THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System is a group of tissues composed of highly specialized cells possessing the characteristics of
excitability and conductivity.
o The Nervous System in association with the Endocrine .System, not only creates an awareness o f the
environment but makes it possible for the human body to respond to environmental changes with the
necessary precision
Functions of the Nervous System
eceive sensory input
!ntegrate information
"ontrol muscle and glands
#aintain homeostasis
o can stimulate or inhibit the activities of other systems to help maintain a constant internal
environment
Establish and maintain mental activity
Take Note:
The Perihera! Nervous System can be divided into two ma$or divisions%
I. Structura! "ivision
A. "ranial Nerves
B. Spinal Nerves
II. Functiona! "ivision
&. Sensory #$fferent% "ivision' conducts action potentials (impulses) from sensory receptors to the "NS
*. Motor #Efferent% "ivision' conducts action potentials (impulses) from the "NS to the effector organs,
such as muscles and glands
+. Somatic Nervous System& innervating somatic structures like skeletal muscles and skin
,. $utonomic Nervous System& innervating visceral or involuntary structures like smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles, and glands
a' Symathetic Nervous System
(' Parasymathetic Nervous System
& diagram showing the Structural division of the -eripheral Nervous System
Motor "ivision of the Perihera! Nervous System
OR)$N*+$T*ON OF NERVOUS T*SSUE
*oth the "NS and -NS contain areas of gray matter and white matter
o )ray matter' consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites
!n the "NS, gray matter on the surface of the brain is called corte,'
o Nuc!eus& mass of gray matter in any part of the brain and spinal cord.
!n the -NS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies and dendrites is called a -an-!ion
o .hite matter' consists of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths, which are whitish in color
"NS' white matter forms nerve tracts/ or con0uction ath1ays
-NS' bundles of axons and their connective tissue sheaths are called nerves

!n the brain, the gray matter is broken into clumps or it is present as a surface layer (cortex) of the cerebrum and
cerebellum
!n the spinal cord, an .'shaped central region of gray matter is surrounded by white matter.
REF2E3ES
& ref!e, is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the "NS.
allow a person to react to stimuli more /uickly than if conscious thought is involved
most reflexes occur in the spinal cord or brainstem rather than in the higher brain centers
Ref!e, arc' the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs0 has five components
o The simpest reflex arc does not have interneuron (association neuron)
THE 4ENTR$2 $N" PER*PHER$2 NERVOUS SYSTEMS
4entra! Nervous System' brain and spinal cord
Perihera! Nervous System' +, pairs of cranial nerves and 1+ pairs of spinal nerves
THE 5R$*N
-art of the "NS contained within the skull
most complex and largest mass of nervous tissue in the
body and contains literally billions o f nerve cells
The average weight o f the human brain in the adult is
approximately +123 gm in the male and +,43 grams in
the females.
The ma6or re-ions of the (rain are %
o brainstem
o diencephalon
o cerebrum
o cerebellum
EM5RYO2O)*4$2 "*V*S*ONS OF THE 5R$*N
$' Fore(rain #Prosenceha!on%
+. Telencephalon ("erebrum)
,. 5iencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus)
5' Mi0(rain #Mesenceha!on%
+. "orpora /uadrigemina (tectum)' , superior colliculi and , inferior colliculi
,. "erebral peduncles
1. "erebral a/ueduct of Sylvius (!ter)
4' Hin0(rain #Rhom(enceha!on%
+. #etencephalon ("erebellum, -ons)
,. #yelencephalon (#edulla oblongata)
"*S4USS*ON
$' 4ERE5RUM #Te!enceha!on%
the largest part of the brain (represents 672 of weight of brain)
divided into left and right hemispheres by longitudinal fissures
Surface layer of gray matter (cerebral cortex) greatly expanded by convolutions, or -yri.
F*SSURES OF THE 4ERE5RUM
7' 2on-itu0ina! fissure
runs from the posterior to the anterior aspects
almost completely dividing it into ,
hemispheres
Each hemisphere has a full set of centers for
sensory and motor activities of the body, and
each associated with one side of the body.
The hemispheres are connected in the
midline by the corus ca!!osum which is
composed of crossing nerv fibers
o 8unction of corpus callosum is to allow
the two hemispheres to share learning
and memory
8' 2atera! Sy!vian fissure
between the frontal and parietal lobes above and temporal lobe below
associated with centers for speech and hearing
9' 4entra! Su!cus of Ro!an0o #Ro!an0ic Fissure%
between frontal and parietal lobes
associated with centers for both motor and sensory functions
:' Transverse fissure
*etween the cerebrum and cerebellum
;' Parieto&occiita! fissure
between the occipital and parietal lobe
<' 4a!carine fissure
found in the occipital lobe perpendicular to parieto'occipital fissure around which is the visual center
2O5ES OF THE 4ERE5RUM
7' Fronta! !o(e
!ncludes all the cortex lying anterior to the
central sulcus of olando and above the lateral
sulcus of Sylvius
important in the control of%
o voluntary motor functions
o personality
o motivation
o mood
8' Parieta! !o(e
lies posterior to central sulcus of olando and
above lateral sulcus of Sylvius
principal center for receiving and consciously
perceiving most sensory information , such as%
o touch
o pain
o temperature (hot and cold)
o balance
o taste
9' Occiita! !o(e
9ccupies the posterior extremity of the cerebral hemisphere behind parieto'occipital fissure
functions in receiving and perceiving V*SU$2 input
:' Temora! !o(e
lies beneath the lateral sulcus of Sylvius
involved in%
o o!factory #sme!!%
o au0itory sensations
o important role in memory
o abstract thought and judgment (:psychic cortex;)
FUN4T*ONS OF THE 4ERE5RUM
seat of advanced intellectual functions like memory storage, recall, learning and reasoning for comprehension
and execution of language
perception of all sensations and sites where one modality of sensation can be integrated with others
initiation o f movements
for emotional behaviour
FUN4T*ON$2 $RE$S OF 4ERE5RUM
+. Primary Motor $rea or Precentra! -yrus
lies in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus
controls voluntary movements in the opposite side of the body
5ro0man=s area :
,. Pre&motor $rea
!n front of the motot area
Exerts a controlling influence over the motor area, ensuring an orderly series of movements necessary for
speech
1. Pre&fronta! $rea
"oncerned with behaviour, character and emotional state of the individual
"oncerned with foresight, good $udgement, abstract thinking
<. Primary sensory> Somesthetic $rea or Post&centra! -yrus
=ies behind the central sulcus of olando in parietal lobe
Sensations of pain, temperature, pressure and touch, position and movement sensation from opposite side
of body are received and interpreted here.
5ro0man=s area 9/7/8
4. Motor seech area
=ies in inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere
5roca=s area #5ro0mann=s area :;/ ::%& Speaking and understanding language
>. Sensory seech area
lies in temporal lobes posterior to auditory area of dominant hemisphere
.ernicke?s area #5ro0mann?s area 88%
6. $u0itory or Hearin- $rea #transverse -yri of Heschi%
lies below lateral sulcus within the temporal lobe
center for hearing
5ro0mann?s area :7 @ :8
2. Visua! $rea
&round the calcarine fissure, including greater part of the occipital lobe
5ro0man=s area 7A
?. O!factory or sme!! area
@ithin the temporal lobe
5ro0mann=s area 9:
+3. Taste area
&bove the lateral sulcus into the deep layers of the sensory area
5ro0mann=s area :9
5$S$2 )$N)2*$
four paired masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of
the cerebral hemispheres
a group of functionally related nuclei
composed of five nuclei
the corus striatum' located deep within the cerebrum
caudate nucleus' medial portion
putamen' lateral portion lentiform nuclei
globus pallidus' lateral portion
su(stantia ni-ra' group of darkly pigmented cells in the
midbrain
su(tha!amic nuc!eus
8unctions of basal ganglia%
important in planning, organizing, and coordinating
motor movements
play an important role in the control of motor function
!n$ury to them produces either unilateral or bilateral
signs, including tremor, rigidity and uncontrolled
aimless movements.
2im(ic System
composed of the olfactory cortex and certain deep cortical regions and nuclei of the cerebrum and the
diencephalon
includes%
o olfactory cortex
o cingulated gyrus (an area of the cerebral cortex)
o nuclei such s those of the hypothalamus and thalamus
o hippocampus ( a mass of neuronal cell bodies in the temporal lobe)
o fornix, a connecting nerve tracts
o amygdale (almond shaped mass of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe)
8unctions%
o influences long'term declarative memory
o emotions
o visceral responses to emotions
o motivation
o mood
=esions in the limbic system can result in voracious appetite, increased sexual activity, and docility
(including loss of normal fear and anger responses
5' "*EN4EPH$2ON
part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebellum
the thalamus and hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus constitute the diencephalon and are located in
the forebrain along with the cerebrum
+. Tha!amus
the largest and most 59S&= subdivision of the diencephalon
paired egg'shaped mass of gray matter situated below corpus
callosum
highest subcortical sensory integrating cortex
Functions of tha!amus:
elay center for sensory impulses (e,cet o!factory) from
peripheral receptors to cerebral cortex
o #ost sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord
and brainstem pro$ects to the thalamus, where ascending
neurons synapse with thalamic neurons ma6or re!ay
station of sensory information
responsible for crude awareness of sensation (protopathic sensibility)
o allows crude appreciation of painful, thermal, and pressure sensations and mediates some
motor activities
includes nuclei involved in the movement planning and control
o processes and relays coordinating motor impulses from the basal ganglia and cerebellum
to the cerebral motor cortex
relay and integration center for emotional behaviour
influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
,. Hyotha!amus
the most inferior AENT&==B located part of diencephalon0 anterior to the thalamus
Functions of hyotha!amus
controls the autonomic nervous system
secretes hormones% oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (&5.)
o plays a ma$or role in controlling the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
control of body temperature
regulates food and fluid intake (hunger and thirst center)
helps maintain the waking state and establishes patterns of sleep
sensations such as sexual pleasure, rage, fear, and relaxation after a meal are related to
hypothalamic functions
9' Eitha!amus
small area superior and posterior to the thalamus
a narrow band on the roof of the diencephalon
consists of a few small nuclei, which are involved in the emotional and visceral response to odors, and
the pineal gland
:' Su(tha!amus
-ortion anterior to the thalamus and posterolateral to the hypothalamus
!t connects to motor areas o f the cerebrum.
Functions:
o !t is an important subcortical station for voluntary motion because it contains nuclei and
pathways associated with the control circuits of the basal ganglia.
o "ontains the subthalamic nuclei and portions o f the red nucleus and the substantia nigra.
These regions communicate with the basal ganglia
to help control body movements.
4' 5R$*NSTEM
connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain
made up o f the mi0(rain, ons, and me0u!!a o(!on-ata
occupies the posterior cranial fossa
stalk'like in shape, it connects the narrow spinal cord with the
expanded forebrain
5amage to small areas of the brainstem can cause death, whereas damage to relatively large areas of the
cerebrum or cerebellum often does not.
Functions of the (rainstem:
o Serves as a conduit for the ascending and descending tracts, connecting the spinal cord to the
different parts of the higher centers in the forcbrain.
o "ontains the reflex centers associated with the control o f the respiration and the "ardiovascular
System.
o &ssociated with the control of consciousness
o "ontains the important nuclei of cranial nerves !!!' C!!.
7' M*"5R$*N #Mesenceha!on%
located between the pons and diencephalon
$ust superior to the pons, the smallest region of the brainstem
connects the forebrain and hindbrain0 also connects the pons
and the cerebellum with the cerebrum
4omonents of the Mi0(rain
a' 4ere(ra! aBue0uct of Sy!vius #*ter%
"anal which connects the 1
rd
and <
th
ventricles of the
brain
(' Tectum
The portion of the midbrain behind the plane of the iter
is connected to the spinal cord by the tecto'spinal and spino'tectal tracts
!ts posterior surface is raised into < eminences called corora Bua0ri-emina'
o 4ORPOR$ CU$"R*)EM*N$' found posteriorly0 < rounded nuclear masses
8 Suerior co!!icu!i& visual reflexes
8 *nferior co!!icu!i& auditory (hearing) reflexes
Note% Each colliculus is composed o f gray
matter and a superficial coat o f white matter.
c' 4ere(ra! e0unc!es& foun0 anterior!y
constitute the chief bulk of the midbrain
pair of cylindrical bodies made up of nerve fiber tracts
which connect the forebrain with the hindbrain
Each cerebral peduncle is made up of 1 parts%
7' Te-mentum
a thick column of mixed gray and white
matter.
&nteriorly, it is separated from the basis
pedunculi by the substancia nigra.
-osteriorly, it is fused with the tectum.
!n the center of the upper half of the
tegmentum, there is a round rod of reddish
gray matter called red nucleus that extends
upward into the subthalamus
concerned with the regulation of tone of the muscles by which body e/uilibrium is
maintained
8' 5asis e0uncu!i
seen at the base of the brain
a thick wide bundle, streaked spirally (like a rope)
9' Su(stantia ni-ra
between the tegmentum and basis pedunculi
Functions of the Mi0(rain
elays motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons, cerebellum and spinal cord, and sensory
impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus
The suerior co!!icu!i coordinate movements of the eyeballs in response to visual and other stimuli
The inferior co!!icu!i coordinate movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli.
#ost of su(stantia ni-ra an0 re0 nuc!eus contribute to control o f movement
"ontains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves *** an0 *V
The rest of the midbrain consists largely of ascending tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum and
descending tracts from the cerebrum to the spinal cord or cerebellum
8' PONS #Part of metenceha!on%
the marked prominence that lies anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and medulla
bridge'like structure, consisting almost entirely of white matter linking the various part of the brain and
serving as a relay station from the medulla to the higher cortical centers
Superiorly, the pons is continuous with the cerebral peduncle
!nferiorly, it is continuous with the constituent part of the medulla
Functions of the Pons:
-ontine nuclei relay nerve impulses related to voluntary ske!eta! movements from the cerebral cortex to
the cerebellum.
!t relays impulses from one side of the cerebellum to the other an0 (et1een the medulla and midbrain.
"ontains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V/ V*/ V**' an0 V***'
The neumota,ic area and aneustic areas in the pons, together with the medulla, help control
breathing.
9' ME"U22$ O52ON)$T$ #Mye!enceha!on%
continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly and with the pons superiorly
lies ventral to the cerebellum
&t first its diameter is similar to that of the spinal cord, but it rapidly expands as it approaches the pons
The bilateral construction of the medulla oblongata is indicated on the surface by the anterior median fissure
which is interrupted at the lower part of the medulla by the decussation of the pyramids.
The posterior median fissure exists only in the lower half of the medulla
9n the anterior surface, two prominent enlargements called yrami0s extend the length of the medulla
oblongata. The pyramids consist of descending nerve tracts, which transmit action potentials from the brain
to motor neurons of the spinal cord and are involved in the conscious control of skeletal muscles
o Pyrami0 ' the bundle that lies alongside the anterior median fissures0 composed of the
corticospinal fibers that arise from the motor area of the cerebral cortex.
Functions of the Me0u!!a O(!on-ata
The medulla oblongata contains both motor and sensory tracts.
o !t relays motor and sensory impulses between other parts o f the brain and the spinal cord.
!t contains nuclei that are reflex centers for regulation of
o heart rate and blood vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)
o breathing''' Dresiratory center of the (rainE
o swallowing
o vomiting
o coughing
o sneezing
o hiccupping
!t also contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves A!!!, !C, C, C!, and C!!
!mportant% Reticu!ar formation' a large part of the brainstem consisting of small areas of gray matter and white
matter. 8unction% !t helps maintain consciousness0 causes awakening from sleep (arousal), and contributes to
regulating muscle tone
"' 4ERE5E22UM #Part of metenceha!on%
:little brain;
the largest part of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
located in the posterior cranial fossa dorsal to the
brainstem0 lies posterior to the <
th
ventricle, pons and
medulla oblongata
oval in shape with a central constrictions and lateral
expanded portions
o the constricted central portion is called the
vermis (=atin of worm)
o the lateral expanded portions, the cere(e!!ar
hemisheres
resembles the cerebrum in structure, with the gray
matter forming a layer of cortex placed on the surface rather than centrally located, as in the spinal cord
cross section reveals its patterns of folds and fissures
outlined by white matter
Embedded in the white matter of each hemisphere are
< masses of gray matters forming the intracerebcllar
nuclei.
connected to the brainstem by 1 pairs of symmetrical
bundles of cerebellar peduncles%
+. Suerior cere(e!!ar e0unc!e #(rachium
con6unctivum%& connects the cerebellum to the
midbrain.
,. Mi00!e cere(e!!ar e0unc!e #(rachium ontis%&
connects the cerebellum to the pons.
1. *nferior cere(e!!ar e0unc!e #(rachium
restiformis%& connects the cerebellum to the
medulla oblongata
2O5ES O F THE 4ERE5E22UM:
a. $nterior 2o(e #a!eocere(0!um%
located anterior to the primary fissure, it functions in the regulation of the muscle tone
b. Posterior 2o(e #neocere(c!!um%
found between the primary and postero'!ateral fissure
the largest lobe and the newest portion o f the cerebellum phylogenetically
functions in the coordination of voluntary movement
c. F!occu!ono0u!ar 2o(e #archicere(e!!um%
the oldest portion o f the cerebellum
functions for the maintenance o f e/uilibrium and posture through its influence on the
trunk muscles
Functions o f the 4ere(e!!um:
"oordinate precise movements and to maintain normal muscle tone, posture, and balance.
egulates posture and balance.
!t unconsciously controls the smooth contraction of voluntary muscles and relaxation of their
antagonists.
Each cerebellar hemisphere controls muscular movements on the same side of the body.
MEN*N)ES/ VENTR4*2ES/ $N" 4ERE5ROSP*N$2 F2U*"
MEN*N)ES
surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
Three !ayers of the menin-es %
7' "ura mater
the dura mater (latin for hard mother), the outer meninx, is made of dense, fibrous tissue
the most superficial and thickest layer
hast two portions% cranial and spinal
the potential space between dura and bone is ei0ura! sace.
8' $rachnoi0 mater
:spider'like;0 the middle layer which is very thin
delicate serous membrane located between the dura and pia mater
&s the name implies, it has the microscopic appearance of a spider web
The cranial portion invests the brain loosely and with the exception of the longitudinal fissure, it passes
over the various convolutions and sulci and does not dip down into them
The subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia is occupied by thin, delicate connective
tissue trabeculae and intercommunicating channels in which cerebrospinal fluid is contained
The one between dura and arachnoid mater is su(0ura! sace filled with small amount o f serous fluid
1. Pia mater'
:Dentle mother;
the innermost layer0 very tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
vascular membrane consisting a plexus of fine blood vessels held together by areolar connective tissue
The cranial portion invests the surface o f the brain and dips down into the sulci.

VENTR*42ES
a series of < communicating cavities (spaces) within the
brain, lined by ependymal cells and filled with
cerebrospinal fluid ("S8)
8our main ventricles%
7' 2atera! ventric!es
relatively large cavity in each of the cerebral
hemispheres.
.as < distinct parts% anterior horn, body, inferior
or temporal horn, and posterior horn
8' Thir0 ventric!e
located in the center of the diencephalon
thin vertical cavity in the midline medial and inferior to the lateral ventricles
9' Fourth ventric!e
located at the base of the cerebellum0 continuous
with the central canal of spinal cord
a rhomboid'shaped cavity overlying the pons and
medulla oblongata and bounded posteriorly by the
cerebellum
continuous inferiorly with the central canal of the
cervical spinal cord, superiorly with the !ter.
Foramina of Monro #*nterventricu!ar foramen%' connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle
4ere(ra! aBue0uct of Sy!vius #*ter%' connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle0 passes through the midbrain
Foramen of Ma-en0ie an0 2uschka' connects fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space7 cisterna magna

4ere(rosina! f!ui0 #4SF%
bathes the brain and spinal cord, providing a protective cushion around the CNS
produced by the choroi0 !e,uses, specialized structures made of ependymal cells, which are located in
the ventricles
fills the brain ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space
colorless, with a composition similar to that o f lymph
consists o f water with traces of protein, glucose, lymphocytes and even some hormones
the volume o f cerebrospinal fluid is about 7;F m!
serves as a water cushion to guard the brain and spinal cord against in$ury
"erebrospinal fluid is continuously formed in all four ventricles by active secretion, principally from the
capillaries o f the choroid plexus (pouch like pro$ections of the pia mater into the ventricles covered with the
ependymal lining of the ventricles.
4SF F2O.
-roduced in the choroid plexuses of the four ventricles lateral ventricles 8oramin of #onro third ventricle
cerebral a/ueduct of Sylvius (!ter) fourth ventricle (small amount enters the central canal) 8oramen of #agendie
and =uschka subarachnoid space arachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus enters the venous
circulation
Hy0roceha!us
accumulation of the "S8 in the ventricles due to blockage of the opening in the fourth ventricle or the cerebral
a/ueduct resulting to the enlargement of the brain
THE SP*N$2 4OR"
the elongated and almost cylindrical part o f the "NS,
which lies within the vertebral canal
is continuous with the medulla oblongata above and
extends from the level of foramen magnum to the lower
border of +st lumbar vertebra (in some books to the 2
nd
lumbar vertebra) in adult and level of =1 vertebra in
children.
average length% <4 cm
8 en!ar-ements:
+. cervica! en!ar-ement (where nerve supply of arms
arises from)0 level of <th cervical to ,nd thoracic
vertebrae
,. !um(ar en!ar-ement (where nerve supply of legs
arises from)0 level of +3th thoracic vertebra0 widest at
the +,th thoracic vertebra
it narrows down as a conus me0u!!aris, where it gives
rise to the threadlike fi!um termina!e that terminates in
the first coccygeal vertebra.
the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves descend along the filum terminale in a bundle known as the cau0a eBuina
is the pathway for impulses from the body to the brain, and from the brain to the body. These impulses are
different signals our brain sends and receives from our bodies.
Each column of the spinal cord contains ascending and descending tracts, or pathways
The ventral and dorsal roots unite $ust lateral to the spinal cord to form sina! nerves
SP*N$2 NERVES
arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal
roots and ventral roots
o 0orsa! root' containing fibers of sensory
neurons
o ventra! root' containing fibers of motor
neurons
&ll the spinal nerves contain axons of both sensory and
somatic motor neuron, and thus called mi,e0 nerves.
Spinal nerves are categorized by the region of the
vertebral column from which they emerge (or exit)
97 airs of sina! nerves
+. 2 cervical spinal nerves
,. +, thoracic spinal nerves
1. 4 lumbar spinal nerves
<. 4 sacral spinal nerves
4. + coccygeal spinal nerves
Soon after a spinal nerve leaves the cord, it branches in four directions%
+. Menin-ea! ramus' carries nerve fibers to and from the meninges o f the spinal cord and the intervertebral
ligaments.
,. "orsa! ramus' carries nerve fibers serving the muscles and skin of the back of the head, neck, and trunk
1. Ventra! ramus' the ventral and lateral parts o f the neck, trunk as well as the upper and lower extremities
are served by the usually larger and more important ventral ramus
<. .hite ramus & )ray ramus' belongs to the autonomic nervous system ( , portions)
#ost of the spinal nerves are organized into three ma6or !e,uses, where nerves come together and separate%
7' 4ervica! !e,us
originates from first four cervical spinal nerves ("+'"<)0
this supplies the back and sides of the head and the front of the neck
' gives off the hrenic nerve to the diaphragm
8' 5rachia! !e,us
originates from < lower cervical spinal nerves ("4'"2) and +
st
thoracic (T+)
supplies the skin and muscles of the upper limb
1. 2um(ar P!e,us' from =! '=< spinal nerves
a. 9bturator nerve
arising from anterior division o f =,=1=< spinal nerves
supplies the muscles and skin on medial aspect o f thigh
b. 8emoral nerve
arising from the posterior divisions o f =,=1=< spinal nerves
supplies muscles and skin on anterior aspect of the thigh
:' Sacra! P!e,us
from =<=4 S+ S, S1 spinal nerves (in some books up to S<)
the largest branch of which is the sciatic nerve (the largest nerve in the body)
The thoracic sina! nerves 0o not form !e,uses.
T + ' T ++ spinal nerves ' !NTE"9ST&= NEAES
T +, spinal nerves ' SE*"9ST&= NEAE
4R$N*$2 NERVES
nerves that arise from the brain
+, pairs of cranial nerves
Num(er Name of 4rania! Nerve Ori-in
)enera!
Function
Secific Function
* 9lfactory Nerve "erebrum Sensory Smell
** 9ptic nerve
5iencephalon
Sensory Aision
*** 9culomotor nerve
#idbrain
#otor
!nnervates levator palpebrae
superioris, superior rectus, medial
rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior
obli/ue E!evation of the uer
eye!i0
Parasymathetic% innervates
sphincter pupillae Pui!
constriction
*V Trochlear nerve #idbrain #otor
!nnervates the suerior o(!iBue
musc!e
V
Trigeminal nerve
9phthalmic branch
#axillary branch
#andibular branch
-ons
#ixed
Sensory% !t receives sensation from
the face and teeth
#otor% !nnervates the muscles of
mastication (chewing)
V* &bducens nerve -ons #otor
!t innervates the !atera! rectus,
which helps to abduct the eye
moves the eye laterally
causing a(0uction of the eye
V** 8acial nerve -ons #ixed
Sensory% receives the special
sense of taste from the anterior
8>9 of the ton-ue
#otor% !nnervation to the muscles
of facial expression
-arasympathetic% -rovides
secretomotor innervation to the
submandibular and sublingual
salivary glands and the lacrimal
(tear) gland
V***
Aestibulocochlear7
&coustic7 &uditory
nerve
Droove between pons
and medulla oblongata
Sensory
Vesti(u!ar (ranch' carries
impulses for e/uilibrium (balance)
4och!ear (ranch carries impulses
for hearing.
*3 Dlossopharyngeal nerve #edulla oblongata #ixed
Sensory% receives the special
sense of taste from the osterior
7>9 of the ton-ue
#otor% provides motor innervation
to the stylopharyngeus, a
pharyngeal (throat) muscle
-arasympathetic% provides
secretomotor innervation to the
aroti0 -!an0
.
3 Aagus nerve #edulla oblongata #ixed Sensory% sensory to pharynx,
larynx and thoracic and abdominal
viscera
#otor% The nerve supplies
branchiomotor innervation to
palate, most laryngeal, and all the
pharyngeal muscles (except the
stylopharyngeus)
-arasympathetic% thoracic and
abdominal viscera
F& ma$or function of this nerve is to
control muscles for voice and
resonance along with the soft
palate.
3* Spinal &ccessory nerve #edulla oblongata #otor
"ontrols sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles shrugging of
shoulders
3** .ypoglossal nerve #edulla oblongata #otor
-rovides motor innervation to
muscles of the tongue (except for
the palatoglossus, which is
innervated by the vagus nerve)
along with other glossal muscles
Movement of the ton-ue
F &n important nerve for swallowing
and speech articulation
Some Say Money Matters, 5ut My 5rother Says 5aked 5rownies Matter Most.G
Sensory: !, !!, and A!!!
Motor: !!!, !A, A!, C!, and C!!
Mi,e0: A, A!!, !C, and C
.ith arasymathetic: !!!, A!!, !C, and C
Eye movement: !!!, !A, and A!
Taste sensation: A!! and !C
2ar-est crania! nerve: "N A
2on-est nerve: "N C
$UTONOM*4 NERVOUS SYSTEM
comprises motor neurons that carry action potentials from the "NS to the periphery
innervates the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle , and glands
!n &NS, two neurons extend from the "NS to effector organs%
o -reganglionic neuron
o -ostganglionic neuron
composed of%
o Sympathetic Nervous System'
o -arasympathetic Nervous System
"ivision
2ocation of Pre-an-!ionic
4e!! 5o0y
2ocation of
Post-an-!ionic 4e!! 5o0y
)enera! Function
Symathetic T+'=, (thoracolumbar) Sympathetic chain ganglia
or collateral ganglia
DFi-ht&or&f!i-htE0 prepares
the body for activity
Parasymathetic "ranial nerves !!!, A!!, !C, Terminal ganglia near or Stimulates involuntary
and C0 S,'S< spinal nerves
(craniosacral)
embedded in the walls of
target organs
activities of the body at rest
Denerally speaking, the actions of the sympathetic division are directed toward mobilizing the bodyHs
energies for dealing with an increase in activity
The actions of the parasympathetic division conserve body energies.
#ost organs are innervated by both divisions, and the effects of each usually are opposite.
The sympathetic system is the more primitive, sometimes exerting a mass action fortified by epinephrine
from the adrenal medulla.
o This type of mass discharge has been pictures/uely described as preparing an animal for fight or
flight.
The parasympathetic system is more advanced structurally and functionally. and its actions are never as
generalized as the sympathetic responses.
Effects of $NS on Various Tissues
FUN4T*ONS OF THE $UTONOM*4 NERVOUS SYSTEM
OR)$N SYMP$THET*4 ST*MU2$T*ON
P$R$SYMP$THET*4
ST*MU2$T*ON
Eye
!ris
"iliary muscle
5ilates pupil
8lattens lens
"onstricts pupil
*ulges lens
Salivary glands 5iminished secretion "opious secretion
=acrimal glands None Stimulates secretion
Sweat glands "opious sweating None
.eart !ncreased heart rate 5ecreased heart rate
=ungs *ronchodilation *ronchoconstriction
Stomach 5ecreased motility and tone !ncreased motility and tone
Stimulates secretion of alkaline $uice with low
enzymatic activity
Stimulates secretion of acid with high
enzymatic activity
!ntestine 5ecreased motility and tone contraction !ncreased motility and tone inhibition
-ancreas Aasoconstriction may diminish secretion Stimulate secretion of pancreatic
enzymes
&drenal medulla of enal
gland
Secretion of epinephrine None
Erinary bladder !nhibition of urination Stimulates urination
-enis E$aculation Erection (vasodilation)