Mrunal (Reasoning) Logical Connectives (If, Unless, Either Or) For CSAT, CAT Shortcuts Formulas Approach Explained Mrunal

6/13/2014 Mrunal [Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach
explained Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2013/04/reasoning-logical-connectives-if-unless-either-or-for-csat-cat-shortcuts-formulas-approach-explained.html/print/ 1/10
[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT
shortcuts formulas approach explained
1. Difference: Syllogism vs Logical connectives
2. Standard format: logical connectives
3. Logical connective: if then
4. Logical connective: Only IF
5. Logical Connective: UNLESS
6. Logical connective: otherwise
7. Logical connective: When, Whenever, every time
8. Logical Connective: Either OR
9. Demo Q: Only if: bored TV brother (CSAT 2012)
10. Demo Q (If, then) Professor Headaches (CAT98)
11. Demo Q: Either or: derailed/late train (CAT97)
Difference: Syllogism vs Logical connectives
Syllogism (all cats are dog) is a common and routinely appearing topic in most of
the aptitude exams (Bank PO, LIC, SSC etc). But Logical connectives is rare.
However, in UPSC CSAT 2012 the topic was asked, therefore, youve to prepare it.
Syllogism Logical connectives
Contains words like all, none, some etc.
Can be classified into UP, UN,PP and
PN. Already explained in previous
articles.
Contains words like if, unless, only
if, whenever etc. can be classified
into 1, ~1, 2, ~2 (well see in this
article)
Have to mugup more formulas, takes
more time than logical connective
questions.
Less formulas and quicker than
syllogism.
Question Statements:
I. All cats are dogs
II. some pigs are cats
III. no dogs are bird
Conclusion choices:
A. Some cats are dogs
Question statements:
1. I watch TV only if I am bored
2. I am never bored when I have my
brothers company.
3. Whenever I go to the theatre I
take my brother along.
Conclusion choices:
A. If I am bored I watch TV
B. If I am bored, I seek my
6/13/2014 Mrunal [Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal
B. No birds are cats
C. some pigs are birds
D. Some pigs are not birds
brothers company.
C. If I am not with my brother, than
ill watch TV.
D. If I am not bored I do not watch
TV.
Standard format: logical connectives
If, unless, only if, whenever, every time etc. are examples of Logical
connectives.
Whenever youre given a question statement, first rule is: question statement
must be in the standard format.
The standard format is
****some logical connective word *** simple statement#1, simple
statement #2.
It means, the question statement must start with a logical connective word,
otherwise exchange position. For example
Given question
statement
Exchange position?
If youre in the army,
youve to wear uniform
no need because the simple statement containing
IF is given in the beginning. This is already in
the standard format.
Youve to wear uniform,
if youre in the army
We need to exchange position because the part
containing IF is not given in the beginning of
this statement, given statement is not in standard
format.
Therefore, Rewrite given statement as
If youre in the army, youve to wear uniform.
Youve to salute,
whenever Commanding
Officer comes in your
cabin.
Need to exchange position. Because statement
doesnt start with the logical connective
whenever.
Therefore rewrite the given statement as
Whenever CO comes in your cabin, you have to
salute.
Now lets derive valid inferences for various logical connectives.
Logical connective: if then
Consider these two simple statements
1. Youre in army
2. Youve to wear uniform.
These are two simple statements. Now Ill combine these two simple statements
(#1 and #2) to form a complex statement.
If youre in army(#1), you have to wear uniform.(#2)
What about its reverse?
Youve wearing uniform (#2)> that means youre in the army.(#1)
But there is possibility, youre in navy-> youll still have to wear a uniform.
It means,
if 1=>2, then 2=>1 is not always a valid inference.
Lets list all such scenarios in a table.
Given statement:
If youre in army(#1), you have to wear uniform.(#2)
Inference? Valid / invalid?
1. If #2,
then
#1
If youve to wear
uniform, youre in army.
youve to wear uniform in navy, air force,
BSF etc. so this inference is not always
valid.
2. If not
#1,
then
not #2
if youre not in army,
you dont have to wear
uniform.
youve to wear uniform in navy, air force,
BSF etc. so this inference is not always
valid.
3. if not
#2,
then
not #1
If you dont have to
wear uniform, youre
not in army.
Always valid.
In the exam, you dont have to think ^that much. Just mugup the following
rule:
Given statement =If #1 then #2, in such situation the only valid inference is
if Not #2, then not #1.
In other words, if 1
st
happens then 2
nd
happens, in such situation, the only
valid inference is if 2
nd
did not happen then 1
st
did not happen.
Now I want to construct a short and sweet reference table for the logical
connective problems. So Ill use the symbol ~= negative.
~1=meaning NOT 1 ( or in other words, negative of #1)
Given Valid inference
If 1, then 2 If not 2, then not 1
If 1=>2 ~2=>~1
In some books, material, sites, youll find these rules explained as using P
and Q instead of 1 and 2.
But in our method, you first make sure the given (complex) statement starts
with a logical connective (or you exchange position as explained earlier)
We denote the first simple sentence as #1 and second simple sentence as #2.
The reason for using 1 and 2= makes things less complicated and easier to
mugup.
Logical connective: Only IF
In such scenario, youve to rephrase given statement into if then and then
apply the logical connective rule for if then.
For example: given statement: he scores a century, only if the match is fixed.
The standard format= only if the match is fixed(1), he scores a century(2).
In case of only if, we further convert it into an if statement, by exchanging
positions. That is
if he scores a century(#2), the match is fixed(#1).
Then apply the formula for if then and get valid inference.
Here weve if 2=>1 as per our formula for if then, the valid inference will
be ~1=>~2. Dont confuse between 1 and 2. Because essentially the valid
inference is negative of end part => negative of starting part.
Therefore if 2=>1 then ~1=~2
similarly if 98=>97, then valid inference will be ~97=>~98
Similarly if p=>q, then valid inference will be ~q=>~p,
similarly if b=>a, then valid inference will be ~a=~b) .
Update our table
Logical
connective
Given
statement
Valid inference
using symbol
Valid inf. In words
If If 1=>2 ~2=>~1
Negative of end part=>
negative of start part
Only if
Only if
1=>2
~1=>~2
Negative of start
part=>negative of end part.
Logical Connective: UNLESS
Given statement: Unless you bribe the minister(#1), you will not get the 2G
license.(#2)
Unless = if..not.
So, I can re-write the given statement as
(new) Given statement: If you dont bribe the minister(#1), youll not get the
2G license.(#2)
How to come up with a valid inference here?
#1 You dont bribe the minister
#2 Youll not get the 2G license.
For if..then, Weve mugged up the rule: 1=>2 then only valid inference is
~2=>~1. (in other words, negative of end part => negative of starting part).
lets construct the valid inference for this 2G minister.
we want ~2 => ~1
Negative of (2) => negative of (1)
Negative of (youll not get the 2G license)=>negative of (you dont bribe the
minister)
Youll get the 2G license => you bribe the minister.
In other words, If I see a 2G license in your hand, then I can infer that you had
definitely bribed the minister.
This is one way of doing unless questions = via converting it into ifnot
type of statement.
The short cut is to mugup another formula: unless1=>2 then ~2=>1.
How did we come up with above formula?
Deriving the formula for unless
Unless 1=>2 (given statement)
if not 1=>2 (because unless=if not)
if ~1=>2 (Im using symbol ~ instead of not)
~2=> ~(~1) (because we already mugged up the rule if 1=>2, then valid
inference is ~2=>~1)
~2=>1 (because ~(~1) means double negative and double negative is positive
hence ~(~1)=1)
This is our second rule: Unless1=>2 then ~2=>1
Table
Logical
connective
Given
statement
Valid inference
using symbol
Valid inf. In words
If If 1=>2 ~2=>~1
negative of start part
Only if
Only if
1=>2
~1=>~2
Negative of start
Unless
Unless
1=>2
~2=>1
Negative of end part=>start
part unchanged.
Logical connective: otherwise
Suppose given statement is: 1, otherwise 2.
you can write it as unless 1 then 2. (unless1=>2)
Then use the formula for unless.
Logical connective: When, Whenever, every time
Given statement: he scores century, when match is fixed.
This is not in standard format of **logical connective word**, simple
statement #1, simple statement #2.
So first I need to exchange the positions: when match is fixed (#1), he scores
century (#2).
In case of when and whenever, the valid inference is= same like If, then. That
means negative of end part=>negative of starting part.
Same formula works for whenever and Everytime.
Update the table
Logical
connective
Given
statement
Valid inference
using symbol
Valid inf. In words
If If 1=>2
~2=~1
Negative of end part=> negative
of starting part
When
When
1=>2
Whenever
Whenever
1=>2
Everytime
Everytime
1=>2
Only if
Only if
1=>2
~1=>~2
Negative of start part=>negative
of end part.
Unless
Unless
1=>2
~2=>1
Negative of end part=>starting
part unchanged.
Logical Connective: Either OR
Given statement: Either he is drunk(1) or he is ill(2).
In such cases, if not 1 then 2. And if not 2 then 1.
Meaning,
1. if he is not drunk then he is definitely ill
2. if he is not ill, then he is definitely drunk
both are valid. Update the table
Logical
connective
Given statement
Valid
inference
using symbol
Valid inf. In words
If If 1=>2
~2=~1
negative of starting part
When When 1=>2
Whenever Whenever 1=>2
Everytime Everytime 1=>2
Only if Only if 1=>2 ~1=>~2
Negative of start
Unless Unless 1=>2
Otherwise
1 otherwise 2=>
rewrite as
Unless1=>2.
~2=>1 Negative of end part=>starting
part unchanged.
Either or Either 1 or 2
~2=>1
~1=>2
Negative of any one part=>
remaining part remains
unchanged.
Now lets solve some questions from old CSAT and CAT papers
Please note: in the exam, actual wording / meaning of the simple statement
doesnt matter. Just apply the formulas as given in above table.
For example, if youre in army, you have to wear uniform. Then valid
inference is ~2=>~1 (you dont have to wear uniform, then youre not in
army).
Now ofcourse there would be exceptional situation when army officer/jawan
doesnt need to wear uniform, for example during espionage mission behind
the enemy lines. In that case you dont have to wear uniform, but youre still in
the army.
But keep in mind, while solving logical connective question under the
aptitude/reasoning portion you dont have to surgically dissect or nitpick the
meaning every statement. Just if 1=>2 then ~2=>~1.
Demo Q: Only if: bored TV brother (CSAT 2012)
Examine the following statements:
1. I watch TV only if I am bored
2. I am never bored when I have my brothers company.
3. Whenever I go to the theatre I take my brother along.
Which one of the following conclusions is valid in the context of the above
statements?
A. If I am bored I watch TV
B. If I am bored, I seek my brothers company.
C. If I am not with my brother, then Ill watch TV.
D. If I am not bored I do not watch TV.
Approach
First well construct valid inferences from the question statements
Given Question Statement #1:
Given =I watch TV only if I am bored
This is not in standard format. So first exchange position
Only if Im bored (1), I watch TV(2)
What is the valid inference? Just look at the formula table
Only if 1=>2 then ~1=~2
Valid inference= if Im not bored, I do not watch TV.
Look at the statements given in the answer choices, (D) matches. Therefore,
final answer is (D).
Demo Q (If, then) Professor Headaches (CAT98)
Youre given a statement, followed by four statements labeled A to D. Choose the
ordered pair of statements where the first statement implies the second and two
statements are logically consistent with the main statement.
Given statement: If I talk to my professors(1), then I didnt need to take a pill for
headache.(2)
Four Statements
A. I talked to my professors
B. I did not need to take a pill for headache
C. I needed to take a pill for headache
D. I did not talk to my professor.
Answer choices
I. AB
II. DC
III. CD
IV. AB and CD
Approach
Given statement is in standard format already
#1 I talk to my professors
#2 I didnt need to take a pill for headache.
Lets classify the four statements
Classification Four statements
1 A. I talked to my professors
2 B. I did not need to take a pill for headache
~2 C. I needed to take a pill for headache
~1 D. I did not talk to my professor.
Answer choice (i) AB
If you observe the answer choice (I): AB= I talked to my professors, I did not need
to take a pill for headache. This is valid because if 1=>2 is already given in the
question statement itself.
Answer choice (ii) DC
I did not talk to my professor (~1), I needed to take a pill for headache (~2).
Meaning ~1=>~2.
This is invalid because as per our table, if 1=>2, then valid inference is
~2=>~1.
Answer choice (iii) CD
I needed to take pill for headache (~2), I did not talk to my professor (~1). Meaning
~2=>~1. This is valid as per our table. Therefore final answer is (IV) AB and CD
Demo Q: Either or: derailed/late train (CAT97)
Given statement: either the train is late (1) or it has derailed (2)
Four statements
A. Train is late = 1
B. Train is not late = ~1
C. Train is derailed =2
D. Train is not derailed =~2
(^note: Ive classified the statements in advance)
Answer choice
I. AB
II. DB
III. CA
IV. BC
Approach
As per our table, the valid inferences for either or are
~2=>1 If the train is not derailed, it is late. DA
~1=>2 If the train is not late, it is derailed BC
Correct answer is (III): BC
For more articles on reasoning and aptitude, visit Mrunal.org/aptitude
URL to article: http://mrunal.org/2013/04/reasoning-logical-connectives-if-
unless-either-or-for-csat-cat-shortcuts-formulas-approach-explained.html
Posted By Mrunal On 30/04/2013 @ 13:47 In the category Aptitude

Mrunal (Reasoning) Logical Connectives (If, Unless, Either Or) For CSAT, CAT Shortcuts Formulas Approach Explained Mrunal

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