Eyes

Parts and Function:

The eye is a slightly asymmetrical globe, about an inch in diameter. The front part of the eye (the part you
see in the mirror) includes:
The iris (the pigmented part)
The cornea (a clear dome over the iris)
The pupil (the black circular opening in the iris that lets light in)
The sclera (the white part)
The conjunctiva (a thin layer of tissue covering the front of the eye, except the cornea)
Just behind the iris and pupil lies the lens, which helps to focus light on the back of the eye. Most of the
eye is filled with a clear gel called the vitreous. Light projects through the pupil and the lens to the back of
the eye. The inside lining of the eye is covered by special light-sensing cells that are collectively called
the retina. The retina converts light into electrical impulses. Behind the eye, the optic nerve carries these
impulses to the brain. The macula is a small extra-sensitive area within the retina that gives central vision.
It is located in the center of the retina and contains the fovea, a small depression or pit at the center of the
macula that gives the clearest vision.
Eye color is created by the amount and type of pigment in the iris. Multiple genes inherited from each
parent determine a persons eye color.

Coping Mechanism:
The human eye has its own coping mechanism and thats by blinking. A average human being
blink every 210 seconds in order for the eye to be lubricated. Tears also play a huge role in protecting
the eye. When dust hit your eye, the first thing it will do is blink and produce tears. I prevents the eye for
irritation.


Nose

Parts and Function:
The external structure of the human nose is made up of bones, tissue, and cartilage. These parts
make up the structural composition of the nose itself. Fibro-fatty tissue creates a separation of
the plates of cartilage. The nasal cavity includes the vestibule, septum, sinuses, nerves, hard and
soft palates, upper, middle, and lower meatus, and the upper, middle, and lower turbinate. All of
the parts of the nose work together to provide a sense of smell as well as to filter, warm, and
moisten the air that we breath in, and send to the lungs.
Coping Mechanism:
A human nose have its own coping mechanism with the help of the cilia. The cilia is the hair
like strands located inside the nose. It prevents dust and other particles from entering our body.
When the cilia trapped the dust and other particles it will turn into rhinolith.





Ears

Parts and Functions:
The ear has external, middle, and inner portions. The outer ear is called the pinna and is made of ridged
cartilage covered by skin. Sound funnels through the pinna into the external auditory canal, a short tube
that ends at the eardrum (tympanic membrane).
Sound causes the eardrum and its tiny attached bones in the middle portion of the ear to vibrate, and the
vibrations are conducted to the nearby cochlea. The spiral-shaped cochlea is part of the inner ear; it
transforms sound into nerve impulses that travel to the brain.
The fluid-filled semicircular canals (labyrinth) attach to the cochlea and nerves in the inner ear. They send
information on balance and head position to the brain. The eustachian (auditory) tube drains fluid from the
middle ear into the throat (pharynx) behind the nose.

Coping mechanism:
Cerumen (ear wax) impaction: Ear wax may block the ear canal and adhere to the eardrum. The
eardrums reduced vibrations impair hearing.
The skin surrounding the external acoustic meatus contains glands that produce ear wax




Mouth

mouth, also called Oral Cavity, or Buccal Cavity, in human anatomy, orifice through which food and
air enter the body. The mouth opens to the outside at the lips and empties into the throat at the rear;
its boundaries are defined by the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates, and glottis. It is divided into two
sections: the vestibule, the area between the cheeks and the teeth, and the oral cavity proper. The
latter section is mostly filled by the tongue, a large muscle firmly anchored to the floor of the mouth
by the frenulum linguae. In addition to its primary role in the intake and initial digestion of food, the
mouth and its structures are essential in humans to the formation of speech.
The chief structures of the mouth are the teeth, which tear and grind ingested food into small pieces
that are suitable for digestion; the tongue, which positions and mixes food and also carries sensory
receptors for taste; and the palate, which separates the mouth from the nasal cavity, allowing
separate passages for air and for food. All these structures, along with the lips, are involved in the
formation of speech sounds by modifying the passage of air through the mouth.
The oral cavity and vestibule are entirely lined by mucous membranes containing numerous small
glands that, along with the three pairs of salivary glands, bathe the mouth in fluid, keeping it moist
and clear of food and other debris. Specialized membranes form both the gums (gingivae), which
surround and support the teeth, and the surface of the tongue, on which the membrane is rougher in
texture, containing many small papillae that hold the taste buds. The mouths moist environment and
the enzymes within its secretions help to soften food, facilitating swallowing and beginning the
process of digestion.



Coping Mechanism:
Saliva is a watery substance located in the mouths of organisms, secreted by the salivary glands. Human
saliva is 99.5% water, while the other 0.5% consists of electrolytes, mucus,glycoproteins, enzymes,
and antibacterial compounds such as secretory IgA and lysozyme. The enzymes found in saliva are
essential in beginning the process of digestion of dietary starches and fats. These enzymes also play a
role in breaking down food particles entrapped within dental crevices, protecting teeth from bacterial
decay.

Furthermore, saliva serves a lubricative function, wetting food and permitting the initiation of
swallowing, and protecting the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity from desiccation