratio
year 2003 was 1,360,681. Reports clearly showed that (MMR) has over the years declined significantly from
between 1993 and 2003 census the national population 1,050 to 730 per 100,000 live births between 1990
grew by 31 percent from 1,038,145 to 1,360,681. and 2001 (DOSH) and further reduced to 556 per
(Population and housing census, 2003, p.11) 100,000 live births in 2006. The improvement in
Brikama’s population in 2003 was 389,594 which maternal mortality ratio over the years can be attributed
accounts for 29 percent of the population covering a to the impact of public health interventions that were
land area of 1,764km2 followed by Kanifing Municipal put in place by government. Through these measures,
Council at 24 percent within 76km2 land area (same significant reductions have been achieved in the burden
reference as above). of maternal morbidity due to anemia and malaria. It
is important to note that anemia is one of the leading
Brikama Local Government Area is the most causes of maternal deaths in The Gambia. In addition,
populous local government area in the country. Between improved access to reproductive health services,
1993 and 2003, growth in population by 66 percent appropriate case management and timely referrals have
made Brikama the fastest growing Local Government also contributed to the reduction of maternal deaths.
Area, surpassing Kanifing.
(Source: Fertility Determinants and Contraceptive
At the district level, Kombo north had the fastest Prevalence Survey, 1990, Census, 1993; Maternal, Peri-
growing population with a 106 percent increase between nata, Neonatal, Infant Mortality and Contraceptive
1993 and 2003, which is high, driven by the rapid Prevalence Survey, 2001; Census, 2003; Multiple
expansion of settlements along the recently constructed Indicator Cluster Study III, 2006; Fistula Study, 2006
Kombo coastal road and the establishment of the and HMIS Report, 2008 – MDG Status Report 2009
Brusibi housing estate. (Source of data: Population and pp.37; 1993 and 2003 Census and Maternal, Peri-nata,
Housing census 2003, Page 11.) Infant Mortality and Contraceptive Prevalence Survey,
2001).
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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC The region is faced with daunting problems such
as inadequate infrastructure (energy, transport, roads,
DEVELOPMENT and telecommunications), and a hostile business
The population figures for Brikama are rapidly environment (high taxation, high interest rates and
growing due to the pattern of migration (rural - urban), lack of access to long term financing). The Social
where people migrate to urban areas in search of jobs. Development Fund (SDF) and Gambia Women’s
The rapid increase in urban population has brought with Finance Association (GAWFA) have been referred
it several environmental and socio-economic problems to as very helpful financial institutions, but members
including deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, waste argued that their interest rates are too high for small and
generation, and stress on health, education, and medium sized enterprises.
employment services. The protected forests in Brikama
have survived the expansion of agricultural land and the Entrepreneurship Promotion and Micro-finance
use of trees for fuel. Decrease in rainfall over the last Development Project (EPMDP), Community Skill
30 years has increased the rate of desertification in the Improvement Project (CSIP) and SDF are all meant
region. for economic empowerment. They aim to enhance
competitiveness and the economic situation by
Brikama town is cosmopolitan and has been endowed encouraging sustainable growth that is inclusive
with many business activities such as horticulture and and builds the economic capacity of the people. The
fishing products. Having many inhabitants, it also main operators in the economy are Micro, Small
serves as the urban center for surrounding communities. and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) operating in the
Majority of the poor are women. Gender disparities and trading, manufacturing (cottage industry), and services
inequalities in access to education and employment are industries (tourism, communication and transport).
among the fundamental causes of poverty in Brikama.
Poverty level
Economy According to the Millennium Development Goals
There is only one major market in Brikama. Status report of 2007, three poverty studies were
The market needs to be upgraded and expanded to conducted. The first study conducted in 1992 showed
accommodate more traders. Most of the goods from that 31 percent of the population was poor.
surrounding villages and communities are brought
to the market for selling. It serves as the trading hub The second study conducted in 1998 showed that
for the region. Petty trading, soap making and tie and the level of poverty increased from 31 percent (1992)
dye are the major livelihood activities practiced in to 69 percent. Studies also showed a widening disparity
this town. Farming, horticulture and fishing are also between Urban and rural populations with 60 percent
major significant activities in the region that generate of the Rural population being poor compared to only
employment. 13 percent of those living in urban areas.
Table 2: Regional Disparities: Overall Poverty Rates and MDG GAMBIA national profile - background
Targets by Region (1992-2003)
REGION 1992 (%) 1998 (%) 2003 (%) DIFFERENCE WITH MDG TARGET
Banjul 0.0 50.0 7.6 -7.4
9 9
The third poverty study carried out in 2003 put the Health
poverty head count index at 58 percent indicating a
downward trend in poverty. There is a major health centre serving the whole
region in addition to minor health facilities and health
The likelihood of being poor is much higher in posts in the region. The nearest hospital is in Banjul,
rural households: 34 percent for Banjul and Kanifing the capital city, which is 33 kilometers away. The major
combined, 56 percent in other urban areas and 67.8 health centre in Brikama town is equipped with trained
percent for predominantly rural areas (MDG Status medical personnel and support staff.
Report, 2007, p.17).
The major constraints are retention and attrition
The regional variations in poverty are associated rates of nurses and other medical personnel. The
with variations in income levels, with income levels capacity needs include human resources, equipment and
much higher in the urban areas. Table 3 below shows upgrading of the facility to accommodate the inflow of
the percentage of the Population that live in Extreme patients in the region.
Poverty.
According to the Millennium Development Goals
Status Report 2009 (results of the 2003 poverty survey), Education/Literacy Rate
poverty in The Gambia is a rural phenomenon as 67.8 The Regional Education Office is located in Brikama
percent of the poor are living in the rural areas. As shown town and is headed by a director. The town has lower
in Table 3, the level of extreme poverty has declined in all basic and upper basic schools. There are also nursing
regions from 1998 - 2003. (Source: GoTG 2000; 1998 schools and kindergartens.
Poverty Survey; Census 2003 & Integrated Household
Survey (IHS), 2003 – MDG Status Report 2009)) There are many adult literacy programmes being
conducted in Brikama through the CSIP funded by
Africa Development Bank (ADB) and implemented by
the Department of Basic Education.
Transport
The transport situation in the region is quite good
due to the development of main trunk roads and feeder
roads enabling movement of people and goods from
one place to another. However, it is difficult to access
public transport due to the low number of public motor
vehicles available. Animal transport is therefore used as
an alternative.
Poverty
REGION 1992 (%) 1998 (%) 2003 poverty mdg
severity (%) difference
Banjul 0.0 19.0 0.8 -6.7
Kanifing 4 18.0 6.8 -0.7
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ENROLLMENT According to the Millennium Development Goals
Status report of 2009, net enrollment rates have improved
An improvement in enrollment, as shown in Table considerably over the years, with the gender gap in
4, is attributed to improved access to schools with enrollment across the sexes narrowing as shown in Table
the construction of new schools in many parts of the 5. Net enrollment rates for both sexes was estimated at
country. Increase in the enrollment of girls is hugely 46.3 percent in 1991/1992 which gradually increased
due to the formulation of the Girls Scholarship Trust to 77 percent in 2008/2009 In 1991/1992, male net
Fund which has encouraged parents to enroll their enrolment was 54 percent compared to 38.5 percent
daughters in school. If the current trend in enrollment for females. Corresponding estimates for 2008/2009
is maintained, the country will meet the millennium were 75 percent for males and 78 percent for females,
development goals target by the year 2015 (MDG showing that not only has the gender gap in enrollment
Status Report 2009, p.19). been bridged but female enrolment has surpassed that
Brikama recorded the lowest enrollment rate in of males. (Source: EMIS 2007, MICS2005/6, Census
schools at 73 percent of school age going children in 2003 – MDG Status Report 2009 pp. 18).
2008.
2008/2009 Total 108.0 93.0 76.0 63.0 78.0 60.0 59.0 84.0
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GOVERNANCE
The Gambia adopted a policy on decentralization • The VDC is composed of elected members from
of local government systems in response to section 193 the various village cells responsible for existing
and 194 of the constitution of the Republic of The development activities of the village. The selection
Gambia (1997). Current local government legislation of VDC members is based on gender equality giving
GAMBIA national profile - governance
in The Gambia provides for the self-administration of equal representation to both males and females. The
local governments by elected councils. VDC is also represented in the WDC.
In Brikama, reforms exist in a functioning and
decentralized administrative structure headed by a
Governor with regional, district and community INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP
structures. Within the wards are Ward Development • The Western Region (Brikama) has a well-articulated
Committees (WDCs) and Village Development decentralization program to ensure appropriate local
Committees (VDCs). The Community/Ward/ actions towards achieving the MDGs and Poverty
Municipal Authority has the following institutional Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs).
arrangement:
• Under the administrative structure of development,
• Brikama town is divided into three wards each there exists a Governor that has established a Technical
headed by an elected ward councillor. Advisory Committee (TAC) Taskforce comprising
• The WDC is an entry point for development in of heads of institutions, sectors within the region,
the area and is composed of democratically elected NGOs, and CSOs chaired by the Chairperson of
members from the VDCs. All plans at ward level the Municipal Council, which is an indication of
are presented in the WDC meetings for further the government’s commitment to implement a good
transmission to the municipal council (local governance strategy at all levels in The Gambia.
authority) for possible funding.
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• The TAC has a big role in coordinating regional • The Gamworks Agency in The Gambia (December
programmes respective of sectors and finally 2008) is a good sign of the promotion of good
endorsing program implementation, resource governance and accountability. This Agency
allocation and monitoring. intends to improve the management of budgeting,
procurement and financial accounting of the Local
• The municipal authority is structured in the Government Authorities as well as promote a
following hierarchy: Chairman - Vice Chairman participatory approach to development at the local
- Chief Executive Officer - Director of Finance - government level in the country.
Chief Security Officer - Manager Cleaning Service -
Director of Planning - Development Officer - Public
Relations Officer - Procurement Officer - Deputy
Director of Finance - Deputy Security Officer Resource Mobilization and
- Manager Rates and Taxes - Manager Licenses - Capacity Building
Health Labourers - Marketing Manager - Audit
Officer. • The council gets its revenue from the following main
sources; daily market fees, car park fees, business
• The chairperson is elected through a democratic trade licenses and fees, and land rates.
process and chairs all meetings. His/her term of
office is four years. • Conflicting fees and taxes with central government
and the council limits investment in the area.
• Majority of councillors are elected and serve as
chairpersons of their wards while some are nominated • Current local government legislation in The
and their term of office is also four years. Gambia provides for the self-administration of local
governments by elected councils.
• Transfer of competencies from central government
to regions as a way of decentralization has occurred • Regional and district /local level data can be collected,
in education, agriculture, health, water resources, and program and resource allocations targeted.
roads, decentralized planning, and monitoring and
evaluation through support from government and • The municipality has a policy on resource
partners. mobilization, but it is not effective. Absence
of capacity is as a result of the general lack of
understanding about transactions pertaining to the
use of grants from the central government.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
• The only system used for assigning taxation between
• The Western Region (Brikama) has a well-articulated the central government and municipality is through
decentralization program to ensure appropriate local the car park fees collection, which is done by the
actions towards achieving the MDGs and PRSPs. government police.
• Under the administrative structure of development, • The human and institutional capacity of Local
the Governor has established a TAC Taskforce Government Authorities needs to be strengthened
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• The Ministry of Local Government had
provided some capacity building training in AGREED PRIORITIES
decentralization and governance with the
support of the Commonwealth Secretariat. The • There is need for more market construction (extra
training supported by the local government, markets).
Gamworks and European Commission (EC) was
effective in improving financial management and • There is need for roads construction with proper
communication. drainage.
• There are weaknesses and capacity gaps in the area • There is need for capacity building at all levels of
of planning and implementation of projects. the council.
• The main threat at the municipal authority is
the capacity to develop and manage programmes
and to ensure that policies are translated into Project proposal Page 29
development activities and plans at council and GOVERNANCE Training of VDC, WDC, ward
regional levels. N°1 councillors, and council staff to
comprehend sectoral policies
• The need for capacity building for the leadership Project proposal Page 30
of both VDCs and WDCs is a priority. They need GOVERNANCE
training in project development and management N°3 Construction of skills training centre
as well as to understand the whole process of the
government decentralization reform programme
on the roles and responsibilities of VDC and WDC
members.
• The greatest challenges to current resource
mobilization efforts is lack of capacity, weak
accountability and weak involvement of citizens in
the use and management of council revenue.
• Ineffective revenue collection is also a major
challenge.
GAMBIA national profile - governance
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SLUMS, SHELTER AND LAND
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Resource Mobilization and
Capacity Building AGREED PRIORITIES
• As stated above, very little service is given to slum • Training of WDCs and VDCs on the government
dwellers, even though the slum dwellers pay rates reform programme and the process of leadership
and other taxes to the municipal authorities. and project management.
No organization gives assistance (financial or
technical) to upgrade slums. Very little credit • The construction of the multi-purpose centre for
opportunities are available for the poor slum community development activities and office
inhabitants. space for the wards.
N°3 development
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Gender and HIV/aids
Most women in Brikama are engaged in informal • Most women in Brikama are engaged in informal
activities such as vegetable gardening, fish smoking and sector activities such as vegetable gardening, fish
selling, petty trading, and cottage industries. The women smoking and selling, petty trading, and cottage
activities are support by SDF, CSIP, GAWFA, and other industries.
micro-finance associations operating in Brikama.
• Municipal Gender Policies do not exist in The
With the collaboration of other stakeholders and Gambia for gender mainstreaming. A Gender Focal
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• The first National Policy for Advancement of
Gambian Women (1999-2009) was adopted AGREED PRIORITIES
by the government of The Gambia in 1999.
The goal of the policy is to improve the quality • There is need to make the office environment
of life of all Gambians particularly women conducive for women by introducing benefits
through mainstreaming of gender in national such as maternity leave.
development and the elimination of all forms
of discrimination. It reaffirms the governments’ • Although the patriarchal nature of society is being
commitment to achieve gender equality and addressed through sensitization, training and
women’s empowerment. The policy is also advocacy, there is a need to address behavioural
against gender based violence and advocates for change by introducing gender equality in the
improved access to land by women. thinking of society.
• The 1997 Constitution of The Gambia supports • Programme design, implementation, monitoring
the rights and freedoms of individuals. Article 17
and evaluation should be informed by data
of the Constitution states that “Every person in
The Gambia, whatever race, colour and gender.... disaggregated by gender at national and municipal
or status, shall be entitled to fundamental human / regional levels.
rights and freedoms....” This is a clear indication
that the constitution is against all forms of • Mainstream gender in all municipal / regional
discrimination based on gender. programmes.
• Women have the opportunity to participate in • Develop and implement diversified poverty
governance and development. eradication projects.
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• The absence of entrepreneurial skills and innovative
livelihood skills is another obstacle faced by women,
making them unable to explore viable markets for
their produce.
• One of the major social, cultural and traditional
obstacles to women’s advancement is patriarchy,
which limits women and girls’ participation in
taking decisions at the individual, household and
community levels.
• Consultations have revealed that the existence of the
Women’s Bureau is not known to some women. It
is imperative therefore, to have a gender unit within
the municipality and make it functionally effective.
• Access to micro credit and land ownership are the
main obstacles for women entrepreneurs.
• Lack of market outlet for agricultural produce is also
a major challenge for women farmers.
• The lack of documented institutionalized gender
policies and the ineffective implementation of
gender laws protecting women from incidences
such as domestic violence women has increased the
vulnerability of women.
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ENVIRONMENT
enhanced the awareness levels of the communities new technologies, and improve the managerial skills
within the wards covered and in general created for business men and women at all levels and all
awareness on their right to environmental protection sizes particularly small and medium size enterprises
and natural resource conservation for sustainable within the region.
livelihood development. The discussions enlightened
the people of their roles in complementing government’s • The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
efforts in nation building through the best practices in regulations and guidelines aim to integrate
conservation and their entitlements in respect of the environmental concerns into all development
council’s support to environmental issues. planning including roads, agriculture and
construction.
The key institutions responsible for disseminating
information on environmental matters are National • The host municipality’s Monitoring and Enforcement
Environment Agency (NEA) and The Gambia Radio Unit is responsible for monitoring environmental
and Television. The method of dissemination is mostly quality at the regional level and the Public Health
through drama shows, community meetings and “Kafo” Act (1990) grants wider powers to public health
meetings. inspectors to inspect premises, and close down
premises deemed to be public hazards.
2020
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK • The environment needs to be managed in a more
sustainable manner.
• The National Environment Management Act
(NEMA) and NEA together with the Ministry of • Lack of comprehensive waste management, treatment
Health Services (Public Health Services) are the and disposal systems for Brikama town.
three most important institutions in respect to
the enactment of environment legislation.
• The formulation and implementation of
environmental legislation, the setting of national AGREED PRIORITIES
standards and monitoring of compliance with
environmental regulations in general and • There is need to control littering in the town by
solid waste management in particular to be enacting policies and laws that prohibit littering.
implemented in the region.
• There is a need for creation of awareness on
environmental conservation through the media,
NGOs and community radio stations. The area
RESOURCE Mobilization AND council needs to ensure that this programme is
CAPACITY BUILDING implemented through sensitization.
• Current local government legislation in The
• NEA needs to partner with the municipality on
Gambia provides for the self-administration of
local governments by elected councils who play a behalf of the ward on the issues of awareness
key role in assisting funds for their wards. creation.
• NEA proposed that the council forms environment • There is need for community leaders to be provided
committees responsible for environment issues with training on environment issues.
and waste management.
• There is need for training VDCs and WDCs
• Donations to the monthly cleaning exercises from on their roles and responsibilities in creating
the city council, companies and government. environmental awareness.
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LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Petty trading, soap making and tie and dye are the • Existence of Rural Finance Project (2008-2014)
major livelihood activities practiced in Brikama. Just funded by the International Fund for Agricultural
GAMBIA NATIONAL profile - LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
as in other cities, inhabitants complained about the Development (IFAD) offers a range of financial
lack of financial support to expand their businesses. services to the poorest members of the society who
Although the SDF and GAWFA have been referred to have difficulty in accessing credit from financial
as very helpful financial institutions, members argued institutions.
that their interest rates are too high for the small and
medium sized enterprises. • The SDF funded by the ADB also supports
entrepreneurship and micro finance activities
One fundamental reason for high interest rates on including skill development and capacity building
loans is the issue of sub-lending as each of the credit programmes.
agencies would like to have a share of the interest as
profit.
Like the Kanifing Municipal Council (KMC), Regulatory Framework
Brikama has experienced high population growth • Flexible macroeconomic policy regime to facilitate
over the years, leading to a high demand for jobs and access to credit for productive investments,
basic urban services. Business is hampered by the poor particularly those targeting labour-intensive
transport network which makes it difficult to transport productivity that provides a chance for the poor to
goods and services from one point to another. benefit financially.
• The Government has a key role in creating a more
Institutional Set-Up enabling environment for the private sector. This
begins with the adoption policies, along with
• The Entrepreneurship Promotion and Micro finance programmes and projects that encourage the
Development Project which is a five year project development of new markets, accelerate the use of
(January 2007 - December 2011) funded by the new technologies, and improve the managerial skills
ADB is in support of micro and small enterprise for businessmen and women across all sectors of the
development, which emphasizes the need to address economy.
poverty and livelihood security issues by empowering
communities to diversify economic activities and
generate income in the most sustainable manner.
2222
• The Gambia Public Utilities Regulatory
Authority (PURA) Act of 2001, provides for AGREED PRIORITIES
the establishment of the PURA to regulate the
activities of providers of certain public utilities • Construction of multipurpose skills and
in the various economic sectors. Among them entrepreneurship training center.
in Brikama are energy services (electricity,
petroleum and gas), communications services • Introduction of a micro-finance credit scheme
(telecommunications, broadcasting and postal which has low interest rates to assist entrepreneurs
services), water services, and transport services. to start up their businesses.
2323
BASIC URBAN SERVICES
for development work which enabled the construction Finance who deals with financial matters, and the
of a proper water control system in the area. Chief Executive Officer who coordinates all technical
issues and provides advice.
Present Situation. The municipality in its bid to
improve its service delivery systems held some meetings • The whole system of authority is endorsed on a
with the local business community in order to build decentralized approach to participatory development
partnerships with a view to improving the provision based on the Local Government Act and reform
of basic urban services in the area and extending the programmes.
provision of these services to more parts of Brikama.
• The municipality’s role in the provision of services
Future Plans. In order to improve the provision of through the cleaning services unit is; to provide
basic urban services, the municipality intends to do the waste collection and dumping services, to provide
following; financial support and empty septic tanks, and
cleaning of markets and other public places.
• Acquire more tractors for waste collection.
• The National Water and Electricity Company
• Recruit more labour to assist in waste collection and (NAWEC) supplies water and electricity to the
management. municipality.
• Establish a new dumping site and recycling plant.
2424
Regulatory Framework
• NAWEC, which is a major partner in the area of AGREED PRIORITIES
water and electricity in the country, has standard • There is need for expansion of the existing water
procedures/guidelines and provides water and network in order to provide water to more
electricity to the municipalities. NAWEC is also
responsible for monitoring the quality of water residents of Brikama.
that is supplied to the urban areas. • There is need for the rehabilitation of the electricity
system in the town.
Challenges
• Shortage of human resources to assist in the delivery
of basic urban services in the municipality.
• Poor state of the urban infrastructure.
• Shortage of trained personnel to assist in basic urban
services delivery and management.
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URBAN SAFETY AND URBAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
GAMBIA NATIONAL profile - URBAN SAFETY AND URBAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
In Brikama, like other parts of the country, it is • Under the municipality exists Physical Planning
the state that provides security mainly through the and Development Control for preparation and
Gambia Police Force. The Focus Group Discussion approval of Physical Development Plans and control
in Brikama indicates a general perception that crime of developments (including buildings) and for the
is on the increase in the community. The perceived creation of a better environment and proper use of
increase in crime is attributed to high levels of youth land in Brikama region.
unemployment, increasing drug and alcohol abuse
among the youth and poverty. • Gamjobs seeks to operationalize the National
Employment Action Plan (NEAP), and to support
In Brikama, the main safety and security risks the creation of employment opportunities for young
include drug and alcohol abuse among the youth, Gambians.
unemployment, poverty, and unruly behaviour and
indiscipline among the youth. The most common
crimes are burglary, mugging and homicide.
Regulatory Framework
Brikama faces urban disaster risks such as floods, • The government needs to develop an efficient
fire, illegal dumping of hazardous waste, construction response mechanism to disaster management and
of houses in flood prone valleys and other low lying avail the necessary resources.
areas, and poorly planned and/or non-enforcement of
urban planning, housing and road plans. • Development of an institutional framework and
structures capable of preventing, preparing for and
responding to disasters at national and local levels.
Institutional Set-Up
• The establishment of a police station serving the
entire region whose key role is to maintain internal Resource Mobilization and
security and defense and to create safety measures, Capacity Building
for example regular patrols by the community police
in order to react faster to incidences of crime. • Lack of adequate capacity to implement the strategic
plan owing to the weak agency staffing in quality
• The development of the National Disaster and quantity.
Management Policy legal and institutional framework
in 2008 provides a basis for the prevention and
control of disaster with its coordinating body present
in Brikama.
2626
Challenges URBAN SAFETY Project proposal Page 47
• No community police officers on patrol and slow AND URBAN
response to incidences of crime by the police. DISASTER Provision of street lights and
MANAGEMENT increased supply of electricity
• Poor transport infrastructure and system in N°1
place.
• Inadequate coverage of electricity, mainly street URBAN SAFETY Project proposal Page 47
lights at night. AND URBAN
DISASTER Provision of proper drainage
MANAGEMENT and upgrading of roads
N°2
2727
GOVERNANCE
Computerization of
the accounting system.
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Pro-Poor Advocacy Inadequate funding Emerging Micro Poor sustainability of
Group (PROPAG) to carry out more Finance Institutions projects.
and the European training. and other banks in
Commission provides Brikama. Loss of trained staff
training for councillors, High interest rates for who move to other
VDCs and WDCs. credit. Establishment of new areas in search of
market facilities. better livelihood
Presence of Micro Inadequate training opportunities.
Finance Institutions on micro finance Availability of donor
in Brikama (CSIP, management. support for resource Slow implementation
allocation and capacity of the decentralization
Project proposals - governance
The council
collaborates with
NGOs in training the
communities.
28
28
Project proposal Project proposal
GOVERNANCE Training of VDC, WDC, ward GOVERNANCE Awareness creation on
N°1 councillors, and council staff to N°2 decentralization policies and urban
comprehend sectoral policies services
2929
Project proposal
GOVERNANCE
N°3 Construction of skills training centre
LOCATION: Brikama.
DURATION: 12 months.
BENEFICIARIES: Residents of Brikama, especially
women and youth.
IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: WDC and Local
Contractors.
ESTIMATED COST: USD 700,000.
BACKGROUND: Brikama has a population of over
50,000 inhabitants, many of whom are unemployed.
Therefore the construction of a skills training center
that will impart entrepreneurial skills and knowledge
will enable residents to start their own businesses and
become self-reliant.
OBJECTIVES: (1) Provision of skills to
women and youth. (2) Promotion of business
and entrepreneurship. (3) Employment creation
opportunities for women and youth.
ACTIVITIES: (1) Identification of a suitable site for
constructing the skills training center. (3) Identification
of a suitable building contractor and awarding of
contract. (4) Construction and opening up of the skills
training center.
OUTPUT: (1) More job creation and businesses
established. (2) Increased economic growth and local
economic development. (3) Reduction in poverty
levels.
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION: The project will be
implemented by the Ward Development Committee
Project proposals - governance
30
30
SLUMS, SHELTER AND LAND
Low remuneration of
city council staff.
SECURITY OF TENURE
Availability of land. Poor management of Local ownership of Political interference
land. land. in land allocation and
management.
Land is too expensive Introduction of
for the poor. housing schemes. Lack of technical
capacity and
Lack of information on Capacity building for human resources to
the existing slums. the communities. implement land and
housing reforms.
Availability of funding
for data collection on
slums.
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Availability of donor Lack of technical Capacity building Departure of well
funds to assist in the capacity and programmes for the trained and qualified
implementation of human resources to communities. staff in search of
land and housing implement land and greener pastures.
reforms. housing reforms. Availability of funding
for data collection in
slums.
3131
SLUMS, Project proposal SLUMS, Project proposal
SHELTER AND SHELTER AND
LAND LAND Improvement and expansion of the
Improvement of the drainage system
N°1 N°2 electricity supply
32
32
SLUMS, Project proposal
SHELTER AND
LAND Social amenities and infrastructure
N°3 development
3333
Gender and HIV/aids
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Development of a National Denial of the existence The media can be High poverty Carrying out
Policy for the advancement of of HIV/AIDS. used as a tool for levels. sensitization
Gambian women. gender and HIV/AIDS and awareness
Limited awareness awareness creation. Inadequate campaigns.
Increased women’s participation on gender equality knowledge on
in local governance. among the public. Increased women HIV/AIDS.
participation in local
Gender mainstreaming across all Stigmatization of governance and Donor fatigue.
sectors of the economy. people living with HIV/ politics.
AIDS.
Women’s Bill enacted. Increase in literacy rate
Limited advocacy among girls.
Existence of Women’s Bureau and dissemination
and Council. campaigns on Gender Existence of the
and HIV/AIDS. National Women’s
project proposals - gender and hiv/aids
34
34
Project proposal Project proposal
GENDER GENDER
HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS
Skills training centre N°2 Food processing and storage centre
N°1
3535
Project proposal
GENDER
HIV/AIDS
N°3 Capacity building on gender
LOCATION: Brikama.
DURATION: 12 months.
BENEFICIARIES: The community.
IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: This project shall be
implemented by NACOFAG.
ESTIMATE COST: USD 30,000.
BACKGROUND: Women have fewer advantages in
the workplace and work longer hours than men. In
addition, their inputs at the workplace are not fully
appreciated. Furthermore, women are prevented from
owning land and face numerous obstacles when it comes
to holding positions of authority. Women are also left
out of the planning and decision making processes.
OBJECTIVES: (1) To sensitize the community on
the importance of gender equality in development.
(2) To enable women to take part in the planning and
decision-making process. (3) To advocate for women
empowerment in all sectors of the economy. (5) To
conduct radio talk shows and panel discussions on
the importance of gender equality in the development
process.
ACTIVITIES: Shall be centred mainly on sensitization
programmes and trainings.
OUTPUTS: (1) An informed community that places
project proposals - gender and hiv/aids
36
36
ENVIRONMENT
Training of revenue
collectors.
37
37
Project proposal Project proposal
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
N°1 Establishment of waste dumping
N°2 Enforcement of anti-littering laws
sites
Availability of dumping sites for disposal of waste. (3) OUTPUTS: (1) Creation of awareness of the anti-
Accessible waste collection points at community level. littering laws. (2) Observance of the anti-littering laws.
(3) Creation of a clean environment. (4) Well managed
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION: The project shall be waste dumping and collection sites in the municipality.
implemented by the cleaning service unit of BAC and
the communities at ward level through their committees PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION: There will be close
(WDC). collaboration between BAC and the communities
through the WDCs.
EQUIPMENT TO BE PROCURED: (1) Dust bins.
(2) Brooms. (3) Wheel barrows. (4) Rakes. (5) Shovels.
38
38
Project proposal
ENVIRONMENT Training of VDC, WDC, ward councillors,
N°3 and council staff on the environment
policies
DURATION: 12 months.
39
39
LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Existence of financial support Unsustainability of projects/ Existence of skills training High illiteracy rates especially
through the provision of programmes. centres. among women.
low interest loans to women
entrepreneurs. Implementation of short- Existence of income Women are not involved in
project proposals - LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
term projects which are not generating projects that have the decision making process.
Existence of skills training effective. been initiated by women.
centres that train women
and youth in tie & dye, batik,
soap making and other skills
that will enable them to start
up businesses and become
self-reliant.
40
40
LOCAL Project proposal LOCAL Project proposal
ECONOMIC ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT Multi-purpose skill centre for DEVELOPMENT Poultry production schemes
N°1 entrepreneurship training N°2
BACKGROUND: The youth make up the majority ESTIMATED COST: USD 290,000.
of the population in Brikama, as per the 2003
population census. It is against this background that OBJECTIVES: (1) To improve the local poultry
the need for the development of a multi-purpose skills industry which is geared towards self-sufficiency in
and entrepreneurship training centre cannot be over poultry and poultry products. (2) To create employment
emphasized. The creation of the centre will help to for the youth and vulnerable groups. (3) To increase
promote self-reliance projects for the youth in order for food security among the local communities.
them to acquire skills. The centre is intended to cater
for various activities ranging from carpentry, welding BACKGROUND: Poultry production is one of the
and tailoring. most profitable economic activities in the region. The
population growth rate in The Gambia is estimated to be
OBJECTIVES: (1) Skills training for young men and at 4.1 percent per annum and this will be accompanied
women, especially school dropouts, to enable them by increase in the demand for poultry products.
to become self-reliant. (2) Creation of employment.
41
41
LOCAL Project proposal
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT Training on food processing and
N°3 labour saving devices
LOCATION: Brikama.
DURATION: 6 months.
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42
BASIC URBAN SERVICES
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43
Project proposal Project proposal
BASIC URBAN BASIC URBAN
SERVICES SERVICES
N°1 Provision of access roads N°2 Expansion of water supply
LOCATION: Brikama (Kembujeh, Nyambai and Suba LOCATION: Brikama (Suba ward, Kembujeh ward
ward). and Nyambai ward).
DURATION: 18 months. DURATION: 18 months.
BENEFICIARIES: The community of Brikama. BENEFICIARIES: Local Communities.
IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: Regional Disaster IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS: NAWEC, BAC and
Management Committee and a Local Contractor. a Local Contractor.
ESTIMATED COST: USD 1,924,000. ESTIMATE COST: USD 800,000.
BACKGROUND: Heavy flooding that causes erosion BACKGROUND: Due to the rapid population
of the soil, destruction of buildings and development increase, the people of Brikama need more water supply
of potholes on the roads makes it difficult for people to particularly for domestic use. The present supply is
move from one point to the other. There is high demand not enough to meet the demand and the distribution
for a better transport network to allow easy movement pattern is uneven.
of people and goods.
OBJECTIVES: To have access to adequate and safe
OBJECTIVES: (1) To ease transportation of goods water at all times for domestic and commercial use.
and services particularly during the rainy season. (2)
To help improve the road network and links with other ACTIVITIES: (1) Conduct a survey on the existing
towns. (3) To enable easy access to parts of Brikama that water facilities in the three wards. (2) Identify the
are currently inaccessible. areas that need improvement in water provision. (3)
Rehabilitate and expand the water services.
ACTIVITIES: (1) To conduct tract surveys. (2) To
identify areas that are inaccessible by road users. (3) OUTPUTS: Adequate and safe water supply to all
To identity suitable contractors to carry out the road households and commercial premises in Brikama.
construction. (4) To conduct the road construction and
rehabilitation exercise. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION: The project will be
project proposals - BASIC URBAN SERVICES
44
44
Project proposal
BASIC
URBAN
Increase vehicle fleet for waste
SERVICES
collection
N°3
DURATION: 2 years.
45
45
URBAN SAFETY AND URBAN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
disaster management.
High population
growth in the city.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Existence of Policies No law enforcement Availability of donor Inadequate law Increase support to
and Acts such as the institutions at ward funds to assist in enforcement the National Disaster
National Disaster level. urban safety and institutions. Management Agency
Management Act and urban disaster (NDMA).
the Drug Enforcement Low level of awareness management. Mismanagement of
Act. on the disaster funds meant for urban
management policy. Existence of disaster safety and urban
risk reduction disaster management.
Inadequate fire committees in the city.
stations and fire
fighting equipment. Community
participation in urban
Low level of safety and urban
collaboration between disaster management.
the police and the
community.
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Allocation of funds in Inadequate capacity Donor pool fund. Inadequate budget
the national budget to implement urban allocation.
for urban safety and safety and urban Community support.
urban disaster risk disaster management Donor fatigue.
Active youth
reduction. policies.
participation. Poor resource
The existence of the Limited resources. management skills.
NDMA.
Donor support.
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46
URBAN SAFETY Project proposal URBAN SAFETY Project proposal
AND URBAN AND URBAN
DISASTER Provision of street lights and DISASTER Provision of proper drainage
MANAGEMENT increased supply of electricity MANAGEMENT and upgrading of roads
N°1 N°2
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47
URBAN SAFETY Project proposal
AND URBAN
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT Increased police patrols
N°3
LOCATION: Brikama.
DURATION: 18 months.
48
ACRONYMS:
Bibliography:
Education Policy 2004- 2015, Department of State for Population and Housing Census – 2003, The Gambia
Education (DoSE), Banjul
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (2007-2011), The
Mid Term review of the National Policy for the Gambia
Advancement of Gambian Women 1999-2009, The
Gambia Status report on the situation of Gambian Women (
After 25 years of existence of the Women’s Bureau
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Status Report- and Council 1980-2005) by Women’s Bureau May
2003, The Gambia 2006
e-mail: PSUP@unhabitat.org
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