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ChemicalandPhysicalPropertiesandChangesandClassificationofMatter

Why?
To understand the way in which matter behaves, it is useful to be able to recognise how
matterisorganisedandthetypesofchangesitmayundergo.

SuccessCriteria
Identifychemicalandphysicalchanges.
Recognise that physically matter can be classified into homogenous substances and
heterogeneoussubstances
Identifyhomogenoussubstancesandheterogeneoussubstances
Recognisethatchemicallymattercanbeclassifiedintopuresubstancesandmixtures
Recognisethatpuresubstancescanbeclassifiedintoelementsandcompounds
Defineanelementasasubstancecontainingonlyonetypeofatom
Defineacompoundasasubstancecontaining2ormoretypesofatoms

Resources
Textbook(Chapter3)

Information
PhysicalandChemicalChanges

Chemistry can be described as the study of matter, its properties and its transformations. All
substances (matter) have physical and chemical properties and can undergo physical and chemical
changes.

Typical physical properties include colour, density, volume, state (solid, liquid or gas). When the
physical properties of a substance change, the chemical composition of that substance does not
changethereisnonewsubstanceformed.

Often physical changes involve a change in state. Changes in state are usually associated with
changesintemperature.

Chemical properties refer to a substances capacity to form new substances. During chemical
changenewsubstancesareformedandothersareconsumed.

Examples:
Dissolvinglimestonewithanacid
Rustingofiron
Combustionofgas
SOLID
LIQUID GAS
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KeyQuestions

1. Identifywhichofthefollowingarephysicalchangesandwhicharechemicalchanges.
a. Digestingfood
b. Cookinganegg
c. Boilingalcohol
d. Bleachinghairwithperoxide
e. Cuttinganappleintopieces.

2. Givetwofurtherexamplesof
a. physicalchanges

b. chemicalchanges

ElementsandCompounds

Much of the matter we encounter in everyday life is not pure it is a mixture. Mixtures can be
separatedintopuresubstances.

Compoundscanbebrokendownintosimplersubstancesbychemicalprocesses.Eventually,aswe
continue to break down a substance we reach a point where it cannot be broken down in to a
chemicallysimplersubstance.Atthisstagewehaveanelement.

Elementscannotbedecomposedintochemicallysimplersubstances.

Compoundsaremadeof2ormoreelementschemicallycombined.
Physical
processes
MIXTURES
PURESUBSTANCES
(elements/compounds)
Canbeseparated
Cannotbefurther
separated(byphysical
processes)
distillation
filtration
decantation
etc
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Model1:AWayofClassifyingMatter

Newsubstance
formed.i.e.
compositionchanges
Puresubstancesare
alsohomogeneous
PURITY
PHYSICAL
CHANGES
CHEMICAL
Physicalformchanges
withoutchangein
composition.
Mixture
(impuresubstance;
variable
composition)
Homogeneous
propertiesare
constantthroughout
Eg.Saltwater,air,
brass
Heterogeneous
variableproperties
throughout
MATTER
Compoundcontains2or
moretypesofatoms.Can
beseparatedbychemical
meansintoitselements.
Eg.Water,H
2
O
Elementcontainsonly
onetypeofatom.Cant
befurtherseparated.
Puresubstances
(fixedcomposition;
propertiesdont
changeonfurther
purification)
(reactions)
Chemical
processes
COMPOUNDS
ELEMENTS
Canbedecomposed
(brokendown)
Cannotbedecomposed
(brokendown)
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Someexamplesoftheclassificationofmatterare:

Oxygengasat25Cpuresubstance,element,homogeneous
Sugardissolvedinwaterat25Cmixture,homogeneous
Waterat0Cpuresubstance,compound(H
2
O),homogeneous(assumingnoicepresent),
heterogeneous(withicepresent)
Teawithtealeavespresentmixture,heterogeneous

KeyQuestions

1. Identifythefollowingasapuresubstance,ahomogeneousmixtureoraheterogeneousmixture.
a. Instantcoffeedissolvedinhotwater
b. Acarbonateddrinkwiththelidscrewedon
c. Acarbonateddrinkwiththelidremoved
d. Smokeyair
e. Sugar
f. Mountainair
g. Nitrogengasinagascylinder

2. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutelementsandcompoundsistrue?
a. Mostelementsarefoundfree(i.e.intheirpurestate)innature.
b. Compoundsarepuresubstances.
c. Compoundscanbeseparatedintotheirconstituentelementsbyphysicalprocesses.
d. Elementshavevariableproperties.
e. Compoundshaveuniformproperties.
f. Asampleofacompoundinoneplacewillhavethesamecompositionasasampleofthesame
compoundinadifferentplace.