PEC140 Introduction to Chemistry

STUDY BLOCK 11 Tutori! "ns#ers

1. Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. All of the
compounds shown contain only carbon and hydrogen and are thus classified as
hydrocarbons.
C H
3
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
CH
3
C H
3
C
C C H
3
C
C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
H
H
Saturated Unsaturated
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
C CH
2
C CH
2
CH
3
H
Saturated Unsaturated
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
Unsaturated Unsaturated
2. See above.
3. Alanes have the general formula C
n
H
2n !2
so the molecular formula for an alane with "
carbon atoms is C
"
H
1"
.
#.
Condensed $ormu! Line%&ond re'resenttion IUP"C (me
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
$%
CH
3
&CH
2
'
(
CH
3
$ctane
1
).
S)e!eton $ormu! Line%&ond re'resenttion IUP"C (me
C C C C C C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
2*2+dimethylhe,ane
C C C C C C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C H
H
H
H
2*3+dimethylhe,ane
C C C C C C
C
C
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H H
H
H H
H
H H
H
H
H
2*#+dimethylhe,ane
C C C C C C
C
C
H
H
H
H H
H H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
2*)+dimethylhe,ane
C C C C C C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H H
H H
3*3+dimethylhe,ane
C C C C C C
C C
H
H
H
H H H
H
H
H H
H H
H
H
H
H
H H
3*#+dimethylhe,ane
2
(.
Com'ound nme Line%&ond structure Condensed structur! $ormu!
He,ane
&C
(
H
1#
'
C H
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
2*3+dimethylbutane
&C
(
H
1#
'
C C
CH
3
C H
3
CH
3
CH
3
H
H
He,ane would be predicted to have the highest boiling point. -or alane structural isomers
the boiling point decreases with branching. .he conse/uence of branching is an overall more
spherical molecular shape. 0olecules with a more spherical shape have decreased surface
area available for intermolecular interactions. 1ess energy is re/uired to overcome the
attractive forces between molecules and drive molecules from the li/uid phase to the gas
phase.
3
2.
Structur! $ormu! Line%&ond re'resenttion IUP"C nme
C
C
C
C
C
C
H H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
Cyclohe,ane
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Cyclooctane
C
C
C
H H
H
H
H
H
Cyclopropane
C
C
C
C
C
Cl
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
Cl
Chlorocyclopentane
". .he balanced e/uation for the combustion of octane3
2 C
"
H
1"
! 2) $
2
4 1( C$
2
! 1" H
2
$
5. An e/uation for the reaction showing the formation of 1+bromohe,ane3
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
! 6r
2
! light 4 CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
6r ! H6r
7n the presence of U8 light* alanes can react with molecular bromine in substitution
reactions. $ne or more hydrogen atoms of the alane are substituted by bromine atoms. 1+
6romohe,ane is 9ust one of the possible products that may form. .he red+brown colour of
bromine dissipates as bromine is consumed in the reaction. .he vapour observed is the H6r
that is produced in the reaction.
#
1:.
(me *%methy!he+%*%ene ,%ch!oro'ent%*%ene
Structure
C
C
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
C H
3
H CH
3
C
C
CH
2
CH
3
Cl
H
-eometric
isomer
'ossi&!e
;o < to chec you can redraw the
structure and change the positions of
groups attached to one of the alene
carbon atoms. .his structure has been
redrawn by swapping the position of the
groups attached to the second alene
carbon atom. 7t is not an isomer* but the
same compound flipped over.
C
C
CH
3
H
C H
3
C H
2
CH
2
CH
3
=es < again you can redraw the
compound to chec. 7f we change the
positions of the methyl group and
hydrogen atom for the first alene
carbon atom* we can see the structure
is different < the geometric isomer.
H
C
C
CH
2
CH
3
Cl
C H
3
%emember that the reason why
geometric isomerism is possible is due
to the lac of rotation about carbon+
carbon double bonds.
11. >/uation for the reaction between 2+methylhe,+2+ene and molecular bromine &6r
2
'.
C
C
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
C H
3
H
C
C
C H
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3 C H
3
H
6r
6r
6r
2
$%
C
C
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
C H
3
H
C
C
C H
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3 C H
3
H
6r
6r
6r
2
!
)
12.
6r
6r
6r
2
C C
6r
H
3
C
H
CH
3
H
6r
6r
2 C C
H
3
C
H H
CH
3
C
CH
3
C
C H
3
H
H
C CH
3
C C H
3
Cl
Cl H
H
Cl
2
13.
Cl
Aliphatic
CH
2
C C H
3
C CH
2
CH
3
Aliphatic
-
Aromatic < monosubstituted ben?ene
;ame 3 fluoroben?ene
Aliphatic
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
Aromatic < monosubstituted ben?ene
;ame3 butylben?ene
Aromatic
CH
2
CH
3
Aliphatic
Aromatic < monosubstituted ben?ene
;ame3 propylben?ene
(