Topic: Set

Set
Any well-defined collection, group, list, or class of
distinct objects, called elements, that share a common
characteristic (unique label).

note:
Distinct means that each object is different from the
other objects within the set, such that in cases of
duplication, only one occurrence of the objects is listed
in the set.

Objects or elements may take any form such as articles,
people, conditions, or numbers.

Examples of well-defined sets
A = The past presidents of the Philippines
B = The consonants in the word Mathematics
C = The set of odd numbers from 2 to 10

Example of not well-defined set.
D = Set of letters

Note that letters can be:
a. letters of the English Alphabet
b. letters of the Greek Alphabet
c. letters according to form or print (bold, italicized, etc)
d. letters as correspondence

Set Notation
Consider: A = {1, 2, 4, 5} & B ={2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Uppercase letters will be used to name sets and
lowercase letters will be used to refer to any element of
a set.

Cardinality of set A and set B
n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 5

Definition
The number of elements in a set is called the
cardinal number of the set while the order or the position
of an element in a given set is known as the ordinal
number.

Ways of writing the elements of a Set
A. By listing or roster method

Examples
1. The consonants in the word Mathematics
B = {m, t, h, c, s}
2. The set of odd numbers from 2 to 10
C = {3, 5, 7, 9}

B. By defining or rule method.

Examples
B = {x , x is a consonant in the word Mathematics}
C = { x , x is an odd number from 2 to 10}



Kinds of Set
1. Finite Set a set is finite if it is impossible to write
down a complete list of all elements of
the set.
Set A = {positive integers less than 10}

2. Infinite Set contains infinite number of elements.
Set M = {odd numbers}

3. Equal Set two sets with the same elements.
A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {8, 6, 2, 4}

4. Equivalent Set two sets with the same number of
elements.
A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {m, n, p}

5. Joint Sets two or more sets with common element
A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {a, e, i, o, u}

6. Disjoint Sets two sets with no common element
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {a, e, i, o, u}

7. Empty Set or Null Set or Void Set
A set containing no objects or elements
E = {x , x is a whole number between 1 and 2}
J = { } or C

8. Universal Set - is the totality of the elements under
consideration.
Examples
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
U = {a, b, c, d, e, }

9. Subsets
A is a subset of set D denoted by A _ D, if
every element or all elements of A are also elements of
D.

Example
A = {a} B = {a, b}
C = {a, b, c} D = {a, b, c, d}

Proper Subset
A subset is called a proper subset denoted by A c B
if and only if A _ B and A = B

note:
- Every set is a subset of itself
- The empty set is a subset of every set

Power Sets
The set of all subsets of a given set, a set M,
denoted S
n
(M), is called the power set of M.
If ,M, = n, then S
n
= 2
n


Example
C = {a, b, c}
S
n
= 2
3
= 8 since n = 3
Subsets of set C are
{a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}, { }

Application
Directions: Use the Venn Diagram to answer the
following problems.


Problem 1: Trip to the Zoo

A group of 30 students decides to go on a field
trip to the zoo. There are two main exhibits open for
visitation, the aviary and the mountain lion habitat. Eight
students visit the aviary, six of which also visit the
mountain lion habitat,
A. How many students visit only the mountain lion
habitat?
B. How many students visit only the aviary?


Problem 2: Food Chain

Among the 82 grade 7 students of 7-Earth, 60
like eating in Jollibee while 47 like eating in McDonalds.
How many like eating both in Jollibee and in
McDonalds? in Jollibee only? in McDonalds only?


Problem 3: Costume Party

There are 70 children in Barangay Gawaran, all
of whom plan to dress up for a party. There are two
activities for the party night, a dance and a costume
contest. If 30 children went both dancing and to the
contest, and 24 children went only dancing.
A. How many total children participated in the contest?
B. How many went only to the contest?


Problem 4: Tourist Spot

A group of 50 students went in a tour in Palawan
Province. Out of the 50 students, 24 joined the trip to
Coron; 18 went to Tubbataha Reef; 20 visited El Nido;
12 made a trip to Coron and Tubbataha Reef; 15 saw
Tubbataha Reef and El Nido; 11 made a trip to Coron
and El Nido and 10 saw the three tourist spots.
A. How many of the students went to Coron only?
B. How many of the students went to Tubbataha Reef
only?
C. How many joined the El Nido trip only?
D. How many did not go to any of the tourist spots?













Quiz 1
I. Identify whether the given set is well-defined or not
well-defined.
1. Set of students
2. Set of Malls in the Philippines
3. Set of Shoes
4. All zodiac signs
5. Sections of students

II. Determine the cardinality and number of subsets of
the given set
1. A = {a, l, e, x}
2. L = {1, 2, 3}
3. E = {jollibee, mcdonald}
4. X = {math, english, filipino, science}
5. I = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7}

III. Let A = {1, 2, 3, a, b, c}. Determine whether each of
the following is true or false.
1. 3 e A 2. C c A
3. {a, b} e A 4. {C} e A
5. A c A

II. Directions: Perform the following operations
using the given sets.
Given:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {2, 3, 4, 8, 9}
C = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10}

Find the following:
1.) A B = 2.) A B =
3.) B C = 4.) A C =
5.) C = 6.) A =
7.) (A B) C = 8.) A B C =
9.) A C = 10.) A C =

IV. Solve the following problems
1. A group of 25 high school students were asked
whether they use either Facebook or Twitter or both.
Fifteen of these students use Facebook and twelve use
Twitter.

a. How many use Facebook only?
b. How many use Twitter only?
c. How many use both social networking sites?

2. There are 100 athletes and three different seasons
when sports are offered: soccer in the fall, basketball in
the winter, and baseball in the spring. Some of the
athletes play only one sport, some play two sports, and
some play all three. Forty people play soccer. If 15 play
all three sports, five play basketball and soccer but not
baseball, and 10 play soccer only, how many people
play both baseball and soccer?