10/04/2014

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ThermalPhysics6
(Abitmoreon)Thermalenergy:Themicroscopicview
Howheatmoves:Conduction
Howheatmoves:Radiation
Howheatdoesntmove
PHS1011Physics
Dr LincolnTurner
lincoln.turner@monash.edu
RmG06,Bldg 82
99051726
Last time
Adiabatic expansion and compression
Heat of transformation: Heat of fusion, Heat of vaporisation
Specific heats
(Calorimetry: An application of heat flow and specific heats)
The microscopic view: velocities and speeds of gas atoms
Todays aims
Chapter 18 of Knight: Lecture 2 of 2.
1. RMS speed of molecules in a gas
2. How heat moves by conduction
3. How heat moves by radiation
4. How heat doesnt move: A look ahead to entropy
Molecular Speeds and Collisions
A gas consists of a vast number of molecules, each
moving randomly and undergoing millions of collisions
every second.
Despite the apparent chaos, averages, such as the
average number of molecules in the speed range 600 to
700 m/s, have precise, predictable values.
The micro/macro connection is built on the idea that
the macroscopic properties of a system, such as
temperature or pressure, are related to the average
behavior of the atoms and molecules.
Molecular Speeds and
Collisions
Molecular Speeds and
Collisions
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Mean Free Path
If a molecule has N
coll
collisions as it travels
distance I, the average distance between
collisions, which is called the mean free path z is:
r is the radius of the molecule in question;
NI is the number of molecules per unit volume.
Poll: Imagine that you suddenly increase the speed of every
molecule in a gas by a factor of 2. What would happen to the
rms speed?
1. 2. 3. 4.
32%
5%
27%
37%
1. Increase by a factor of 2
0.5
2. Increase by a factor of 2
3. Increase by a factor of 2
2
4. Increase by a factor of 2
2
Imagine that you suddenly increase the speed of every
molecule in a gas by a factor of 2. What would happen to
the rms speed?
1. Increase by a factor
of 2
0.5
2. Increase by a
factor of 2
3. Increase by a factor
of 2
sqrt(2)
4. Increase by a factor
of 2
2
V(rms) = sqrt(v
2
)
avg
Temperature in a Gas
The thing we call temperature measures the average
translational kinetic energy of molecules in a gas.
A higher temperature corresponds to a larger value of

o:g
and thus to higher molecular speeds.
Absolute zero is the temperature at which
o:g
and all
molecular motion ceases.
By definition,
o:g
= Vm:
rms
2
, where :
ims
is the root
mean squared molecular speed. Using the ideal-gas law,
we can find
o:g
=
3
2
k
B
I. (see textbook for derivation!)
By equating these expressions we find
that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is:
Pressure in a Gas
The pressure on the wall of a container
due to all the molecular collisions is
This expresses the pressure
in terms of the microscopic
physics. The pressure
depends on the density of
molecules in the container
and on how fast, on average,
the molecules are moving.
Please dont bother to remember this
equation! I dont. You can derive it
very quickly if you ever need it:
How does heat move?
Only two ways.
Conduction: Direct contact, atom bumping atom
Radiation: Objects emitting broad-band photons
Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation
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Conduction
For a material of cross-
section area A and
length I, spanning a
temperature difference
I = IE IC, the rate
of heat transfer is
where k is the thermal
conductivity, which
characterizes whether
the material is a good
conductor of heat or a
poor conductor.

t
= k
A
I
I
Conduction
Graphene k > 5 W(m K)
Aerogel k = . 4 W(m K)
EXAMPLE 17.10 Keeping a freezer cold
QUESTION:
EXAMPLE 17.10 Keeping a freezer cold
EXAMPLE 17.10 Keeping a freezer cold EXAMPLE 17.10 Keeping a freezer cold
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Convection
Air is a poor conductor of heat, but
thermal energy is easily transferred
through air, water, and other fluids
because the air and water can flow.
A pan of water on the stove is heated
at the bottom. This heated water
expands, becomes less dense than
the water above it, and thus rises to
the surface, while cooler, denser
water sinks to take its place. The
same thing happens to air.
This transfer of thermal energy by
the motion of a fluidthe well-known
idea that heat risesis called
convection.
Radiation
All objects emit energy in the form of radiation,
electromagnetic waves generated by oscillating electric
charges in the atoms that form the object.
Radiation
All objects emit energy in the form of radiation,
electromagnetic waves generated by oscillating electric
charges in the atoms that form the object.
If heat energy is radiated in a time interval t by an
object with surface area A and absolute temperature I, the
rate of heat transfer is found to be:
The parameter c is the emissivity of the surface, a measure
of how effectively it radiates. e ranges from 0 to 1.
is a constant, known as the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, with
the value o = S.67 1u
-8
W(m
2
K
4
)
Poll: On a 5C day, what is the heat energy lost
from the average human head?
1. 0.2 Watts
2. 2 Watts
3. 20 Watts
4. 200 Watts
5. 2000 Watts
6. 20,000 Watts
W
a
tts
W
a
t
ts
0
W
a
t
ts
W
a
tt
s
W
a
tt
s
W
a
t
ts
20%
14%
4% 4%
29%
30%
Heat loss from the human head
It is a cold-ish day (5 deg C).
If the human body is at 35 deg C, then how much
heat energy is lost per second (1 Watt = 1 J/s) is
lost from the head?
Assume that skin has an emissivity of 1.
(This is not a bad approximation in the mid-
infrared, and it has nothing to do with visible skin
colour!)
WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW NOW?
Heat loss from the human head.
Lets assume we can model the human head as a cylinder
20 cm diameter, 20 cm tall (with a flat top).
What is the surface area of the side & top of this cylinder?
A
totuI
= A
sdc
+ A
top
= 2nrb + nr
2
= 2n u.1 m u.2 m +n u.1 m
2
= u.16 m
2
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Heat loss from the human head.
A value of 26 Watts is fairly large (!)
Little wonder that wearing a hat helps keep you warm.

t
= coA I
4
-I
0
4
= S.67 1u
-8
W
m
2
K
4
u.1S7 m
2
Su8 K
4
- 278 K
4
= 26 W
Poll: Solar radiation hits the Earth with 1370 W/m
2
.
What is the surface temperature of the Sun?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
4%
0%
48%
4%
20%
8% 8%
R
Sun
= 7 1u
8

m,
r
Luth-Sun
= 1.S 1u
11
m.
1. 60 K
2. 600 K
3. 6000 K
4. 60,000 K
5. 600,000 K
6. 6,000,000 K
7. 60,000,000 K
8. More information required!
Solar radiation hits the Earth with 1370 W/m
2
.
What is the surface temperature of the Sun?
Powei =

t
= 1S7u W m
-2
4 nr
Earth-Sun
2
= 1S7u
w
m
2
2.8S 1u
23
m
2
= S.9 1u
26
W
R
Sun
= 7 1u
8

m,
r
Luth-Sun
= 1.S 1u
11
m.
Powei =

t
= coA
Sun
I
4
= 1 S.67 1u
-8
4nR
Sun
2
I
4
Solve for I, get I ~ 6uuu K (Option 3)
Poll: Can this conserve energy?
A. True
B. False
38%
63%
Someone plays you a movie, showing:
1. Water in a cup at room temperature
2. Heat flows from room into cup
3. Water gets hotter
4. Temperature of room decreases slightly
Poll: Can this happen?
A. True
B. False
T
ru
e
F
a
lse
86%
14%
Someone plays you a movie, showing:
1. Water in a cup at room temperature
2. Heat flows from room into cup
3. Temperature of water increases
4. Temperature of room decreases slightly
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Thermal physics in one slide
1. A mole is Avogadros number (6 1u
23
) of something.
2. Heat is energy flow spontaneously only due to I. Otherwise its work.
3. At a phase boundary, any amount of two phases can exist in equilibrium.
4. A phase change happens at a temperature, and absorbs or liberates heat.
5. Temperature is proportional to the energy per particle
but cant compare this between materials or through phase changes.
6. First Law: E
thcrmaI
= + w. Heat and work not stored separately.
7. Double the system: intensive variable doesnt change, extensive does.
8. State variables dont depend on how you got there (path): P, I, I, N
9. Equation of State relates state variables. For ideal gases PI = NkI.
10. Work done on a gas is w = -] P JI = -(aiea unuei Pv cuive).
11. Isothermal means I = u. Adiabatic means = u. Along adiabats PI
y
= c.
12. A heat of transformation is the energy required to melt or boil a kg of stuff.
13. A specific heat is the energy required to warm a kg of stuff by 1 degree.
14. You can guess eqn for conduction. You cant for radiation: t = coAI
4
.
15. Average translational KE of gas molecule e
avg
=
3
2
kI, so :
rms
= SkIm.
Thermal physics: A look ahead
PHS2022 Electromagnetism, light & entropy (LT)
Entropy!
The real definition of temperature
Heat engines
Thermodynamics of thinking. Heat death of Universe
PHS3031 Contemporary physics (Yuri Levin)
Classical and quantum statistics
Boltzmann factors, partition function
Statistical physics of Fermi gases, Bose condensates,
semiconductors, neutron stars, ferromagnets,
phonons
Heat is work
and works a curse
and all the heat
in the Universe
is gonna cooool down
cos it cant increase
then therell be no more work
And therell be perfect peace.
Michael Flanders & Donald Swann
The First and Second Law (1963)
http://youtu.be/VtEqn-5XHpU