CIRCUIT I COURSE

Summer Semester 2013/2014

2
8 June
2014
COURSE AND LECTURER
Course:
GEEN 2314 : Circuit I
3 Credit: Lecture 3 hours,

Lecturer:
Nizar Tayem
E-mail : ntayem@pmu.edu.sa
Office : F041

LEARNING OUTCOMES (1)
To solve and calculate node voltages and branch currents
using basic network theory and circuit theorems
(Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws,
superposition, series-parallel equivalents, wyedelta
transformations, source transformations, Thevenin/Norton
equivalents with or without dependent
sources)
calculate power and energy in resistive circuits using the
passive notation
simplify and solve resistive circuits using circuit reduction
techniques (series combination, parallel
combination, series-parallel combination, wye-delta and
delta-wye transformations)
apply the voltage divider equations and current divider
equations to solve simple electric circuits
To solve an electric circuit using the superposition principle
(with and without dependent sources)


LEARNING OUTCOMES (2)
formulate the nodal (or mesh) equations of an electric
circuit and to solve for the node voltages (or mesh currents)
by substitution or using Cramer's rule (with two or three
linear equations in three
unknowns) or MULTISIM
Find the Thevenin (or Norton) equivalent (Thevenin
voltage and resistance or Norton current and resistance) of
a complex electric circuit (with or without dependent
sources) as seen from a pair of terminals
Compute the maximum power supplied from a source
(Thevenin equivalent of several sources) to a variable
resistive load
Design simple resistive op-amp circuits
formulate the linear differential equations of first- and
second-order circuits and to solve them subject
to constant (DC) inputs
Design simple op-amp integrators and differentiators.


TOPICS TO BE COVERED

Basic Concepts (Chapter 1)
Basic Laws (Chapter 2)
Method of Analysis (Chapter 3)
Circuit Theorems (Chapter 4)
Operational Amplifiers (Chapter 5)
Capacitors and Inductors (Chapter 6)
First-Order Circuits (Chapter 7)
Second-Order Circuits(Chapter 8)
REQUIRED TEXTBOOK

Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N.O. Sadiku,
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 5th Edition,
2013.
ASSESSMENT
Final grade will be calculated as
follows;

Quiz and class participation 10 %
Tests 40 %
Homework 10 %
Final Examination 40 %
Total 100 %

SOFTWARE
MATLAB
MULTISIM
CLASSROOM POLICES
Each student is compulsory (100%)
to attend all classes including
lectures and laboratories
Student must give prior notification
to the instructor of reasons for
absence and intent to attend the
class
ACADEMIC HONESTY
Your written assignments,
lab and examinations
must be your own work.

Welcome to the Principles of Electric
Circuits. You will study important ideas
that are used in electronics. You may
already be familiar with a few of the
important parts used in electronic
circuits.
Resistors
Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads
Passive Components
RESISTORS
Values specified in ohms (), kilo-ohms (K), or
mega-ohms (M)

Marked with value using a color code

13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5%
10% Big Bears Run Over Your Gladiola Bed Vexing Garden Worms (go see now)

RESISTOR RATINGS
Physical size of resistors
determines power handling
ability

Commonly available as 1/8,
1/4, 1/2, 1,
and 2 watt components

Much higher powers
available , usually as
wirewound or ceramic
encapsulated parts
14
Summary
Resistance is the opposition
to current.
One ohm (1 W) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in
a material when one volt (1 V) is applied.
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
1
G
R

Components designed to have a specific amount of

resistance are called resistors.
Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads
Summary
Resistance value, first three bands:
First band 1st digit -
Second band 2nd digit -
*Third band multiplier (number of -
zeros following the 2nd digit)
Color
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
Fourth band tolerance -
* For resistance values less than 10 W, the third band is either gold or silver. Gold is for a multiplier of 0.1 and silver is for
a multiplier of 0.01.
No band
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5%
10%
Digit
20%
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
10
9
10
-1
10
-2
Multiplier
1% (five band)
5% (four band)
Tolerance
2% (five band)
10% (four band)
Summary
What is the resistance and
tolerance of each of the four-band
resistors?
5.1 kW 5%
820 kW 5%
47 W 10%
1.0 W 5%
Summary
Two or three digits, and one of the letters R, K, or
M are used to identify a resistance value.

The letter is used to indicate the multiplier, and its
position is used to indicate decimal point position.

Alphanumeric Labeling
Summary
Variable resistors include the
potentiometer and rheostat. A
potentiometer can be connected as a
rheostat.
1
3
2
Resistive
element
Wiper
Shaft
The center terminal is connected to the
wiper
R
Variable
(potentiometer)
R
Variable
(rheostat)
TYPICAL POTENTIOMETERS AND CONSTRUCTION VIEWS.
EXAMPLES OF LINEAR AND TAPERED POTENTIOMETERS.
CAPACITORS
Values specified in microfarads (F) or picofarads (pF)

Marked with actual value or a numeric code

Some varieties are +/- polarized
22
Passive Components
Summary
Capacitor
s
Mica
Foil
Foil
Mica
Foil
Foil
Mica
Foil
Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)
Mica capacitor_
CAPACITOR TYPES
Ceramic disk
Monolithic ceramic
Dipped silvered-mica
Mylar or polyester
Aluminum electrolytic
(+/-)
Tantalum (+/-)
24
Ceramic
disk
Monolithic
ceramic
Dipped siver-
mica
Mylar Mylar
Solid tantalum,
polarized
Radial aluminum
electrolytic
Axial aluminum
electrolytic
CAPACITOR RATINGS
Physical size of capacitors is related to
voltage handling ability WVDC
working voltage DC

Temperature coefficient may also be
important can be + or or nearly zero

Temperature coefficient depends upon
dielectric material
25
CAPACITOR HANDLING AND
INSTALLATION
Most capacitors are not polarized and may be
installed in either direction.

Electrolytic capacitors ARE polarized and
MUST be installed with proper polarity, else
catastrophic failure!

Mechanical stress due to lead bending should
be minimized.
26
INDUCTORS
Values specified in henries (H), millihenries
(mH) and microhenries (H)

A coil of wire that may be wound on a core of
air or other non-magnetic material, or on a
magnetic core such as iron powder or ferrite.

Two coils magnetically coupled form a
transformer.
27
INDUCTOR TYPES
28
Molded inductor & air-wound
inductor
Adjustable air-wound
inductor
Ferrite core toroidal
transformer
Iron powder toroidal
inductor
Air wound
inductor
INDUCTOR RATINGS
Wire gauge and physical size of the coil determine the current
handling capacity.

Core material will have a temperature dependence. Air is
best, followed by iron powder, then ferrites.
29
INDUCTOR HANDLING AND INSTALLATION
Inductors are not polarized and may be
installed in either direction.


Mechanical stress due to lead bending should
be minimized.

30
Passive Components
Summary
Transformers
DIODES
Most modern diodes are semiconductor
devices, but are considered passive
since they do not contribute any
amplification or gain to a circuit.


32
Cathode
Anode
DIODE TYPES
May be classified by semiconductor material
silicon, germanium, gallium
arsenide, etc.
Or classified by circuit function



33
Small signal detector or switching
diode
Light-emitting diode
(LED)
Rectifier
diode
DIODE HANDLING AND INSTALLATION
Diodes are polarized and must be installed in
with correct orientation.

34
Transistors
Active Components
Integrated
Circuits
Summary
Passive components are used in conjunction
with active components to form an electronic
system. Active components will be the
subject of future courses.
Summary
SI Fundamental
Units
length
mass
time
electric current
temperature
luminous intensity
amount of
substance
meter
kilogra
m
second
ampere
Kelvin
candela
mole
m
kg
s
A
K
cd
mol
Summary
Some Important Electrical
Units
current
charge
voltage
resistance
power
ampere
coulomb
volt
ohm
watt
A
C
V
W
W
Except for current, all electrical and
magnetic units are derived from the
fundamental units. Current is a
fundamental unit.
Quantity Symbol Unit
Summary
Very large and very small numbers are
represented with scientific and
engineering notation.
Scientific and Engineering
Notation
47,000,000 = 4.7 x 10
7
(Scientific
Notation)
= 47. x 10
6
(Engineering
Notation)
Summary
0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10
-5
(Scientific Notation)
= 27 x 10
-6
(Engineering
Notation)
0.605 = 6.05 x 10
-1
(Scientific Notation)
= 605 x 10
-3
(Engineering
Notation)
Scientific and Engineering
Notation
Summary
Engineering Metric
Prefixes
peta

tera

giga

mega

kilo

10
15

10
12


10
9
10
6


10
3
P

T

G

M

k

Can you
name the
prefixes
and their
meaning?
Summary
Engineering Metric
Prefixes
10
-3

10
-6


10
-9
10
-12


10
-15
milli

micro

nano

pico

femto

m

m

n

p

f

Can you
name the
prefixes
and their
meaning?
Summary
When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit,
move the decimal point to the right. Remember, a
smaller unit means the number must be larger.
Metric Conversions
0.47 MW = 470 kW
Larger
number
Smaller unit
Summary
When converting from a smaller unit to a larger
unit, move the decimal point to the left. Remember, a
larger unit means the number must be smaller.
Metric Conversions
10,000 pF = 0.01 mF
Smaller
number
Larger unit
Summary
When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric
prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.
Metric Arithmetic
10,000 W + 22 kW
=
10,000 W + 22,000 W = 32,000 W
Alternatively,
10 kW + 22 kW = 32 kW
Summary
When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric
prefix, convert them to the same prefix first.
Metric Arithmetic
200 mA + 1.0 mA =
200 mA + 1,000 mA = 12,000 mA
Alternatively,
0.200 mA + 1.0 mA = 1.2
mA
CHARGE

An electrical charge is created when material
has more or less electrons than protons.
Like charges repel each other.
Unlike charges attract each other.

The unit of electrical charge is the coulomb (C).

1C = 6.25 x10
18
electrons
THE COPPER ATOM
Robert J. Paynter and B.J. Toby Boydell
Electronics Technology Fundamentals, Conventional Flow Version,
2e
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education,
Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
RANDOM ELECTRON MOTION IN
COPPER
DIRECTED ELECTRON MOTION IN COPPER
Electric current
Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that
flows past a point in a unit of time (t). The
defining equation is:
Q
I
t

One ampere is a number of electrons having a total

charge of 1 C moving through a given cross section in 1 s.
0.4 A What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s?
Curren
t
53
54
CHARGE AND CURRENT
CHARGE AND CURRENT
57
58
e
-
Summary
Force is required to move a
charge against the electric
field.
Voltage is the work per
charge done against the
electric field.
Voltag
e
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
When force is applied over a
distance, work is done. Work
done in moving a charge
against the electric field leads
to the definition of voltage:
Summary
W
V
Q

One volt is the potential difference (voltage)

between two points when one joule of energy
is used to move one coulomb of charge from
one point to the other.
Voltag
e
The defining equation for voltage is
UNIT OF VOLTAGE
The unit of voltage is the volt (V).
By definition:
One volt is the potential difference (voltage)
between two points when one joule of energy is used
to move one coulomb of charge from one point to the
other.
1 C
1 Joule of Energy
The potential
difference is
one Volt!
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE SOURCES
The term dc, used
throughout this text,
is an abbreviation for
direct current, which
encompasses all
systems where there
is a unidirectional
(one direction) flow of
charge.
FIG. 2.11 Standard
symbol for a dc
voltage source.
VOLTAGE SOURCES
In general, dc voltage sources can be divided into
three basic types:
Batteries (chemical action or solar energy)
Generators (electromechanical), and
Power supplies (rectificationa conversion process to
be described in your electronics courses).
VOLTAGE SOURCES
A battery is a type of voltage source that
converts chemical energy into electrical
energy.




Solar Cells convert light energy into electrical
energy.
Generators convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy.
VOLTAGE SOURCES
BATTERIES
Dell laptop lithium-ion
battery: 11.1 V, 4400 mAh.
VOLTAGE SOURCES
SOLAR CELL
Solar System: (a)
panels on roof of
garage; (b) system
operation.
VOLTAGE SOURCES
GENERATORS
FIG. 2.18 dc
generator.
VOLTAGE SOURCES
POWER SUPPLIES
The dc supply
encountered most
frequently in the
laboratory uses
the rectification
and filtering
processes as its
means toward
obtaining a steady
dc voltage.
A 0 V to 60 V, 0 to 1.5 A
digital display dc power
supply
VOLTAGE SOURCES
POWER SUPPLIES
FIG. 2.20 dc laboratory supply: (a) available terminals; (b)
positive voltage with respect to (w.r.t.) ground; (c) negative
voltage w.r.t. ground; (d) floating supply.
AMPERE-HOUR RATING
The most important piece of data for any
battery (other than its voltage rating) is
its ampere-hour (Ah) rating.
The ampere-hour (Ah) rating provides an
indication of how long a battery of fixed voltage
will be able to supply a particular current.
BATTERY LIFE FACTORS
The previous section made it clear that the life of
a battery is directly related to the magnitude of
the current drawn from the supply.
However, there are factors that affect the given
ampere-hour rating of a battery, so we may find
that a battery with an ampere-hour rating of 100
can supply a current of 10 A for 10 hours but can
supply a current of 100 A for only 20 minutes
rather than the full 1 hour.
In other words, the capacity of a battery (in ampere-
hours) will change with change in current demand.
BATTERY LIFE FACTORS
Ampere-hour rating (capacity) versus drain current for
an Energizer D cell.
BATTERY LIFE
The battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy. It
pumps electrons from one terminal of the battery to the other.
Battery life is given in ampere-hours (Ah). The life in hours can be
calculated by dividing the ampere-hour rating by the value of
current being drawn during the time it is supplying current.

MEASURING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
Voltage is measured with a voltmeter
V1
R1
R
2
V1
R1
R
2
V
+
VM1
VOLTMETER CONNECTION TO MEASURE VOLTAGE
MEASURING CURRENT
Current is measured with an ammeter
V1
R1
R
2
V1
R1
R
2
A
+
AM1
AMMETER CONNECTION TO MEASURE CURRENT
VOLTMETER AND AMMETER CONNECTION
IN A SIMPLE CIRCUIT
V1
R
1
A
+
A
M
1
V
+
VM1
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 1 represents the connection to measure (.)
Figure 2 represents the connection to measure (.)

Ampere


Charge



Circuit
The unit of electrical current.
An electrical property of matter that exists
because of an excess or a deficiency of
electrons. Charge can be either + or -.
An interconnection of electronic
components designed to produce a desired
result. A basic circuit consists of a source,
a load, and an interconnecting path.
Selected Key Terms



Coulomb

Current

Electron





The unit of electrical charge.
The rate of flow of electrical charge.
A basic particle of electrical charge in matter.
The electron possesses a negative charge.
Selected Key Terms
The amount of energy per charge available to
move electrons from one point to another in an
electric circuit.
Voltage
The unit of voltage or electromotive force. Volt
POWER AND ENERGY
If the current arrow is directed into the +
marked terminal of an element, then p = vi
yields the absorbed power.
A negative value indicates that power is
actually being generated by the element.
Dr.
Che
dly
B.
Yah
ya,
EE
PM
U,
2013
8
5

Power: absorbed
Elements can either absorb (consume) or supply (generate)
power
-

V
I
Dr.
Che
dly
B.
Yah
ya,
EE
PM
U,
2013
8
6

Power: Supplied
If the current arrow is directed out of the +
terminal of an element, then p = vi yields the
supplied power. A negative value in this case
indicates that power is actually being
absorbed instead of generated.
-

V
I
Dr.
Che
dly
B.
Yah
ya,
EE
PM
U,
2013
8
8

Power: Example 1
W A V
VI P
b
6 ) 3 )( 2 ( - -

W A V
VI P
c
20 ) 5 ( 4 - -

W A V
VI P
a
6 ) 3 ( 2

Into +
Into +
Into +
Generated or supplied
EXAMPLE 2
Independent Sources
Dr.
Che
dly
B.
Yah
ya,
EE
PM
U,
2013
9
0

(a) DC or AC voltage source;
(b) DC, battery;
(c) ac voltage source.
Symbol for an
independent
current source.
Sources: Dependent
DC Current: (Direct Current Current !!)
Dr. Chedly B. Yahya, EE
PMU, 2013
9
1

(a) current-controlled current source;
(b) voltage-controlled current source;
(c) voltage-controlled voltage source;
(d) current-controlled voltage source.
The four different types of dependent sources
Sources & Power: Example 3
Dr.
Che
dly
B.
Yah
ya,
EE
PM
U,
2013
9
2

Find the power absorbed by each
element in the circuit.
Sources & Power: Example 3
Dr.
Che
dly
B.
Yah
ya,
EE
PM
U,
2013
9
3

W V A V P
W V A V P
W V A A P
60 ) 12 )( 5 ( ) 12 (
16 ) 8 )( 2 ( ) 8 (
56 ) 8 )( 7 ( ) 7 (
- -

- -
P>0: Absorbed
(I + to -)
P<0: Supplied
(I - to +)
-7A
-5A
7A I out of +, 8V I into +, 12V I out of
+
Sources & Power: Example 3
V v W
A V V Pd
x
12 , 60
] ) 12 )( 25 . 0 )[( 20 ( ) 20 (
- -
-
Dr.
Che
dly
B.
Yah
ya,
EE
PM
U,
2013
9
4

W V A V P 160 ) 20 )( 8 ( ) 20 (
P>0: Absorbed
(I + to -)
P<0: Supplied
(I - to +)
Both I into + Absorbed >0
Conservation of Energy
Dr.
Che
dly
B.
Yah
ya,
EE
PM
U,
2013
9
5

W V Pd
W V P
W V P
W V P
W A P
60 ) 20 (
160 ) 20 (
60 ) 12 (
16 ) 8 (
56 ) 7 (
-

- - - 0 60 160 60 16 56
i
P

0
i
P

sup
P P
absorb
POWER ABSORBED OR SUPPLIED BY EACH
ELEMENT
] [ 48 ) 4 )( 12 (
1
W A V P
] [ 48 ) 2 )( 24 (
2
W A V P
] [ 56 ) 2 )( 28 (
3
W A V P
] [ 8 ) 2 )( 4 ( ) 2 )( 1 ( W A V A I P
x DS
- - -
] [ 144 ) 4 )( 36 (
36
W A V P
V
- -
NOTICE THE POWER BALANCE
USE POWER BALANCE TO COMPUTE Io
W 12 -
) )( 6 (
O
I
) 9 )( 12 ( -
) 3 )( 10 ( -
) 8 )( 4 ( -
) 11 )( 2 8 (
POWER BALANCE
] [ 1 A I
O

Example 4