Answers 1 How fast?

rates
Answers to Topic 1 Test yourself questions
1 a) Concentrated hydrochloric acid reacts much
faster with marble chips than dilute
hydrochloric acid.
b) Any reaction involving gases such as the
manufacture of ammonia from nitrogen and
hydrogen.
c) Magnesium powder reacts much faster with
dilute hydrochloric acid than magnesium
ribbon.
d) Catalytic converters are only effective in
speeding up the reactions which remove
pollutants from car exhausts once they are hot.
e) A platinumrhodium alloy catalyses the
oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen oxide.
2 a) In a more concentrated solution there are more
collisions per second between reactants and so
an increased rate of reaction.
b) Increasing the pressure forces the molecules
closer together and increases the rate of
collisions which lead to reaction.
c) When a solid reacts with a liquid or gas the
reaction taes place on the interface where the
reactants meet. !he larger the surface" the
greater the area open to reaction.
d) At a higher temperature the Maxwell
#olt$mann distribution shifts to the right so the
proportion of molecules with energy greater
than the activation energy increases" and so
more collisions which are more energetic can
lead to reaction.
e) A catalyst provides an alternative reaction
pathway with a lower activation energy. With a
lower activation energy there are more
collisions with enough energy to lead to
reaction.
3
s %&
dm mol '.()* +'.&&
,

- '.''./ mol dm
0,
s
0%
4 a) )1
)
2
&
+g* (12
)
+g* 3 2
)
+g*
b) ) mol of 12
)
is formed from % mol of 1
)
2
&
4
/.' %'
0(
mol dm
0,
s
0%
5 a) Collect the gas in a graduated syringe.
b) 5emove samples at intervals" stop the reaction
by cooling and then titrate against alali the
acid produced by the reaction.
c) Measure the conductivity of the solution to
follow the increase in the concentration of ions.
d) Carry out the reaction in a flas" with a loose
plug of cotton wool in its nec" on a balance
and record the loss in mass at regular
intervals.
6 5ate - k6peroxide7
k -
6peroxide7
rate

-
,
% , 8
dm mol '.')
s dm mol %' /.(

- ,./ %'
0(
s
0%
5ate - k6ester7629
0
7
k -
7 6ester7629
rate

-
, ,
% ,
dm mol '.%' dm mol '.'&
s dm mol '.'''8:

- '.%,. dm
,
mol
0%
s
0%
! a) !he graph is a straight line so the reaction is
first order with respect to bromine.
b) i) 9alf;lives are all close to )'' s wherever
they are read from the graph.
ii) !his is consistent with the answer to a).
!he half;life for a first;order process is
independent of the starting concentration.
" <or a first;order reaction the gradient of the
rateconcentration graph gives the rate constant.
1# a) 5ate - k65#r7629
0
7
b) =econd order
c) >nits? dm
,
mol
0%
s
0%
11 a) @raph similar to <igure %.%,.
b) )19
,
+g* 1
)
+g* 3 ,9
)
+g*
5ate - k
12 a) 5ate - k65#r7629
0
7
b) k -
7 65#r7629
rate

=
, ,
% ,
dm mol '.') dm mol '.')
s dm mol %.,8

- ,('' dm
,
mol
0%
s
0%
13 a) 5ate - k65#r7
b) k =
65A#r7
rate
-
,
% ,
dm mol '.')
s dm mol ('.('

- )')' s
0%
1 of 3
$ %& Hill and A& Hunt 2##" 'de(cel )*e+istry for A2
Answers 1 How fast? rates
14 a) )9
)
+g* 3 )12+g* 1
)
+g* 3 )9
)
2+g*
b) 5ate - k69
)
+g*7612+g*7
)
2 of 3
$ %& Hill and A& Hunt 2##" 'de(cel )*e+istry for A2
Answers 1 How fast? rates
15 5eaction between molecules involve the breaing
of covalent bonds. !he range of activation
energies roughly corresponds to the range of
values for covalent bond energies.
16 a) !hese are the units for a first;order reaction.
b) As the value of k gets larger" the rate gets
faster for a given concentration of the
reactant. =o the reaction speeds up as the
temperature rises.
c) !he %' degree rise from ):. B to ,'. B
brings about a &;fold increase in rate. !he )'
degree rise from )/. B to ):. B brings about
Cust over a )&;fold increase in rate.
1 a) E
a
DRT becomes smaller in magnitude as T
rises. #ecause of the negative sign in the
equation" this means that ln k becomes more
positive. =o k gets larger as T rises and the
rate is faster.
b) !he larger the activation energy the larger the
value of E
a
DRT and so the smaller the
magnitude of ln k. 9ence k gets smaller and
the rate less.
1! ln +(.:, E %'
0(
* - constant 0
):& ,%( .
a
.
E
ln +%.(' E %'
0,
* - constant 0
,'& ,%( .
a
.
E
=ubtract and solve for E
a
E
a
- /. F mol
0%
1" a) 9eterogeneous b) homogeneous
c) heterogeneous d) heterogeneous
2# In the presence of a catalyst" the reaction
pathway has an activation energy which is much
lower than when there is no catalyst. !ungsten
metal adsorbs hydrogen into the upper layers of
the crystal structure as single atoms. =o the
catalyst breas the bonds between the atoms in
one of the reactants. !he pathway with a lower
activation energy allows the reaction to proceed
much faster.
21 !here are several steps to picing up a meal from
a canteen counter. !he rate at which the queue
moves can be slowed down if there is a rate;
determining step such as waiting for a toaster to
mae pieces of toast or for a coffee machine to
deliver cups of coffee.
=imilarly the flow of traffic along a motorway
slows down overall if there are lane closures and
the traffic has to travel at &' mph along a
coned;off section of the road.
22 In the first step a strong covalent bond has to
brea. In the second step two oppositely charged
ions" which attract each other" come together to
form a bond.
23 a) 12
)
+g* 3 C2+g* 12+g* 3 C2
)
+g*
b) 5ate - k612
)
+g*7
)
c) Gero order
24 !he intermediate has a double bond as in an
alene" and an 29 group as in an alcohol.
9ence it is called an enol.
25 a) 5ate - k6C9
,
C2C9
,
769
3
7
b) 9ydrogen ions act as the catalyst for the
reaction. !hey are not used up in the reaction
and so do not appear in the balanced equation.
9owever" hydrogen ions are involved in the
rate;determining step so that the concentration
of hydrogen ions affects the rate of reaction.
As a result" the concentration of hydrogen
ions appears in the rate equation.
26 9ydrogen ions are used to form the enol
intermediate in steps % and ) but then as many
hydrogen ions are released at the end of step ).
2 In both reactions the rate is determined by the
rate of formation of the enol" which depends on
the concentrations of propanone and hydrogen
ions. #romine or iodine then react very quicly
with the enol intermediate as soon as it is formed.
3 of 3
$ %& Hill and A& Hunt 2##" 'de(cel )*e+istry for A2