1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5:
CHAPTER 5:
Electric current and direct-
Electric current and direct-
current circuits
current circuits
(7 Hours)
(7 Hours)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Describe Describe microscopic model of current. microscopic model of current.

Define and use Define and use electric current formulae, electric current formulae,
Learning Outcome:
5.1 Electrical conduction (1 our)
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
3
5.1.1 Electric current, I

Consider a si#$le closed circuit consists o' !ires( a )atter% and

a li*t )ul) as so!n in +i*ure 5.1.
5.1 Electrical conduction
Area( A
e
F

I
Figure 5.1 Figure 5.1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
4

+ro# te +i*ure 5.1(

,irection o' electric 'ield or electric current :

Positie to negatie terminal Positie to negatie terminal

,irection o' electron 'lo!s :

!egatie to positie terminal !egatie to positie terminal

Te electron accelerates electron accelerates )ecause o' te electric force electric force
acted on it.

is de'ined as the total "nett# charge, the total "nett# charge, Q Q flo$ing through the flo$ing through the
area per unit time, area per unit time, t t.
-ate#aticall%(
t
Q
I
dt
dQ
I
.R
instantaneous current instantaneous current
aerage current aerage current
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
5

It is a base and scalar base and scalar /uantities.

Te %.&. unit %.&. unit o' te electric current is te ampere ampere (A A).

Its di#ension is *i0en )%

1 ampere 1 ampere o' current is de'ined as one coulomb of charge one coulomb of charge
passing through the surface area in one second passing through the surface area in one second.
.R
[ ] A I
1
s C 1
second 1
coulomb 1
ampere 1


!ote: !ote:
I' te charge moe around a circuit in the same direction charge moe around a circuit in the same direction
at all times at all times( te current is called direct current "dc# direct current "dc#( !ic is
produced b' the batter' produced b' the batter'.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
6

is de'ined as the current flo$ing through a conductor per the current flo$ing through a conductor per
unit cross(sectional area unit cross(sectional area.
-ate#aticall%(

It is a ector )uantit' ector )uantit'.

Its unit is ampere per s)uared metre ampere per s)uared metre (A m A m
* *
)

Te direction of current densit', direction of current densit', J J al!a%s in te same same

direction of the current direction of the current I I. e.*. in +i*ure 5.1.
5.1.* +urrent densit', J
A
I
J
!ere current electric : I
conductor the of area sectional - cross : A
I
max
J

0 J

Area( A
Figure 5.* Figure 5.*
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
7

In #etal te charge carrier is free electrons charge carrier is free electrons and a lot of free lot of free
electrons are aailable electrons are aailable in it.

Te% moe freel' and randoml' moe freel' and randoml' trou*out te cr%stal lattice
structure o' te #etal )ut 're/uentl% interact !it te lattices.

2en te electric field is applied to the metal electric field is applied to the metal( te freel' freel'
moing electron e,perience an electric force moing electron e,perience an electric force and tend to
drift drift $ith constant aerage elocit' " constant aerage elocit' "called drift elocit'# drift elocit'#
to$ards a direction opposite to the direction of the field to$ards a direction opposite to the direction of the field as
so!n in +i*ure 5.3.

Ten te electric current is flo$ing electric current is flo$ing in te opposite direction opposite direction
of the electron flo$s of the electron flo$s.
5.1.- Electrical conduction in metal
E

I
d
v

d
v

Figure 5.- Figure 5.-

!ote: !ote:
Te magnitude of the magnitude of the
drift elocit' is much drift elocit' is much
smaller than the smaller than the
random elocities of random elocities of
the free electron. the free electron.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
8

Consider a #etal rod o' len*t L and cross-sectional area A(

!ic is a$$lied to te electric 'ield as so!n in +i*ures 5.4.

Su$$ose tere are n 'ree electrons (car*e carrier) $er unit

0olu#e in te #etal rod( tus te nu#)er o' 'ree electron( N is
*i0en )%
5.1.. Drift elocit' of charges, v
d
E

I
d
v

d
v

L
A
Figure 5.. Figure 5..
V
N
n AL V and
AL
N
n nAL N
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
9

Te total car*e Q o' te 'ree electrons tat $ass trou* te

area A alon* te rod is

Te ti#e re/uired 'or te electron #o0in* alon* te rod is

Since
Ne Q
( ) e nAL Q
t
L
v
d
d
v
L
t
ten te dri't 0elocit% v
d
is *i0en )%
t
Q
I
( )
d
d
nAev
v
L
e nAL
I

,
_

nAe
I
v
d
J
A
I

and
.R
!ere
electron the of charge : e
Definition Definition
Densit' of the Densit' of the
free electron free electron
ne
J
v
d
electron free of number : n
e unit volum per carrier) (charge
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
10
A sil0er !ire carries a current o' 3.5 A. ,eter#ine
a. te nu#)er o' electrons $er second $ass trou* te !ire(
). te a#ount o' car*e 'lo!s trou* a cross-sectional area o' te
!ire in 55 s.
(6i0en car*e o' electron( e 7 1.85 15
19
C)
%olution : %olution :
a. :% a$$l%in* te e/uation o' a0era*e current( tus
). 6i0en ( tus te a#ount o' car*e 'lo!s is *i0en )%
E;a#$le 1 :
A 0 . 3 I
t
Q
I
( )
t
N
1
10 !0 . 1
0 . 3

1 1
s electrons 10 "" . 1


t
N
and
Ne Q
t
Ne
I
s ## t
It Q
( )## 0 . 3 Q C 1!# Q
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
11
A co$$er !ire o' radius 955 # carries a current o' 17 #A. Te !ire
contains <.49 15
1<
'ree electrons $er cu)ic #eter. ,eter#ine
a. te #a*nitude o' te dri't 0elocit% in te !ire(
). te current densit% in te !ire.
(6i0en car*e o' electron( e 7 1.85 15
19
C)
%olution : %olution :
a. :% a$$l%in* te e/uation o' te dri't 0elocit%( tus
). Te current densit% is *i0en )%
E;a#$le 1 :
3 $" 3 !
m 10 % . " A& 10 1' m& 10 00

n I r
nAe
I
v
d
( ) ( ) ( )
1
$
! $"
3
d
10 !0 . 1 10 00 10 % . "
10 1'

v
1 '
d
s m 10 $ . %

v
and
$
r A
e r n
I
v
$
d

$
r
I
J
( )
$ 3
$
!
3
m A 10 !" . !
10 00
10 1'

J
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
12
A i* 0olta*e trans#ission line !it a dia#eter o' 3.55 c# and a
len*t o' 155 "# carries a stead% current o' 1555 A. I' te conductor
is co$$er !ire !it a 'ree car*e densit% o' <.49 15
1<
electrons #
-3
(
calculate te ti#e ta"en )% one electron to tra0el te 'ull len*t o' te
line. (6i0en car*e o' electron( e 7 1.85 15
19
C)
%olution : %olution :
:% a$$l%in* te e/uation o' te dri't 0elocit%( tus
Tere'ore te ti#e ta"en )% one electron to tra0el te line is
E;a#$le 3 :
nAe
I
v
d
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
$
$ $"
d
10 !0 . 1 10 00 . 3 10 % . "
1#00 %

v
1 %
d
s m 10 #! . 1

v
and
%
$
d
A
e d n
I
v
$
d
%

d
v
L
t
s 10 %1 . !
10 #! . 1
10 100
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%
3

t
A& 1#00 m& 10 100 m& 10 00 . 3
3 $


I L d
3 $"
m 10 % . "

n
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
13
E;$lain o! electrical de0ices can )e*in o$eratin* al#ost
i##ediatel% a'ter %ou s!itc on( e0en tou* te indi0idual
electrons in te !ire #a% ta"e ours to reac te de0ice.
%olution : %olution :
E;a#$le 4 :

Each electron in the $ire affects its neighbours b' e,erting Each electron in the $ire affects its neighbours b' e,erting
a force on them, causing them to moe. a force on them, causing them to moe.

/hen electrons begin to moe out of a batter' or source /hen electrons begin to moe out of a batter' or source
their motion sets up a propagating influence that moes their motion sets up a propagating influence that moes
through the $ire at nearl' the speed of light, causing through the $ire at nearl' the speed of light, causing
electrons eer'$here in the $ire begin to moe. electrons eer'$here in the $ire begin to moe.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
14
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define and use resistiit' formulae, Define and use resistiit' formulae,

%tate Ohm0s la$. %tate Ohm0s la$.

Appl' formulae, Appl' formulae,

Learning Outcome:
5.1 Resisti0it% and .#=s la! (1 our)
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IR V
l
RA

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
15
5.*.1 1esistance, R

is de'ined as a ratio of the potential difference across an a ratio of the potential difference across an
electrical component to the current passing through it. electrical component to the current passing through it.
-ate#aticall%(

It is a measure of the component0s opposition to the flo$ of measure of the component0s opposition to the flo$ of
the electric charge the electric charge.

It is a scalar scalar /uantit% and its unit is ohm ohm (

) or 2 A 2 A
1 1

In *eneral( te resistance of a metallic conductor increases resistance of a metallic conductor increases

$ith temperature $ith temperature.
5.* 1esistiit' and Ohm0s la$
I
V
R
!ere
(voltage) difference potential : V
current : I
!ote: !ote:
I' te temperature temperature o' te #etallic conductor is constant constant ence its
resistance resistance also constant constant.
"5.1# "5.1#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
16
1esistiit', 1esistiit',

is de'ined as the resistance of a unit cross(sectional area the resistance of a unit cross(sectional area
per unit length of the material per unit length of the material.
-ate#aticall%(

It is a scalar a scalar /uantit% and its unit is ohm meter ohm meter (

m m)

It is a measure of a material0s abilit' to oppose the flo$ of measure of a material0s abilit' to oppose the flo$ of
an electric current an electric current.

It also "no!n as specific resistance specific resistance.

Resisti0it% de$ends on te t'pe of the material t'pe of the material and on te

temperature temperature.

A *ood electric conductors conductors a0e a 0er% lo$ resistiities lo$ resistiities and
*ood insulators insulators a0e 0er% high resistiities high resistiities.
5.*.* 1esistiit' and conductiit'
l
RA

!ere material the of length : l
area sectional - cross : A
"5.*# "5.*#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
17

+ro# te e/. (5.1)( te resistance resistance o' a conductor de$ends on

te length and cross(sectional area length and cross(sectional area.

Ta)le 5.1 so!s te resisti0it% 'or 0arious #aterials at 15 C.

+onductiit', +onductiit',

is de'ined as the reciprocal of the resistiit' of a material. the reciprocal of the resistiit' of a material.
-ate#aticall%(

It is a scalar )uantit' scalar )uantit' and its unit is

1 1
m m
1 1
.
-aterial
Resisti0it%( ( m)
Sil0er 1.59 15
<
Co$$er 1.8< 15
<
Alu#inu# 1.<1 15
<
6old 1.44 15
<
6lass 15
15
15
14
3able 5.1 3able 5.1

"5.-# "5.-#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
18
T!o !ires P and > !it circular cross section are #ade o' te sa#e
#etal and a0e e/ual len*t. I' te resistance o' !ire P is tree ti#es
*reater tan tat o' !ire >( deter#ine te ratio o' teir dia#eters.
%olution : %olution :
6i0en
E;a#$le 5 :
l l l
( ) ( )
&
( )
3R R and
A
l
R
3
)
(

d
d
(
( (
)
) )
3
A
l
A
l
and
%
$
d
A

,
_

$
(
$
)
%
3
%
d
l
d
l
.R
3
1
(
)

d
d
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
19
2en a $otential di''erence o' 145 ? is a$$lied across a !ire tat
is 155 c# lon* and as a 5.55 ## radius( te current densit% is
7.14 15
9
A #
1
. Calculate
a. te resisti0it% o' te !ire(
). te conducti0it% o' te !ire.
%olution : %olution :
a. +ro# te de'inition o' resistance( tus
). Te conducti0it% o' te !ire is *i0en )%
E;a#$le 8 :
I
V
R
m 10 !" . 1
"

!ere
A
l
R
JA
V
A
l
( )

10 1% . '
$%0
00 . $

1 1 '
"
m 10 # . #
10 !" . 1
1

m& 10 #0 . 0 m& 00 . $ *& $%0
3
r l V
$
m A 10 1% . '

J
and JA I

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
20

States tat the potential difference across a metallic the potential difference across a metallic
conductor is proportional to the current flo$ing through it if conductor is proportional to the current flo$ing through it if
its temperature is constant. its temperature is constant.
-ate#aticall%(

.#=s la! also can )e stated in ter# o' electric 'ield E and
current densit% J.

Consider a uni'or# conductor o' len*t l and cross-sectional

area A as so!n in +i*ure 5.5.
5.*.- Ohm0s la$
"5..# "5..#
I V
!ere conductor a of resistance : R
!ere constant T
Ten
IR V
Figure 5.5 Figure 5.5
E

I A
l
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
21

A $otential di''erence V is #aintained across te conductor

sets u$ )% an electric 'ield E and tis 'ield $roduce a current
I tat is $ro$ortional to te $otential di''erence.

I' te 'ield is assu#ed to )e uni'or#( te $otential di''erence

V is related to te 'ield trou* te relationsi$ )elo! :

+ro# te .#=s la!(

Ed V El V
IR V JA I
!ere

,
_

A
l
JA El
A
l
R and
J E

and
.R
E J
"5.5# "5.5#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
22

+i*ures 5.8a( 5.8)( 5.8c and 5.8d so! te $otential di''erence

V a*ainst current I *ra$s 'or 0arious #aterials.
V
I
0
6radient( m
7 R
Figure 5.4a : metal Figure 5.4a : metal
V
I
0
Figure 5.4b : semiconductor Figure 5.4b : semiconductor
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
23
V
I
0
Figure 5.4c : carbon Figure 5.4c : carbon
V
I
0
Figure 5.4d : electrol'te Figure 5.4d : electrol'te
!ote: !ote:

So#e conductors a0e resistances resistances !ic depend on the depend on the
currents currents 'lo!in* trou* te# are "no!n as Ohmic conductors Ohmic conductors
and are said to o)e% Ohm0s la$ Ohm0s la$.

-ean!ile( non(ohmic conductors non(ohmic conductors are te conductors !ere

teir resistance depend onl' of the temperature resistance depend onl' of the temperature.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
24
A co$$er !ire carries a current o' 15.5 A. Te cross section o' te
!ire is a s/uare o' side 1.5 ## and its len*t is 55 #. Te densit% o'
te 'ree electron in te !ire is <.5 15
1<
#
3
. ,eter#ine
a. te current densit%(
). te dri't 0elocit% o' te electrons(
c. te electric 'ield intensit% )et!een )ot end o' te !ire(
d. te $otential di''erence across te !ire(
e. te resistance o' te !ire.
(6i0en te resisti0it% o' co$$er is 1.8< 15
<
# and car*e o'
electron( e 7 1.85 15
19
C)
%olution : %olution :
a. Te current densit% is *i0en )%
E;a#$le 7 :
& m 10 0 . " m& 10 0 . $ A& 0 . 10
3 $" 3
n a I
m #0 l
A
I
J
$
a A and
$
a
I
J
( )
$ !
$
3
m A 10 # . $
10 0 . $
0 . 10

J
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
25
%olution : %olution :
d. :% usin* te e/uation o' dri't 0elocit%( tus
c. Te electric 'ield intensit% is
& m 10 0 . " m& 10 0 . $ A& 0 . 10
3 $" 3
n a I
m #0 l
nAe
I
v
d
( )( ) ( )
1
$
3 $"
d
10 !0 . 1 10 0 . $ 10 0 . "
0 . 10


v
1 %
d
s m 10 # . 1

v
and
$
a A
e na
I
v
$
d

J E
( )( )
! "
10 # . $ 10 !" . 1

E
1
C + 0%$ . 0

E
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
26
%olution : %olution :
d. :% a$$l%in* te relationsi$ )et!een uni'or# E and ?( ence
e. +ro# te o#=s la!( tere'ore
& m 10 0 . " m& 10 0 . $ A& 0 . 10
3 $" 3
n a I
m #0 l
El V
( ) ( ) #0 0%$ . 0 V
* 1 . $ V
IR V
R 0 . 10 1 . $
$1 . 0 R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
27
E;ercise 5.1 :
1. A )loc" in te sa$e o' a rectan*ular solid as a cross-
sectional area o' 3.55 c#
1
across its !idt( a 'ront to rear
len*t o' 15.< c# and a resistance o' 935 . Te #aterial o'
!ic te )loc" is #ade as 5.33 15
11
electrons #
3
. A
$otential di''erence o' 35.< ? is #aintained )et!een its 'ront
and rear 'aces. Calculate
a. te current in te )loc"(
). te current densit% in te )loc"(
c. te dri't 0elocit% o' te electron(
d. te #a*nitude o' te electric 'ield in te )loc".
"Fundamentals of Ph'sics,4 "Fundamentals of Ph'sics,4
th th
edition, 5allida', 1esnic6 7 edition, 5allida', 1esnic6 7
/al6er, 8*., p.4-1# /al6er, 8*., p.4-1#
A!%. : A!%. : -.9- -.9- 1: 1:
* *
A; 1:< A m A; 1:< A m
* *
; 1.*9 ; 1.*9 1: 1:
* *
m s m s
1 1
; **= 2 m ; **= 2 m
1 1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
28
E;ercise 5.1 :
1.
+i*ure 5.7 so!s a rod in is #ade o' t!o #aterials. Eac
conductor as a s/uare cross section and 3.55 ## on a side.
Te 'irst #aterial as a resisti0it% o' 4.55 15
@3
# and is
15.5 c# lon*( !ile te second #aterial as a resisti0it% o'
8.55 15
@3
# and is 45.5 c# lon*. ,eter#ine te
resistance )et!een te ends o' te rod.
"Ph'sics for scientists and engineers,4 "Ph'sics for scientists and engineers,4
th th
edition,%er$a'7>e$ett, edition,%er$a'7>e$ett,
8*., p.95-# 8*., p.95-#
A!%. : A!%. : -=9 -=9
Figure 5.= Figure 5.=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
29
E;ercise 5.1 :
3. A 1.5 # len*t o' !ire is #ade )% !eldin* te end o' a 115
c# lon* sil0er !ire to te end o' an <5 c# lon* co$$er !ire.
Eac $iece o' !ire is 5.85 ## in dia#eter. A $otential
di''erence o' 5.5 ? is #aintained )et!een te ends o' te 1.5
# co#$osite !ire. ,eter#ine
a. te current in te co$$er and sil0er !ires.
). te #a*nitude o' te electric 'ield in co$$er and sil0er
!ires.
c. te $otential di''erence )et!een te ends o' te sil0er
section o' !ire.
(6i0en (sil0er) is 1.47 15
<
# and (co$$er) is 1.71
15
<
#)
"?niersit' ph'sics,11 "?niersit' ph'sics,11
th th
edition, @oung7Freedman, 8*5.54, edition, @oung7Freedman, 8*5.54,
p.<=4# p.<=4#
A!%. : A!%. : .5 A; *.=4 2 m .5 A; *.=4 2 m
1 1
, *.-- 2 m , *.-- 2 m
1 1
; *.=< 2 ; *.=< 2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
30
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

E,plain E,plain the effect of temperature on electrical resistance the effect of temperature on electrical resistance
in metals and superconductors in metals and superconductors

Define and e,plain Define and e,plain temperature coefficient of temperature coefficient of
resistiit', resistiit',

. .

Appl' Appl' formulae : formulae :

Learning Outcome:
5.3 ?ariation o' resistance !it te#$erature
(1 our)
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
31
5.-.1 Effect of temperature on resistance
Aetal Aetal

2en te temperature increases temperature increases( te number of free number of free

electrons per unit olume electrons per unit olume in #etal remains unchanged remains unchanged.

Aetal atoms Aetal atoms in te cr%stal lattice ibrate $ith greater ibrate $ith greater
amplitude amplitude and cause the number of collisions cause the number of collisions )et!een te
'ree electrons and #etal ato#s increase increase. Hence te resistance resistance
in the metal increases in the metal increases.
%uperconductor %uperconductor

Su$erconductor is a class of metals and compound a class of metals and compound !ose
resistance decreases to Bero resistance decreases to Bero !en te% are belo$ the belo$ the
critical temperature critical temperature T T
c c
.
5.- 2ariation of resistance $ith
temperature
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
32

Ta)le 5.1 so!s te critical te#$erature 'or 0arious

su$erconductors.

2en te temperature temperature o' te #etal decreases decreases( its resistance

decreases to Bero at critical temperature decreases to Bero at critical temperature.

Su$erconductor a0e #an% tecnolo*ical a$$lications suc as

#a*netic resonance i#a*in* (-RI)

#a*netic le0itation o' train

'aster co#$uter ci$s

$o!er'ul electric #otors and etcA

-aterial
T
c
( ,)
Bead 7.1<
-ercur% 4.15
Tin 3.71
Alu#inu# 1.19
Cinc 5.<<
3able 5.* 3able 5.*
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
33

is de'ined as a fractional increase in resistiit' of a fractional increase in resistiit' of a

conductor per unit rise in temperature conductor per unit rise in temperature.
.R

Since

= =

0 0
ten

Te unit o' is + +
1 1
.R C C
1 1
.

+ro# te e/uation (5.7)( te resistiit' of a conductors aries resistiit' of a conductors aries

appro,imatel' linearl' $ith temperature appro,imatel' linearl' $ith temperature.
5.-.* 3emperature coefficient of resistiit',
T

0
!ere - resistivit in the change :
0
change ure temperat : T T T
- resistivit initial :
0

- resistivit final :
!ere
( ) T + 1
0
"5.4# "5.4#
"5.=# "5.=#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
34

+ro# te de'inition o' resisti0it%( tus

ten te e/uation (5.7) can )e e;$ressed as

Ta)le 5.3 so!s te te#$erature coe''icients o' resisti0it% 'or

0arious #aterials.
R
( ) T R R + 1
0
"5.9# "5.9#
!ere resistance initial :
0
R
resistance final : R
-aterial
(C
1
)
Sil0er 4.15 15
3
-ercur% 5.<9 15
3
Iron 8.51 15
3
Alu#inu# 4.19 15
3
Co$$er 8.<5 15
3
3able 5.- 3able 5.-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
35

+i*ures 5.<a( 5.<)( 5.<c and 5.<d so! te resistance R a*ainst

te#$erature T *ra$s 'or 0arious #aterials.
R
T
0
0
R
c
T
Figure 5.9a : metal Figure 5.9a : metal
Figure 5.9b : semiconductor Figure 5.9b : semiconductor
R
T
0
R
T
0
Figure 5.9c : superconductor Figure 5.9c : superconductor
R
T
0
Figure 5.9d : carbon Figure 5.9d : carbon
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
36
A co$$er !ire as a resistance o' 15 # at 15 C. 2en te !ire is
carr%in* a current( eat $roduced )% te current causes te
te#$erature o' te !ire to increase )% 17 C.
a. Calculate te can*e in te !ire=s resistance.
). I' its ori*inal current !as 15.5 #A and te $otential di''erence
across !ire re#ains constant( !at is its 'inal currentD
(6i0en te te#$erature coe''icient o' resisti0it% 'or co$$er is
8.<5 15
3
C
1
)
%olution : %olution :
a. :% usin* te e/uation 'or te#$erature 0ariation o' resistance( tus
E;a#$le < :
C $' C& $0 & 10 $#
0
3
0



T T R
( ) T R R + 1
0
R R R
0
and


10 # . %
3
R
T R R R
0 0
T R R
0
( )( )( ) $' 10 "0 . ! 10 $#
3 3
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
37
%olution : %olution :
). 6i0en
:% usin* te e/uation 'or te#$erature 0ariation o' resistance(
tus
C $' C& $0 & 10 $#
0
3
0



T T R
( ) T R R + 1
0
0
I
V
R and !ere
I
V
R
A 10 0 . 10
3
0

I
( ) T
I
V
I
V
+ 1
0
( )
( )( ) [ ] $' 10 "0 . ! 1
10 0 . 10
1 1
3
3

I
A 10 %# . "
3
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
38
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define Define emf, emf,

E,plain E,plain the difference bet$een emf of a batter' and the difference bet$een emf of a batter' and
potential difference across the batter' terminals. potential difference across the batter' terminals.

Appl' Appl' formulae, formulae,

Learning Outcome:
5.4 Electro#oti0e 'orce (e#')( $otential di''erence
and internal resistance ( our)
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
Ir V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
39
5...1 Emf, and potential difference, V

Consider a circuit consistin* o' a )atter% (cell) tat is connected

)% !ires to an e;ternal resistor R as so!n in +i*ure 5.9.
5.. Electromotie force "emf#, potential
difference and internal resistance
I :atter% (cell)
A
.
r

R
I
Figure 5.< Figure 5.<
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
40

A current I 'lo!s 'ro# te ter#inal A to te ter#inal :.

+or te current to 'lo! continuousl% 'ro# ter#inal A to :( a source

o' electro#oti0e 'orce (e.#.'.)( is re/uired suc as )atter% to
#aintained te $otential di''erence )et!een $oint A and $oint :.

Electro#oti0e 'orce (e#')( is de'ined as the energ' proided the energ' proided
b' the source "batter'Dcell# to each unit charge that flo$s b' the source "batter'Dcell# to each unit charge that flo$s
through the e,ternal and internal resistances through the e,ternal and internal resistances.

Ter#inal $otential di''erence (0olta*e)( V is de'ined as te $or6 $or6

done in bringing a unit "test# charge from the negatie to the done in bringing a unit "test# charge from the negatie to the
positie terminals of the batter' through the e,ternal positie terminals of the batter' through the e,ternal
resistance onl' resistance onl'.

Te unit unit 'or )ot e.#.'. and $otential di''erence are olt " olt "V V# #.

2en te current I 'lo!s naturall% 'ro# te )atter% tere is an

internal dro$ in $otential di''erence (0olta*e) e/ual to Ir. Tus te
ter#inal $otential di''erence (0olta*e)( V is *i0en )%
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
41
ten

E/uation (5.9) is 0alid if the batter' "cell# supplied the current if the batter' "cell# supplied the current
to the circuit to the circuit !ere

+or te batter' $ithout internal resistance or if no current batter' $ithout internal resistance or if no current
flo$s in the circuit "open circuit# flo$s in the circuit "open circuit#( ten e/uation (5.9) can )e
!ritten as
Ir V
"5.<# "5.<#
and
IR V
( ) r R I + "5.1:# "5.1:#
!ere e.m.f. :
(voltage) difference potential terminal : V
r
/0 difference potential in drop internal : V Ir
resistance external total : R
(batter-) cell a of resistance internal : r
V <
V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
42

is de'ined as the resistance of the chemicals inside the the resistance of the chemicals inside the
batter' "cell# bet$een the poles and is gien b' batter' "cell# bet$een the poles and is gien b'

Te 0alue o' internal resistance depends on the t'pe of depends on the t'pe of
chemical material chemical material in te )atter%.

Te s%#)ol o' e#' and internal resistance in te electrical circuit

are so!n in +i*ures 5.15a and 5.15).
5...* &nternal resistance of a batter', r
I
V
r
$hen the cell "batter'# is used. $hen the cell "batter'# is used.
!ere
resistance internal across difference potential :
r
V
circuit in the current : I
r

.R
r

Figure 5.1:a Figure 5.1:a Figure 5.1:b Figure 5.1:b
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
43
A )atter% as an e#' o' 9.5 ? and an internal resistance o' 8.5 .
,eter#ine
a. te $otential di''erence across its ter#inals !en it is su$$l%in* a
current o' 5.55 A(
). te #a;i#u# current !ic te )atter% could su$$l%.
%olution : %olution :
a. 6i0en
:% a$$l%in* te e;$ression 'or e#'( tus
). Te current is #a;i#u# !en te total e;ternal resistance( R 75(
tere'ore
E;a#$le 9 :
0 . ! *& 0 . r
A #0 . 0 I
* 0 . ! V
( )( ) 0 . ! #0 . 0 0 . + V
Ir V +
A # . 1
max
I
( ) 0 . ! 0 0 .
max
+ I
( ) r R I +
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
44
A car )atter% as an e#' o' 11.5 ? and an internal resistance o'
1.5 . Te e;ternal resistor o' resistance 5.5 is connected in
series !it te )atter% as so!n in +i*ure 5.11.
,eter#ine te readin* o' te a##eter and 0olt#eter i' )ot #eters
are ideal.
E;a#$le 15 :
R
2 2

r
A A
Figure 5.11 Figure 5.11
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
45
%olution : %olution :
:% a$$l%in* te e/uation o' e.#.'.( te current in te circuit is
Tere'ore te readin* o' te a##eter is *.: A *.: A.
Te oltmeter measures oltmeter measures te potential difference across the potential difference across the
terminals terminals o' te )atter% e)ual to the potential difference across e)ual to the potential difference across
the total e,ternal resistor the total e,ternal resistor( tus its readin* is
0 . # & 0 . 1 *& 0 . 1$ R r
IR V
A 0 . $ I
( ) r R I +
( ) 0 . 1 0 . # 0 . 1$ + I
( ) ( ) 0 . # 0 . $ V
* 10 V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
46
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Appl' Appl' formula, formula,

Learning Outcome:
5.5 Electrical ener*% and $o!er ( our)
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
VI P
VIt W
and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
47
5.5.1 Electrical energ', E

Consider a circuit consistin* o' a )atter% tat is connected )%

!ires to an electrical de0ice (suc as a la#$( #otor or )atter%
)ein* car*ed) as so!n in +i*ure 5.11 !ere te $otential
di''erent across tat electrical de0ice is V.
5.5 Electrical energ' and po$er
Figure 5.1* Figure 5.1*
Electrical deice Electrical deice
A .
V I
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
48

A current I 'lo!s 'ro# te ter#inal A to te ter#inal :( i' it 'lo!s

'or ti#e t( te car*e Q !ic it carries 'ro# : to A is *i0en )%

Ten te !or" done on tis car*e Q 'ro# : to A (e)ual to the e)ual to the
electrical energ' supplied electrical energ' supplied) is

I' te electrical de0ice is passie resistor passie resistor (de0ice !ic

conert all the electrical energ' supplied into heat conert all the electrical energ' supplied into heat)( te eat
dissi$ated H is *i0en )%
QV W
It Q
VIt E W "5.11# "5.11#
VIt W H
.R
Rt I H
$

"5.1*# "5.1*#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
49

is de'ined as the energ' liberated per unit time in the the energ' liberated per unit time in the
electrical deice electrical deice.

Te electrical $o!er P su$$lied to te electrical de0ice is *i0en

)%

2en te electric current 'lo!s trou* !ire or $assi0e resistor(

ence te $otential di''erence across it is
ten te electrical $o!er can )e !ritten as

It is a scalar scalar /uantit% and its unit is $atts " $atts "W W# #.
5.5.* Po$er, P
t
VIt
t
W
P
IV P
"5.1-# "5.1-#
IR V
R I P
$

.R
R
V
P
$

"5.1.# "5.1.#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
50
In +i*ure 5.13( a )atter% as an e#' o' 11 ? and an internal resistance
o' 1.5 . ,eter#ine
a. te rate o' ener*% trans'erred to electrical ener*% in te )atter%(
). te rate o' eat dissi$ated in te )atter%(
c. te a#ount o' eat loss in te 5.5 resistor i' te current 'lo!s
trou* it 'or 15 #inutes.
E;a#$le 11 :
Figure 5.1- Figure 5.1-
R

r
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
51
%olution : %olution :
Te current in te circuit is *i0en )%
a. Te rate o' ener*% trans'erred to electrical ener*% ($o!er) in te

)atter% is
). Te rate o' eat dissi$ated due to te internal resistance is
c. 6i0en
Te a#ount o' eat loss in te resistor is
0 . # & 0 . 1 *& 0 . 1$ R r
I P
A 0 . $ I
( ) r R I +
( ) 0 . 1 0 . # 0 . 1$ + I
( ) ( ) 0 . 1$ 0 . $ P
1 $% P
r I P
$
( ) ( ) 0 . 1 0 . $
$
P
1 0 . % P
( ) s 1$00 !0 $0 t
Rt I H
$
( ) ( )1$00 0 . # 0 . $
$
H
2 10 % . $
%
H
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
52
+ells in series +ells in series

Consider t!o cells are connected in series as so!n in +i*ure

5.14.

Te total e#'( and te total internal resistance( r are *i0en

)%
5.5.- +ombination of cells
1
r
$
r
1

Figure 5.1. Figure 5.1.

$ 1
r r r +
$ 1
+
and
"5.15# "5.15#
"5.14# "5.14#
!ote: !ote:
I' one cell( e.#.'.
$
sa%( is turned round Ein opposition Ein opposition= to te oters(
ten )ut te total internal resistance remains unaltered total internal resistance remains unaltered.
$ 1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
53
+ells in parallel +ells in parallel

Consider t!o e/ual cells are connected in $arallel as so!n in

+i*ure 5.15.

Te total e#'( and te total internal resistance( r are *i0en

)%
1
r
1
r
1

Figure 5.15 Figure 5.15

1 1
1 1 1
r r r
+
1

and
"5.1=# "5.1=#
"5.19# "5.19#
!ote: !ote:
I' different cells are connected in parallel different cells are connected in parallel( tere is no si#$le
'or#ula 'or te total e#' and te total internal resistance !ere
Circhhoff0s la$s Circhhoff0s la$s a0e to )e used.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
54
E;ercise 5.1 :
1. A !ire o' un"no!n co#$osition as a resistance o' 35.5 !en
i##ersed in te !ater at 15.5 C. 2en te !ire is $laced in te
)oilin* !ater( its resistance rises to 47.8 . Calculate te
te#$erature on a ot da% !en te !ire as a resistance o' 37.<
.
"Ph'sics,= "Ph'sics,=
th th
edition, +utnell 7 >ohnson, 815, p.4-<# edition, +utnell 7 >ohnson, 815, p.4-<#
A!%. : A!%. : -=.9 -=.9 + +
1. a. A )atter% o' e#' 8.5 ? is connected across a 15 resistor.
I' te $otential di''erence across te resistor is 5.5 ?(
deter#ine
i. te current in te circuit(
ii. te internal resistance o' te )atter%.
). 2en a 1.5 ? dr% cell is sort-circuited( a current o' 3.5 A
'lo!s trou* te cell. 2at is te internal resistance o' te cellD
A!%. : A!%. : :.5: A, *.: :.5: A, *.: ; :.5: ; :.5:
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
55
E;ercise 5.1 :
3. An electric to% o' resistance 1.55 is o$erated )% a dr% cell
o' e#' 1.55 ? and an internal resistance 5.15 .
a. 2at is te current does te to% dra!nD
). I' te cell deli0ers a stead% current 'or 8.55 ours(
calculate te car*e $ass trou* te to%.
c. ,eter#ine te ener*% !as deli0ered to te to%.
A!%. : A!%. : :.55 A; 1.1< :.55 A; 1.1< 1: 1:
. .
+; 14.- 6> +; 14.- 6>
4. A !ire 5.5 # lon* and 3.5 ## in dia#eter as a resistance o'
155 . A 15 ? o' $otential di''erence is a$$lied across te
!ire. ,eter#ine
a. te current in te !ire(
). te resisti0it% o' te !ire(
c. te rate at !ic eat is )ein* $roduced in te !ire.
"+ollege Ph'sics,4 "+ollege Ph'sics,4
th th
edition, /ilson, Fuffa 7 Lou, 8=5, p.59<# edition, /ilson, Fuffa 7 Lou, 8=5, p.59<#
A!%. : A!%. : :.15 A; 1..: :.15 A; 1..: 1: 1:
. .
m; *.-: / m; *.-: /
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
56
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Deduce Deduce effectie resistance of resistors in series and effectie resistance of resistors in series and
parallel. parallel.

+alculate +alculate effectie resistance of resistors in series and effectie resistance of resistors in series and
parallel. parallel.
Learning Outcome:
5.8 Resistors in series and $arallel (1 our)
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
57
5.4.1 1esistors in series

Te s%#)ol o' resistor in an electrical circuit can )e so!n in

+i*ure 5.18.

Consider tree resistors are connected in series to te )atter%

as so!n in +i*ure 5.17.
5.4 1esistors in series and parallel
.R
R
R
Figure 5.14 Figure 5.14
1
R
$
R
3
R
V
1
V
$
V
3
V
I
I
Figure 5.1= Figure 5.1=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
58
+haracteristics of resistors in series +haracteristics of resistors in series

Te same current same current I I flo$s through each resistor flo$s through each resistor !ere

Assuming that the connecting $ires hae no resistance Assuming that the connecting $ires hae no resistance( te
total $otential di''erence( V is *i0en )%

+ro# te de'inition o' resistance( tus

Su)stitutin* 'or V
1
( V
$
( V
3
and V in te e/. (5.19) *i0es
"5.1<# "5.1<#
"5.*:# "5.*:#
3 $ 1
I I I I
3 $ 1
V V V V + +
&
$ $
IR V &
3 3
IR V
&
1 1
IR V
eff
IR V
3 $ 1 eff
IR IR IR IR + +
3 $ 1 eff
R R R R + +
!ere resistance t) (e3uivalen effective :
eff
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
59
V
1
R
3
R
$
R

Consider tree resistors are connected in $arallel to te )atter%

as so!n in +i*ures 5.1<a and 5.1<).
5.4.* 1esistors in parallel
I
I
$
I
1
I
3
I
1
V
$
V
3
V
V
1
R
3
R
$
R
I
I
1
I
3
I
$
I
Figure 5.19a Figure 5.19a
Figure 5.19b Figure 5.19b
$
V
3
V
1
V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
60
+haracteristics of resistors in parallel +haracteristics of resistors in parallel

Tere same potential difference, same potential difference, V V across each resistor across each resistor
!ere

Te charge is consered charge is consered( tere'ore te total current I in te

circuit is *i0en )%

+ro# te de'inition o' resistance( tus

Su)stitutin* 'or I
1
( I
$
( I
3
and I in te e/. (5.11) *i0es
"5.*1# "5.*1#
"5.**# "5.**#
3 $ 1
V V V V
3 $ 1
I I I I + +
&
$
$
R
V
I &
3
3
R
V
I
&
1
1
R
V
I
eff
R
V
I
3 $ 1 eff
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
+ +
3 $ 1 eff
1 1 1 1
R R R R
+ +
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
61
+or te circuit in +i*ure 5.19( calculate
a. te e''ecti0e resistance o' te circuit(
). te current $asses trou* te 11 resistor(
c. te $otential di''erence across 4.5 resistor(
d. te $o!er deli0ered )% te )atter%.
Te internal resistance o' te )atter% #a% )e i*nored.
E;a#$le 11 :
Figure 5.1< Figure 5.1<
0 . %
0 . $
* 0 . "
1$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
62
%olution : %olution :
a.
Te resistors R
1
and R
$
are in series( tus R
1$
is
Since R
1$
and R
3
are in $arallel( tere'ore R
eff
is *i0en )%
* 0 . " & 0 . $ & 1$ & 0 . %
3 $ 1
V R R R
1
R
V
$
R
3
R
1$
R
V
3
R
1!
1$
R
$ 1 1$
R R R + 1$ 0 . %
1$
+ R
3 1$ eff
1 1 1
R R R
+
$
1
1!
1 1
eff
+
R
'" . 1
eff
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
63
%olution : %olution :
). Since R
1$
and R
3
are in $arallel( tus
Tere'ore te current $asses trou* R
$
is *i0en )%
c. Since R
1
and R
$
are in series( tus
Hence te $otential di''erence across R
1
is
d. Te $o!er deli0ered )% te )atter% is
* 0 . " & 0 . $ & 1$ & 0 . %
3 $ 1
V R R R
A #0 . 0
$
I
* 0 . "
3 1$
V V V
1$
1$
$
R
V
I
A #0 . 0
$ 1
I I
1 1 1
R I V
* 0 . $
1
V
1!
0 . "
$
I
( ) 0 . % #0 . 0
1
V
eff
$
R
V
P
( )
'" . 1
0 . "
$
P
1 0 . 3! P
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
64
+or te circuit in +i*ure 5.15( calculate te e''ecti0e resistance
)et!een te $oints A and :.
%olution : %olution :
& $0 & 10 & 0 . # & 0 . #
% 3 $ 1
R R R R
10
#
R
E;a#$le 13 :
Figure 5.*: Figure 5.*:
0 . #
10
10
A
.
0 . #
$0
$
R
3
R
#
R
A
.
1
R
%
R
3
R
#
R
A
.
1$
R
%
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
65
%olution : %olution :
R
1
and R
$
are connected in series( tus R
1$
is
$ 1 1$
R R R +
& $0 & 10 & 0 . # & 0 . #
% 3 $ 1
R R R R
10
#
R
+ 10 0 . # 0 . #
1$
R
#
R
A
.
1$3
R
%
R
Since R
1$
and R
3
are connected in
$arallel ( tus R
1$3
is *i0en )%
3 1$ 1$3
1 1 1
R R R
+
0 . #
1$3
R
10
1
10
1 1
1$3
+
R
#
R
A
.
1$3%
R
R
1$3
and R
%
are connected in series (
tus R
1$3%
is *i0en )%
% 1$3 1$3%
R R R +
$#
1$3%
R
$0 0 . #
1$3%
+ R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
66
%olution : %olution :
Since R
1$3%
and R
#
are connected in $arallel ( tere'ore te e''ecti0e
resistance R
eff
is *i0en )%
& $0 & 10 & 0 . # & 0 . #
% 3 $ 1
R R R R
10
#
R
# 1$3% eff
1 1 1
R R R
+
1% . '
eff
R
10
1
$#
1 1
eff
+
R
A
.
eff
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
67
E;ercise 5.3 :
1. ,eter#ine te e/ui0alent resistances o' te resistors in +i*ures
5.11( 5.11 and 5.13.
A!%. : A!%. : :.9: :.9: ; *.= ; *.= ; 9.: ; 9.:
0 . $
0 . $
0 . $
0 . $
Figure 5.*1 Figure 5.*1 Figure 5.** Figure 5.**
0 . !
0 1
0 . !
0 . %
1"
1!
0 . "
0 .
1!
0 . !
$0
Figure 5.*- Figure 5.*-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
68
1.
Te circuit in +i*ure 5.14 includes a )atter% !it a 'inite internal
resistance( r 7 5.55 .
a. ,eter#ine te current 'lo!in* trou* te 7.1 and 3.1
resistors.
). Ho! #uc current 'lo!s trou* te )atter%D
c. 2at is te $otential di''erence )et!een te ter#inals o' te
)atter%D
"Ph'sics,- "Ph'sics,-
th th
edition, >ames %. /al6er, 8-<, p.=*9# edition, >ames %. /al6er, 8-<, p.=*9#
A!%. : A!%. : 1.1 A, :.- A; 1.. A; 11.- 2 1.1 A, :.- A; 1.. A; 11.- 2
0 . 1
* 1$
r
1 . '
" . #
# . %
$ . 3
Figure 5.*. Figure 5.*.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
69
3.
+our identical resistors are connected to a )atter% as so!n in
+i*ure 5.15. 2en te s!itc is o$en( te current trou* te
)atter% is I
0
.
a. 2en te s!itc is closed( !ill te current trou* te
)atter% increase( decrease or sta% te sa#eD E;$lain.
). Calculate te current tat 'lo!s trou* te )atter% !en
te s!itc is closed( 6i0e %our ans!er in ter#s o' I
0
.
"Ph'sics,- "Ph'sics,-
th th
edition, >ames %. /al6er, 8.5, p.=*9# edition, >ames %. /al6er, 8.5, p.=*9#
A!%. : A!%. : ? thin6 ? thin6
Figure 5.*5 Figure 5.*5

R
R
R
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
70
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

%tate and use %tate and use Circhhoff0s La$s. Circhhoff0s La$s.
Learning Outcome:
5.7 Eirco''=s la!s (1 our)
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
71
5.=.1 Circhhoff0s first la$ "Gunction or current la$#

states the algebraic sum of the currents entering an' the algebraic sum of the currents entering an'
Gunctions in a circuit must e)ual the algebraic sum of the Gunctions in a circuit must e)ual the algebraic sum of the
currents leaing that Gunction currents leaing that Gunction.
.R

+or e;a#$le :
5.= Circhhoff0s la$s


out in
I I "5.*-# "5.*-#
A .
$
I
1
I
#
I
%
I
3
I
3
I
3 $ 1
I I I +
# % 3
I I I +


out in
I I
Figure 5.*4 Figure 5.*4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
72

states in an' closed loop, the algebraic sum of emfs is in an' closed loop, the algebraic sum of emfs is
e)ual to the algebraic sum of the products of current and e)ual to the algebraic sum of the products of current and
resistance resistance.
.R &n an' closed loop, &n an' closed loop,
%ign conention %ign conention

+or e#'( :
5.=.* Circhhoff0s second la$ "loop or oltage la$#

IR "5.*.# "5.*.#
+

direction of loop direction of loop

H H
( (

( (

H H
direction of loop direction of loop
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
73

+or $roduct o' IR:

+hoose and labeling +hoose and labeling te current at eac Function in te circuit
*i0en.

+hoose an' one Gunction +hoose an' one Gunction in te circuit and appl' the appl' the
Circhhoff0s first la$ Circhhoff0s first la$.

+hoose an' t$o closed loops +hoose an' t$o closed loops in te circuit and desi*nate a
direction (cloc6$ise cloc6$ise .R anticloc6$ise anticloc6$ise) to tra0el around te
loo$ in appl'ing the Circhhoff0s second la$ appl'ing the Circhhoff0s second la$.

%oling the simultaneous e)uation %oling the simultaneous e)uation to deter#ine te un"no!n
currents and un"no!n 0aria)les.
IR +
direction of loop direction of loop
I
R
IR
I
R
direction of loop direction of loop
5.=.- Problem soling strateg' "Circhhoff0s La$s#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
74

+or e;a#$le( Consider a circuit is so!n in +i*ure 5.17a.

At Function A or , (a$$l%in* te Eirco''=s 'irst la!) :

1
R
3
R
1

4
5
6
$
R
$

C
A
.
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
$
I
$
I
3
I 3
I
3
I
3
I
Loop 1
Loop 1
Loop *
Loop *
Loop -
Loop -
Figure 5.*=a Figure 5.*=a


out in
I I
3 $ 1
I I I + "1# "1#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
75

+or te closed loo$ (eiter cloc"!ise or anticloc"!ise)( a$$l%

te Eirco''=s second la!.

+ro# Boo$ 1
Figure 5.*=b Figure 5.*=b
"*# "*#
+E,A+
1

1
R
4
5
6
$
R
$

A
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
$
I
$
I
Loop 1
Loop 1
1 1 $ $ $ 1
R I R I + +

IR
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
76

+ro# Boo$ 1
Figure 5.*=c Figure 5.*=c
"-# "-#
A:C,A
$

3
R
5
$
R
3

C
A
.
$
I
$
I
3
I 3
I
3
I
3
I
Loop *
Loop *
3 3 $ $ 3 $
R I R I

IR
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
77

+ro# Boo$ 3

F' soling e)uation "1# and an' t$o e)uations from the F' soling e)uation "1# and an' t$o e)uations from the
closed loop closed loop( ence eac current in te circuit can )e
deter#ined.
Figure 5.*=d Figure 5.*=d
".# ".#
+EC:+
1
R
3
R
1

4 6
3

C
.
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
3
I 3
I
3
I
3
I
Loop -
Loop -
1 1 3 3 3 1
R I R I + +
!ote: !ote:
+ro# te calculation(
so#eti#es !e *et
ne*ati0e 0alue o'
current. Tis negatie negatie
sign indicates sign indicates tat
te direction of the direction of the
actual current actual current is
opposite opposite to te
direction of the direction of the
current dra$n current dra$n.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
78
+or te circuit in +i*ure 5.1<( ,eter#ine te current and its direction
in te circuit.
E;a#$le 14 :
Figure 5.*9 Figure 5.*9
1 . 1#
.$$ !
#0 . "
$ 7 * 1.# 1
% 7 * #.0 1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
79
%olution : %olution :
:% a$$l%in* te Eirco''=s 1
nd
la!( tus

IR
A '% . 0 I
I I I I I % #0 . " $ $$ . ! 1 . 1# # . 11 0 . 1# + + + + +
1 . 1#
.$$ !
#0 . "
$ 7 * 1.# 1
% 7 * #.0 1
Loop 1
Loop 1
I
I
I
I
"anticloc6$ise# "anticloc6$ise#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
80
+or te circuit in +i*ure 5.19( deter#ine
a. te currents I
1
( I
$
and I(
). te $otential di''erence across te 8.7 resistor(
c. te $o!er dissi$ated 'ro# te 1.1 resistor.
E;a#$le 15 :
Figure 5.*< Figure 5.*<
" .
. 3
* .0 * $ 1
' . !
.$ 1
I
1
I
$
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
81
%olution : %olution :
a.
At Function A( )% usin* te Eirco''=s 1
st
la!( tus
:% usin* te Eirco''=s 1
nd
la!(
+ro# Boo$ 1:


out in
I I
I I I +
$ 1
" .
. 3
* .0 * $ 1
' . !
.$ 1
1
I
$
I
I
1
I
$
I
I
A
:
Loop 1
Loop 1
Loop *
Loop *
"1# "1#

IR
1 1
" . $ . 1 . 3 1$ I I I + +
1$ $ . 1 ' . 13
1
+ I I "*# "*#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
82
%olution : %olution :
a. +ro# Boo$ 1:

:% sol0in* te si#ultaneous e/uations( !e *et
). Te $otential di''erence across te 8.7 resistor is *i0en )%
c. Te $o!er dissi$ated 'ro# te 1.1 resistor is

IR
I I $ . 1 ' . ! 0 .
$
+
0 . $ . 1 ' . !
$
+ I I "-# "-#
A '# . 1 A& 03 . 1 A& '$ . 0
$ 1
I I I
R I V
$

( ) ' . ! 03 . 1 V
* 0 . ! V
R I P
$

( ) ( ) $ . 1 '# . 1
$
P
1 !" . 3 P
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
83
E;ercise 5.4 :
1. +or a circuit in +i*ure 5.35(
6i0en
1
= "*, R
$
= $ , R
3
= 3 , R
1
8 1 and I 8 3
A. I*nore te internal resistance in eac )atter%. Calculate
a. te currents I
1
and I
$
.
). te e#'(
$
.
A!%. : A!%. : 1.: A, ..: A; 1= 2 1.: A, ..: A; 1= 2
Figure 5.-: Figure 5.-:
3
R
1

$
R
$

1
I
$
I
I
1
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
84
E;ercise 5.4 :
1.
,eter#ine te current in eac resistor in te circuit so!n in
+i*ure 5.31.
"+ollege Ph'sics,4 "+ollege Ph'sics,4
th th
edition, /ilson, Fuffa 7 Lou, 85=, p.41<# edition, /ilson, Fuffa 7 Lou, 85=, p.41<#
A!%. : A!%. : -.=5 A; 1.*5 A; 1.*5 A -.=5 A; 1.*5 A; 1.*5 A
Figure 5.-1 Figure 5.-1
0 . %
0 . %
* .0 #
* .0 #
.0 %
* 0 1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
85
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

E,plain E,plain the principle of a potential diider. the principle of a potential diider.

Appl' Appl' e)uation of potential diider e)uation of potential diider(

Learning Outcome:
5.< Potential di0ider ( our)
!
!
!
.
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$

.
#
a
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.
e
d
u
.
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%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
V
R R
R
V

,
_

$ 1
1
1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
86

A $otential di0ider $roduces an out$ut 0olta*e tat is a fraction fraction

of the suppl' oltage of the suppl' oltage V V. Tis is done )% connectin* t!o
resistors in series as so!n in +i*ure 5.31.

Since te current flo$ing current flo$ing trou* eac resistor is te same same(
tus
5.9 Potential diider
V
1
V
1
R
I
$
V
$
R
I
$ 1 eff
R R R +
eff
R
V
I
and
$ 1
R R
V
I
+

Figure 5.-* Figure 5.-*

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
87

Tere'ore( te $otential di''erence (0olta*e) across R

1
is *i0en
)%

Si#ilarl%(

Resistance R
1
and R
$
can )e re$laced )% a uniform uniform
homogeneous $ire homogeneous $ire as so!n in +i*ure 5.33.
Figure 5.-- Figure 5.--
1 1
IR V
V
R R
R
V

,
_

$ 1
1
1
V
R R
R
V

,
_

$ 1
$
$
"5.*5# "5.*5#
"5.*4# "5.*4#
V
I
$
l
1
l
I
.
A
C
$
V
1
V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
88

Te total resistance( R
A.
in te !ire is

Since te current flo$ing current flo$ing trou* te !ire is te same same( tus
A
l
R
C. AC A.
R R R +
A
l
A
l
R
$ 1
A.
+
and
A.
R
V
I
( )
$ 1
l l
A

V
I
+

( )
$ 1 A.
l l
A

R +
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
89

Tere'ore( te $otential di''erence (0olta*e) across te !ire !it

len*t l

is *i0en )%

Si#ilarl%(
AC 1
IR V
( )

,
_

1
1
1
]
1

A
l
l l
A

V
V
1
$ 1
1
V
l l
l
V

,
_

$ 1
1
1
"5.*=# "5.*=#
V
l l
l
V

,
_

$ 1
$
$
"5.*9# "5.*9#
!ote: !ote:
+ro# .#=s la!(
l V

,
_

A
l
I IR V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
90
+or te circuit in +i*ure 5.34(
a. calculate te out$ut 0olta*e.
). I' a 0olt#eter o' resistance 4555 is connected across te out$ut(
deter#ine te readin* o' te 0olt#eter.
E;a#$le 18 :
Figure 5.-. Figure 5.-.
000 %
* $ 1
000 "
out
V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
91
%olution : %olution :
a. Te out$ut 0olta*e is *i0en )%
). Te connection )et!een te 0olt#eter and 4555 resistor is
parallel parallel( tus te e/ui0alent resistance is
Hence te ne! out$ut 0olta*e is *i0en )%
Tere'ore te reading of the oltmeter is *.. 2. reading of the oltmeter is *.. 2.
* 1$ & %000 & "000
$ 1
V R R
V
R R
R
V

,
_

$ 1
$
out
* 0 . %
out
V
%000
1
%000
1 1
e3
+
R
1$
%000 "000
%000
out

,
_

+
V
$000
e3
R
* % . $
out
V
1$
$000 "000
$000
out

,
_

+
V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
92
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

E,plain E,plain principles of potentiometer and /heatstone principles of potentiometer and /heatstone
Fridge and Fridge and their applications their applications. .

?se ?se related e)uations such as related e)uations such as

Learning Outcome:
5.9 Potentio#eter and 2eatstone )rid*e ( our)
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
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r
i
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.
e
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u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
!
!
!
.
"
#
$

.
#
a
t
r
i
"
.
e
d
u
.
#
%
&
$

%
s
i
c
s
x
3
$
1
R
R
R
R

l
l
R
R
x x

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
93
5.<.1 Potentiometer

Consider a $otentio#eter circuit is so!n in +i*ure 5.35.

Te $otentio#eter is balanced balanced !en te Foc"e% (slidin* contact)

is at suc a $osition on !ire A: tat tere is no current no current
through the galanometer through the galanometer. Tus
5.< Potentiometer and /heatstone bridge
Figure 5.-5 Figure 5.-5
"Drier cell (accumulator#
>oc6e'
V
.
A
C
x
V
I
I I
G -
I
I I
Ialanometer reading J : Ialanometer reading J :
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
94

2en te $otentio#eter in )alanced( te un6no$n oltage un6no$n oltage

"potential difference being measured# is e)ual to the "potential difference being measured# is e)ual to the
oltage across A+ oltage across A+.

Potentio#eter can )e used to

compare the emfs compare the emfs o' t!o cells.

measure an un6no$n emf measure an un6no$n emf o' a cell.

measure the internal resistance measure the internal resistance o' a cell.
+ompare the emfs of t$o cells +ompare the emfs of t$o cells

In tis case( a $otentio#eter is set u$ as illustrated in +i*ure

5.38( in !ic A: is a !ire o' uni'or# resistance and H is a
slidin* contact (Foc"e%) onto te !ire.

An accu#ulator 9 #aintains a stead% current I trou* te !ire

A:.
AC x
V V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
95

Initiall%( a s!itc S is connected to te ter#inal (1) and te

Foc"e% #o0ed until te e#'
1
e;actl% )alances te $otential
di''erence ($.d.) 'ro# te accu#ulator (*al0ano#eter readin* is
Iero) at $oint C. Hence
Figure 5.-4 Figure 5.-4
9
.
A
I
I I
I
(1)
(1)
$

% %
I I
1

C
> >
5
1
l
$
l
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
96

A'ter tat( te s!itc S is connected to te ter#inal (1) and te

Foc"e% #o0ed until te e#'
$
)alances te $.d. 'ro# te
accu#ulator at $oint ,. Hence
AC 1
V
AC AC
IR V
!ere
A
l
R
1
AC
and
1 1
l
A
I

,
_

"1# "1#
ten
A5 $
V
A5 A5
IR V
!ere
A
l
R
$
A5
and
$ $
l
A
I

,
_

"*# "*#
ten
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
97

:% di0idin* e/. (1) and e/. (1) ten

Aeasure an un6no$n emf of a cell Aeasure an un6no$n emf of a cell

:% usin* te sa#e circuit so!n in +i*ure 5.38( te 0alue o'

un"no!n e#' can )e deter#ined i' te cell
1
is re$laced !it a
standard cell.

A standard cell is one in !ic proides a constant and proides a constant and
accuratel' 6no$n emf accuratel' 6no$n emf. Tus te e#'
$
can )e calculated )%
usin* te e/uation (5.19).
$
1
$
1
l
l

$
1
$
1
l
A
I
l
A
I

,
_

,
_

"5.*<# "5.*<#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
98
Aeasure the internal resistance of a cell Aeasure the internal resistance of a cell

Consider a $otentio#eter circuit as so!n in +i*ure 5.37.

Figure 5.-= Figure 5.-=

.
A
I
I I
I
1

0
l
C
> >
:
R
r
I
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
99

An accu#ulator o' e#' #aintains a stead% current I trou*

te !ire A:.

Initiall%( a s!itc S is o$ened and te Foc"e% H #o0ed until te

e#'
1
e;actl% )alances te e#' 'ro# te accu#ulator
(*al0ano#eter readin* is Iero) at $oint C. Hence

A'ter te s!itc S is closed( te current I

1
'lo!s trou* te
resistance )o; R and te Foc"e% H #o0ed until te *al0ano#eter
readin* is Iero ()alanced condition) at $oint , as so!n in
+i*ure 5.3<.
AC 1
V
AC AC
IR V !ere
A
l
R
0
AC
and
0 1
l
A
I

,
_

"1# "1#
ten
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
100
Figure 5.-9 Figure 5.-9

.
A
I
I I
I
1

> >
:
R
r
I
I
1
I
5
l
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
101

Hence

+ro# te e/uation o' e#'(

A5
V V
A5 A5
IR V
!ere
A
l
R
A5
and
l
A
I
V

,
_

"*# "*#
ten
r I V
1 1
+
1
1
I
V
r

R
V
I
1
and
R
V
V
r

,
_

1
"-# "-#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
102

:% su)stitutin* e/s. (1) and (1) into te e/. (3)( !e *et

3he alue of internal resistance, 3he alue of internal resistance, r r is determined b' plotting is determined b' plotting
the graph of the graph of 1 1/l /l against against 1 1/R /R .

Rearran*in* e/. (4) :

R
l
l l
r

,
_

0
R
l
l
r

,
_

1
0
".# ".#
! " m # + Ten co#$are !it
0 0
1 1 1
l R l
r
l
+

,
_

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
103

Tere'ore te *ra$ is strai*t line as so!n in +i*ure 5.39.

0
7 ;radient
l
r
m
0
1
l
R
1
l
1
0
Figure 5.-< Figure 5.-<
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
104
Cells A and : and centre-Iero *al0ano#eter 6 are connected to a
uni'or# !ire .S usin* Foc"e%s J and Y as so!n in 5.45.
a. te $otential di''erence across .Y !en .Y 7 75.5 c#(
). te $otential di''erence across .Y !en Y touces S and te
*al0ano#eter is )alanced(
c. te internal resistance o' te cell A(
d. te e#' o' cell A.
E;a#$le 17 :
Figure 5..: Figure 5..:
A
:
/
I I
.
K K
@ @
Te len*t o' te uni'or# !ire .S is
1.55 # and its resistance is 11 .
2en .Y is 75.5 c#( te
*al0ano#eter does not so! an%
de'lection !en .J7 55.5 c#. I' Y
touces te end S o' te !ire( .J 7
81.5 c# !en te *al0ano#eter is
)alanced. Te e#' o' te cell : is 1.5
?. Calculate
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
105
%olution : %olution :
a. 6i0en
2en 6 7 5 ()alance condition)( tus

* 0 . 1 & 1$ m& 00 . 1
. /: /:
R l
m #0 . 0 m& '# . 0
/91 /<1
l l
A

:
/
I I
.

K K
@ @
0
/<1
l
/91
l
Since !ire .S is uni'or# tus
/:
/:
1 /9
/91
R
l
l
R

,
_

and

,
_

0 . ! 1$
00 . 1
#0 . 0
/91
R

,
_

0 . 1$
00 . 1
'# . 0
/<1
R
. /91
V
/91 1 /91
R I V and
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
. /91 1
R I ( ) 0 . 1 0 . !
1
I
A 1' . 0
1
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
106
%olution : %olution :
a. Tere'ore te $otential di''erence across .Y is *i0en )%
). 6i0en
* 0 . 1 & 1$ m& 00 . 1
. /: /:
R l
/<1 1 /<1
R I V
( ) 0 . 1' . 0
/<1
V
* #3 . 1
/<1
V
m !$# . 0 m& 00 . 1
/9$ /<$
l l
A

:
/
I I
.

K K
@ @
0
/<$
l
/9$
l
$
I
$
I
$
I
$
I
$
I
Since !ire .S is uni'or# tus
/:
/:
$ /9
/9$
R
l
l
R

,
_

and

,
_

# . ' 1$
00 . 1
!$# . 0
/9$
R

,
_

1$ 1$
00 . 1
00 . 1
/<$
R
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
107
%olution : %olution :
). 2en 6 7 5 ()alance condition)( tus

Tere'ore te $otential di''erence across .Y is *i0en )%
c. Te e#' o' cell A is *i0en )%
+or case in te /uestion (a) :
* 0 . 1 & 1$ m& 00 . 1
. /: /:
R l
. /9$
V
/9$ $ /9$
R I V and
. /9$ $
R I ( ) 0 . 1 # . '
$
I
A 13 . 0
$
I
/<$ $ /<$
R I V
( )1$ 13 . 0
/<$
V
* #! . 1
/<$
V
( ) r R I +
A
) (
1 /< 1 A
r R I +
( ) r + 0 . 1' . 0
A
"1# "1#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
108
%olution : %olution :
c. +or case in te /uestion ()) :
(1) 7 (1):
d. Te e#' o' cell A is
* 0 . 1 & 1$ m& 00 . 1
. /: /:
R l
) (
$ /< $ A
r R I +
( ) r + 1$ 13 . 0
A
"*# "*#
( ) ( ) r r + + 1$ 13 . 0 0 . 1' . 0
!# . 0 r
( ) r + 0 . 1' . 0
A
( ) !# . 0 0 . 1' . 0
A
+
* !% . 1
A

PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
109

It is used to measured the un6no$n resistance of the resistor measured the un6no$n resistance of the resistor.

+i*ure 5.41 so!s te 2eatstone )rid*e circuit consists o' a cell

o' e#' (accu#ulator)( a *al0ano#eter ( "no! resistances (R
1
(
R
$
and R
3
) and un"no!n resistance R
x
.

Te 2eatstone )rid*e is said to )e balanced balanced !en no current no current

flo$s through the galanometer flo$s through the galanometer.
5.<.* /heatstone bridge

.
A
I I
C
5
1
R
$
R
3
R
x
R
0
I
I
$
I
1
I
$
I
1
I
Figure 5..1 Figure 5..1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
110

Hence
ten

Tere'ore
Since
,i0idin* *i0es
1 C. AC
I I I
$ 5. A5
I I I and
Potential at + J Potential at D Potential at + J Potential at D
A5 AC
V V
.5 .C
V V
and
IR V
3 $ 1 1
R I R I
tus
and
x $ $ 1
R I R I
x $
3 $
$ 1
1 1
R I
R I
R I
R I

3
1
$
x
R
R
R
R

,
_

"5.-:# "5.-:#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
111

Te a$$lication o' te 2eatstone )rid*e is Aetre Fridge Aetre Fridge.

+i*ure 5.41 so!s a -etre )rid*e circuit.

Te #etre )rid*e is balanced balanced !en te Foc"e% H is at suc a

$osition on !ire A: tat tere is no current through the no current through the
galanometer galanometer. Tus te current I
1
'lo!s trou* te resistance
R
x
and R )ut current I
$
'lo!s in te !ire A:.
0
Accumulator Accumulator
>oc6e' >oc6e'
3hic6 copper 3hic6 copper
strip strip
"?n6no$n "?n6no$n
resistance# resistance#
"resistance bo,# "resistance bo,#
/ire of uniform /ire of uniform
resistance resistance
x
R
A

I I
.
R
2
$
l
1
l
Figure 5..* Figure 5..*
I
I
1
I
$
I
1
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
112

Bet V
x
: $.d. across R
x
and V : $.d. across R(

At )alance condition(
:% a$$l%in* .#=s la!( tus
,i0idin* *i0es
A2 x
V V
2.
V V
and
A2 $ x 1
R I R I
2. $ 1
R I R I and
A
l
R
1
A2

2. $
A2 $
1
x 1
R I
R I
R I
R I
!ere and
A
l
R
$
2.

,
_

,
_

A
l
A
l
R
R
$
1
x
R
l
l
R

,
_

$
1
x
"5.-1# "5.-1#
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
113
An un"no!n len*t o' $latinu# !ire 5.915 ## in dia#eter is $laced
as te un"no!n resistance in a 2eatstone )rid*e as so!n in
+i*ure 5.43.
Resistors R
1
and R
$
a0e resistance o' 3<.5 and 48.5
res$ecti0el%. :alance is acie0ed !en te s!itc closed and R
3
is
3.4< . Calculate te len*t o' te $latinu# !ire i' its resisti0it%
is 15.8 15
<
#.
E;a#$le 1< :
Figure 5..- Figure 5..-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
114
%olution : %olution :
At balance condition balance condition( te ammeter reading is Bero ammeter reading is Bero tus te
resistance o' te $latinu# !ire is *i0en )%
+ro# te de'inition o' resisti0it%( tus
& 0 . %! & 0 . 3" m& 10 $0 . 0
$ 1
3


R R d
& m = 10 ! . 10 & %" . 3
"
3

R
1
$
3
x
R
R
R
R

$1 . %
x
R
0 . 3"
0 . %!
%" . 3
x

R
l
A R

%
$
d
A

and
l
d R

%
$
x

( ) ( )
l %
10 $0 . 0 $1 . %
10 ! . 10
$
3
"

m % . $! l
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
115
E;ercise 5.5 :
1. In +i*ure 5.44( P> is a uni'or# !ire o' len*t 1.5 # and
resistance 15.5 .
A!%. : A!%. : :.5: 2; =.5 :.5: 2; =.5 ; *5.: cm; *5.: cm ; *5.: cm; *5.: cm
$
:
1

)
(
I I
$

3 3
1
R
$
R
1
:
Figure 5... Figure 5...

1
is an accu#ulator o' e#' 1.5 ?
and ne*li*i)le internal resistance. R
1

is a 15 resistor and R
$
is a 5.5
resistor !en S
1
and S
1
o$en(
*al0ano#eter 6 is )alanced !en
>T is 81.5 c#. 2en )ot S
1
and S
1

are closed( te )alance len*t is
15.5 c#. Calculate
a. te e#' o' cell
$
.
). te internal resistance o' cell
$
.
c. te )alance len*t >T !en S
1

is o$ened and S
1
closed.
d. te )alance len*t >T !en S
1

is o$ened and S
1
closed.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
116
R
1. Te circuit so!n in +i*ure 5.45 is "no!n as a 2eatstone
)rid*e.
,eter#ine te 0alue o' te resistor R suc tat te current
trou* te <5.5 resistor is Iero.
"Ph'sics,- "Ph'sics,-
th th
edition, >ames %. /al6er, 8<-, p.=-1# edition, >ames %. /al6er, 8<-, p.=-1#
A!%. : A!%. : =.5: =.5:
E;ercise 5.5 :
Figure 5..5 Figure 5..5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
117
E;ercise 5.5 :
3. A $otentio#eter !it slide-!ire o' len*t 155 c# and
resistance o' 5.5 ( is connected to a dri0er cell o' e#' 1.5 ?
and ne*li*i)le internal resistance. Calculate
a. te len*t o' te $otentio#eter !ire needed to )alance a
$otential di''erence o' 1.5 ?(
). te resistance !ic #ust )e connected in series !it te
slide-!ire to *i0e a $otential di''erence o' 7.5 #? across
te !ole !ire(
c. te e#' o' a dr% cell !ic is )alanced )% <5 c# o' te
!ire( setu$ as in $art ()).
A!%. : A!%. : =5.: cm; 1.*. =5.: cm; 1.*. ; 5.4 m2 ; 5.4 m2
118
PHYSICS CHAPTER 5
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 8 :
-a*netic 'ield