STRUCTURAL

Zoning, site characteristics,

occupancy, configuring structural
system and height
The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be
determined by the following factors.
14 Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at
least 3 approved recording accelerographs.
Owner Maintenance and service of accelorographs shall be provided by the

Occupant o the building !ho shall be responsible for "eeping the actual live load below the
allowable limits and shall be liable for any failure on the structure
due to overloading
#oad duration The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate
of periods of intermittent application of the same load
14 s$. m Minimum area in s$uare meters a member supports which the
design live load may be reduced
1.%& s$. m Minimum height of any wall re$uiring structural design to resist
loads onto which they are sub'ected
1()4& of wall span Ma*imum deflection of a brittle finished wall sub'ected to a load
of )%& +ascal applied. +erpendicular to said wall
1(1)& of wall span Ma*imum deflection of flexible finished wall sub'ected to a load of
)%& +ascal applied perpendicular to said wall
,& s$. m Ma*imum floor area for a low-cost housing unit
.ase The level at which the earth$ua"e motions are considered to be
imparted to the structure of the level at which the structure as a
dynamic vibrator is supported
/ollector 0 member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a
portion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral force
resisting system
1iaphragm 0 hori2ontal or nearly hori2ontal system acting to transmit lateral
forces to the vertical resisting elements it includes hori2ontal bracing
system
.ase 3hear 4 The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure
.oundary element 0n element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls
or diaphragm
.race 5rame 0n essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or accentric
type which is provided to resist lateral forces
.uilding 5rame 3ystem 0 essentially complete space frame which provides supports for
gravity loads
1ual 3ystem 0 combination of a 3pecial or 6ntermediate Moment 7esisting 3pace
5rame and 3hear !alls or .raced 5rame
8ccentric .race 5rame 98.5: The form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace
intersects a beam at a point away from the column girder 'oint
;oints The entire assemblage at the 6ntersection of the members
<irder The hori2ontal member in a frame system, a beam
-the ma'or hori2ontal supporting member of the floor system
1iaphragm 3trut 0n element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load, which
collects and transfers diaphragm shear to vertical resisting
elements of distributes loads within the diaphragm. 3uch members
may ta"e a*ial tension or compression
1iaphragm /hord The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is
assumed to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a
beam
8ssential facilities Those structures which are necessary for emergency post
earth$ua"e operations
#ateral 5orce 7esisting 3ystem That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces
Ordinary Moment 7esisting 3pace
5rame
Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing
re$uirements for ductile behavior
3tory 1rift The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
3trength The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads
within the deformation limits prescribed in this document
+latform The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination
of structural system
=ori2ontal .racing system =ori2ontal truss system that serves the same function as a
diaphragm
3tructure 0n assemblage of framing members designed to support
gravity loads and resist lateral forces
.earing !all 3ystem 0 structural system without complete vertical load carrying
space frame. This system provides support for gravity loads.
7esistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced
frames
.uilding 5rame system 0 structural system with essentially complete space frame
providing support for gravity loads. 7esistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or braced frames
Moment 7esisting 5rame 3ystem 0 structural system with an essentially complete space frame
providing support for gravity loads. Moments resisting space frames
provide resistance to lateral load primarily by fle*ural action of
members.
!ea" story 6s one in which the story strength is less than !" of that the
story above
Time =istory 0nalysis 0n elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical
model of the structure is sub'ected to a ground motion time history.
The structures time dependant dynamic response to these motion is
obtained through numerical integration of its e$uations of motions.
Orthogonal 8ffect The effect on the structure due to earth$ua"e motions acting in
directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under
consideration
+-delta effect The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members
induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced
building frame
0dmi*ture Material other than water aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its
mi*ing to modify its properties
+lain /oncrete /oncrete that doesn>t not conform to definition of reinforced
concrete
+edestal ?pright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to
average least lateral dimension of less than three 93 m:
Modulus of 8lasticity 7atio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below proportional limit of material
-in the formula e@+#(08, 8 stands for
;ac"ing 5orce 6n prestressed concrete, temporary force e*erted by device that
introduces tension into prestressing tendons
8mbedment #ength #ength of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical
section
8ffective +restress 3tress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have
occurred, e*cluding effects of dead load and superimposed loads
1evelopment #ength #ength of embedded reinforcement re#uired to develop the
design strength of reinforcement at a critical section
/urvature friction 5riction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing
tendon profile
3tructural #ightweight /oncrete /oncrete containing lightweight aggregate
.onded tendon +restressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or
through grouting
3tructural 3teel 03TM 03,
03TM 0%14 =igh Aield 3trength Buenched and Tempered 0lloy 3teel +late,
3uitable for !elding
T7?8 True or 5alse, bar larger than 3)mm in diameter shall not be
bundled in beams
4& mm Minimum concrete cover for a +restressed concrete for beams and
columns for primary reinforcement
+oisson>s 7atio 6n a material under tension or compression, the absolute value of
the ratio transverse strain to the corresponding longitudinal
strain
3lenderness 7atio 6n column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of
gyration
Torsion 0 $uantity which measures the resistance of the mass to being
revolved about a line
5lat slab 0 type of concrete floor which has no beam
3hear The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically with respect
to an ad'acent part
1eformation 0 change in shape of a material when sub'ected to the action of
force
Aielding 3tress The ma*imum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively
the material sustain without failure
3tress -6t means that by which a body develops internal resistance to
stress
-6ntensity of force per unit area
0llowable 3tress The greatest stress which a material is capable of developing
without permanent deformation remaining upon the complete
release of stress
Tie ( 3tirrup #oop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
3tiffness 7ation The measure of stiffness of a material
+unching 3hear The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column stri"es hole
through it
1eflection The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting
on it
, inches Cominal thic"ness of a timber
8$uilibrium The sum of forces in the orthogonal directions and the sum of all
moments about any points are 2ero
) years The complete records of tests conducted 9slump, compression test,
etc.: shall be preserved and made available for inspection during the
progress of construction and after completion of the pro'ect for a
period of not less than
Cot less than 1D*4D !ood board should have a thic"ness specification
7un The distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight
+ortable =and router 0 high-speed rotary shaping hand power tool used to ma"e smooth
cutting and curving on solid wood
Enots !ood defects areF heart sha"e, cup sha"e, star sha"e and
3moothed and planed lumber 1ressed lumber is referred to
#ive load 6t refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in
place or may not be present at all
/ross cut saw The other "ind of handsaw other than rip cut saw
8ffective #ength The distance between inflection points in the column when it brea"s
4olume The amount of space measured in cubic units
/ontraction ;oint 0n e*pansion 'oint of ad'acent parts of a structure to permit
e*pected movements between them
Total 7un The total of all tread widths in a stair
.ond stress The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded
surfaces
+urlin 0 structural member spanning from truss to truss or supporting a
rafter
3i2e of dead load deflection 3i2e of camber for a )% meters steel truss
3hear connector 0 connector such as a welded strut, spiral bar, or short length of
channel which resists hori2ontal shear between elements
3hear 3tress 93hearing 3tress: The force per unit area of cross section which tend to produce shear
=oo">s #aw The law that relates the linear relationship between stresses and
strain
4 * diameter of bolt Minimum spacing of bolts in timber connection measured from
center of bolts parallel for parallel to grain loading is e$ual to
4 * diameter of bolt 0ccording to the provision of the C3/+ on timber connection and
fastening the loaded edge distance for perpendicular to grain loading
shall be at least
).% C3/+ specifies spacing between rows of bolts for perpendicular to
grain loading shall be at least times bolt diameter for #(d ratio
of )
1) mm Minimum diameter of bolts to be used in timber connections and
fastening in accordance with C3/+ specifications
%& 3imple solid timber columns have slenderness ratio not e*ceeding

11 diameters Cails and spi"es for which the wire gauges or lengths not set forth in
the C3/+ specifications shall have a re$uired penetration of not less
than
1(, depth of member Cotches in sawn lumber bending members in accordance with the
C3/+ specifications shall not e*ceed
Middle third span Cotches in sawn lumber shall not be located in the
G the depth Cotches in the top and bottom of 'oist shall not e*ceed
.,& of specified yield strength 0llowable stresses for tension in structural steel in terms of gross
area
.%& of specified minimum tensile
strength
0llowable tensile stress of structural steel based on effective area
&.4% 5y 0llowable stress for tension on pin connected members based on net
area
&.4& 5y 0llowable shear stress on structural steel on the cross sectional area
effective in resisting shear
1&&H 5or structures carrying live loads which induce impact, the assumed
live load shall be increased sufficiently to provide for same, for
supports of elevators the increase shall be
)&& The slenderness ratio of compression members shall not e*ceed
)4& The slenderness ratio main members in tension shall not e*ceed
4& mm /oncrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than
for concrete exposed to earth or weather
)& mm /oncrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall not be less than
for concrete not exposed to earth or weather
I days /uring of concrete 9other than high-early strength: shall be
maintained above 1& / and in moist condition for at least the first
days after placement
I days 6f concrete in structure will dry under service conditions, cores shall
be air-dried for days before test and shall be tested dry.
3 days /utting for high early strength concrete shall be maintained above
1& / and in moist condition for at least the days after placement
)% mm The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in layer shall be
db 9diameter of bar: but not less than
1J& deg. .end K4db e*tension but
not less than ,% mm at the end of
bar
3tandard hoo"s used in reinforced concrete beam shall mean
L& deg. .end K ,db e*tension at
free end
3tandard hoo"s for stirrups and tie hoo"s 1,mm bar and smaller
L& deg. .end K 1)db e*tension at
free end
3tandard hoo"s for stirrups and thie hoo"s )&-)% mm bar
-1) mm 0llowable tolerance on minimum concrete cover for depth greater
than )&& mm
K-%& mm 0llowable tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and ends of
reinforcement
4& db 6ndividual bars with a bundle terminated within the span of fle*ural
members shall terminate at different points with a stagger of at
least
3 db /lear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each end of
member shall not be less than for strands
4 db /lear distance between pre-tensioning tendons at each of member
shall to be less than for wire
I% mm Minimum concrete cover provided for reinforcement of cast in place
against permanently e*posed earth or weather using bars larger
than 3, mm