CHP Design

CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36
Module05
Lecture36:CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)
Keywords:CHP,SteamTurbine,Gasturbine,
Chemical processing sites require heat as well as power to heat process streams and drive
electrical machines /appliances /instruments such as electric motors, pumps, fans,
compressors,instrumentslighting,etc.Nearlyallprocessingsitesimportitfromgridandpayto
thesupplier.Inmostcases,powerisgeneratedfromheatenginesadevicewhichconvertsheat
into power. The hightemperature heat required for this purpose is produced by burning coal,
oil, natural gas, biomass or other fossil fuels or may be supplied from a nuclear reaction. This
high temperature heat, in power stations, is used to evaporate water to make highpressure
steamwhichisthenpassedintoaturbinetoproduceshaftpower.Theexhauststeamemerges
at low pressure is often condensed (latent heat is thus lost) and recycled to the boilers for
reuse.Thethermalefficiencyoftheseheatengineisatthemost40%.Otherheatengineslike,
theinternalcombustionengineburnsnaturalgas,petrolordieseloilandproducespowerand
releases heat to atmosphere in terms of exhaust gas. Similarly, in gas turbine, fuel is mixed
with compressed air and burnt to produce hot gas at a high temperature and pressure. This
hot gas is then passed through a turbine to produces power. The hot exhaust (450600C) at
lowpressureisventtoatmosphereorusedinrecuperatortopreheatair.Heattopowerratio
oftheseturbinesislittlelessthan1.5toabout5.Electricalefficiencyisintherangeof2040%
(50%fordesignswithcooledturbineblades).
The low efficiency of heat engines is due to the fact that it rejects a large amount of heat to
atmosphereunutilized.Ifitcansomehowbeused,inprocessplantsthentheoverallefficiency
ofheatenginewillimprove.Further,chemicalprocessingsitesuseheataswellaspower.Thus,
itwillbeanexcellentideatouseheatenginesontheplantsitetoproducepowerandtouse
the available heat as hot utility for the process heating, thus improving the efficiency of the
system.ThisistheconceptofCombinedHeatandPower(CHP).Thus,CHP(alsoCogeneration)
istheuseofaheatengine
orapowerstationtosimultaneouslygeneratebothelectricityand
useful heat for process. CHP systems are highly efficient, making use of the heat which would
otherwise be wasted when generating electrical or mechanical power and typically has an
efficiency of over 80%. Such a system, however, must be tailored to ensure that the heat
producedisatausefullevelmeaningthatheatshouldbeatthetemperaturesthatisrequired
intheplant.
ThecogenerationpossibilityofaGasTurbineaswellassteamturbineisshowninFig.36.1
Other systems which link heat and power is a heat pumps. These work in a reversed order in
comparisontoheatengine.Itusespowerasinputtoupgradeheatfromalowtemperaturetoa
highertemperature.Acommonexampleofheatpumpisavapourrecompressionsystemsand
refrigerator.
BasicsofHeatEngine
ThethermodynamicconceptoftheheatengineisshowninFig.36.2Itoperatesbetweentwo
levelsoftemperature,highertemperature(T
1
)thesourceandthelowertemperature(T
2
)the
sink.IttakesheatQ
1
fromthesource(T
1
),rejectsheatQ
2
tothesink(T
2
)anddoingsoproduces
workW.
Fig.36.1Cogeneration(a)usinggasturbine(b)UsingStreamturbine
Compre
ssor
Gas
Turbine
AmbientAIR
Combustion
Chamber
FUEL
Power
HOTFLUEGAS
Shaftcoupling
HeatExchanger
Wasteheatboiler
ProcessHeat
Combustionair
preheater
ProcessHeat
Processsteam
(a)
(b)
Work,W
Fig.36.2ThermodynamicconceptbehindHeatEngine
Heat
Engine
Heat,Q
1
Heat,Q
2
(Source)
Temperature,T
1
Temperature,T
2
(sink)
T
1
>T
2
BytheFirstLawofThermodynamics:
W=Q
1
Q
2
(36.1)
TheSecondLawofThermodynamics(CarnotEquation)postulatesthatalltheheatcannotbe
convertedintowork,andthereisadefiniteupperlimitcontrolledbythetemperaturelimit
underwhichtheheatengineoperates:
w =
1
mcch
(1
1
-1
2
)
1
1
(36.2)

mech
in Eq.36.2 is the mechanical efficiency for thermodynamically reversible engines. All real
enginesreportanefficiencybelowthisidealefficiency.Thefactor(T
1
T
2
)/T
1
iscalledtheCarnot
efficiency
c
,whichrepresentsthemaximumpossibleconversionofheattoworkandwhereT
1
and T
2
are in absolute temperatures. Carnot efficiency (
c
) is the maximum theoretical
efficiencyafrictionfreeheatenginecouldhave.Itisalwayslessthan100%andforrealheat
enginesmaybelessthan80%.Addfrictionandotherlossesandtheactualefficiencyistypically
lessthan50%.
FromCarnotequationitisobviousthatforagivenheatsourcetemperatureT
1
,iftheheatsink
temperatureT
2
isincreased,thedeliveredpowerfalls.Since,inaCHPsystem,T
2
isthelevelat
whichthathotutility(Steam/Gasturbineexhaust)istobesupplied,thecorrectchoiceofT
2
is
vital.
Heat engines used in Industry

AnindustrialCHPusesaheatenginewhichburnsfuel(coal,oil,gas,biomass),generatesshaft
work(usingturbine)andproducesexhaustheatwhichcanbeusedintheprocesstomeetits
hotutilityrequirements.
Ingeneralthreetypesofmachinesareused:
(a) Steamturbines(Rankinecycle):Highpressuresteamisgeneratedinahighpressureboilerusinga
variety of fuels. This steam is passed through steam turbines to generate shaft work and
consequently power with the help of a generator. The exhaust steam from the turbine is used for
processheating.Figs.36.3&36.5showsuchanarrangement.
(b) Gas turbines: Fuel along with compressed air is burnt in a combustion chamber. The
resultinghotandhighpressuregases(10001500C)issenttoaturbinetogenerateshaft
workandsubsequentlypower.Insuchasystem,abouttwothirdofshaftworkproducedis
employedincompressingtheambientair.Theexhaustgasesataround450550Cisused
as hot utility to provide process heating or can be used for generating steam in a waste
heatboiler.Fig.36.1(a)showssuchanarrangement.
(c) Reciprocating engines: Fuel along with ambient air is burnt in an internal combustion
engine which generates shaft work and subsequently power. The hot exhaust gases, at
around 300400C can be used as hot utility for process heating. Fig.36.4 shows such a
machine.
The classic steam Rankine cycle is shown in Fig.35.5. This has been used in large numbers of
electricitygeneratingstations,whethercoalfired,oilfired,nuclearorotherfuelfired,andhas
beenrefinedtogivetheoptimallevelofpowerbyincreasingitscomplexity.
HPSteam
LPSteam
Power
(a) Backpressuresteamturbine
MPSteam
HPSteam
Power
(b) Condensingsteamturbine
Condensate
(0.070.12bars)
Cooling
Water
HPSteam
LPSteam
Power
(c) Extractionsteamturbine
MPSteam
HPSteam
LPSteam
Power
(d) Inductionsteamturbine
Fig.36.3Differentconfigurationsofsteam
InternalCombustion
Engine
Fuel
Air
Process
Heat
Exchange
Air
Recirculatingcoolant
Exhaustgas
Fig.36.4Reciprocatingengine
ShaftPower/
ElectricPower
Steam is produced at high pressure in a superheated state by the boiler, and then expanded
through a cascade of backpressure power turbine stages. From the turbine, Medium
Pressure(MP) and Low Pressure(LP)steamistaken out as necessary to meetsiteneeds.For a
condensing steam turbine( Fig.36.3(b)), most of the steam is expanded to subatmospheric
pressure ( VLP), and then condensed using cooling water; these condensing turbines are
optionalforasiteCHPsystem.
In a CHP system there are cold streams such as boiler feed water and combustion air which
needtobeheatedupusingthesteamitselfratherthanusingprocesshotstreamssothatthese
become selfcontained. The fresh makeup water along with condensate is deareated using
lowestpressurebackpressuresteam,thenheatedbycondensateandboilerblowdownstream
followed by LP and MP steam and finally by hot flue gas. The schematic of a stream turbine
basedCHPisshowninFig.36.5(a)anditstemperatureentropyinFig.36.5(b).Insuchasystem
asthefluegastemperaturecantbebroughtdownbelow200theboilerfeedwatershouldbe
raised to temperature of about 200C using MP steam before entering to the economizer
sectionofboiler.After,givingheattoboilerfeedwater,enoughheatisretainedinthefluegas
which is used for air preheating. Finally the flue gas leaves at about 140C which provides a
boilerefficiencyofabout90%ormore.
CHP systems are highly efficient, making use of the heat which would otherwise be wasted
when generating electrical or mechanical power and typically has an efficiency of over 80%.
TheSankeydiagram,Fig.36.6doesntfeatureabsolutefigures,butflowsarescaledinrelationto
the baseline of 100 units energy generation in a power plant visvis a CHP unit. In a
cogenerationunit160unitsofheatenergywouldbeproducedfor100unitsofpowerandheat
losses are 65 units in the CHP. To produce the equivalent energy(100 units) in a conventional
powerunitwouldcauselosses165units.Intheboilerprovidingheatof160unitsabout40units
are lost giving an efficiency of 25 % . Overall losses in conventional generating station are
205(165+40)unitscomparedto65unitsinaCHP.
T
S
P
1
P
2
5
7
9
6
4
3
8
2
1
10
ST
Process1
Process2
Preheater
Vaporizer
Superheater
MP
LP
Condensate/feedwater
SuperHeatedSteam
VLP
ShaftPower
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
P
1
P
2
(a)
(b)
Fig.36.5Flowsheetof(a)steamRankineCyclewithMPandLPsteam(b)TemperatureEntropydiagramfor
B
o
i
l
e
r
Fig.36.6SankeyDiagramofaCHPsystemusingsteampowergeneration
Steam turbine CHP is usually the technology of choice when a cheap, nonpremium fuel (e.g.
wastematerial)isavailablethatcanonlybeusedoncetheenergyitcontainshasbeenreleased
andturnedintosteam.Itisalsoparticularlysuitedtositeswheretheheatrequirementishigh
inrelationtothepowerdemand.Thenumberofsuchsitesisdecliningastheuseofelectricity
increases. However, steam turbines can be used in conjunction with a gas turbine to increase
the total output of electricity. In these combined cycle applications, highgrade exhaust heat
from the gas turbine is fed to a heat recovery boiler, and the steam produced is passed to a
steam turbine to generate additional electricity. The lower pressure steam from the steam
turbineisthenavailableforsiteuse.
At moderate temperatures, steam turbine produce large amount of heat for process
consumption. It is a known fact that , very less amount of power is generated when high
pressure steam is expanded in a turbine up to 15 bar(corresponding saturation temperature
200 ). Thus, steam generators are not good choice for CHP when heat is demanded on or
above 200C. However, in most of the sites where loads are more than 10MW, and the load
demandsarefairlyconstantfrom100200C,thesteamturbinesaregoodchoice.
Regardlessallthisefforts,theefficiencyofstandalonesteampowergenerationrarelyexceeds
40%, as the majority of the heat ( about 60%) is being thrown away in cooling towers for
coolingthehotcoolingwaterwhichcondensesthesteam.Theoverallpowergenerationofa
steam turbineCHP systemis lower,asless poweris generated from MP andLP turbinesthan
condensing turbine, but this is compensated by the prospect to make better use of the
availableheatintheMPandLPsteamandreclaimingsomeamountofthelostheatequivalent
to60%.
Sizingagasturbinesystem
Heat
Demand
Power
Demand
CHP
Losses
65
40
Losses
Losses
Conventional
Methods
Boiler
Power
Station
160
100
165
160
100
Agasturbine(GT)hasafairlynarrowrangeofheattopowerratio(0.670.2)aswellasturn
downasaresultmatchingwithvariableheatandpowerneedsofsitebecomesdifficult.
Further,itrunsbestataboutfullloadconditions.Gasturbinescanbesizedeithertomeetthe
heatrequirementorthepowerrequirement.Ineffecttherearefouroptions:
1. Matchtheheatoutput of CHPsystem toprocess without considering power output. If
power output is less import the deficit power. If more export the power. For the last
caseeconomicsisdependentoncostofexport.
2. Match power output of CHP to the site. If CHP heat output is less than site , makeup
thedeficitheateitherwithaadditionalboilerorbysupplementaryfiringoftheexhaust
ofgasturbinetoincreaseheatoutput.
3. PoweroutputofCHPsystemmatchestothesite.However,CHPheatoutputisgreater
than the site requirement. This is an undesirable situation, as excess heat is to be
thrown.Iftheturbinedoesnothavearecuperator,addarecuperatorforairpreheating
tobringdowntheexcessheatavailable.
Thechoicebetweenthesealternativeswilldependonthesystemeconomics.Forsizingof
agasturbinepowergenerationefficiencycanbetakenas30%andtheexhaustgas
temperatureof500C.Thetemperatureentropydiagramforagasturbineisshownin
Fig.36.7
Thetemperatureentropydiagramforagasturbinealongwithschematicisshownin
Fig.36.7.
Combined cycle systems are usually applied to gas turbine sets, as these produce the highest
grade heat. This heat allows steam to be generated at a pressure that is high enough to
optimize steam turbine power while still providing the site with lowpressure steam or its
equivalent in the form of hot water. Combined cycles of this type convert 40% or more of the
original fuel energy into electricity and, if supplementary firing is also employed, provide the
most flexible CHP systems currently available. The application of combined cycle technology is
particularly suited to sites that require both low and highpressure steam, as the latter will
Comp. GT
Process
Combustion
Chamber
1
2
3
4
(a)
P
2
P
1
4
3
2
1
T
S
Fig.36.7GasTurbine(a)Schematic(b)TemperatureEntropydiagram
P
1
P
2
(b)
Heat IN
Heat OUT
dictatetheselectionofahighpressureboilerplantregardlessoftheCHPplant.Theillustration
shows a typical combined cycle plant in schematic and Sankey diagram form as shown in
Fig.36.8.
Fig.36.8AtypicalcombindCycleplantwithSankeydiagram
Exhaust gas release from Gas Turbine(GT) can be used as a hot utility for sensible high
temperatureheatingfrom550C orbelowinplaceslikehightemperaturereactorsandhotair
driers.ItisafactthatforsimilarprocessheatdutyGTproducemuchmorepowerthansteam
turbine.Gasturbinesarebrokenintothreemaincategories:heavyframe,aeroderivative,and
microturbineandareavailableintherageof27kWto250MW.
GTcanbeparticularlyefficientupto60%whenwasteheatfromthegasturbineisrecovered
byaheatrecoverysteamgeneratortopowerandaconventionalsteamturbineinacombined
cycleconfiguration.Alargesinglecyclegasturbinetypicallyproduces100to400megawattsof
powerandhas3540%thermalefficiency.
GasandDieselEnginesproducelargequantityofpowerbutrelativelylessheattobeusedin
processthoughitsexhaustcanreach400C.Further,fordieselengines,ithasbeenreported
thatacidgascorrosioncantakeplacebelow200Climitingitsuse.However,reciprocating
enginescanbeusedtoprovideheattoprocesseslikespaceheatingforloadsin7090Crange
wheretheheatfromwaterjacketcanbeused.
HowtoselectaParticularEngineforCHP
1. Ifthesitepowerrequirementisbelow1MWgoforreciprocatingengineandifabove5
MWthengoforgasandsteamturbines
2. Checkforheattopowerratiois>5andheatingrangeis100200Cthenselectsteam
turbine,ifitis1.5to5andthetemperaturerangeisbetween100500CselectGas
turbineandifitisbetween0.8to2andtemperaturerangeis100300CgoforGas
andDieselEngines.
3. OneofthemostimportantpointismatchingofheatreleaseprofileoftheCHPsystem
withprocessGCCabovethepinch.TakethatenginewhichgivesbestmatchwithGCCof
theprocess.ThisfactisexplainedinFig.36.9
Particularlyiftheheatingloadisabove200Cselectgasturbine.Ifpinchtemperatureis
above70Cdonotgoforreciprocatingengines.
Figure 36.9 shows all the above three system matched with the process heat requirement
through GCC. Once, dominant CHP system, steam turbine are now not used for CHP due to
theirlowpowerproductioncapabilityandadvancesthattakenplaceinGasTurbinesystem.A
large number of process plant have a pinch temperature little more than 100C and Gas
Turbinesarethepreferredchoicefortheseplants.Further,ifsteamisusedasaprocessheating
mediumintheindustry,thenitcanbegeneratedfromtheexhaustgasesofGasTurbineusinga
waste heat boiler thus cutting down the need for a steam turbine exhaust. For a gas turbine
system if process requirements are higher than normal heat to power ratio then using
supplementary firing ( a temperature up to 850C can be obtained) the requirement can be
satisfied. If the pinch of the process is near ambient temperature and heat loads are typically
lessthan1MW,thereciprocatingenginesarepreferredonesforCHP.ContrarytoCHPconcept
itisnotalwaysnecessarythatoneshouldgenerateelectricityfromtheshaftworkproducedby
a machine. This can be used to drive compressor, pumps or other equipment which requires
shaftwork.Inthiswayefficiencywillbeslightlyhigherthanifoneproduceselectricityandthen
usingitdrivescompressorandpumps,etc.However,electricalenergyprovidedmoreflexibility
inusethanshaftworkormechanicalcoupling.
EconomicsofCHP
TheeconomicevaluationCHPsystemsisnoteasy.TheCHPeconomicsdependsignificantlyon
thecostofheat,thecostofpower,andtheratiobetweenthemwhichisafunctionoftimeand
changesubstantially.Thuslongtermpredictions,basedoneconomics,foraCHPsystemis
difficultasfuelandthuspowercostshavefluctuateddrastically.
Fig.36.9WellmatchedheatreleaseprofilesofdifferentengineswithsuitableprocessGCCs
Pinchat120C
S
h
i
f
t
e
d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
H,MW
LPSteam
MPSteam
HPSteam
(a)
(c)
H,MW
S
h
i
f
t
e
d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
DieselExhaust
JacketCooling
Pinchat120C
S
h
i
f
t
e
d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
H,MW
GasTurbine
Exhaust
(b)
AmbientTemperature
Stack
Loss
Pinchnearambient
IllustrativeExample
ThestreamdataforaheatrecoveryproblemaregiveninTable36.1below:
Table36.1Streamtabledataforexample1
Stream T
s
T
T
HeatCapacityFlowrate
No. Type (
0
C) (
0
C) (MW.K
1
)

1 Hot 425 45 0.25
2 Hot 40 30 1.4
3 Cold 20 375 0.20
4 Cold 20 380 0.05
5 Cold 119 120 21
Compute the heat cascade &hot utility requirement of the above process for a T
min
= 20
0
C.
The process also has a requirement of 6 MW of power. Two alternative options for
cogenerationareavailable:
a) A steam turbine with its exhaust saturated at 150
0
C is one of the options to be considered for
process heating. Superheated steam is generated in the central boiler house at 40 bar and
290
0
C. The superheated steam can be expanded in a singlestage turbine with an isentropic
efficiency of 90 %. Calculate the maximum power generation possible by matching the exhaust
streamagainsttheprocess.
b) A second possible option may be a gas turbine with an air flow rate of 93 Kg. s
1
, which has an
exhaust temperature of 390
0
C. Calculate the power generation if the gas turbine has an
efficiencyof28%.Ambienttemperature=12
0
C.
c) The cost of heat from fuel for the gas turbine is $ 4.4 GW
1
. The cost of imported electricity is
$18.8 GW
1
. Electricity can be exported with a value of $13.4 GW
1
. The cost of fuel for steam
generation is $ 3.1 GW
1
. The overall efficiency of steam generation and distribution is 85 %.
Whichoptionismoreeconomical?
Solution:
ThegriddiagramfortheaboveproblemisshowninFig.36.10.Thecorrespondingheatcascade
is shown in table 36.2. From the heat cascade, it is evident that the above process has a hot
utilityrequirementof15MW.
T
*
(
0
C) Cascadeheatflow(MW)
415 15
390 21.25
385 22.25
130 22.25
129 1.25
35 1.25
30 0
20 14
ThegrandcompositecurvefortheproblemisshowninFig.36.11
Table36.2HeatflowcascadeforproblemgiveninTable 36.1
Fig.36.10GriddiagramofprobleminTable36.1
0
C]
a) ThisoptionisshowninFig.36.12.Thesteamcondensingintervaltemperatureis140
0
C.
Now,Heatflowrequiredformtheturbineexhaust=15MW
Also,fromsteamtables,inletconditionsatT
1
=290
0
Cand40barsare:
Fig.36.11Grandcompositecurve ofprobleminTable36.1
Fig.36.12Grandcompositecurve ofprobleminTable36.1
(
0
C)
(
0
C)
HPSteam
Steam Turbine
H
1
=2933kJ/kg
S
1
=6.32kJ/kg/K
Therefore,turbineoutletconditionconsideringisentropicexpansionto150
0
Cusingsteamtable
is:
P
2
=4.761bars
S
2
=6.32kJ/kg/K
Thewetnessfraction(X)cannowbecalculatedusingequation:
S
2
=X*S
L
+(1X)*S
v
Where,
S
L
andS
v
aresaturatedliquidandvaporentropiestakenfromsteamtable
Thus,
6.32=1.842*X+6.838*(1X)
Or,
X=0.103683
Now,
Theturbineoutletenthalpyforanisentropicexpansioncannowbecalculatedfrom:
H
2
=X*H
L
+(1X)*H
V
Where,
H
L
and H
V
are the saturated liquid and vapor enthalpies. Taking saturated liquid and vapor
enthalpiesfromsteamtablesat150Cand4.761bars:
H
2
=0.103683*632.16+0.896317*2745.9
=2526.74kJ/kg
Now,ifweconsiderasinglestageexpansionwithisentropicefficiencyof90%,then
H
2
=H
1
IS
(H
1
H
2
)
=29330.9*(29332526.74)
=2933365.634=2567.26kJ/kg
Theactualwetnessfractioncannowbecalculatedas:
H
2
=X*H
L
+(1X)*H
V
2567.26=X*632.16+(1X)*2745.9
X=(178.64/2113.74)=0.0845
Now,ifweassumethatthesaturatedsteamandcondensateareseparatedaftertheturbineand
theonlythesaturatedsteamisusedforprocessingheating.
Steamflowtoprocess=15000/(2745.9632.16)=15000/2113.74=7.096kg/s
Therefore,thestreamflowthroughtheturbine=7.096/(10.0845)=7.75kg/s
Powergenerated=7.75*(H
1
H
2
)=7.75*(29332567.26)=2.835MW
b) ThisoptionisshowninFig.36.13
The exhaust from the gas turbine is can be considered to be primarily air with a small amount of
combustiongases.Hence,wecanassumetheCPoftheexhausttobethatoftheairflow.
Now,C
P
forair=1.03kJ/kg/K.
Therefore,CPforexhaust=93*1.03=95.79kW/K
Also,weknowthat,
Q
EX
=CP
EX
*(T
EX
T
0
)=95.79*(39012)=36.208MW
Now,
Q
FUEL
=Q
EX
/(1
GT
)=26.63/(10.28)=36.208/0.72=50.3MW
GasTurbine
Exhaust
(
0
C)
Fig.36.13HeatreleasecurvewithprocessGCCforoptionb
ofprobleminTable36.1
Thus,
W=Q
FUEL
Q
EX
=50.336.208=14.08MW
c) Now,wewillconsidertheeconomicsofthetwooptions:
Steamturbineeconomics:
Cost of Fuel =
(Beat fiom steam tuibine exhaust + Powei geneiateu) (cost of fuel foi steam tuibine pei uW)
SG&

Where
SG&
=Steamgenerationanddistributionefficiency
Hence,
Costoffuel=(((15+2.835)*10
3
)*3.1)/0.85=$0.065/s
Also,
Costofimportedelectricity=((62.835)*10
3
)*18.8=$0.0595/s
Hence,
Netcost=$0.1245/s
Gasturbineeconomics:
Costoffuel=(50.3*10
3
)*4.4=$0.2213/s
Electricitycredit=(((14.086)*10
3
)*13.4)=$0.1082/s
Hence,
NetCost=$0.1131/s
Hence, gas turbine is most economical in terms of energy costs. However, capital cost of the
twomustalsobeconsideredbeforecomingtoanyfinalconclusion.
References
1. http://www.sankeydiagrams.com/combinedheatpowerchpsankey/
2. http://chp.decc.gov.uk/cms/combinedcycle
3. http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch5/turbines.html
4. JoeL.DavisJr&NicolaKnight,Integratingprocessunitenergymetricsintoplantenergy
managementsystems,KBCAdvancedTechnologies,Inc,Houston,Texas

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CombinedHeatandPowerDesign(usingsteamTurbine)Module05 Lecture36

Heat engines used in Industry

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