Chapter II

RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

This chapter places the current study into the context of previous, related
research. The literature review provides a thematic narrative which guides the
formulation of the topic and suggests strategies for making operational the
independent and dependent variables considered in the study.
Related Literature
Crabs have one set of claws and four other pairs of legs. If a predator
grabs a leg of a crab, the crab will shed it and later it will grow back. Lined Shore
crabs dance sideways down to the sea. They scrape small plants off rocks with
the tiny cups on their pincers. The Lined Shore crab hides in the cracks of rocks.
ermit crabs make their homes empty snail shells. The hermit crab!s back legs
hold its shell on tight. The borrowed shells protect their soft bodies. "s a hermit
crab grows, it needs a bigger shell. Some hermit crabs will try and steal another!s
shell. They are scavengers who look for dead plants and animals that have fallen
to the bottom of the tide pool. #http$%%library.think&uest.org%'(()*)+%crab.html,
Crabs are decapods crustaceans of the infraorder -rachyura, which
typically have a very short pro.ecting /tail/ or where the reduced abdomen is
entirely hidden under the thorax. 0ther animals, such as hermit crabs, king
crabs, porcelain crabs, horseshoe crabs and crab lice, are not true crabs.
Crabs are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and armed with a
single pair of chelae #claws,. Crabs are found in all of the world!s oceans, while
many crabs live in freshwater and on land, particularly in tropical regions. Crabs
vary in si1e from the pea crab, a few millimeters wide, to the 'apanese spider
crab, with a leg span of up to * meters #)2 ft,. #http$%%en.wikipedia.org%wiki%Crab,
-ananas are long thick3skinned edible fruit that is yellow when ripe.
"lways keep bananas on a fruit dish in the living room at room temperature. If
you want the bananas to ripen faster place the bowl in the sun. Like other tropical
fruits and tomatoes and bell peppers, never store bananas in the fridge. -elow +
degree Celsius the fruit will decay from the inside. These fruits will not ripen but
will turn black in the fridge. #www.thefruitspages .com%bananas.shtml,
-ananas grow rapidly in full "ri1ona sun but if planted in early summer,
give the .uvenile plant some protection from the hottest part of the day until the
root system is sufficient to replace moisture lost from transpiration through
leaves. 4eep in mind5 however, that the plant must have the most light it can
tolerate to manufacture food stored in the corm, a storehouse for energy needed
to produce the fruit. Their favorite location is a southern exposure sheltered from
the wind if possible. " single banana stem has a short life producing a stalk of
bananas in about )+ months in ideal soil and climate. 6ith less than a perfect
environment, you may wait for 7 years or longer to sink your teeth into a ripe
banana grown on your own tree. 0ne plant, however, can develop into a grove in
two or three years and may need restraining.
+
-ananas are not a tree but an herb. They need well3drained soil and
fre&uent water while exposed to hot desert sun. 6hen growth virtually shuts
down below 88 degrees 9ahrenheit, very little moisture is re&uired to sustain
them. -efore planting, test your soil:s ability to drain properly. ;ig a post3hole
about 7 feet deep. 9ill it with water. If it empties within two hours, the drainage
should be ideal. If you continue to refill the hole, however, you will eventually
reach a point when the water will stay for a long, long time. If you water the
banana that way after it has been put in the ground, the roots can!t get air and rot
will set in. Learn to ad.ust the irrigation fre&uency to the rate at which the water
permeates through and out of the root 1one. 6inter is the banana!s most crucial
period. <xtended wet3feet, however, will kill them at any time of the year. 6hen
actively growing, this herb is very thirsty. 'ust don!t drown it. #http$%%www.desert3
tropicals.com%=lants%>usaceae%>usa?acuminata.html,
-anana is the common name type of fruit and also the herbaceous plants
of the genus >usa which produce this commonly eaten fruit. They are native to
the tropical region 0f Southeast "sia. -ananas are likely to have been first
domesticated in =apua @ew Auinea. Today, they are cultivated throughout the
tropics. #http$%%www.thefruitpages.com%bananas.htm,
-ananas are grown in at least )(B countries. In popular culture and
commerce, CbananaD usually refers to soft, sweet Cdessert$ bananas. The
bananas from a group of cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called plantains.
-anana may also be cut and dried and eaten as type of chip. ;ried bananas are
also ground into banana flour.
E
#http$%%www.newworldencyclopedia.org%entry%-anana,
9ood preservation refers to any one of a number of techni&ues used to
prevent food from spoiling. "ll food s begin to spoil as soon as they are
harvested or slaughtered. Spoilage is caused by such microorganism such as
bacteria and mold. Lastly, other spoilage results from chemical changes within
the food itself due to natural processes such as en1yme action or oxidation.
#http$%%science..rank.org%pages%7+)*%9ood3=reservation.html,
Chitosan is an organic product made from crab shells. It improves seed
germination, root development and general plant health. The scientific benefits
of chitosan have even been recogni1ed in "pril )*, )EE7 with the patient
application 8, )(*, *2B. #http$%%www.super3grow.bi1%Aermination..sp,
Chitosan affects fat in the stomach before it has a chance to become
metaboli1ed. It dissolves within the stomach itself and converts into a gel which
CcapturesD fat, thereby preventing its absorption and subse&uent storage.
Chitosan renders the useless fat in to the body. Technically, it creates a Cgrease
ballD out of excess fat this is too large to be metaboli1ed. -oth the chitosan and
the unmetaboli1ed fat are excreted in the stool.
#http$%%www.all3natural.com%binder.html,
Related Studies
Independent research by "uburn Fniversity has also proven the benefit of
Chitosan. Chitosan is found in many commercial products including Aeneral
ydroponics :Chi 9oliar Spray and three different Arotek products. The process
)(
of synthesi1ing Chitosan involves taking the shells of shrimp or crabs, grinding
them to a fine powder and then deacetylating this powder. This refers to taking
specific chemical groups so that the remaining compound is more active in the
ability to soak up fat. Like some plant fibers, chitosan you digest, its calorie count
remains at 1ero. This is a very important property for any weight loss product.
The present study uses chitosan from crabs to apply to Latundan to preserve or
prevent ripening. #http$%%www.super3grow.bi1%9oliarSpray..sp,
Gesearchers stated that the ma.or methods of fruit and vegetable
preservation are canning, pickling, drying, and curing #smoking or salting,
6hatever method of preservation chosen5 keep in mind that preserved food is
only the next3best alternative to fresh food, not a replacement. 6hatever a fruit or
vegetable is preserved some of the food:s nutritional value is lost, along with
some of its natural flavor, color and aroma. 9or this reason, only the freshmen
and best &uality fruits and vegetables should be used for preservation. The
present study used the method of coating each Latundan of chitosan from crab.
#http$%%www.cd2wd.com%cd2wd?*(%vita%frtprsv)%en%frtprsv).htm,
" study by the Catalytic Aenerators, LLC. " study entitled 0ur <thylene
"pplication Systems concerned with the delay of the ripening of foods. The study
showed that 0ur <thylene "pplication Systems easy to operate, highly efficient
and dependable, make the ripening of bananas, tomatoes, tobacco, avocados
and other fruits simple and safe. These systems manufacture pressure less
ethylene, as needed, in commercial ripening rooms and tobacco curing systems.
#http$%%www.rarefruit.com%G9@7((("llHr.txt,
))
"nother study entitled Chitosan3 @atural -iocontrol I <licitor with the
concerned of the chitosan. In agriculture, chitosan is used primarily as a natural
seed treatment and plant growth enhancer, and as a substance that boosts the
ability of plants to defend against fungal infections. The natural biocontrol active
ingredient, chitin%chitosan, are found in the shells of crustaceans, such as
lobsters, crabs, and shrimp, and many other organisms including insects and
fungi. It is one of the most abundant bio3gradable materials in the world.
"gricultural applications of chitosan can reduce environmental stress due to
drought and soil deficiencies, strengthen seed vitality, improve stand &uality,
increase yields, and reduce fruit decay of vegetables, fruits and citrus crops #see
photo right,. orticultural applications of chitosan increases blooms, extends the
life of cut flowers and Christmas trees, as well eliciting pine tree resin flow to
resist pine beetle infestation. #http$%%www.peracto.com.au%publications%chitosan3
evaluation.pdf,
@"S" life support A"= technology with untreated beans and 0;C
chitosan biocontrol treated beans returned from the >ir space station aboard the
space shuttle J September )EEB. -y )E+E -entech Labs patented chitosan salt
solutions applied to crops for improved free1e protection or to crop seed for seed
priming. Shortly thereafter -entech!s chitosan salt received the first ever
biopesticide label from the <=". @umerous other chitosan patents for plants
soon followed. Chitosan applications to protect plants have been used in space
as well. @"S" first flew a chitosan experiment to protect ad1uki beans grown
aboard the space shuttle and >ir space station in )EEB. @"S" results revealed
)7
chitosan induces increased growth #biomass, and pathogen resistance due to
elevated levels of beta )32 glucanase en1ymes within plant cells. @"S"
confirmed chitosan elicits the same effect in plants on earth. 0ver 7( years of
GI; by ;u=ont%Con"gra Kentures #;CK, and "griouse Inc have gone into
developing non3toxic low molecular weight chitosan polymer solutions safe
enough for broad spectrum agricultural and horticultural use. In 7((+, "griouse
Inc, ;enver L-erthoudM, Colorado, was granted <=" natural broad spectrum
elicitor status for H<"NO Hield <nhancing "gent, a li&uid solution containing an
ultra low molecular active ingredient of (.78P chitosan. H<"N is a next generation
natural chitosan elicitor solution for agriculture and horticultural and was granted
an amended label for foliar and irrigation applications by the <=" in 'une, 7((E.
The present study shows that there are some similarities with the study of @"S".
It also proves that powdered crab exoskeleton is not harmful to people and it
clearly states that the researchers can use this fact to properly conduct the study
without any speculation of dangerous banana. #http$%%wapedia.mobi%en%Chitosan,
"nother study entitled Chitosan as an <dible Invisible 9ilm for Quality
=reservation of erring and "tlantic Cod is concerned about the use of chitosan
to preserve. The effect of chitosan with different molecular weights as coatings
for shelf3life extension of fresh fillets of "tlantic cod #Gadus morhua, and herring
#Clupea harengus, was evaluated over )73day storage at refrigerated
temperature #* R ) SC,. Three chitosan preparations from snow crab
#Chinoecetes opilio, processing wastes, differing in viscosities and molecular
weights, were prepared5 their apparent viscosities #2T(, 8B, and )* c=,
)2
depended on the deacetylation time #*, )(, and 7( h, respectively, of the chitin
precursor. Fpon coating with chitosans, a significant #p U (.(8, reduction in
relative moisture losses of 2B, 7E, 7E, *(, and 27P was observed for cod
samples coated with 2T( c= chitosan after *, T, +, )(, and )7 days of storage,
respectively. Chitosan coating significantly #p U (.(8, reduced lipid oxidation as
displayed in peroxide value, con.ugated dienes, 73thiobarbituric acid reactive
substances and headspace volatiles, chemical spoilage as reflected in total
volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, and hypoxanthine, and growth of
microorganisms as reflected in total plate count in both fish model systems
compared to uncoated samples. The preservative efficacy and the viscosity of
chitosan were inter3related5 the efficacy of chitosans with viscosities of 8B and
2T( c= was superior to that of chitosan with a )* c= viscosity. Thus, chitosan as
edible coating would enhance the &uality of seafoods during storage.
#http$%%www.sciencedirect.com%scienceV?obW"rticleFGLI?udiW-TTTG3*K)TT9H3
)I?userW)(I?cover;ateW(TP79)8P797((EI?rdocW)I?fmtWhighI?origWsearc
hI?sortWdI?docanchorWIviewWcI?searchStrIdW)7888(++(8I?rerun0riginWgoo
gleI?acctWC((((8(77)I?versionW)I?urlKersionW(I?useridW)(Imd8W8edEcdT
c7cca8)87aBd(a2B2)bd+d*2),
The developing oocytes of the crab Cancer pagurus L. were studied with
the light and electron microscope. =rotein yolk formation was found to take place
in two different ways. Holk precursors of type ) accumulate within the cisternae
of an extensively developed granular endoplasmic reticulum. "lso further growth
and transformation into the definite yolk body occur within the reticular
)*
membranes. There is no structural indication that any other cell organelle
contributes to the synthesis of this type of yolk building.
##http$%%www.springerlink.com%content%mB7(2B+)7(8B(88B%,
=rotein yolk formation of type 7 involves accumulation and transformation
of material within a limiting membrane of the smooth type. The enclosed material
is presumably derived from micropinocytosis, enclosed cellular elements and
vesicles originating from the Aolgi complex.
It thus appears that the cell organelles play an important role in the process of
protein yolk formation in the growing oocytes of Cancer pagurus.
Analytical Framework
The environmental problems are the main focus for the study for further
use for agriculture and preservation. The alarming environmental wastes and
problems with preserving tropical fruits led to the concept of the study that the
researchers made use of. Treatment 1ero was the control variable and the other
two treatments were the experimental group. "s to whether chitosan from
powdered crab exoskeleton can preserve Latundan and for the researchers:
products to be more effective than the commerciali1ed product were the main
key purposes of the study. The study is limited to the result and conclusion of the
study wherein it is only all about hermit crab, Latundan and chitosan.
The gathering of the data was by the observation of the samples that the
researchers: conducted to know whether the study was effective or not. 9igure )
presents the analytical framework model.
)8
)T
=owdered Crab( Cancer pagurus ) <xoskeleton
as Coating for Latundan(Musa acuminata)
T(W Latundan without
any preservative
T)W Latundan applied with
powdered crab
exoskeleton
T7W Latundan applied
with locally used method
in which Latundan is
preserved
<ffectiveness in terms of preservation, in terms of
number of days and number of Latundan in a
bundle
Fiure !" Analytical Framework
De#inition o# Terms
The study made use of the following terms and definitions$
Cra$ %Cancer pagurus)" The common and familiar edible crab is easily
identified by its large black3tipped toothed pincers and characteristic Xpie3crust:
edging. It is the largest crab in -ritain, and the heavy oval3shaped body is
reddish3brown in color. "lthough most individuals measure around )8 cm in
width, a specimen in the @atural istory >useum in =aris has a width of 7+.8 cm.
It is the one of the population of the study and wherein chitosan may be
obtain. It is the main focus of the study.
Latundan (Musa acuminata)" The plant needs )( 3 )8 months of frost3
free conditions to produce a flower stalk. The plant will also need periodic
repotting as the old plant dies back and new plants develop.
It is one of the population of the study and one of the main focus of the
study. It is the sub.ect of the study.
&reser'ation" =rotection of food from deterioration by micro3organisms,
en1ymes, and oxidation$ by cooling, destroying the micro3organisms and
en1ymes by heat treatment or irradiation, reducing their activity through
dehydration or the addition of chemical preservatives, and by smoking, salting,
and pickling.
)B
It is the process in which Latundan is applied with chitosan to see if it is
effective or not. It is also the process in which it uses chitosan as the main
ingredient for table banana preservation.
Chitosan" " linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed Y3
#)3*,3linked ;3glucosamine #deacetylated unit, and @3acetyl3;3glucosamine
#acetylated unit,. It has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses.
It is the main additive or ingredient in preserving Latundan. It is extracted
from the exoskeleton of crab. It is used as the main key to proving the study to be
effective or not.
&owder" "ny solid material that has been crushed into very fine grains.
It is the product wherein the crab is powderi1ed to be applied in Latundan
for the process of preservation.
E(oskeleton" "n external hard framework, as a crustacean!s shell, that
supports and protects the soft tissues of lower animals, derived from the
ectoderm. In vertebrates the term is sometimes applied to structures produced by
the epidermis, as hair, claws, hoofs, teeth, etc.
It is the source and where chitosan will be extracted from the crab. It is
one of the main characteristic of crabs to have an exoskeleton and have chitosan
in it.
)+
Coatin" " layer of a substance spread over a surface for protection or
decoration5 a covering layer.
It is the process of applying chitosan into the peel of the banana. Likewise, it will
be .ust applying chitosan on the banana.
)E