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PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
Teerapot Wessapan
Phadungsak Rattanadecho
1
e-mail: ratphadu@engr.tu.ac.th
Research Center of Microwave Utilization
in Engineering (R.C.M.E.),
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering,
Thammasat University,
Rangsit Campus,
Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
Specific Absorption Rate
1
and Temperature Increase
2
in Human Eye Subjected
3
to Electromagnetic Fields
4
at 900 MHz
5
6
Human eye is one of the most sensitive parts of the entire human body when exposed to
electromagnetic elds. These electromagnetic elds interact with the human eye and may
lead to cause a variety of ocular effects from high intensity radiation. However, the
resulting thermo-physiologic response of the human eye to electromagnetic elds is not
well understood. In order to gain insight into the phenomena occurring within the human
eye with temperature distribution induced by electromagnetic elds, a detailed knowl-
edge of absorbed power distribution as well as temperature distribution is necessary.
This study presents a numerical analysis of specic absorption rate (SAR) and heat trans-
fer in the heterogeneous human eye model exposed to electromagnetic elds. In the heter-
ogeneous human eye model, the effect of power density on specic absorption rate and
temperature distribution within the human eye is systematically investigated. In particu-
lar, the results calculated from a developed heat transfer model, considered natural con-
vection and porous media theory, are compared with the results obtained from a
conventional heat transfer model (based on conduction heat transfer). In all cases, the
temperatures obtained from the developed heat transfer model have a lower temperature
gradient than that of the conventional heat transfer model. The specic absorption rate
and the temperature distribution in various parts of the human eye during exposure to
electromagnetic elds at 900 MHz, obtained by numerical solution of electromagnetic
wave propagation and heat transfer equation, are also presented. The results show that
the developed heat transfer model, which is the more accurate way to determine the tem-
perature increase in the human eye due to electromagnetic energy absorption from elec-
tromagnetic eld exposure. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4006243]
Keywords: electromagnetic elds, temperature distribution, specic absorption rate,
7 human eye, heat transfer
8 1 Introduction
9 In the recent years, there is an increasing public concern about
10
the interaction between the human body and electromagnetic
11 elds. It is well known that the human eye is one of the most sen-
12
sitive parts of the entire human body that can exhibit thermal dam-
13
age due to electromagnetic elds exposure. Therefore, it is
14 interesting to investigate on the possible ocular effects occurred
15
during exposure to electromagnetic elds. Although the safety
16
standards are regulated in terms of the peak SAR value of tissue,
17
the maximum temperature increase in the human eye caused by
18
electromagnetic energy absorption is an actual inuence of the
19 dominant factors, which induce adverse physiological effects. The
20
severity of the physiological effect produced by small temperature
21
increases can cause eyesight to worsen. There have been medical
22 case reports of the formation of cataracts in humans following the
23
accidental exposure to microwave radiation [1]. Actually, a small
24 temperature increase in the eye of 35

C leads to induce cataracts

25
formation [2]. Additionally, it is reported that a temperature above
26
41

C is necessary for production of posterior lens opacities [3].

27 Numerical analysis of human eye exposed to electromagnetic
28
elds has provided useful information on absorption of
29 electromagnetic energy for the human eye under a variety of
30
exposure condition.
31 In the past, there have been reports on the effects of electro-
32
magnetic elds on the human eye [4,5]. Nevertheless, the analysis
33
generally has been conducted based on peak SAR, which follows
34 public safety standards regulation [6,7]. The experimental data on
35
the correlation of SAR levels to the temperature increases in
36 human tissue are still sparse. Most previous studies of human
37
exposed to electromagnetic elds have not been considered the
38
heat transfer causing an incomplete analysis to the results. There-
39 fore, modeling of heat transport in human tissues is needed to
40
cooperate with the modeling of electromagnetic in order to com-
41
pletely explain these interaction characteristics for approaching
42
realistic phenomena.
43
The topic of temperature increase in human tissue caused by ex-
44 posure to electromagnetic elds, particularly those radiated to the
45
eye, has been of interest for several years. Recently, the modeling
46
of heat transport in human tissue has been investigated by many
47 researchers [820]. Thermal modeling of human tissue is important
48
as a tool to investigate the effect of external heat sources as well as
49 in predicting the abnormalities within the tissue. In the past, most
50
studies of heat transfer analysis in human eye used heat conduction
51
equation [814]. Some studies carried out on natural convection in
52 human eye based on heat conduction model [15,16]. Ooi and Ng
53
[16] studied the effect of aqueous humor (AH) hydrodynamics on
54 the heat transfer within the eye based on heat conduction model.
55
Meanwhile, the bioheat equation, introduced by Pennes [17,18]
1
Corresponding author.
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division of ASME for publication in the
JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received July 28, 2011; nal manuscript
received February 14, 2012; published online xx xx, xxxx. Assoc. Editor: Pamela M.
Norris.
J_ID: HT DOI: 10.1115/1.4006243 Date: 7-March-12 Stage: Page: 1 Total Pages: 12
ID: veeraragavanb Time: 17:11 I Path: //xinchnasjn/ASME/3b2/HT##/Vol00000/120101/APPFile/AS-HT##120101
Journal of Heat Transfer MONTH 2012, Vol. 00 / 000000-1 Copyright VC
2012 by ASME
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
56 based on the heat diffusion equation for a blood perfused tissue, is
57
used for modeling of heat transfer in the human eye as well
58
[19,20]. Recently, porous media models have been utilized to
59 investigate the transport phenomena in biological media instead
60
simplied bioheat model [2123]. Shafahi and Vafai [24] proposed
61 the porous media along with natural convection model to analyze
62
the eye thermal characteristics during exposure to thermal distur-
63
bances. The other research groups have been tried to conduct the
64 advanced model using the coupled model of heat and electromag-
65
netic dissipation in the human eye [1014].
66 Our research group has tried to numerically investigate the tem-
67
perature increase in the human tissues subjected to electromag-
68
netic elds in many problems [2527]. Wessapan et al. [25,26]
69 utilized a 2D nite element method (FEM) to obtain the SAR
70
and temperature increase in human body exposed to leakage
71
electromagnetic wave. Wessapan et al. [27] developed a three-
72
dimensional human head model in order to investigate the SAR
73
and temperature distribution in human head during exposure to
74 mobile phone radiation. Keangin et al. [28,29] carried out on the
75
numerical simulation of liver cancer treated using the complete
76
mathematical model considered the coupled model of electromag-
77 netic wave propagation, heat transfer, and mechanical deforma-
78
tion in biological tissue in the couple way.
79 Most previous studies of the interaction between electro-
80
magnetic eld and the human eye were mainly focused on
81
SAR and have not been considered heat transfer causing an incom-
82 plete analysis to the results. Therefore, modeling of heat transport
83
is needed in order to completely explain the actual process of inter-
84 action between electromagnetic eld and the human eye within the
85
human tissue. Although porous media and natural convection mod-
86
els of human eye have been used in the previous biomedical studies
87 [15,16,24], most studies of human eye exposed to electromagnetic
88
elds have not been considering the porous media approach, and
89 natural convection approach is sparse or nonexistent.
90
There are few studies on the temperature and electromagnetic
91
eld interaction in realistic physical model of the human organs
92 especially human eye due to the complexity of the problem, even
93
though it is directly related to the thermal injury of tissues. There-
94
fore, in order to provide information on levels of exposure and
95 health effects from electromagnetic eld exposure adequately, it
96
is essential to simulate both of electromagnetic eld and heat
97 transfer based on porous media theory within an anatomically
98
model particularly human eye.
99
This study presents the simulation of the SAR distribution and
100 temperature distribution in an anatomically human eye exposed to
101
electromagnetic eld based on porous media theory. This is a pio-
102 neer work in the application of natural convection and porous
103
media theory to the study of the interaction between electromag-
104
netic eld and the human eye. In this study, a two-dimensional
105 human eye model was used to simulate the SAR and temperature
106
distribution in the human eye model. Electromagnetic wave prop-
107 agation in the human eye was investigated by using Maxwells
108
equations. An analysis of heat transfer in the human eye exposed
109
to TM-mode of electromagnetic elds was investigated using a
110 developed heat transfer model (included the conduction and natu-
111
ral convection heat transfer mode) which proposed by Shafahi and
112
Vafai [24]. In the heterogeneous human eye model, the effect of
113
power density on specic absorption rate and temperature distri-
114
bution within the human eye is systematically investigated. In par-
115 ticular, the results obtained from a developed heat transfer model,
116
considered natural convection and porous media theory, are com-
117
pared with the results obtained from a conventional heat transfer
118 model (heat conduction model). The specic absorption rate and
119
the temperature distribution in various parts of the human eye dur-
120 ing exposure to electromagnetic elds at 900 MHz, which are
121
obtained by numerical solution of electromagnetic wave propaga-
122
tion and heat transfer equation, are presented. The obtained values
123 represent the accurate phenomena to determine the temperature
124
increase in the human eye due to electromagnetic energy absorp-
125 tion from electromagnetic eld exposure.
126 2 Formulation of the Problem
127
Figure 1 shows radiation of electromagnetic elds from an elec-
128 tromagnetic radiation device to the human body. These electro-
129
magnetic elds fall on the human eye that causes heating in the
130 deeper tissue, which leads to tissue damage and cataract forma-
131
tion. Due to ethical consideration, exposing a human to electro-
132
magnetic elds for the experimental purposes is limited. It is more
133 convenient to develop a realistic human eye model through nu-
134
merical simulation. In Sec. 3 AQ1 , an analysis of specic absorption
135
rate and heat transfer in the human eye exposed to electromag-
136
netic elds will be illustrated. The system of governing equations
137
as well as initial and boundary conditions are solved numerically
138 using the FEM via COMSOL
TM
MULTIPHYSICS.
139 3 Methods and Model
140
The rst step in evaluating the effects of a certain exposure to
141 electromagnetic elds in the human eye is the determination of
142
the induced internal electromagnetic eld and its spatial distribu-
143
tion. Thereafter, electromagnetic energy absorption which results
144 in temperature increases within the human eye and other interac-
145
tions will be able to be considered.
146
3.1 Physical Model. In this study, a two-dimensional
147 model of the human eye, which follows the physical model in
148
the previous research [24], is developed. Figure 2 shows the
Fig. 1 Electromagnetic elds from an electromagnetic radia-
tion device
Fig. 2 Human eye vertical cross section
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000000-2 / Vol. 00, MONTH 2012 Transactions of the ASME
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
149
two-dimensional human eye model used in this study. This model
150
comprises seven types of tissue including cornea, anterior cham-
151 ber, posterior chamber, iris, sclera, lens, and vitreous. These tis-
152
sues have different dielectric and thermal properties. In the sclera
153 layer, there are two more layers known as the choroid and retina,
154
which are relatively thin compared with the sclera. To simplify
155
the problem, these layers are assumed to be homogeneous. The
156 iris and sclera, which have the same properties, are modeled
157
together as one homogenous region [16]. The dielectric properties
158
and thermal properties of tissues are given in Tables 1 and 2,
159
respectively. Each tissue is assumed to be homogeneous and elec-
160
trically as well as thermally isotropic.
161
3.2 Equations for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
162 Analysis. Mathematical models are developed to predict the elec-
163
tric eld and SAR with relation to temperature gradient within the
164
human eye. To simplify the problem, the following assumptions
165
are made:
(1)
166
Electromagnetic wave propagation is modeled in two
167 dimensions.
(2)
168
The human eye in which electromagnetic waves interact
169
with human eye proceeds in the open region.
(3) 170 The free space is truncated by scattering boundary
171
condition.
(4) 172 The model assumes that dielectric properties of each tissue
173
are constant.
(5)
174
In the human eye, an electromagnetic wave is characterized
175 by transverse magnetic elds (TM-Mode).
176
The electromagnetic wave propagation in human eye is calcu-
177 lated using Maxwells equations which mathematically describe
178
the interdependence of the electromagnetic waves. The general
179
form of Maxwells equations is simplied to demonstrate the elec-
180 tromagnetic eld penetrated in human eye as the following
181
equation:
r e
r

jr
xe
0

1
r H
z
!
l
r
k
2
0
H
z
0 (1)
182
where H is the magnetic eld (A/m), l
r
is the relative magnetic
183 permeability, e
r
is the relative dielectric constant, e
0
8:8542
10
12
F=m is the permittivity of free space, and k
0
is the free
184
space wave number (m
1
).
185 3.2.1 Boundary Condition for Wave Propagation Analysis.
186
Electromagnetic energy is emitted by an electromagnetic radiation
187
device and falls on the human eye with a particular power density.
188 Therefore, boundary condition for solving electromagnetic wave
189
propagation, as shown in Fig. 3, is described as follows.
Fig. 3 Boundary condition for analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation and heat
transfer
Table 1 Dielectric properties of tissues at 900 MHz [30,31]
Frequency: 900 MHz
Tissue e
r
r (S/m)
Cornea (a) 52.0 1.85
Anterior chamber (b) 73.0 1.97
Lens (c) 51.3 0.89
Posterior chamber (d) 73.0 1.97
Vitreous (e) 74.3 1.97
Sclera (f) 52.1 1.22
Iris (f) 52.1 1.22
Table 2 Thermal properties of human eyes [16]
Tissue q (kg/m
3
) k (W/m

C) C
p
(J/kg

C) l (N s/m
2
) b (1/K)
Cornea (a) 1050 0.58 4178
Anterior chamber (b) 996 0.58 3997 0.00074 0.000337
Lens (c) 1000 0.4 3000
Posterior chamber (d) 996 0.58 3997
Vitreous (e) 1100 0.603 4178
Sclera (f) 1050 1.0042 3180
Iris (f) 1050 1.0042 3180
J_ID: HT DOI: 10.1115/1.4006243 Date: 7-March-12 Stage: Page: 3 Total Pages: 12
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Journal of Heat Transfer MONTH 2012, Vol. 00 / 000000-3
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
190 It is assumed that the uniform wave ux falls on the left side of
191
the human eye. Therefore, at the left boundary of the considered
192
domain, an electromagnetic simulator employs TM wave propaga-
193 tion port with specied power density
S

E E
1
E
1

E
1
E
1
(2)
194
Boundary conditions along the interfaces between different
195 mediums, for example, between air and tissue or tissue and tissue,
196
are considered as continuity boundary condition
n E
1
E
2
0 (3)
197
The outer sides of the calculated domain, i.e., free space, are
198
considered as scattering boundary condition [25]
n r E
z
jkE
z
jk 1 k n E
0z
exp jk r (4)
199
where k is the wave number (m
1
), r is electric conductivity
200 (S/m), n is normal vector, j

1
p
, and E
0
is the incident plane
201
wave (V/m).
202
3.3 Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields and Human
203 Tissues. Interaction of electromagnetic elds with biological tis-
204
sues can be dened in term of SAR. When electromagnetic waves
205
propagate through the human tissues, the energy of electromag-
206 netic waves is absorbed by the tissues. The specic absorption
207
rate is dened as power dissipation rate normalized by material
208
density [25]. The specic absorption rate is given by
SAR
r
q
E j j
2
(5)
209 where E is the electric eld intensity (V/m), r is the electric con-
210
ductivity (S/m), and q is the tissue density (kg/m
3
).
211
3.4 Equations for Heat Transfer Analysis. To solve the
212
thermal problem, the coupled effects of electromagnetic wave
213 propagation and unsteady bioheat transfer are investigated. The
214
temperature distribution is corresponded to the SAR. This is
215 because the specic absorption rate within the human eye distrib-
216
utes owing to energy absorption. Thereafter, the absorbed energy
217
is converted to thermal energy, which increases the tissue
218 temperature.
219
Heat transfer analysis of the human eye is modeled in two
220 dimensions. To simplify the problem, the following assumptions
221
are made:
(1) 222 Human tissues are biomaterial with constant thermal
223
properties.
(2)
224
There is no phase change of substance within the tissues.
(3) 225 There is local thermal equilibrium between the blood and
226
tissue.
(4)
227
There is no chemical reaction within the tissues.
228
This study utilized two pertinent thermal models to investigate
229
the heat transfer behavior of the human eye when exposed to the
230
electromagnetic elds.
231
Model I: The conventional heat transfer model [20].
232 This model assumes metabolic heat generation and blood perfu-
233
sion in the human eye to be zero. The governing equation solved,
234 therefore, resembled the classical heat conduction equation
q
i
C
i
@T
i
@t
r k
i
rT
i
Q
ext
; i a; b; c; d; e; f (6)
235
where i denotes each subdomain in human eye model as
236 shown in Fig. 2, q is the tissue density (kg/m
3
), C is the heat
237
capacity of tissue (J/kg K), k is the thermal conductivity of
238
tissue (W/m K), T is the tissue temperature (K), and t is the
239 time, respectively.
240
Model II: The developed heat transfer model [24].
241
In this model, the motion of uid is only considered inside
242 the anterior chamber [16]. There is blood ow in the iris/
243
sclera part, which plays a role to adjust eye temperature with
244 the rest of the body [24]. For the rest parts, the metabolic
245
heat generation is neglected based on the fact that these com-
246
prise mainly water [16]. The equation governing the ow of
247 heat in cornea, posterior chamber, lens, and vitreous is the
248
same as that given in Eq. (6).
249 This model accounts for the existence of AH in the anterior
250
chamber. The heat transfer process consists of both conduction
251
and natural convection, which can be written as follows:
Continuity equation: r u
i
0; i b (7)
Momentum equation:
q
i
@v
i
@t
q
i
u
i
r u
i
rp
i
r lru
i
ru
T
i

q
i
gb
i
T
i
T
ref
; i b (8)
252
where b is the volume expansion coefcient (1/K), u is the veloc-
253 ity (m/s), p is the pressure (N/m
2
), l is the dynamic viscosity of
254
AH (N s/m
2
), and T
ref
is the reference temperature which we have
255
considered here is 37

C. The effects of buoyancy due to the tem-

256 perature gradient are modeled using the Boussinesq approxima-
257
tion which states that the density of a given uid changes slightly
258 with temperature but negligibly with pressure [16].
Energy equation:
q
i
C
i
@T
i
@t
r k
i
rT
i
qC
i
v
i
rT
i
Q
ext
; i b (9)
259 The sclera/iris is modeled as a porous medium with blood per-
260
fusion, which assumes local thermal equilibrium between the
261 blood and tissue. The blood perfusion rate used is 0.004 1/s. A
262
modied Pennes bioheat equation [24,32] is used to calculate
263
the temperature distribution within the sclera/iris.
1 eq
i
C
i
@T
i
@t
r 1 ek
i
rT
i
q
b
C
b
x
b
T
b
T
i

Q
ext
; i f (10)
264 where T
b
is the temperature of blood (K), q
b
is the density of
265
blood (kg/m
3
), C
b
is the specic heat capacity of blood (J/kg K),
x
b
is the blood perfusion rate (1/s), and Q
ext
is the external heat
266
source term (electromagnetic heat source density) (W/ m
3
).
267
In the analysis, the porosity (e) used is assumed to be 0.6.
268 The heat conduction between tissue and blood ow is approxi-
269
mated by the blood perfusion term, q
b
C
b
x
b
T
b
T .
270
The external heat source term is equal to the resistive heat
271 generated by electromagnetic eld (electromagnetic power
272
absorbed), which dened as [25]
Q
ext

1
2
r
tissue
E

q
2
SAR (11)
273 where r
tissue
is the electric conductivity of tissue (S/m).
274
3.4.1 Boundary Condition for Heat Transfer Analysis. The
275 heat transfer analysis, which does not include parts of the sur-
276
rounding space, is considered only in the human eye. As shown in
277 Fig. 3, the cornea surface is considered as the convective, radia-
278
tive, and evaporative boundary condition for all of the models
n : krT h
am
T
i
T
am
erT
4
i
T
4
am
e on C
1
i a
(12)
J_ID: HT DOI: 10.1115/1.4006243 Date: 7-March-12 Stage: Page: 4 Total Pages: 12
ID: veeraragavanb Time: 17:11 I Path: //xinchnasjn/ASME/3b2/HT##/Vol00000/120101/APPFile/AS-HT##120101
000000-4 / Vol. 00, MONTH 2012 Transactions of the ASME
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
279
where C
i
is the external surface area corresponding to section i, e
280 is the tear evaporation heat loss (W/m
2
), T
am
is the ambient tem-
281
perature (K), and h
am
is convection coefcient (W/m
2
K).
282
The temperature of blood which is generally assumed to be the
283 same as the body core temperature causes heat to be transferred
284
into the eye [16]. The surface of the sclera is assumed to be a con-
285 vective boundary condition for all of the models
n k
i
rT
i
h
b
T
b
T
i
on C
2
i f (13)
286
where h
b
is convection coefcient of blood (65 W/m
2
K). C
1
and
287
C
2
are corneal surface and sclera surface of the eye, respectively.
288
3.5 Calculation Procedure. In this study, the nite element
289
method is used to analyze the transient problems. The computa-
290 tional scheme is to assemble nite element model and compute a
291
local heat generation term by performing an electromagnetic cal-
292 culation using tissue properties. In order to obtain a good approxi-
293
mation, a ne mesh is specied in the sensitive areas. This study
294
provides a variable mesh method for solving the problem as
295 shown in Fig. 4. The system of governing equations as well as ini-
296
tial and boundary conditions are then solved. All computational
297 processes are implemented using COMSOL
TM
MULTIPHYSICS, to dem-
298
onstrate the phenomenon that occurs within the human eye
299
exposed to electromagnetic elds.
300 The 2D model is discretized using triangular elements and the
301
Lagrange quadratic is then used to approximate temperature and
302
SAR variation across each element. Convergence test is carried
303
out to identify the suitable number of elements required. The con-
304 vergence curve resulting from the convergence test is shown in
305
Fig. 5. This convergence test leads to the grid with approximately
306
10,000 elements. It is reasonable to assume that, at this element
307
number, the accuracy of the simulation results is independent
308
from the number of elements.
309 4 Results and Discussion
310 In this study, the coupled model of electromagnetic eld and
311
thermal eld are solved numerically. For the simulation, the
312
dielectric properties and thermal properties are directly taken
313
from Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The exposed radiated power
314
used in this study refers to ICNIRP standard for safety level at
315 the maximum SAR value of 2 W/kg (general public exposure) and
316
10 W/kg (occupational exposure) [6]. For the electromagnetic fre-
317
quency of 900 MHz, the effect of power density on distributions
318 of specic absorption rate and temperature prole within the
319
human eye is systematically investigated using two models,
320 namely, the conventional heat transfer model (models I) and the
321
developed heat transfer model (model II).
322
4.1 Verification of the Model. In order to verify the accu-
323
racy of the present numerical models, the case without electro-
324 magnetic eld of the simulated results from the present study is
325
validated against the numerical results with the same geometric
326 model obtained by Shafahi and Vafai [24]. Moreover, the numeri-
327
cal results are then compared with the experimental results of the
328
rabbit obtained from Lagendijk [8]. The validation case assumes
329 that the rabbit body temperature is 38.8

C, the tear evaporation

330
heat loss is 40 W/m
2
, the ambient temperature is 25

C, and con-
331 vection coefcient of ambient air is 20 W/m
2
K. The results of the
332
selected test case are illustrated in Fig. 6 for temperature distribu-
333
tion in the eyes. Figure 6 clearly shows a good agreement of the
334 temperature distribution in the eye between the present solution
335
and that of Shafahi and Vafai [24] and Lagendijk [8]. In the gure,
336 the simulated results of the conventional heat transfer model
337
(models I) and the developed heat transfer model (model II) pro-
338
vide a good agreement with the simulated results obtained from
339 Shafahi and Vafai [24]. This favorable comparison lends con-
340
dence in the accuracy of the present numerical model.
Fig. 4 A two-dimensional nite element mesh of human eye
model
Fig. 5 Grid convergence curve of the 2D model
Fig. 6 Comparison of the calculated temperature distribution
to the temperature distribution obtained by Shafahi and Vafai,
and the Lagendijks experimental data; h
am
520 W/m
2
K and
T
am
525

C
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341 4.2 Electric Field Distribution. To illustrate the penetrated
342
electric eld distribution inside the human eye, the predicted
343 results obtained from our proposed models are required. Figure 7
344
shows the simulation of electric eld pattern inside the human eye
345
exposed to electromagnetic eld in TM mode operating at the fre-
346 quency of 900 MHz propagating along the vertical cross section
347
human eye model where the varying power densities are done.
348 Due to the different dielectric characteristics of the various tissue
349
layers, a different fraction of the supplied electromagnetic energy
350
will become absorbed in each layer in the human eye. Conse-
351 quently, the reection and transmission components at each layer
352
contribute to the resonance of standing wave in the human eye. It
353 can be seen that the higher values of electric eld in all cases
354
occur in the outer part area of the eye, especially in cornea, and
355
lens. Certainly, the maximum electric eld intensity at the higher
356 power density is greater than that of the lower power density. The
357
maximum electric eld intensities are 391.680 V/m, 276.959 V/m,
358
123.907 V/m, and 87.616 V/m at the power densities of
359
100 mW/cm
2
, 50 mW/cm
2
, 10 mW/cm
2
, and 5 mW/cm
2
, respec-
360
tively. The three highest electric eld intensity values in the
361 human eye at all power densities occur in cornea, lens, and iris,
362
respectively. This is because the lower value of their dielectric
363
properties (e
r
) shown in Table 1 which corresponds to Eq. (1), as
364 well as these tissues located close to the exposed surface, by
365
which it causes the electromagnetic eld can penetrate easily
366 into these tissues. The electric eld deep inside the human eye is
367
extinguished where the electric eld attenuates due to absorbed
368
electromagnetic energy and is then converted to heat. Moreover,
369 the electric eld distribution also showed a strong dependence on
370
the dielectric properties of the tissues.
371 4.3 SAR Distribution. Figure 8 shows the SAR distribution
372
evaluated on the vertical cross section of the human eye exposed
Fig. 7 Electric eld distribution (V/m) in human eye exposed to the electromagnetic fre-
quency of 900 MHz at the power densities of (a) 5 mW/cm
2
, (b) 10 mW/cm
2
, (c) 50 mW/cm
2
,
and (d) 100 mW/cm
2
Fig. 8 SAR distribution (W/kg) in human eye exposed to the electromagnetic frequency
of 900 MHz at the power densities of (a) 5 mW/cm
2
, (b) 10 mW/cm
2
, (c) 50 mW/cm
2
, and (d)
100 mW/cm
2
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PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
373
to the electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz at various power
374 densities. It is evident from the gure that the results of the
375
SAR values within the human eye (Fig. 8) which are increased
376
corresponding to the electric eld intensities (Fig. 7). Besides the
377 electric eld intensity, the magnitude of dielectric properties and
378
thermal properties in each tissue will directly affect the amount of
379
SAR within the human eye. For all power densities, the highest
380
SAR values are obtained only in the region of the cornea but not
381
in lens and iris as electric eld distributions. This is because the
382 cornea has a much higher value of its dielectric properties (r) than
383
those of the lens and iris, as well as the cornea located close to the
384
exposed surface, at which the electric eld intensity is strongest. It
385 is found that the SAR distribution pattern in the human eye, which
386
corresponds to Eq. (5), is strongly depended on the effect of the
387 dielectric properties (r, shown in Table 1) and thermal properties
388
(q, shown in Table 2). With penetration into the eye, the SAR val-
389
ues decrease rapidly along the distance from the electromagnetic
390 source. The maximum SAR values are 135.15 W/kg, 67.575
391
W/kg, 13.525 W/kg, and 6.763 W/kg at the power densities of
392 100 mW/cm
2
, 50 mW/cm
2
, 10 mW/cm
2
, and 5 mW/cm
2
, respec-
393
tively. Comparing to ICNIRP standard for safety level at the
394
maximum SAR value of 2 W/kg (general public exposure) and
395 10 W/kg (occupational exposure) [6], the resulting SAR values
396
from this study are higher than the ICNIRP exposure limits for
397
occupational exposure in most cases except for the power density
398
of 5 mW/cm
2
.
399
4.4 Temperature Distribution. Since this study has focused
400
on the volumetric heating effect into the multilayered eye induced
401 by electromagnetic eld, the effect of ambient temperature varia-
402
tion have been neglected in order to gain insight into the interac-
403 tion between electromagnetic eld and human tissues as well as
404
the correlation between SAR and heat transfer mechanism. For
405
this reason, the ambient temperature has been set to human body
406 temperature of 37

C, and the tear evaporation has been neglected.

407
Moreover, the effect of thermoregulation mechanisms has also
408 been neglected due to the small temperature increase occurred
409
during exposure process. The convective coefcient due to blood
410
ow inside the sclera is set to 65 W/m
2
K [16]. In order to study
411 the heat transfer within the human eye, the coupled effects of elec-
412
tromagnetic wave propagation and unsteady heat transfer as well
413 as initial and boundary conditions are then investigated. Due to
414
these coupled effects, the electric eld distribution in Fig. 7 and
415
the SAR distribution in Fig. 8 are then converted into heat by
416 absorption of the tissues. Figure 9 shows the temperature distribu-
417
tion in the vertical cross section human eye at various time
418
exposed to the electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz at the
419 power density of 100 mW/cm
2
calculated using the conventional
420
heat transfer model (model I) (Fig. 9(a)) and developed heat trans-
421
fer model (model II) (Fig. 9(b)). For the human eye exposed to the
422 electromagnetic elds for a period of time, the temperature within
423
the human eye (Fig. 9) is increased corresponding to the specic
424
absorption rate (Fig. 8). This is because the electric eld within
425
the human eye attenuates owing to the energy absorbed and there-
426
after the absorbed energy is converted to thermal energy, which
427 increases the human eye temperature.
428
It is found that by using the different heat transfer models, the
429
distribution patterns of temperature at a particular time are quite
430 different. The hot spot zone is strongly displayed at the 10 min for
431
the both heat transfer models at the anterior chamber area, owing
432 to the extensive penetration of electromagnetic power of internal
433
regions and higher dielectric properties (e
r
) of anterior chamber
434
tissue. This higher dielectric property of the anterior chamber rep-
435 resents the stronger absorption ability of electromagnetic elds
436
than those of the cornea and lens. The outer corneal surface has a
437 lower temperature than that of the anterior chamber, even if it has
438
higher SAR value (Fig. 8). This is because heat is dissipated to the
439
ambient via convection and radiation. Since the main heat transfer
440 mechanism of the conventional heat transfer model is thermal
441
conduction of the human eye, whereas the developed heat transfer
442
model accounts for the natural convection within the anterior
443
chamber as well. Therefore, the developed heat transfer model
444
with higher dissipation rates of heat generated by electromagnetic
445 elds can obtain higher cooling effect than that of the conven-
446
tional heat transfer model.
447
Consider the temperature increase distribution at the extrusion
448 line (Fig. 10). Figure 11 shows the temperature increase versus
449
papillary axis (along the extrusion line) of human eye exposed to
450 the electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz at various times. In
451
the early stage of exposure (1 min), the calculated temperature in
452
the anterior chamber, obtained from the conventional heat transfer
453 model, is little lower than that of developed heat transfer model.
454
This is because natural convection in the developed heat transfer
455 model causes a substantial accumulation of warmer uid in the
456
upper half of the anterior chamber. Surprisingly, just after 10 min
457
of exposure, the temperature increase of the conventional heat
458 transfer model is higher than that of developed heat transfer
459
model. This is due to the presence of blood perfusion in the iris/
460 sclera tissues, which covers an internal surface area of the human
461
eye. This blood perfusion provides buffer characteristic to the
462
human eye temperature, which is expected to occur in the realistic
463 physiological conditions. Moreover, the natural convection and
464
formation of two circulatory patterns with opposite direction
Fig. 9 The temperature distribution in human eye at various time exposed to the electro-
magnetic frequency of 900 MHz at the power density of 100 mW/cm
2
calculated using (a)
the conventional heat transfer model (b) the developed heat transfer model
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PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
465 within the anterior chamber, shown in Fig. 12, play important
466
roles on the cooling processes in the human eye, especially inner
467
corneal surface, when a large temperature gradient is produced by
468 electromagnetic elds after 10 min. The circulation pattern
469
implies that the generated heat in the anterior chamber is con-
470 vected in two directions; one is to the corneal surface, and the
471
other to the lens surface. The circulation pattern in this study is
472
quite different from that of that of the previous studies [16,24]
473 because of the different heating pattern within the human eye. The
474
difference is that in this study, volumetric heat source by electro-
475 magnetic elds is adopted, but in the previous studies, surface
476
heating was imposed on the human eye.
477
The effect of power density (the power irradiated on the human
478 eye surface) has also investigated. Figure 13 shows the compari-
479
son of the temperature distribution within the human eye at time
480 approaching to steady state condition with the frequency of
481
900 MHz corresponding to the power densities of 5 mW/cm
2
,
482
10 mW/cm
2
, 50 mW/cm
2
, and 100 mW/cm
2
. It is found that the
483 power densities signicantly inuence the temperature increase
484
within the human eye. Greater power density provides greater
485
heat generation inside the human eye, thereby increasing the rate
486
of temperature rise. By using the conventional heat transfer
487 model, the maximum temperature increases are 0.177

C,
488
0.353

C, 1.764

C, and 3.526

C at the power densities of

489
5 mW/cm
2
, 10 mW/cm
2
, 50 mW/cm
2
, and 100 mW/cm
2
, respec-
490 tively. By using the developed heat transfer model, the maximum
491
temperature increases are 0.153

C, 0.305

C, 1.527

C, and
492 3.052

C at the power densities of 5 mW/cm

2
, 10 mW/cm
2
,
493
50 mW/cm
2
, and 100 mW/cm
2
, respectively. In all cases, the max-
494
imum temperature increases obtained from the developed heat
495 transfer model have a lower temperature than that of the conven-
496
tional heat transfer model. This is due to the presence of blood
497 perfusion which provides buffer characteristic to the human eye
498
temperature, as well as the natural convection within the anterior
499
chamber, shown in Fig. 14, play important roles on the cooling
500 processes in the human eye. Figure 14 shows the circulatory pat-
501
terns within the anterior chamber in human eye exposed to the
502
electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz at various power densities.
503
These circulatory patterns within the anterior chamber vary corre-
504
sponding to the power densities which produced the temperature
505 gradient within the human eye. Therefore, in the case of a lower
506
power density, the circulatory patterns have a lower speed, where
507
a circulatory pattern with a higher power density ows faster. At
508 the lower power density with low ow speed, the heat transfer in
509
the anterior chamber occurs mainly by conduction across the uid
510 layer. In the case of the higher power density with higher ow
511
speed, different ow regimes are encountered, with a progres-
512
sively increasing heat transfer. The uid motion within the ante-
513 rior chamber is driven by the power density which is associated
514
with the Grashof number Gr. The Grashof number is dened as
515 Gr gbqD
5
/(kv
2
), in which D is the eye diameter (m), q is internal
516
power density (W/m
2
), and v is kinematic viscosity (m
2
/s). The
517
range of Grashof numbers investigated is from 5.04 10
3
to
518 1.01 10
5
as shown in Fig. 14.
519
Figure 15 shows the steady state temperature increase versus
520 papillary axis (along the extrusion line shown in Fig. 10) of
521
human eye exposed to the electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz
522
at various power densities. This gure shows that the effects of
523 natural convection and blood perfusion in the developed heat
524
transfer model (model II) have a substantial impact on the
Fig. 11 Temperature increase versus papillary axis of human
eye exposed to the electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz at
various times
Fig. 12 The velocity distribution inside the anterior chamber in
human eye when exposed to the electromagnetic frequency of
900 MHz
Fig. 10 The extrusion line in the human eye where the temper-
ature distribution is considered
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PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
525 calculated temperature increases in all power densities. In case of
526
low power density, the temperature increase distribution obtained
527 from both heat transfer models are nearly the same, which corre-
528
sponds to a low temperature gradient. However, in case of higher
529
power density, the temperature increase distribution obtained
530 from both heat transfer models is signicantly different. This is
531
because a large temperature gradient produced by an electromag-
532 netic eld causes a strong effect of natural convection as well as
533
the presence of blood perfusion which provides buffer characteris-
534
tic to the human eye temperature.
535 In this study, the maximum temperature increases occur in the
536
anterior chamber with the power density of 100 mW/cm
2
calcu-
537
lated using the conventional heat transfer model and the devel-
538 oped heat transfer model are 3.526

C and 3.052

C, respectively.
539
The obtained temperature increases may lead to the formation of
540 cataract or posterior capsular opacication [2].
541 5 Conclusions
542 This study presents the numerical simulation of SAR and tem-
543
perature distribution in the human eye exposed to TM-mode of
544 electromagnetic elds at 900 MHz with the power densities of
545
5 mW/cm
2
, 10 mW/cm
2
, 50 mW/cm
2
, and 100 mW/cm
2
. The nu-
546
merical simulations in this study show several important features
547 of the energy absorption in the human eye. Refer to SAR values,
548
the exposed radiated power used in this study refers to ICNIRP
Fig. 13 The temperature distribution in human eye exposed to the electromagnetic fre-
quency of 900 MHz at various power densities calculated using (a) the conventional heat
transfer model (b) the developed heat transfer model
Fig. 14 The velocity distribution inside the anterior chamber in human eye exposed
to the electromagnetic frequency of 900 MHz at the power densities of (a) 5 mW/cm
2
,
(b) 10 mW/cm
2
, (c) 50 mW/cm
2
, and (d) 100 mW/cm
2
Fig. 15 Steady state temperature increases versus papillary
axis of human eye exposed to the electromagnetic frequency of
900 MHz at various power densities
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Journal of Heat Transfer MONTH 2012, Vol. 00 / 000000-9
PROOF COPY [HT-11-1373]
549 standard for safety level at the maximum SAR value of 2 W/kg
550
(general public exposure) and 10 W/kg (occupational exposure)
551
[6]. The resulting SAR from this study is exceeded the limit value
552 for occupational exposure in most cases except for the power den-
553
sity of 5 mW/cm
2
. This is because the SAR values vary corre-
554 sponding to the power densities which produced the temperature
555
increase within the human eye. Therefore, in the case of a lower
556
power density of 5 mW/cm
2
, the SAR value does not exceed the
557 specied SAR limits.
558
In particular, the temperature results obtained from a developed
559 heat transfer model, considered natural convection and porous
560
media theory, are compared with the results obtained from a con-
561
ventional heat transfer model in order to highlight the advantages
562 and the weakness of each model. It is found that by using the dif-
563
ferent heat transfer models, the distribution patterns of tempera-
564
ture at a particular time are quite different. In all cases, the
565
temperatures obtained from the developed heat transfer model
566
have a lower temperature than that of the conventional heat trans-
567 fer model. This is due to the presence of blood perfusion, which
568
provides buffer characteristic to the human eye temperature, as
569
well as the natural convection within the anterior chamber. It is
570 found that greater power density results in a greater heat genera-
571
tion inside the human eye, thereby increasing the rate of tempera-
572 ture increase. Moreover, it is found that the temperature
573
distributions in human eye induced by electromagnetic elds are
574
not directly related to the SAR distribution due to the effect of
575 dielectric properties, thermal properties, blood perfusion, and pen-
576
etration depth of the electromagnetic power.
577 Therefore, health effect assessment of electromagnetic eld ex-
578
posure requires the utilization of the most accurate numerical sim-
579
ulation of the thermal model along with the SAR model. In the
580 future works, the effect of ambient temperature variation will be
581
included in the analysis to represent the actual heat transfer pro-
582 cess which occurs in the realistic situation and will focus on the
583
frequency-dependent dielectric properties of human tissue. A
584
study will also be developed to a more realistic 3D model for sim-
585 ulations and to study the temperature dependency of dielectric
586
property. This will allow a better understanding of the realistic sit-
587
uation of the interaction between electromagnetic elds and the
588 human tissues.
589 Acknowledgment
590
This work was supported by the National Research University
591 Project of Thailand, Ofce of Higher Education Commission and
592
the Thailand Research Fund (TRF).
593 Nomenclatures
C specic heat capacity (J/kg K)
E electric eld intensity (V/m)
594
e the tear evaporation heat loss (W/m
2
)
f frequency of incident wave (Hz)
595
H magnetic eld (A/m)
596
h convection coefcient (W/m
2
K)
j current density (A/m
2
)
k thermal conductivity (W/(m K))
n normal vector
597
p pressure (N/m
2
)
Q heat source (W/m
3
)
T temperature (K)
598
u velocity (m/s)
599 t time
600 Greek Letters
601
B volume expansion coefcient (1/K)
l magnetic permeability (H/m)
e permittivity (F/m)
r electric conductivity (S/m)
x angular frequency (rad/s)
q density (kg/m
3
)
x
b
blood perfusion rate (1/s)
602
C external surface area
603 Subscripts
604
am ambient
b blood
ext external
605 i subdomain
met metabolic
r relative
606 ref reference
0 free space, initial condition
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J_ID: HT DOI: 10.1115/1.4006243 Date: 7-March-12 Stage: Page: 11 Total Pages: 12
ID: veeraragavanb Time: 17:14 I Path: //xinchnasjn/ASME/3b2/HT##/Vol00000/120101/APPFile/AS-HT##120101
Journal of Heat Transfer MONTH 2012, Vol. 00 / 000000-11